1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Teaching involves imparting knowledge by the teacher to the

learners. To enhance this, methods of visually presenting

information to students are used. The use of technology in

education has come a long way since the earliest times of human

civilization. This ranges from slates, blackboards, green and

brown boards, the white boards and finally interactive boards.

The whiteboards or dry-erase boards came into use during the late

1980s. They have a glossy-white surface for writing. Non-

permanent marker pens were used to write on whiteboards.

Considering the health reasons and cost-effectiveness, by 1990s

most of the classrooms were replaced with whiteboards instead of

blackboards (Muttappallymyalil, 2016). Nowadays, school teachers

typically used markers for teaching. Aside from using it in

school, markers play an important role in conveying message to

other people. It can be used in making posters, labelling,

calligraphy and in different types of artworks.

Typically, permanent markers, including popular brands like

Sharpie, contain ink that is made from the chemical’s xylene,

toluene and urethane resin. Non-permanent marker pens use similar

 2

dyes but also have a chemical called ethyl alcohol which stops

the ink adhering to a surface. These substances can be

potentially harmful and can be characterized by a very strong

smell. It can cause many health hazards including the central

nervous toxicity, respiratory effects and eye irritation (ATSDR,

2015; Malik et al., 2016).

Alugbati comes from the Basellaceae family which fruits are

known for being rich in β-carotene and vitamin A. Their pigments

are soluble in water and offers great tinctural power, which

makes them a potential source of natural dye. As we all identify

Alugbati plant (Basella Rubra Linn) as a very beneficial and

delicious vegetable, full of vitamins and nutrients. The plant

is also well-known for its medicinal properties. But aside

from its interesting aspects the pigments present in the fruits

are likely helpful in making and producing ink and dye (Stephen

Roy Pedroza, 2008). Alugbati fruits are composed of

anthocyanin pigment which is responsible for the blue, red,

violet and purple coloration in most plants (Hidrazina, 1982).

Mayana Leaf (Coleus Blumei) is commonly known and used as

ornamental plant in the country due to its purplish foliage,

mayana can grow in the different kinds of habitat. It is one of

 3

the traditionally used folklore medicines and is primarily used

for pain. But on the other side mayana foliage is also rich in

colored molecule which can be used to produce ink.

Ink is one of the most important components of marker

without Ink, marker is useless. (Nildo Olivera, 2012). The

researchers think that Mayana and Alugbati is abundant in having

a substitute marker ink due to its advantages. The researcher

decided to test its efficiency as an element in making marker

ink.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine whether the leaves of Mayana

(Coleus blumei) and Alugbati (Basella alba) can be potential

sources of marker ink. Specifically, this study sought to answer

the following questions:

1. Are the Mayana and Alugbati ink effective (refers to

quality) in terms of the following:

a.) Absorption

b.) Stick Consistency

c.) Color

2. Would Mayana leaf extract and Alugbati fruit extract end

up as a productive source of ink?

 4

3. Is there a significant difference between the Mayana and

Alugbati ink and the standard ink in terms of Color,

Odor, Absorption?

Together with the mentioned questions are the objectives and

the main goals of conducting this study. The objectives are:

1. To determine the effectiveness of Mayana and Alugbati

extracts as an alternative ink for markers.

2. To determine the advantages and disadvantages in

utilizing commercial and plants ink for markers.

3. To find out the difference between the Mayana and

Alugbati ink compared to the standard ink for markers.

4. To produce an ink out from Mayana leaf extract and

Alugbati fruit extract

Hypothesis

Alugbati fruit extract and Mayana leaf extract can be used

as alternative ink markers for its natural coloring components.

 5

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 below illustrates the conceptual framework of the

research. The paradigm presents the variables that will be

conducted in the research. The independent variables, the Mayana

and Alugbati ink and the standard ink, were compared to determine

its effect on the dependent variables. The dependent variables

are the indicators that will show the effectiveness of the ink.

