Alugbati and Malunggay As An Altenative Ink Research

ST.
IGNATIUS
TECHNICAL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS INC.
3447 Old National Highway, Brgy. Banaybanay, Cabuyao, Laguna
Cabuyao Campus ii
Senior High School Department

COMPARISON OF ALUGBATI FRUITS EXTRACT AND MALUNGGAY
LEAVES EXTRACT AN ALTERNATIVE HIGHLIGHTER INK
A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of
ST. IGNATIUS TECHNICAL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS INC.
Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao
In Partial Fulfillment
of the requirements for the subject
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 3
KYLE ANDREI ALIPALA

WESLY L. ALFORTE
MAERISSA GWEN SANGALANG
MA. VERONICA ARASA
JASPHER CEDRICK NOLO ASI
DENVER DONES
TRIXIE BALLESTEROS
NADINE AQUINO
JANNA RELYN MARAÑA
May 2023
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APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis titled, COMPARISON OF ALUGBATI FRUIT EXTRACT AND

MALUNGGAY LEAVES EXTRACT AN ALTERNATIVE MARKER INK, prepared and
submitted by KYLE ANDREI E. ALIPALA, WESLY L. ALFORTE, MAERISSA GWEN J.
SANGALANG, MA. VERONICA A. ARASA, JASPHER CEDRICK NOLO G. ASI,
DENVER D. DONES, TRIXIE BALLESTEROS, and NADINE AQUINO in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the academic strand, Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for oral
defense.
JOE MARI L. GRIMALT

Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Accepted and Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _____
on June ___, 2023
Emmanuel Ancheta
Chairman
Rodel Serrano Jerald Federio

Members Members
Accepted and Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Practical Research 2.
WHAMIE C. PASCUAL
Subject Teacher
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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
The researchers hereby declares that the submission of this thesis entitled,
“COMPARISON OF ALUGBATI FRUIT EXTRACT AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES
EXTRACT AN ALTERNATIVE MARKER INK” is their own work and that to the best of
their knowledge and belief contains no material previously published or written where substantial
extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university.
The researcher also declares that the content of this thesis is the product of their work,
even though they may have received assistance from others in style, presentation and language
expressions.
KYLE ANDREI E. ALIPALA

WESLY L. ALFORTE
MAERISSA GWEN J. SANGALANG
MA. VERONICA A. ARASA
JASPHER CEDRICK NOLO G. ASI
DENVER D. DONES
JANNA RELYN MARAÑA
TRIXIE BALLESTEROS
NADINE AQUINO
Researchers
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who supported
and helped us throughout our research project.
First of all, we would like to extend appreciation to Ms. Whamie C. Pascual and Mrs.
Teresita V. Avellana for assisting as our Practical Research Adviser and Capstone Project Adviser,
respectively. This research would've been possible without their professional insights, suggestions,
and support. We also want to extend our appreciation to the employees of St. Ignatius Academy-
Cabuyao Campus for providing us access to the resources and equipment we needed and for their
steadfast support and help throughout the project.
Furthermore, we would like to express our gratitude to our families and loved ones, who is
there with us through the highs and lows of this research, and for providing us with their
unwavering support and encouragement. We are also grateful to our fellow researchers, whose
collaboration and input helped to enrich our findings and insights. We learned much from our
discussions and debates, and their contributions were truly invaluable. We are also grateful to the
Almighty God for giving us strength and grace on our sleepless nights on conducting this research
study.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the participants who took part in our study. Their
willingness to share their feedbacks and insights was critical to the success of our research, and
we are deeply grateful for their contributions.

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In conclusion, we would like to express our deepest appreciation and gratitude to all those
who supported us throughout our research journey. We are humbled by the level of support and
encouragement we have received, and we hope that our findings will be valuable to the scientific
community and beyond. Thank you.

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DEDICATION
We are dedicating this research study to everyone who has been part of this research
journey.
To our fellow researchers, thank you for the collaborative effort and for sharing each of
your expertise to make this study possible. To our research adviser, thank you for your guidance
and encouragement throughout the research process. To our parents who has been there for us on
our research journey, we thank you. And to God who gave us wisdom, patience, strength and
blessings of guidance through our daily lives to fulfill this study, we praise your kindness.
This study would not have been possible without the support and cooperation of the
participants who willingly volunteered their time and resources for our research.
Lastly, we would like to dedicate this study to anyone who believes in the potential of
natural resources to provide sustainable solutions in our daily lives. May this study serve as an
inspiration to explore more eco-friendly alternatives and contribute to a greener world.
Sincerely,
The Researchers
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ABSTRACT
This research study aims to compare the effectiveness of alugbati fruit extract and
malunggay leaves extract as alternative marker ink. The study utilized a quantitative experimental
design with 40 respondents. The respondents will use both of the research prototype as alternative
marker ink. The researchers observed the color intensity, writing quality, and duration of the ink's
visibility on different surfaces, such as paper and whiteboard. The results showed that
[conclusion]. However, [certain prototype sample] showed longer visibility duration compared to
[the other prototype sample]. These findings suggest that [a better prototype] can be a suitable
alternative to commercial marker ink, especially for individuals who are looking for natural and
eco-friendly options.
Keywords: Alugbati, Malunggay, ink production, highlighter, natural ink

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………… i
CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………. ii
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY …………………………………………. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………… iv
DEDICATION …………………………………………………………………….. vi
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………. viii
LIST OF TABLES…….……………………………………………………………
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………
Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Background of the Study ……………………………………………. 11
Statement of the Problem …………………………………………… 13
Hypothesis of the Study …………………………………………….. 14
Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………... 14

