A1 CHM Sol 11 Energetics WS

What is the enthalpy change of the reaction per mole of NaOH?
A –209 kJ mol–1
B –104.5 kJ mol–1 211
Energetics WS 1
C –209 J mol–1
D –522.5 J mol–1
Section A
1 Which energy change corresponds to the enthalpy change of atomisation of hydrogen at 298 K?
alt
11
A the bond energy of a H – H bond

B half the bond energy of a H – H bond
C minus half the bond energy of a H – H bond
D minus the bond energy of a H – H bond
5 [S’13 P13 Q11]
2 Propanone has molecular formula C3H6O.

12
The enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen is –286 kJ mol–1.
The enthalpy change of combustion of carbon is –394 kJ mol–1.
The enthalpy change of formation of propanone is –254 kJ mol–1.
Using this information, what is the enthalpy change of combustion of propanone?

© UCLES –2644 kJ mol–1
A 2013 9701/12/M/J/13
B –2294 kJ mol–1
C –1786 kJ mol–1
5
D –426 kJ mol–1
11 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. [S’13 P12 Q12]
3 This
13 question
Use of should
the Data be isanswered
Booklet using
relevant to bond enthalpy data. The equation for the complete
this question.
combustion of methanal is given below.
Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2, will decompose when heated to give a white solid and a mixture of
H2C=O
gases. One of the gases released + O2 → CO2 + H2O
is oxygen.
What
29.7 gisofthe enthalpy magnesium
anhydrous change of combustion of methanal?
nitrate is heated until no further reaction takes place.
A +416 kJ mol–1
What mass of oxygen is produced?
B +396 kJ mol–1
A 3.2 g B 6.4 g C 12.8 g D 19.2 g
C. –344 kJ mol–1
–1
14 D –690 kJ
In which rowmol
of the table are all statements comparing the compounds of calcium and barium
correct? [S’13 P13 Q11]
12 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

solubility of solubility of thermal stability of thermal stability of
Anhydrous magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 , will decompose when heated, givingbarium
calcium hydroxide barium hydroxide calcium carbonate a whitecarbonate
solid and
a mixture of two gases X and Y.
A higher lower higher lower
Y is oxygen.
B higher lower lower higher
What mass of X released
C is the ratiolower ?
mass of Y released higher higher lower
AD 1 lowerB 1 higher
C 1 Dlower1 higher
0.174 0.267 0.348 3.43
15 Many modern cars are fitted with halogen lamps. When such lamps are first switched on, a
13 In whichpurple
row of colour
the table
canare
beall statements comparing magnesium and barium correct?
Bilal Hameed
distinct seen. Energetics WS 1
Which species is responsible for this purple colour? reaction of

fourth ionisation
fourth ionisation reaction of barium
energy of magnesium with
C 1s2 2s2 2p5
D 1s2 2s2 2p7
212
5
43 Equations involving four enthalpy changes are shown.
Na(g) → Na+(g) + e– ∆H = W
Which sodium compound contains 74.2 % by mass of sodium?
Na(g) → Na2+(g) + 2e– ∆H = X
alt
A sodium carbonate
Na(s) → Na(g) ∆H = Y
B sodium chloride
C Na(s)
sodium → Na2+(g) + 2e– ∆H = Z
hydroxide
What
D is the oxide
sodium second ionisation energy of sodium?
A 2W B X–W C Y–W D Z–Y

11 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. [S’13 P12 Q02]
54 Sulfur
A dioxide,
student 2, is an
SOout
carried added to winestotodetermine
experiment prevent oxidation of ethanol
the enthalpy changebyfor
air.the
To combustion
determine the
of
amount of SO2, a sample of wine is titrated with iodine, I2. In this reaction, one mole of SO2 is
methanol.
oxidised by one mole of I2.
The following results were obtained by the student.
What is the change in oxidation number of sulfur in this reaction?
A +2 to +4 B +2 to +6 C +4 to +5 D +4 to +6
© UCLES 2010 9701/11/O/N/10
start temperature of the water 20 °C

final temperature of the water 53 °C
mass of alcohol burner before burning 259.65 g
mass of alcohol burner after burning 259.15 g
mass of glass beaker plus water 150.00 g
mass of glass beaker 50.00 g
How much of the heat energy produced by the burning of methanol went into the water?
A 209 J B 13 794 J C 20 691 J D 22 154 J