Mayana and Alugbati

Ink
a.) Absorption
b.) Stick
Productive
Consistency source of ink
c.) Color

Fig. 1 Research Paradigm

The effectiveness of plant extracts as marker ink will be

described in the research in terms of three sub-variables: (a)

absorption, (b) stick consistency, (c) color.

 6

Significance of the study

This study will benefit the following:

USERS. This study can be very useful to the clients of

markers. This study gives numerous preferences to them, such as

they would have a more normal and cheaper way of having ink an

ink for their markers and lessen their costs. This will moreover

help to their wellbeing from poisons and awful odor.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS. This study will be deemed important to

the future researchers in order for them to have an idea about

their future studies. It will help them provide a clear and

accessible synthesis of the existing researchers.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of the Mayana

(Coleus blumei) extract and Alugbati (Basella alba) extract as an

element to produce marker ink. This study limited its coverage on

the discussion of marker ink production, chemical testing of the

sample ink and the impact of the marker ink to the environment.

This study focused on testing its effectiveness in terms of

absorption, consistency and color.

 7

This study started at the end of July 2019 and is expected

to be finish by the end of the month of August.

Definition of terms

Absorption. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it is

the process of absorbing something or of being absorbed. The term

used in this study refers to the ability of ink to uptake into

fibers of the paper.

Ink. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it is a

colored liquid that is used for writing or printing. The term

used in this study refers to a colored fluid used for writing and

drawing.

Odor. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it is a

particular smell. The term used in this study refers to the scent

of the ink.

Marker. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it is

something that shows the presence or existence of something. The

term used in this study refers to a felt-tip pen with a broad tip

which is used for writing and drawing.

Stick Consistency. The term used in this study refers to the

consistency of the ink to stick to the paper.

 8

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Sara Ipatenco states that Alugbati is a common vegetable in

the Philippines, and it's also known as Malabar spinach, though

it isn't spinach at all. The vegetable has heart-shaped leaves

that grow along a vivid red stem. The alugbati plant bears fruit

that ranges in color from dark green to red. Alugbati, though

it's not spinach, can be used as a substitute for spinach in

salads and other recipes. If you opt to expand your palate and

give alugbati a try, you'll get a wealth of nutrients, as well as

a few health benefits.

A study was conducted in Cagayan de Oro about year 2013,

which showed that the stems are green or purplish. The leaves are

somewhat fleshy, ovate or heart-shaped, 5-12 centimetres (cm) in

length, stalked, tapering to a pointed tip and heart shape at the

base. The spikes are axillary, solitary and 5-29 cm in length.

The flowers are pink and about 4 millimetres (mm) long. The study

emphasizes that the Alugbati is commonly grown for its young

shoots which make an excellent succulent, slightly mucilaginous

vegetable, used as a pot herb in stews or soup; consumed boiled,

 9

fried in oil or sometimes as a green salad. Its fruits seem to

have been earlier used for dyeing purposes in China. The red

fruit juice can be used as ink, cosmetic and for coloring foods.

The young leaves can be used as laxative, the pulped leaves to

poultice sores, red fruit juice as eye drops to treat

conjunctivitis and the roots as rubefacient. The red forms are

commonly planted as ornamentals and are, even becoming popular in

Europe as pot plant.

The Natural Care last 2007, reveals that it is good for

health and works as a soft laxative. The roots are quite

effective in removing redness of the skin. It has been used in

dressing to cover up the swelled area to minimize the puffiness.

In case of burn and scald, apply the mixture of leaf pulp and

butter on wound. It produces a cooling effect. Liquid of the

plant is effective for acne eruptions and also eases

inflammation. For child and pregnant lady, the decoction of the

leaves make a better laxative. Proposed by Dr. Aligui about year

2007, explains that the Alugbati is an excellent source of anti-

oxidant good source of vitamin A, B, and C, calcium, and iron.