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Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………... 18
Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………….. 19
Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………... 20
Significance of the Study …………………………………………… 20
Definition of Terms ………………………………………………… 21
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Legal Basis ………………………………………....………. 22
Related Literature …………………………………………………… 23
Related Studies ………...…………………………………………….. 26
Justification of the Study ...…………………………………………... 27
Research Synthesis ...…….…………………………………………... 28
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design ……...……………………………………..………. 29
Materials and Equipment …………………………………………… 29
General Procedure …..………………………………………...…….. 31
Research Instrumentation ………………………………………….... 33

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Data Gathering Procedure ……………….………………..………... 34
Statistical Treatment ……………………………………..……...….. 34
Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Project Technical Description …………………………………...…. 39
Project Structure ………..……………………………………...…… 40
Project Organization ...…………………………………..…...…….. 41
Project Limitations and Capabilities …………………………...….... 41
Project Evaluation ………………………….…………………...…... 42
Chapter 4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings ………..…………...…………………………. 48
Conclusions ……..………..……………… ………………………… 48
Recommendations …. ...…………………… ……………..……….. 49

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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Background of the Study
Highlighter ink is commonly used by students, teachers, and professionals to emphasize
important information in texts. However, most highlighter inks available in the market contain
chemicals that are harmful to the environment and human health, such as benzene and toluene. In
addition, these chemicals do not degrade easily and can contribute to environmental pollution.
Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative highlighter inks that are safe, cost-effective, and
eco-friendly.
Alugbati (Basella alba) and Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) are two plants that are
commonly found in the Philippines and have been traditionally used for medicinal and nutritional
purposes. Alugbati contains high levels of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, while malunggay
is known for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial properties. These plants have been
studied for their potential as natural dyes and pigments, and their extracts have been used in various
applications, such as food colorants, textile dyes, and cosmetic pigments.
In recent years, there have been studies on the use of natural dyes as alternative highlighter
inks. For example, a study by Huda et al. (2017) investigated the use of turmeric and beetroot
extracts as highlighter inks and found that they were effective in highlighting texts. Another study
by Akinyeye et al. (2020) explored the use of natural dyes extracted from hibiscus flowers, indigo,
and spinach as highlighter inks and found that they had good color stability and brightness.
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Alugbati describes as a twiner plant that has a dark purple berry fruits which has shown an
interest on organic ink production since its pigment component belongs to betalains group
pigments . Betalain was considered as a substitute synthetic colorant in the food, pharmaceutical
and cosmetic industry (Kumar, 2016). Malabar spinach is abundant in the Philippines, and it is one
of the most popular indigenous leafy vegetables in the Philippines (Agribusiness, 2018). It’s also
edible and has no harm in the body and it is given an excellent rate in terms of its edibility.
Alugbati is also an excellent source of iron, calcium, Vitamin C and Vitamin A. It contains
high protein and great source of phosphorus and potassium. It has great number of antioxidants
such as lutein and beta carotene (National Nutrition Council, 2021). According to Ulecia (2021),
Alugbati contains high number of anthocyanins which provides the ripe fruit a red to dark violet
color. Anthocyanin helps fight off major health conditions such as heart disease and cancer (Wong,
2020).
Malunggay also known as Moringa oleifera is a plant that has been used for centuries due
to its medicinal properties and health benefits. Malunggay also has antifungal, antiviral,
antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties (Cadman, 2020). Moringa Oleifera has also
edible plant parts, from its seeds to its leaves and fruits. Moringa is rich in chlorophyll which
contains a green-colored pigment and it has potential as a green colored ink. Extraction of
Malunggay leaves has also the feasibility to make ink pens. (Mangente, M.,2014).
According to Liu (2018), plant pigments are excellent sources of organic and edible inks
which can be used to write on papers. For the effort to make an organic and cost-effective ink for
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the people residing in the Philippines, or specifically for the students in St. Ignatius Academy
Cabuyao Campus, the researchers will be extracting the colored liquid from the commonly found
plants in the area namely, Alugbati and Malunggay, and use them as an alternative ink. After the
extraction, researchers will be testing the properties of the plants such as the pigment, fluidity,
print, and drying time of the inks.
However, there is limited research on the use of alugbati and malunggay extracts as
highlighter inks. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of alugbati fruit extract
and malunggay leaves extract as alternative highlighter inks. Specifically, the study will analyze
its effectiveness based on the color stability, discoloration, color intensity, and quality of texts
highlighted with alugbati and malunggay extracts.
Statement of the Problem
Chemical inks also harm the environment because inks contaminate soil and water.
Chemical inks composed of titanium dioxide which affects water and affects wildlife. (J. Labille,
2018), 1-6 hexanediol diacrylate which is also toxic to aquatic organisms (Ashland, 2016),
polyolefin which its large scale production and consumption is one of the dominant factors
responsible for the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment (National Institute of Health,
2022), and more that is alarming. The plastic cartridge of printers and ball pens are not recyclable
and will take hundreds of years to decompose (Nadine, 2020). Burning of marker cartridge could
cause enormous hazard. Its components are aluminum,and plastic which is flammable and glass
which could break due to high temperatures.