[W’13 P12 Q11]
© UCLES 2013 9701/11/O/N/13 [Turn over
Energetics WS 1 Bilal Hameed

alt
41
2nd IE equation End

IE2
-
I "l→lNa4g
IN § / X INTIE ,
-
X
••j
.
x a,
1¥ IEZ
.
.
start
A C carbon 993 1695 poor good good
B D chromium
1610 2230 poor poor insoluble
213
C iron
6
5 A
D student
selenium mixed 25.0 cm3 of 0.350 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution with 25.0 cm3 of
0.350 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. The temperature rose by 2.50 °C. Assume that no heat was lost
to the surroundings.
The final mixture had a specific heat capacity of 4.20 J cm –3 K–1.
alt
Iodine is a black, shiny, non-metallic solid and a member of Group VII. It sublimes easily on
heating
What is to
thegive a purple
molar vapour.
enthalpy change for the reaction?
–1
iodine vapour of mass 6.35 g has a volume of 1.247 dm3 when maintained at
–150 kJofmol
A sample
constant temperature and a pressure of 1.00 × 105 Pa.
B –60.0 kJ mol–1
If iodine vapour –1
C –30.0 kJ molacts as an ideal gas, what is the temperature of the iodine vapour?
A
D 300 K kJ mol–1 B
–0.150 600 K C 300 000 K D 600 000 K
[S’14 P11 Q05]
7
3
6 Enthalpy
Al changes
Cl 3 vapour formsthat are difficult
molecules with to measure
formula directly
Al 2Cl 6 as it can often be determined using Hess’ Law
is cooled.
to construct an enthalpy cycle.
What happens to the bond angles during the change from Al Cl 3 to Al 2Cl 6?
Which enthalpy change is indicated by X in the enthalpy cycle shown?
A Some decrease, some remain the same.
C(s) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g)
B Some increase, some remain the same.
C They all decrease. X
D They all increase.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
A – 4 × the enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen
B + 4 × the enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen
C – 2 × the enthalpy of formation of water
D + 2 × the enthalpy of formation of water

3 [S’14 P11 Q03]
8
3 The enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide is –394 kJ mol–1.
The enthalpy change of formation of water is –286 kJ mol–1.
The2014
© UCLES enthalpy change of formation of methane is –74 kJ mol–1.
9701/11/M/J/14 [Turn over
© UCLES 2014 9701/11/M/J/14
What is the enthalpy change of combustion of methane?
A –892 kJ mol–1
B –606 kJ mol–1
C +606 kJ mol–1
D +892 kJ mol–1
[S’14 P12 Q03]
4 Hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases are mixed in equal molar amounts at 800 K. A reversible
reaction takes place.
H2(g) + CO2(g) H2O(g) + CO(g)
At equilibrium, the partial pressures of H2 and CO2 are both 10.0 kPa. Kp is 0.288 at 800 K.
What is the partial pressure of CO in the equilibrium mixture?
Energetics WS 1
A 5.37 kPa B 18.6 kPa C 28.8 kPa D 347 kPa
Bilal Hameed
5 In the diagram, curve X was obtained by observing the decomposition of 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3
C
atomic number
214
9 The diagram shows the skeletal formula of cyclopropane.