Also a good source of rough age. Remarks by Marvin about year

2011, suggests that the Alugbati is a good source of essential

nutrients. Excellent source of calcium, iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin

C, Vitamin B and iron.

 10

It further explains by prescription for nutritional, year

2012, it suggests that you can make a remedy to treat headaches

by mixing the liquid from the leaves of the alugbati plant with

the stalks of this plant. Further, you can use the fruit of this

plant to create a natural makeup for the lips and cheeks.

Moreover, alugbati is a vegetable source of calcium, iron and

vitamins A, B, and C. Indicated by "Encyclopedia of Herbal

Medicine: The Definitive Home Reference Guide to 550 Key Herbs

with All Their Uses as Remedies for Common Ailments, about year

2012, it emphasizes that the alugbati is an easily digestible

spinach that can act as a mild laxative. Additionally, you can

apply a pulp made from the leaves of this plant to boils, ulcers

and abscesses to help suppress the discharge of puss. Moreover,

the leaf juices, thoroughly rubbed and mixed with butter, can

create a soothing and cooling application to treat burns and

scalds. According to Kimberly Collado about year 2015, propose

that Ink can widely used over the years to color a surface to

produce an image text or design. Ink is used for drawing or

writing with a pen, brush or a quill. The two most used black

writing inks in history are carbon inks and iron gall inks.

Yokoyama Y, Levin SM, Barnard ND 2017, Cholesterol is a wax-

like substance produced by the liver that aids in building cell

membranes and producing hormones. Our bodies produce plenty of

cholesterol to meet our needs, so we don’t need to consume extra

 11

cholesterol through our diets. The ideal blood cholesterol level

is below 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), based on the

results of the Framingham Heart Study and other research. At that

level, heart disease is very unlikely. Unfortunately, nearly 107

million Americans have cholesterol levels that are greater than

200 mg/dL, which is dangerously close to 225 mg/dL—the average

cholesterol level of coronary artery disease victims. People can

reduce their cholesterol levels dramatically by changing the

foods they eat. Diets high in saturated fats, trans fats, and

cholesterol—found in meat, dairy products, and eggs—raise

cholesterol levels, which increases heart attack risk. Foods high

in saturated fat are especially dangerous because they can

trigger the body to produce extra cholesterol.

Plants do the opposite. They are very low in saturated fat

and free of cholesterol. Plants are also rich in soluble fiber,

which helps lower cholesterol. Soluble fiber slows the absorption

of cholesterol and reduces the amount of cholesterol the liver

produces. Oatmeal, barley, beans, and some fruits and vegetables

are all good sources of soluble fiber.

Related Studies

According to Glorex Einstein (2008), he suggests that

Alugbati stems as a moisturizer. To produce an effective product

 12

in the population of people who have skin problems. Written by

Ferdinand Mortel, shows that alugbati seeds can be extracted as

organic stain for Hematologic Blood Smear. The blood cells can be

stained by the extracted dye coming from fruit of Basella rubra.

Stated by Kathrina (2009), she proposes the Feasibility of

Alugbati (Basella Rubra Linn) Fruit Extract as biological Stain.

The alugbati stain is feasible and it is comparable to the

commercial stain in terms of clearness but its permanence did not

last longer. Based on Maricar Daling (2009), it illustrates the

feasibility of Alugbati seed as food coloring. The results showed

that alugbati seeds can be made into a food coloring and can be a

potential source of food coloring production. Established by

Nildo Olivera about year 2012, it states that it can produce

colored ink for computer printer out of ,alabar nightshade

extract. Alugbati berries can be extracted to produce colored ink

for computer printer.

Alugbati leaves can be extract as fabric dye and it can be

potential source of fabric dye, Bensurto (2008). The dye can be

produced from Alugbati leaves. Alugbati is also best in healing

Abscess and Furuncle. Based on ‘All About Alugbati’(2014), it

advocates that Alugbati can heal diabetes. The studies show that

as an antioxidant, action of B. rubra in alugbati showed

potential ability to reduce blood sugar levels. The positive

 13

results however only applies to rats and has not been confirmed

or validated if the same effect happens to diabetic humans.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the methods used in the study and on

how it will be applied and discuss each method that have been

used in the collection and analysis of data to answer the primary

and secondary questions of the study. It explains the process

from the content to the statistical treatment.