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The study aims to produce organic highlighter marker ink. Specifically, will answer the
following question:
1. How do users perceive the quality and performance of alugbati fruit extract and malunggay
leaves extract in terms of:
1.1. pigment;
1.2. fluidity;
1.3. print;
1.4. drying time?
2. How does the effectiveness of malunggay leaves extract differ to the effectiveness of the alugbati
fruits extract?
Hypothesis
𝐻1 There is a significant difference between the Alugbati leaves extract and Malunggay
leaves extract as an organic highlighter marker ink in terms of pigment, fluidity, print, and drying
time.
Theoretical Framework
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of natural materials as
alternative ink sources. One potential source of alternative ink is the use of fruit and leaves extracts.
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These extracts can be obtained from a wide range of plants and can be used to create inks with
unique properties and colors.
The theoretical framework for the use of fruit and leaves extract as alternative ink is based
on the idea that natural materials can be used to create sustainable and environmentally friendly
inks. This framework is rooted in the fields of chemistry, materials science, and environmental
science.
In chemistry, researchers have studied the properties of various plant extracts and how they
can be used to create inks. They have also looked at how these inks can be formulated to achieve
specific properties, such as color, viscosity, and stability.
In materials science, researchers have studied the properties of different plant fibers and
how they can be used to create inks. They have also looked at how these inks can be formulated
to achieve specific properties, such as color, viscosity, and stability.
In environmental science, researchers have studied the environmental impact of traditional
inks and have looked at ways to reduce this impact through the use of natural materials. They have
also looked at how natural materials can be used to create inks that are more sustainable and
environmentally friendly.
Overall, the theoretical framework for the use of fruit and leaves extract as alternative ink
is based on the idea that natural materials can be used to create sustainable and environmentally
friendly inks. This framework is rooted in the fields of chemistry, materials science, and
environmental science.
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Theoretical Studies of Basella Alba as alternative ink
"Green synthesis of pigment from Basella alba fruit extract and its potential as an eco-
friendly ink" (Kalaivani et al., 2018), provides a framework for this concept. The study cites the
growing demand for environmentally friendly products, including inks, as a driving force behind
the research. It also notes that traditional ink production methods can have negative impacts on the
environment due to the use of toxic chemicals and high energy consumption.
The study then goes on to detail the process of extracting pigments from Malabar spinach
fruit and using them to create ink. The authors found that the pigments extracted from the fruit had
a high color yield and stability, and that the ink produced from these pigments had good flow
properties and a high optical density. They also noted that the ink had a low viscosity, which is
beneficial for printing applications.
The study concludes by stating that the use of Malabar spinach fruit extract as an ink is a
sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional inks, and that it has potential for use in
printing and other industries.
Reference: Kalaivani, K., Rajadurai, S., & Suresh, S. (2018). Green synthesis of pigment from
Basella alba fruit extract and its potential as an eco-friendly ink. Journal of Cleaner Production,
181, 803-808.
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High chlorophyll-level of Moringa Olifeira V. Its usage as alternative ink
The use of natural resources such as plants for ink production is a more sustainable option
as it does not rely on non-renewable resources or contribute to environmental pollution (Jain et al.,
2016).
One key aspect of this framework is the utilization of plant extracts, specifically from the
leaves of the malunggay plant (Moringa oleifera), as a source of ink. Malunggay leaves have been
found to contain high levels of pigment compounds, specifically chlorophyll, which can be used
as a natural colorant for ink production (Garcia et al., 2018). Additionally, the leaves of the
malunggay plant have been found to have antimicrobial properties, which can help preserve the
ink and prolong its shelf life (Babitha et al., 2013).
Another aspect of this framework is the potential cost-effectiveness of using malunggay
leaves extract as an alternative ink. Traditional ink production methods often involve the use of
synthetic dyes and chemicals, which can be costly to produce and have negative environmental
impacts. In contrast, the use of natural plant extracts such as those from malunggay leaves can be
a more cost-effective and sustainable option (Garcia et al., 2018).
Overall, the theoretical framework for using malunggay leaves extract as an alternative ink
is based on the idea of utilizing natural resources for sustainable and eco-friendly ink
production. The high levels of pigment compounds and antimicrobial properties found in
malunggay leaves make them a viable option for ink production, and the potential cost-
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effectiveness of this method further supports its use as an alternative to traditional ink production
methods.
Conceptual Framework
PROCESS
INPUT OUTPUT
a) Preparation of the
alugbati fruit extract
b) Testing of the
alugbati fruit extract - Level of
- Alugbati Fruit
c) Collection of data Effectiveness of
Extract
based on the Alugbati Extract as a
experimentation highlighter marker
d) Conduct of
experimentation
e) Observing the
drying time of the
prototype
Figure 1. Conceptual framework for Alugbati fruit extract
PROCESS
INPUT OUTPUT
a) Preparation of the
malunggay leaves
- Level of
extract
Effectiveness of
b) Testing of the
Alugbati Extract as a
malunggay leaves
- Malunggay Leaves highlighter marker
Extract extract
c) Collection of data - Malunggay extract
based on the as alternative
experimentation highlighter ink
d) Conduct of
experimentation
e) Observing the
drying time of the
prototype
Figure 2. Conceptual framework for Malunggay leaves extract
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The purpose of this research is to see if Alugbati fruit extract and Malunggay leaves extract
can be used as an alternative highlighter marker ink. The independent variable, Alugbati fruit
extract and malunggay leaves extract is identified in the conceptual framework. It will be used as
an alternative highlighter marker ink as the dependent variable by the researchers. A direct
association between these variables for Alugbati fruit is established by the empirical evidence and
statistical analysis provided by the study and analysis presented that the researchers tested the
effectiveness of using malunggay as an alternative highlighter marker ink.
The input will be the Alugbati fruit extract and Malunggay leaves extract is the independent
variable of the study.
The process illustrates how the Alugbati fruit extract and malunggay leaves extract will be
prepared, tested and collected in the study.
The output of result of the study is the level of effectiveness of Alugbati fruit extract and
malunggay leaves extract as an alternative highlighter marker ink.
Scope and Delimitation
The researchers conduct a two kind of organic highlighter marker ink made from Alugbati
leaves extract and malunggay leaves extract as organic highlighter ink. The aim of this research
paper is to study different alternative ink and making two healthier and safer organic ink while the
ink of the researchers produced are used as a substitute ink for marker.
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Furthermore, this experiment is to explore the student’s creativeness in making Alugbati
fruits and Malunggay leaves into to organic ink. Respondent were selected and participation being
voluntary using structed questionnaire.
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to evaluate the difference of the two research variables.
The specific objectives of the study are:
1. To determine the effectiveness of Alugbati fruit extract and Malunggay leaves extract as
an organic ink.
2. To determine the significant difference between Alugbati fruit extract and Malunggay
leaves extract in ink production.
3. To determine which of the two variables had the best ink quality.
The effectiveness focused on turning the two variables to an organic ink and observe which is
better as an alternative highlighter ink.
Significance of the Study
For the students and teachers, the results of this study will give them insights into nature
specially, about these two plants and will be able to expand their knowledge about the limits of
Alugbati and Malunggay plant; that the plants are not only limited to food preparation and medical
uses, but also can be use in ink production.