11
alt
The enthalpy change of formation of cyclopropane is +53.3 kJ mol–1 and the enthalpy change of
atomisation of graphite is +717 kJ mol–1.
5
The bond enthalpy of H – H is 436 kJ mol–1 and of C – H is 410 kJ mol–1.
9 The enthalpy change of formation of Mn(NO3)2(s) is –696 kJ mol–1.
What value for the average bond enthalpy of the C – C bond in cyclopropane can be calculated
The enthalpy change of formation of MnO2(s) is –520 kJ mol–1.
from this data?
The enthalpy change of formation of NO2(g) is +33 kJ mol–1.
A 187 kJ mol–1 . 315 kJ mol
–1
B C 351 kJ mol–1 D 946 kJ mol–1
On heating, Mn(NO3)2 decomposes into MnO2 and
5 NO2. [S’14 P12 Q11]
10
9 When
12 The enthalpy
barium change Mn(NO
of oxygen,
is burnt in formation 3)2Mn(NO
of
what (s) → MnO
colour )2(s)
3is
(s)
the2is + 2NO
–696
flame? 2(g)–1.
kJ mol
The enthalpy change of formation of MnO2(s) is –520 kJ mol–1.
What
A
The is the value
green
enthalpy of the
change of standard
formationenthalpy change
of NO2(g) is +33ofkJthis
molreaction?
–1
.
–242 kJ mol–1
A orange
B
On heating, Mn(NO3)2 decomposes into MnO2 and NO2.
–209 kJ mol–1
B red
C
Mn(NO3)2(s) → MnO2(s) + 2NO2(g)
+209 kJ mol–1
C white
D
What is the
D +242 kJvalue
mol–1 of the standard enthalpy change of this reaction?
A –242 kJ mol–1
10 B
X is –209 kJ mol–1
an element in Period 2.
© UCLES 2014 9701/12/M/J/14 [Turn over
In which
C kJ mol–1is the F – X – F angle the largest?
+209fluoride
A
D BF3 kJ mol–1
+242 B CF4 C NF3 D OF2
[S’14 P13 Q09]
11
11 X
10 Which
is an reaction
element has an enthalpy
in Period 2. change equal to the standard enthalpy change of formation of
propane?
In which fluoride is the F – X – F angle the largest?
A 3C(g) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)
A BF3 B CF4 C NF3 D OF2
B 3C(g) + 8H(g) → C3H8(g)
C 3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)

11 Which reaction has an enthalpy change equal to the standard enthalpy change of formation of
propane?
D 3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(l)
A 3C(g) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g) [S’14 P13 Q11]
12 A student investigated the chloride of a Period 3 element. This is what he wrote down as his
B 3C(g) + 8H(g) → C3H8(g)
record of what he did and what he saw.
C 3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)
D 3C(s)The
+ compound
4H2(g) → wasC3H8a(l)white crystalline solid. It dissolved easily in water to
give a solution of pH 12. When placed in a test-tube and heated in a
roaring Bunsen flame, the compound melted after several minutes heating.
12 A student investigated the chloride of a Period 3 element. This is what he wrote down as his
record of what he did and what he saw.
What can be deduced from this record?
A At least one of the recorded observations is incorrect.