Content

Marker pen plays a vital role in writing and in artworks in

different ways. Aside from its use in writing, it is also used in

labelling, making posters and in calligraphy. This chapter

tackles about the effectiveness of Mayana Leaf and Alugbati fruit

extracts as an alternative ink for marker pen.

First, Mayana leaf was boiled for 10 minutes. After boiling,

the water turned dark. The Mayana leaf was strained from the

water. The dark water obtained was then put in a sample container
 14

for further testing as to its consistency and quality as an

alternative to inks found in markers.

The same procedure was done to the Alugbati leaves. The

Alugbati extract showed the most promising result because the

tint on the extract was darker than the one obtained from the

Mayana leaf.

Organization, Style and Format

Gathering of Boiling of
the resources the
and materials components

Packing of Extracting
the product of the
components

Fig. 2 Organization, Style, Format

Experimental Design

The study used in this research is experimental design in

which Mayana leaf and Alugbati fruit has been extracted. The
 15

study will focus on how the Mayana leaf and Alugbati fruit

extract is capable of being utilized as ingredient for the marker

ink. The method is a highly controlled procedure in which

manipulated treatment or actions from a factor or condition,

called the experimental variable (Mayana leaf and Alugbati fruit

ink) were applied upon another factor or condition called the

dependent variable (absorption, stick consistency and color) to

determine the effect of the former upon the latter. All other

factors or variables were kept constant or equal so that any

change in the dependent variables is attributable only to the

independent variable.

There are three (3) sub set-ups and the controlled set-up.

Each set-up will undergo the same process, same environment and

same tests in order to avoid alteration and confusion of

observation. The set-up with three (3) replications will be

tested using T-test. Waterproof test will also be used in the

study to test the stick consistency of the ink.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers will use t-test to interpret and analyse the

data of the study and product conducted in comparing the

 16

efficiency of the mayana leaf extract and alugbati fruit extract

as alternative ink for markers. Waterproof test will also be used

in the study to test the stick consistency of the ink.

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter contains the presentation, analysis and

interpretation of data in order to answer the objectives of the

study.

Presentation of data

List of Materials

 Saucepan

 Tupperware

 Syringe

 Water

 Empty Markers

 Strainer

 Bowl

 Mortar and pestle

List of Ingredients
 17

General Procedure
Fig.3 Alugbati fruit Fig.4 Mayana leaf Fig.5 Glycerin

A. GETTING THE ALUGBATI FRUIT AND MAYANA LEAF

The first step was getting the mayana leaf and the

alugbati fruit which can be found from the stem of the

alugbati plant.

B. PREPARATION OF THE ALUGBATI FRUIT AND MAYANA LEAF EXTRACT

After getting the mayana leaf, it was boiled with water

for approximately 15-20 minutes. The pigment slowly begin

to color the water in the saucepan.

Fig.6 Boiling water Fig.7 Mayana leaf were added

to the boiling water
 18

Fig.8 Mayana leaf extract Fig.9 Mayana leaf extract

with glycerin

The alugbati fruit was crushed in mortar and pestle and

strained the juice in a bowl.

Fig.9 Crushing of Fig.10 Alugbati fruit

alugbati fruit extract with glycerin

C. PREPARATION OF THE INK

Other substances such as glycerin were added to the

mixture. The glycerin has high absorbency on paper

because of its viscous nature and it increases the rate

of extraction of tannin in the pigment.

The formulized ink from the mayana leaf extract and the

alugbati fruit extract were transferred into containers

and was left undisturbed for 24 hours before undergoing a

series of tests. The recycled and refillable marker

 19

container were refilled with the mayana leaf extract and

the alugbati fruit extract. The table below shows the

proportion of ingredients that was used in making the

marker ink.