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For the parents, they are concern to their child’s welfare. This result will provide them information
about the healthier way of making ink to avoid chemicals-based inks since children are especially
vulnerable to health hazards. They can also make a business from this as a business to promote
this kind of leaves and extract as an organic ink.
Definition of Terms
Ink: is a semi liquid or liquid substance used for writing, printing and drawing.
Organic Ink: made of fruit or vegetable -based pigments also called "lake pigments"
Highlighter pen: Is used to show the central idea or the most important part of the text.
Malabar Spinach: a tropical potherb (alba), a beautiful vine cultivated in temperate countries,
and an Asiatic climbing plant with thick, glossy leaves and tiny white racemose blooms.
Moringa Oleifera: is known as the drumstick tree, the miracle tree, the ben oil tree, and the
horseradish tree.
Betalains: Nitrogen-containing pigments found only in Caryophyllales families and some higher
order fungi, where they replace anthocyanin pigments.
Marker: felt tip pens with a broad top, something the to identify or characterized.
Anthocyanin: Are water soluble vacuolar pigments that depending a their pH, may appear purple,
blue or black.
Aniline: A organic compound, versatile stating material for chemical synthesis.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Legal Basis
The Republic Act 10068 is an act providing for the development and promotion of organic
agriculture in the Philippines and other purposes. It is also known as “Organic Agriculture Act
of 2010” that encompasses the state policy to promote, produce, develop, and implement the
practice of organic agriculture that will promote an organic agriculturally based community system
which includes farmers producing organic fertilizers, insecticides and other farm inputs.
In addition, in RA10068 section 3, the organic production system is designed to strengthen
the health of soil, ecosystem, and people. Organic agriculture relies on renewable resources and
develops and promotes the healthy use of biotechnology in agriculture. Towards this end, the
coverage of this act is the promotion and development of the organic agriculture system that
includes policy formulations, research, promotion and encouragement, and implementation of
organic programs, projects, and activities.
In connection to the study, the researchers wanted to promote the production of organic
inks as an alternative to chemical-based inks to make inks safer for people and the environment.
Organic inks help eliminate land pollution, safer for people, low cost and high-quality ink.
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Related Literature
According to J Food Sci Technol (August 2015), Basella rubra L. (Basellaceae) commonly
known as Malabar spinach is a leafy vegetable which accumulates pigments in its fruits. To find
out the feasibility of utilizing pigment rich extracts of its fruit as natural food colourant, fruits at
different stages were analysed for pigment profiling, carbohydrate content, physical dimensions
and weight. Total betalains content increased rapidly from early (green) through intermediate
(half-done red-violet) to matured stage (red-violet). Maximum pigment content was observed in
ripened fruits (143.76 mg/100 g fresh weight). The major betalain pigment characterized was
gomphrenin I in ripened fruits (26.06 mg), followed by intermediate fruits (2.15 mg) and least in
early fruits (0.23 mg) in 100 g of fresh deseeded fruits. Total carbohydrates content and the chroma
values (redness) were also increased during ontogeny of B. rubra fruits. The textural characters of
developing fruits showed the smoothness of green fruits with lower rupture force (0.16 N/s) than
ripe ones (0.38 N/s). The pigment-rich fruit extract was used as natural colourant in ice-cream, to
evaluate its effect on physicochemical properties and acceptability of the product. After six months
of storage at −20 °C, 86.63 % colour was retained in ice-cream. The ice-cream had good overall
sensorial quality and was liked by consumers indicating that addition of B. rubra fruit extract did
not alter the sensory quality of the product. The colour values also indicate that there was no
significant decrease of this pigment-rich extracts of fruits for its incorporation in food products.
International Journal of Biotech Trends and Technology (IJBTT) (2019), The pigment
employed by all higher plants which imparts green color to plants for photosynthesis is called
chlorophyll. The name originates from the Greek words that translate into green and leaf.
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Chlorophyll is a cyclic tetrapyrrole with coordinated magnesium in the center. It has two types
which are present in the plants chlorophyll (a and b) which have a difference of substitution of the
tetrapyrrole ring. It is mainly isolated from edible plants, nettle, grass, or alfalfa, silkworm
droppings and mulberry leaves.
According to Glässgen, W. E., Metzger, J. W., Heuer, S., & Strack, D. (1993), Malabar
spinach in tropical areas and can be obtained in Philippines and Europe as an ornamental plant.
Due to their attractive coloration, Basella fruits were used as a source for cosmetic dyes already in
the Chinese Tsin dynasty and as a colorant for ink.
In an article published by Deshmukh, S. A., &Gaikwad, D. K. (2014): According to
Linnaeus there are two species of Basella L. in species plantarum. The basella rubra and basella
alba that were parted from one another on the basis of leaf character and stem color. In ‘Flora of
Maharashtra’ has mentioned that, the plant with green stem and green petiole is Basella alba L.
and the other with red stem and red petiole is Basella rubra L. var. cordifolia (Lamk.) Almeida.
Additionally, Ghosh, S., & Malik, S. (2019) learned that natural inks are considered eco-
friendly because they are derived from natural resources like plant leaves, root, fruits, and minerals
sources. There are more than 500 dye yielding plants in nature giving different shades of color.
Tongco, J. V. V., Añis,, A. D., & Tamayo, J. P. (2015) mention that Basella alba, known locally
in the Philippines as “Alugbati” is an underutilized crop in the Philippines having potential health
benefits.
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According to Moose (2018), due to the toxics that can be found anywhere, different
harmful effects on the users may occur that could eventually lead to serious conditions that society
might face in the future. Natural inks could be the solution to mitigate these harmful effects.
Natural inks could lessen the effects of global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer, two
conditions that may make the world worse in the future. Natural inks are one of the things that
people demand. Ink can be more economically sound compared to commercialized inks. It is very
affordable, since it is easy to conduct, cheap, and proven effective. The Malunggay (Moringa
Oleifera) plant is abundant throughout the Philippines. This plant is growing everywhere in the
country. There is a lot of scientific evidence showing malunggay benefits both in nutritional
content and medicinal properties. Malunggay is well known as a very good source of natural
energy boosters and nutrition. Universities around the world have studied the malunggay's
abilities. A powdered seed can be substituted for water purification. Malunggay can help with
balancing and keeping all the important body hormones that contribute to relaxation.
Following the context of the present study, Ibid etal. (2020) indicated that isopropyl
alcohol evaporates quickly and often used as a solvent. It can dissolve compounds like oil and
chloroform which the universal solvent, the water, cannot. Therefore, the use of isopropyl
alcohol is an effective agent to clean screens. While some additives in commercialized ink can
cause harmful side effects, the use of isopropyl alcohol was found to have no adverse medical side
effects detrimental to someone’s health. Also, R. Walls (2021) indicated the industrial use
of isopropyl alcohol particularly as a disinfectant, sanitizer, and a clearing solution.