The compound was a white crystalline solid. It dissolved easily in water to
give a solution
B The compound was of pH 12. When
magnesium placed
chloride, in a2test-tube
MgCl . and heated in a
roaring Bunsen flame, the compound melted after several minutes heating.
C The compound was phosphorus pentachloride, PCl 5.
D The compound was sodium chloride,
What can be deduced from this record? NaCl.
C D
215
9
12 number of number of
molecules molecules
24 A student investigates four different fuels. Each fuel is used separately to raise the temperature of
3
1 dm of water from 20 °C to 100 °C. Each fuel undergoes complete combustion. All other
conditions are the same in each experiment.
molecular energyamount of carbon dioxidemolecular energy
alt
Which fuel would produce the smallest in these experiments?
energy released
2 fueldoes hydrogen behave as an oxidising agent?
In which reaction per mole of fuel
A A H2 + Clethanol
2 → 2HCl 1367 kJ mol–1
B B. C2H4 + methane
H2 → C2H6 890 kJ mol–1
C C N2 + 3H
methanol
2 → 2NH3 715 kJ mol–1
D D 2Na + propane
H2 → 2NaH 2220 kJ mol–1
[S’14 P13 Q24]
13
325 Ethanol
Most alcohols can be dehydrated
is increasingly being usedtoas
give alkenes.
a fuel for cars.
Which
The alcoholenthalpy
standard can be dehydrated to give three
change of formation differentdioxide
of carbon isomeric kJ mol–1.
alkenes?
is –393
–1
The standard enthalpy change of formation of water is –286 kJ mol .
A CH
The 3(CH2)enthalpy
standard 3CH2OH change of formation of ethanol is –277 kJ mol–1.
B CH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH3
What is the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol?
C CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
A –1921 kJ mol–1
D CH3C(CH3)2CH2OH
B –1367 kJ mol–1
–1
26 C –956 kJ mol
Hept-4-enal is present in cow’s milk.
D – 402 kJ mol–1
CH3CH2CH=CHCH
4 2CH2CHO
[S’14 P12 Q03]
hept-4-enal
14
7 In an experiment to calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of a fuel, 1.5 g (0.0326 mol) of
© UCLES 2014
the fuelrow
Which was correctly
used to heat
shows water.9701/11/O/N/14
g of product
200the The temperature
formed of the waterisrose
when hept-4-enal from with
treated 25 °Cthe
to 55 °C.
given
The specific
reducing heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 K–1.
agent?
There is reducing
significant heat loss in product
agent this experiment. Therefore, the experimental value for the
enthalpy change of combustion, ∆Hc, of the fuel will be different from the theoretical value.
A H2 + Ni CH3(CH2)5CH2OH
Using the information above, what is the experimental value for the enthalpy change of
B
combustion, H2 c+, of
∆H Ni the fuel? CH3(CH2)5CH3
A C –1410 kJNaBH
mol–1 4 CH3(CH2)5CH2OH
B D –769 kJ mol
NaBH
–1 4 CH3(CH2)5CHO
C –30.7 kJ mol–1
D –16.7 kJ mol–1
[W’14 P12 Q07]
8 The reaction pathway diagram below illustrates the energies of the reactants, the products and
the transition state of a reaction.
transition state
E1

E2
energy reactants
Bilal Hameed Energetics WS 1
E3
products
C –30.7 kJ mol–1
D –16.7 kJ mol–1
216
15
8 The reaction pathway diagram below illustrates the energies of the reactants, the products and
the transition state of a reaction.
transition state
E1
alt
5
E2
10 Which row correctly energy reactants
describes the electrodes used in the electrolysis cell for the production of
aluminium?
E3
anode cathode products
A carbon carbon
extent of reaction
B carbon steel
C expression
Which steel represents carbon
the activation energy of the forward reaction?
3
D
A E1 – E 2 steel steel
B E2 – E 1 C E2 – E 3 D E3 – E 2
4 Impure copper is purified by electrolysis. The electrolyte used in this process is aqueous
[W’10 P12 Q06]
copper(II) sulfate.
16
11
9 For which equation
Methylpropan-1-ol andis butan-1-ol
the enthalpy change correctly
are structural isomers. described as an enthalpy
Methylpropan-1-ol change
has a lower of
boiling
formation?
point. reaction takes place at the anode?
Which
A C(g)
Cu(s)
Which (g)2+explains
+→O2Cu
statement (aq)CO
→ + 2(g)–
2ewhy the boiling point of methylpropan-1-ol is lower than that of
butan-1-ol?
Cu2+(aq)
B C(s) + 21 +O22e
–
(g) → Cu(s)
→ CO(g)
A Methylpropan-1-ol cannot form hydrogen bonds.
C 2OH–(aq)
C 2N(g) → 21 O
+ 4O(g) →2(g)
N2O+4(g)H2O(l) + 2e–
B Methylpropan-1-ol has weaker covalent bonds than butan-1-ol.
–
D 2NO(g)
2H2O(l) + O 2e2(g) →→H22NO
(g) + 2OH–(aq)
2(g)
C Methylpropan-1-ol has weaker van der Waals’ forces than butan-1-ol.
[W’14 P12 Q11]
D Methylpropan-1-ol molecules have more surface area than butan-1-ol molecules.
17
5 Element
12 HydrogenX,sulfide, H2S,
in Period is released
3, has from volcanoes.
the following properties. It reacts with oxygen in the air to form sulfur
dioxide.
● Its oxide has a giant structure.
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 2SO2(g)
● It forms covalent bonds with chlorine.
∆HfoIts
● [H2oxide
S(g)] will
= –21 kJ mol–1HCl (aq).
neutralise
© UCLES 2014 9701/11/O/N/14
∆Hfo [H2O(l)] = –286 kJ mol–1
What is element X?
∆Hfo [SO2(g)] = –297 kJ mol–1
A Mg B Al C Si D P
What is the standard enthalpy change of this reaction?
13 Which property
A –1208 is–1not associated with the element sodium?
kJ mol
–1
A
B It–1124
can react
kJ molwith cold water to form hydrogen.
–1
B
C It–562
forms a basic
kJ mol oxide.
–1
C
D It–541
forms a neutral
kJ mol chloride.
[W’14 P13 Q05]
D It is an oxidising agent.
In some countries, anhydrous calcium chloride is used as a drying agent to reduce dampness in
houses. The anhydrous salt absorbs enough water to form the dihydrate CaCl 2.2H2O.
What is the percentage increase in mass?
A 14% B 24% C 32% D 36%