MAYANA ALUGBATI

SAMPLE LEAF GLYCERIN SAMPLE FRUIT GLYCERIN

EXTRACT (mL) EXTRACT (mL)

(mL) (mL)

A 5mL 1mL A 3mL 1mL

B 5mL 3mL B 3mL

C 7mL 4mL C 5mL 3mL

Table 4.1 Proportion of the ingredients

D. Waterproof Test of Ink

The mayana ink, alugbati ink and the standard ink are

subjected on the same test on the same sheet of paper.

Samples were written in the paper. The water test will

include holding the page under running water for about 30

seconds on each side of the page and letting it air dry.

 20

The results will be observed carefully for clarity of

stroke, retention of the original color and leftover ‘halos’

of ink around letters.

Fig.10 Standard ink Fig.11 Mayana ink Fig.12 Alugbati ink

Analysis and Interpretation of data

Samples Absorption Color Odor

Standard ink 4.7 4.8 2.6

Alugbati ink 4.2 3.6 3.5

Mayana ink 2.6 2 3.3

Table 4.2 Respondents’ weighted score for the inks

The table 4.2 showed the respondents’ weighted score between

the alugbati ink, mayana ink, and the standard ink. The first row

is the indicators and the second, third and fourth row shows the

mean. The absorption between the standard ink and the alugbati

ink is not significantly different. Table 4.2 showed that the

weighted score of the alugbati ink is almost at the same level

 21

with the standard ink having a difference of 0.5. However, the

absorption of the mayana ink has a major difference between the

two inks.

In terms of color, there is a significant difference between

the three inks. The alugbati ink has a difference of 1.2 between

the standard ink while the mayana ink has a difference of 2.8.

The alugbati ink and mayana ink has a difference of 1.6. The

results shows that the standard ink has a higher rating and the

alugbati ink and mayana ink is pale in color. However, the

standard ink has a lower rating when it comes to odor.

Standard ink Alugbati ink Mayana ink

4.5 3.5 3

Table 4.3 Rating score of the inks in the Waterproof Test

Table 4.3 showed the rating score of the three inks. The

alugbati and mayana ink has some leftover halo but the letters

are still readable and it has a little change in color. On the

alugbati ink, one point was taken off for the halo and a half

point for the color loss while the mayana ink has the ink soaked

through completely to the other side so one point was deducted

and another point for the color loss. The standard ink, on the

other hand, the letter were still clear and readable. Only a half

point was taken off because of minimal loss of color. It suggests

 22

that the standard ink has a higher score than the alugbati ink

and mayana ink.

Characteristics t-value Statistical Interpretation

Decision
Color 5.6921 Reject Ho There is a
significant
difference
between the
samples.
Odor 2.8620 Reject Ho There is a
significant
difference
between the
samples.
Absorption 1.7752 Accept Ho The difference
is considered
to be not
significant.
Table 4.4 t-value results of standard ink and alugbati ink

Table 4.4 shows the difference between the standard ink and

the alugbati ink using t-test. In terms of the odor and color, it

was found that there is a significant difference among the

samples because of their t-values.

Characteristics t-value Statistical Interpretation

Decision
Color 9.6355 Reject Ho There is a
significant
difference
between the
samples.
Odor 2.0494 Accept Ho The difference
is considered
to be not
 23

significant.
Absorption 9.2888 Accept Ho The difference
is considered
to be not
significant.

Table 4.5 t-value results of standard ink and mayana ink

Table 4.5 shows the difference between the standard ink and

the mayana ink using t-test. In terms of the odor and absorption

it was found that there is a not quite a significant difference

among the samples because of their t-values.

 24

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study determines if extracts from the alugbati fruit

and mayana leaf can be used as an alternative ink for markers.