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Related Studies
Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.), a twiner that has dark purple berry fruits is a good choice
for producing organic ink because sporadic reports indicate the presence of betalains group
pigments (Kumar et al. 2015). According to Deshmukh (2014), Malabar spinach contains pigments
needed for colorants because of this reason these plant fruits are used in food colorants. Malabar
spinach is abundant in the Philippines, and it is one of the most popular indigenous leafy vegetables
in the Philippines (Agribusiness, 2018). Malabar Spinach is also a vegetable which has a potential
to provide a usable amount of ink because the fruits of Malabar Spinach are juicy, and they contain
a good amount of liquid which could be used as ink.
According to Tomarong (2007) during the experiment, the researcher harvested enough
malunggay leaves to yield 5g. The leaves were then taken from the stem and pulverized with a
mortar and pestle. The crushed leaves were then squeezed to extract the leaves. The extracts were
then separated into three groups and exposed to a variety of procedures. Following that, a test was
carried out to determine how to increase the quality of the malunggay extract. 2tbs. 1 tablespoon
of its extract was added. 2 tablespoons of extract and 1 tablespoon of water 2 tbsp. of alcohol Its
extract remained concentrated, with no additions. Based on the results of the tests, the researcher
determined that the extract mixed with alcohol has the highest quality. The extract mixed with
alcohol was then put to several surfaces to determine which surface it suited best. It was used on
regular bond paper, illustration board, plywood, and a white-painted wall. The traits were then
assessed (the rate of drying, texture, and intensity of color). Based on the results of the trial, the
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researcher decided that it is most suited for the illustration board. As a result, the researchers
suggest that malunggay extract is feasible to use as a green pigment.
https://tomarongeinstein07.blogspot.com/2007/09/feasibilityofmoringa.html?m=1&fbclid=IwAR
3J42ngG3SdmD7bCQXJ0Z2MR2M_Y_WgU5fM55fqHPkIyLk02toPAAQEfc
https://www.scribd.com/document/426922954/Malunggay-leaves-as-an-alternative-pen-ink
Justification of the Study
In this light, the researchers conduct this study to make a better organic ink alternative for
chemical-based ink. By producing your own eco-friendly ink, the environment will benefit from
it and the people will be away from the hazard that the chemicals and solvents from the inks might
brought.
The researchers’ chose to make ink out of Alugbati fruit extract and Malunggay leaves
extract since both plants can be seen around the community and is easy to access. Alugbati fruits
and malunggay leaves will also be a good source to make an alternative organic ink and will be
compared to each other in the process. The researchers will decide the best product according to
the results and choose the product that can give a better performance.
Both plants have served us in medical fields, this time, these plants will be benefited as an
alternative ink for chemical-based inks.

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Research Synthesis
Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.) is a good choice for producing organic ink due to its
presence of betalains group pigments. It is abundant in the Philippines and has a potential to
provide a usable amount of ink. Tomarong (2007) conducted an experiment to determine how to
increase the quality of the malunggay extract. The extract was then put to several surfaces to
determine which surface it suited best. Based on the results of the trial, the researchers suggest that
malunggay extract is feasible to use as a green pigment.
Basella rubra L. (Basellaceae) is a leafy vegetable which accumulates pigments in its fruits.
To find out the feasibility of using pigment-rich extracts of its fruit as natural food colourant, fruits
at different stages were analysed for pigment profiling, carbohydrate content, physical dimensions
and weight. The major betalain pigment was gomphrenin I in ripened fruits, followed by
intermediate fruits and least in early fruits. The pigment-rich fruit extract was used as natural
colourant in ice-cream to evaluate its effect on physicochemical properties and acceptability.

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers used the two-group design to find the effectiveness of the researchers
product, which is the Basella alba fruit extract to the Moringa Oleifera leaves extract. The two-
group design is the design that has two comparable groups employed as experimental and control
groups or two groups that are both experimental groups. This design is an experimental group of
the researcher’s product. The researcher’s product, having two experimental groups, would
compare which of the two experimental groups will be effective enough to produce an organic ink.
Materials and Equipment
The materials and its quantity that have been used in the study “Effectiveness of Alugbati
Fruits Extract and Malunggay Leaves Extract as an Alternative Highlighter Ink” are as follows.
Materials Quantity
Basella Alba Fruits 100g
Moringa Oleifera Leaves 100g
Isopropyl alcohol 7ml
Tap water 230ml
Xanthan Gum 50g
Table 1. Materials used to conduct the product of the study.

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While the equipment and its unit used to conduct the product in the study are as follows.
Equipment Unit
Mortar and Pestle 1
Clean old t-shirt 2
Dropper 1
Knife 1
Chopping Board 1
Small Bowl 1
Plastic Cup 2
Measuring Spoon 1
Funnel 1
Cooking Pot 1
Stove 1
Empty Marker Rod 6
5cc Syringe with Needle 2
Plastic Gloves 4
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Empty Small bottle 2
Paper 1
Taped Scratch Paper as tablecloth 1
Mini Scale 1
Table 2. Equipment used to conduct the product of the study
General Procedure
The researchers gathered all the materials and equipment needed for the procedure in
making two kinds of Organic Ink. The researchers first madethe Basella alba ink. In a Mortar, the
researchers put 1 cup of Basella alba Fruit and put the extract in a bowl. Discard the residue. To
achieve a smooth and fine extract consistency, the researchers use to clean old t-shirts to filter
more residues from the extract. Again, put the extract to the bowl and discard the residue. In a
bowl with the Basella alba fruit extract, combine 1 tsp of baking soda, 1 tsp of xanthan gum, and
8 drops of isopropyl alcohol. Mix the mixture well and transfer it to a bottle using a funnel, then
proceed to the other organic ink.

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Research Instrumentation
The questionnaire was framed by the researchers in order to gather data to determine:
a) The users perceive on quality and performance of alugbati fruit extract and malunggay
leaves extract in terms of pigment, fluidity, print, and drying time.
b) How does the effectiveness of malunggay leaves extract differ to the effectiveness of
the alugbati fruits extract?.
This had two parts the respondent's profile and, question scale part.
Part I was composed of personal information of the respondents such as name, age and sex.
It also includes the date of observation the respondents were identified through the use of random
sampling.
Part II was divided in two parts: a) The users perceive on quality and performance of
alugbati fruit extract and malunggay leaves extract in terms of pigment, fluidity, print, and drying
time. and b) the effectiveness and overall quality between the Alugbati fruits extract and
Malunggay leaves extract respondents’ perceive. Respondents rated the alugbati ink and
malunggay ink in terms of pigment, fluidity, print, odor, and driying time.
In order to rate the variables, the likert’s scale was used in which 5 means excellent, 4
means very satisfactory, 3 means satisfactory, 2 not satisfactory and 1 means poor/needs
improvement, instructions were given that served as guide for the respondent on how to rate the
variables.
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Data Gathering Procedure
The data are collected by the most picked organic ink from the survey questionnaire form
that is handed out to the human participants. After letting the participants try and choose from the
ink, the researchers gave the participants a set of questions to know which ink the participants
prefer the most. The data was analyzed after getting the results from the survey.
Statistical Treatment
This researchers used the Standard Deviation and Analysis of Variance Formula that would
determine which is more effective organic highlighter ink. The two independent variables in this
study are the products, Malabar Spinach fruit extract highlighter ink and Malunggay leaves extract
highlighter ink, while the dependent variable is the response of participants.
The standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of
values. A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean of the set,
while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.
Formula for identifying the midpoint in the first independent variable:
𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑥𝑛 =
2
Where:
𝑥𝑛 =coordinates of the midpoint
𝑦1 =lower score in the given range

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𝑦2 =higher score in the given range
Formula for identifying the midpoint in the second independent variable:
𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑥𝑛 =
2
Where:
𝑥𝑛 =coordinate of the midpoint
Formula for finding the function of the midpoint for the first independent variable:
𝑦1 + 𝑦2
F(x) = f( )
2
Where:
F(x)= Function of the midpoint
f =number of respondents of the given range
Formula for finding the function of the midpoint for the second independent variable:
𝑦1 + 𝑦2
F(x) = f( )
2
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Where:
F(x)= Function of the midpoint
f =number of respondents of the given range
Formula of finding the mean of the first independent variable:
f(x)t
x̅ =
ft
Where:
x̅ = mean of the first independent variable
f(x)t = total f(x) on the first independent variable
ft = total number of respondents
Formula of finding the mean of the second independent variable:
f(x)t
x̅ =
ft
Where:
x̅ = mean of the second independent variable
f(x)t = total f(x) on the second independent variable
Formula of finding the variance of the first independent variable:
Σf(x − x̅)²
v=
ft − 1
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Where:
v = sample variance on the first independent variable
ft= total number of respondents
x = midpoint
Formula of finding the variance of the second independent variable:
Σf(x − x̅)²
v=
ft − 1
Where:
v = sample variance on the first independent variable
ft= total number of respondents
x = midpoint
Formula of finding the standard deviation of the first independent variable:
Σf(x − x̅)²
STD = √
ft − 1
Where:
STD = standard deviation of the first independent variable
x = midpoint

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Formula of finding the standard deviation of the first independent variable:
Σf(x − x̅)²
STD = √
ft − 1
Where:
STD = standard deviation of the first independent variable
x = midpoint