The interpretation of the data was based on the T-test and the

waterproof test. Through this, the researchers were able to

identify the effectiveness of the alugbati fruit and mayana leaf

extract as an alternative source of ink.

The study aimed to answer the following questions:

4. Are the Mayana and Alugbati ink effective (refers to

quality) in terms of the following:

d.) Absorption

e.) Stick Consistency

f.) Color

Summary of Findings:

The alugbati ink has a higher rating in absorption,

stick consistency and color than the mayana ink. This

implies that alugbati ink has a potential as an alternative

ink.

Conclusion:
 25

The waterproof test concludes that mayana ink and

alugbati ink cannot be advertised as waterproof but very

resistant. Based on the results given, this conclude that

the alugbati ink is effective in absorption and color but

not so much in the stick consistency and the mayana ink is

not effective in absorption, stick consistency and color.

5. Would Mayana leaf extract and Alugbati fruit extract end

up as a productive source of ink?

Summary of Findings:

Based on the results given, the alugbati fruit extract

receives a higher rating than the mayana leaf extract as

an alternatoves source of ink.

Conclusion:

The alugbati fruit extract can end up as a productive

source of ink. Mayana leaf extract cannot end up as a

productive source of ink because of its low performance.

6. Is there a significant difference between the mayana and

alugbati ink and the standard ink in terms of Color,

Odor, Absorption?
 26

Summary of Findings:

Findings showed that the computed value for the mayana

ink and the standard ink for the color, odor, and

absorption is 9.6355, 2.0494, 9.2888 respectively. While

the computed value for the alugbati ink and the standard

ink for the color, odor, and absorption is 5.6921,

2.8620, 1.7752 respectively.

Conclusion:

Between the mayana ink and the standard ink, there is a

significant difference in terms of the color and odor but

not in absorption. However, the alugbati ink and the

standard ink has shown that there is not quite a

significant difference in terms of odor and absorption

but there is a significant difference in color

Recommendations

1. The community will be informed and trained on how to make

marker inks from Alugbati fruits and Mayana leaves, and it will

also serve as an income-based livelihood.

 27

2. The result of this study will also help to enrich their

capabilities in developing local available resourcees for

colored ink.

3. The result of this study will also help to enrich their

capabilities in developing local available resources for

colored ink.

The researchers recommend to find or add other ingredients

to improve its color and stick consistency. It is also advisable

for the future researchers to continue and develop for this study

to be more reliable.
 28

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ink Marker (1998). How Products Are Made. Retrieved from

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2896700065.html.

Godofredo Stuart (1883). Retrieved from

http://www.stuartxchange.com/Alugbati.html

Eliana Ferreira Ozela, Paulo César Stringheta, and Milton Cano

Chauca (2007). Retrieved from

https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?

pid=S071816202007000200004&script=sci_arttext

Herbanext Laboratories Inc. Retrieved from

https://www.herbanext.com/philippine-medicinal-herbs/mayana

Muttappallymyalil (2016). Retrieved from

https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJE/article/view/15870

ATSDR, 2015; Malik et al.,(2016). Retrieved from

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jestft/papers/Vol12-

%20Issue%2011/Version-1/H1211014854.pdf

John Rendon (2013). Retrieved from

https://www.scribd.com/document/352984644/Introduction

Talavera.weebly.com (2016). Retrieved from

https://ctalavera.weebly.com/?
 29

fbclid=IwAR0tnkHigMRHUP1GFxgAL-

rMp1j6IQLGDbfLIGQQGKzDlghnKjdMP_OfTwM

Almonte, A.R.J, Atienza, P.P.L., Miranda, J.C.Jr. & Simangan,

J.M. (2013, February). Alugbati Seeds Juice as Marker Ink.

Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/4029645/BABY_THESIS_FOR_IP_DRAFT_Aut

osaved_Final

Glorex Einstein (2008). THE FEASIBILITY OF UTILIZING Basella

rubra (Alugbati/ Malabar Nightshade) stem as a POTENTIAL SKIN

MOISTURIZER. Retrieved from

http://glorexeinstein.blogspot.com/2008/05/feasibility-of-

utilizing-basella-rubra.html

Maricar Daling (2009). The Feasibility Of Alugbati(Basilia Rubra

Linn)seed As Food Coloring. Retrieved from http://my-

maricarswtmine.blogspot.com/2009/01/feasibility-of-

alugbatibasilia-rubra.html
 30

APPENDICES
 31

APPENDIX A

TALLY SHEET

Respondents Alugbati Ink Mayana Ink

Absorption Color Odor Absorption Color Odor
1 4 3 3 3 3 4
2 4 3 3 3 2 4
3 3 4 4 3 2 3
4 4 3 4 3 1 3
5 5 4 3 2 3 2
6 5 4 3 3 2 4
7 4 3 4 2 2 3
8 5 4 4 2 1 3
9 3 4 3 3 1 4
10 5 4 4 2 3 3
Σx 42 36 35 26 20 33
Σx/n 4.2 3.6 3.5 2.6 2 3.3
Computation for the Weighted Mean Scores

Respondents Standard Ink

Absorption
1 5
2 5
3 5
4 5
5 4
6 5
7 4
8 4
9 5
10 5 5
Σx 47
Σx/n 4.7
Color Odor
5 2
5 3
5 1
4 2
5 3
5 4
5 3
4 3
5 2
3
48 26
4.8 2.6
 32

Curriculum Vitae

Researcher’s Profile

Name: Niño Paul Cabañero

Grade & Section: 12 STEM (Obedience)

School: St. Mary’s College of Catbalogan

Age: 17 years old

Birth Date: January 15, 2002

Birth Place: Catbalogan city

Address: Brgy. Bato Paranas, Samar

Father’s Name: Jeffrey M. Cabañero

Mother’s Name: Marissa M. Cabañero

Email Address: emongcabanero@gmail.com

Contact Number: 09269375920

 33

Name: Dan Joseph B. De Guia

Grade & Section: 12 STEM (Obedience)

School: St. Mary’s College of Catbalogan

Age: 18 years old

Birth Date: June 25, 2001

Birth Place: Catbalogan City

Address: 672 Purok 1 Brgy. Mercedes, Catbalogan City

Father’s Name: Danilo S. De Guia

Mother’s Name: Josephine B. De Guia

Email Address: josephdanny724@gmail.com

Contact Number: 09270286828

 34

Name: Ivan Dionee T. Soria

Grade & Section: 12 STEM (Obedience)

School: St. Mary’s College of Catbalogan

Age: 17 years old

Birth Date: September 6, 2002

Birth Place: Calbayog City, Samar

Address: Brgy. Caloloma, Pagsanghan, Samar

Father’s Name: Dionesio P. Soria

Mother’s Name: Minerva T. Soria

Email Address: ivandioneetamorsoria@gmail.con

Contact Number:09078615868
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Name: Guilian Ricci M. Plamenco

Grade & Section: 12 STEM (Obedience)

School: St. Mary’s College of Catbalogan

Age: 17 years old

Birth Date: Oct 9, 2001

Birth Place: Catbalogan City

Address: Piczonville Subd. Blk 5. Lot 10 Catbalogan City

Father’s Name: Ranulfo C. Plamenco

Mother’s Name: Ma. Rosario M. Plamenco

Email Address: guilianplamenco@yahoo.com

Contact Number: 09561535385

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Name: Alyssa Jane L. Cayas

Grade & Section: 12 STEM (Obedience)

School: St. Mary’s College of Catbalogan

Age: 17 years old

Birth Date: April 27,2002

Birth Place: Catbalogan City

Address: Brgy. 02 San Francisco St. Catbalogan City

Father’s Name: Edgar S. Cayas

Mother’s Name: Alona L. Cayas

Email Address: Cayasalyssa@gmail.com

Contact Number: 09665691400