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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter includes two topics, the results section and discussion section. This explains
the results that the proponents acquired in the requirements that set out clearly what happened in
the design project. The discussion section deliberates the results in the form of interpretation that
shows justified answers for the evaluation of the study.
Project Technical Description
To fully accomplish the study, the researchers need to delineate the technicality of the
project for those concerns to understand. The project, Alugbati Fruit and Malunggay Leaves
Extract as Alternative Highlighter design not to only find natural ink alternatives but also to
contribute a less-hazardous way on ink production to our ink and printing industry. The basis for
this project is the concept of how effective the Alugbati fruit extract and Malunggay leaves extract
as highlighter ink are. The project amend by transferring the ink extracts to the marker cartidge
and test the prototype's effectiveness as alternative highlighter ink.
Some charateristics of this project was designed a highlighter ink that was made out of
alugbati fruits extract and malunggay leaves extract, it was initially tested on different surfaces
such as paper and whiteboard to identify what certain of marker ink the researchers would
conclude. The prototype has shown that its readable on paper rather than whiteboard.
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Upon the progress, the researchers used xanthan gum on another product sample to
brightens its pigment and to improve its consistency. The prototype has been used within its
process and product finalization.
Project Structure
1. Alugbati Fruits, source of extract for the highlighter inks.
2. Malunggay Leaves, source of extract for the highlighter inks.
3. Tap water, use to mix and dissolve the extract.
4. Isopropyl alcohol, use to dilutes the pigment on writing the highlighter.
5. Xanthan Gum, provides viscosity for the liquid extracts of the highlighters.
6. Empty marker rods, acts as the highlighter cartridge.
Alugbati Fruits
Extract
Tap water
Empty marker
Malunggay rod
Leaves Extract Isoprophyl
alcohol
Xanthan gum
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Project Organization
RESEARCHER’S ROLE IN MAKING THE DESIGN PROJECT
1.Alipala, Kyle 2.Alforte, 3.Arasa, Ma. 4.Asi, Jaspher

Andrei E. Wesly L. Veronica Cedrick Nolo
G.
- Researcher - Researcher - Researcher
- Researcher
- Project - Project - Project
Manager Developer Developer -Documentation
- Design
- Fabrication - Fabrication
Layout
5.Dones, 6.Sanggalang,
Denver D. Maerissa Gwen
J.
- Researcher
- Researcher
- Project
Developer - Assistant
Manager
-Documentation
- Design Layout
Project Limitations and Capabilities
This part would define the limitations of the experimentation which would restrict the
scope and state the elements of that experimentation could do.
Limitations
The following statement are the experiment limitation.
1. Limited and focused, only to the effectiveness of the experiment.

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2. The highlighter ink fades on the paper when it is exposed to light.
3. Too much fluidity could affect the alugbati fruit extract and malunggay leaves extract.
Capabilities
The following statements are experimentation capabilities.
1. The highlighter uses to draw attention to important information.
2. The highlighter helps increases concentration or improves comprehension.
3. The highlighter is useful tool on identifying key concepts, making connections between
ideas, and drawing attention to important details
Project Evaluation
The following were the achieve results based of set evaluation criteria:
1)Relevance
1.1 Project significantly addressed the function and goal of the alternative highlighter ink
it is a useful tool for identifying key concepts, making connections between ideas, and drawing
attention to important details and it is also environmentally friendly.
2) Effectiveness
2.1 As the project achieve its goal, it can lead to better memory of text when re-reading it
and better comprehension
3) Safety
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3.1 We ensure that the highlighter ink is harmless and does not contain any chemicals that
are harmful.
Malunggay 5 4 3 2 1
PIGMENT
Discoloration of Malunggay
Ink when written on paper. 5 7.5 35 27.5 25
FLUIDITY
Fluidity of Malunggay Ink
on paper 12.5 7.5 37.5 22.5 20
PRINT
Color stability of
Malunggay 10 15 37.5 17.5 20
DRYING TIME
Smudges of Malunggay Ink 20 32.5 15 20 12.5
Quality of Malunggay ink 15 10 37.5 15 22.5

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The smell of Malunggay ink 5 12.5 22.5 32.5 27.5
Color Intensity of
Malunggay ink 7.5 7.5 37.5 22.5 25
Viscosity of Malunggay Ink 10 12.5 32.5 27.5 17.5
Effectiveness of Malunggay
Ink 12.5 15 30 15 27.5
Table 3: Percentage result of Malunggay Leaves Extract
Alugbati 5 4 3 2 1
PIGMENT
Discoloration of Alugbati Ink
when written on paper 60 25 5 10 0
FLUIDITY
Fluidity of Alugbati Ink on
paper 52.5 22.5 17.5 7.5 0
PRINT
Color stability of Alugbati Ink. 75 12.5 7.5 2.5 2.5
DRYING TIME
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Smudges of Alugbati Ink 45 30 15 7.5 2.5
Quality of Malunggay ink 15 10 37.5 15 22.5
The smell of Malunggay ink 5 12.5 22.5 32.5 27.5
Color Intensity of Malunggay
ink 7.5 7.5 37.5 22.5 25
Viscosity of Malunggay Ink 10 12.5 32.5 27.5 17.5
Effectiveness of Malunggay
Ink 12.5 15 30 15 27.5
Table 4: Percentage result of Alugbati Fruits Extract
number of mi- (mi- f(mi-
Range respondents Midpoint f(x) Mean mean mean)2 mean)2
10 to 14 8 12 96 24 -12 144 1152
15 to 19 5 17 85 24 -7 49 245
20 to 24 6 22 132 24 -2 4 24
25 to 29 14 27 378 24 3 9 126
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30 to 34 2 32 64 24 8 64 128
35 to 39 1 37 37 24 13 169 169
40 to 44 4 42 168 24 18 324 1296
45 to 49 0 47 0 24 23 529 0
TOTAL 40 236 960 24 44 1292 3140
Table 5: Calculation of standard deviation for Malunggay leaves extract
number of mi- f(mi-
Range respondents Midpoint f(x) Mean mean (mi-mean)2 mean)2
10 to 14 0 12 0 38.375 -26.375 695.640625 0
15 to 19 0 17 0 38.375 -21.375 456.890625 0
20 to 24 1 22 22 38.375 -16.375 268.140625 268.140625
25 to 29 3 27 81 38.375 -11.375 129.390625 388.171875
30 to 34 3 32 96 38.375 -6.375 40.640625 121.921875
35 to 39 12 37 444 38.375 -1.375 1.890625 22.6875
40 to 44 19 42 798 38.375 3.625 13.140625 249.671875

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45 to 49 2 47 94 38.375 8.625 74.390625 148.78125
TOTAL 40 236 1535 38.375 -71 5041 1199.375
Table 6: Calculation of standard deviation for alugbati fruit extract
Derivation of answers for malunggay leaves extract:
Mean= 24
Variance= 80.51282051
Standard Deviation=8.972893653
Derivation of answers for alugbati fruit extract:
Mean = 38.375
Variance = 30.75320513
Standard Deviation = 5.545557242

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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The chapter summarizes the findings of the study by highlighting the research conducted
on the topic. The generalization in the form of conclusions are made moreover, recommendations
for the solution to the problems discovered in the study addressed to those concerned.
Summary of Findings
The natural ink-based highlighters was designed to students, teachers, and professionals to
emphasize important information in texts. The product has two different natural inks which are
alugbati fruits extract and malunggay leaves extract in which has been used by the proponents to
identify the effectiveness of the two variables. In addition, natural ink production in today’s
century would help the ink consumers to use the natural inks instead of harmful chemical inks.
Conclusions
The mean for the malunggay leaves extract is lower than the alugbati fruits extract since
24 < 38.378. This tells us that on average the malunggay leaves extract were less effective than
the alugbati fruits extract.
The standard deviation for the malunggay is higher than the alugbati since 8.97 > 5.54.
This tells us that there is more variation in the effectiveness for the malunggay results than the
alugbati’s.
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Recommendations
The project has a potential of improvement.
1. A lot of studies would help to make this study a feasibility.
2. Increase the quantity of the malunggay leaves extract to have a darker pigment. (more
chlorophyll, the darker the pigment)
3. Add natural harmless fragrances like flower extracts (e.g. sampaguita flower extract) to lessen
its bad odor.

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
PROJECT TESTING
Alugbati
Fruits
Extract as
Highlighter.
Malunggay
leaves
extract as
Highlighter.
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APPENDIX B
LAYOUT OF PROTOTYPE
Outside View of Highlighter. Inside View of Highlighter.

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APPENDIX C
RAW MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS
MALUNGGAY LEAVES ALUGBATI FRUITS

Source of green pigment for Source of violet pigment for
highlighter ink. highlighter ink.
XANTHAN GUM EMPTY MARKER RODS

Provides viscosity for the liquid Acts as the highlighter catridges.
extracts of the highlighter ink.
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TAP WATER ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

Use to mix and dissolve the Dilutes the pigment on writing
extracts. the highlighter.
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APPENDIX D
LETTER FOR SURVEY

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APPENDIX E
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
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APPENDIX F
SURVEY RESULTS
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APPENDIX G
CURRICULUM VITAE
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Alugbati and Malunggay As An Altenative Ink Research

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ST.

Senior High School Department

LEAVES EXTRACT AN ALTERNATIVE HIGHLIGHTER INK

of the requirements for the subject

KYLE ANDREI ALIPALA

This thesis titled, COMPARISON OF ALUGBATI FRUIT EXTRACT AND

JOE MARI L. GRIMALT

Rodel Serrano Jerald Federio

Senior High School Department

“COMPARISON OF ALUGBATI FRUIT EXTRACT AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES

KYLE ANDREI E. ALIPALA

Senior High School Department

and helped us throughout our research project.

steadfast support and help throughout the project.

we are deeply grateful for their contributions.

Senior High School Department

community and beyond. Thank you.

Senior High School Department

inspiration to explore more eco-friendly alternatives and contribute to a greener world.

Keywords: Alugbati, Malunggay, ink production, highlighter, natural ink

Senior High School Department

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………… i

CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………. ii

CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY …………………………………………. iii

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………. viii

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study ……………………………………………. 11

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………… 13

Hypothesis of the Study …………………………………………….. 14

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………... 14

Senior High School Department

Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………….. 19

Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………... 20

Significance of the Study …………………………………………… 20

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………… 21

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Legal Basis ………………………………………....………. 22

Related Literature …………………………………………………… 23

Related Studies ………...…………………………………………….. 26

Justification of the Study ...…………………………………………... 27

Research Synthesis ...…….…………………………………………... 28

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design ……...……………………………………..………. 29

Materials and Equipment …………………………………………… 29

General Procedure …..………………………………………...…….. 31

Research Instrumentation ………………………………………….... 33

Statistical Treatment ……………………………………..……...….. 34

Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Project Technical Description …………………………………...…. 39

Project Structure ………..……………………………………...…… 40

Project Organization ...…………………………………..…...…….. 41

Project Limitations and Capabilities …………………………...….... 41

Project Evaluation ………………………….…………………...…... 42

Chapter 4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND

Summary of Findings ………..…………...…………………………. 48

Conclusions ……..………..……………… ………………………… 48

Recommendations …. ...…………………… ……………..……….. 49

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

Highlighter ink is commonly used by students, teachers, and professionals to emphasize

applications, such as food colorants, textile dyes, and cosmetic pigments.

print, and drying time of the inks.