reaction reaction
217
18 When 0.47 g of a hydrocarbon was completely burnt in air, the energy released heated 200 g of
water from 23.7 °C to 41.0 °C.
What was the amount of energy absorbed by the water?
alt
A 0.47 × 4.18 × 17.3 J
B 0.47 × 4.18 × (273 + 17.3) J
C 200 × 4.18 × 17.3 J
D 200 × 4.18 × (273 + 17.3) J

5
[W’14 P13 Q11]
19
10 Nitrogen monoxide is an atmospheric pollutant that is formed inside car engines by an
endothermic reaction between nitrogen and oxygen.
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ∆H = +66 kJ mol–1
Which labelled diagram correctly represents the energy profile for this reaction?
A B
energy Ea energy Ea
∆H ∆H
0 0
0 extent of 0 extent of
reaction reaction
C D
Ea Ea
energy ∆H energy
∆H
0 0
0 extent of 0 extent of
reaction reaction
[W’14 P13 Q10]
When 0.47 g of a hydrocarbon was completely burnt in air, the energy released heated 200 g of
water from 23.7 °C to 41.0 °C.
What was the amount of energy absorbed by the water?
A 0.47 × 4.18 × 17.3 J
B 0.47 × 4.18 × (273 + 17.3) J
C 200 × 4.18 × 17.3 J
D 200 × 4.18 × (273 + 17.3) J

218
4
20
7 The standard enthalpy changes of combustion of glucose and ethanol are given as –2820 and
–1368 kJ mol–1 respectively.
Glucose, C6H12O6, can be converted into ethanol.
alt
C6H12O6(s) → 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
What is the standard enthalpy change for this reaction?
A –1452 kJ mol–1
B –84 kJ mol–1
C +84 kJ mol–1
D +1452 kJ mol–1
5 [S’15 P11 Q07]
21
811 In
The diagram
which shows
reaction a reaction
is the pathway
underlined for anacting
substance endothermic reaction.
as a base?
+ –
Which
A HNOarrow
3 + represents
H2SO4 → the activation
H2NO 3 + HSO energy
4 for the forward reaction?
3
B HSiO3– + HCN → CN– + H2O + SiO2
5 UseHNO
of the – –
C 2 Data
+ HCOBooklet
3 → isHrelevant
2O + CO to2this
+ NOquestion.
2
D
TheCgas O– +can
6H5laws CHbe
2Clsummarised
CO2H → C6inH5the
OHideal
+ CH 2Cl
gas CO2– below.
equation
C
enthalpy B
pV = nRT
9 One molecule of haemoglobin, Hb, can bind with four molecules of oxygen according to the
/ kJ mol –1
A measured at a temperature
following
The volumeequation.
of a sample of methane is D of 60 °C and a pressure of
–3 3
103 kPa. The volume measured is 5.37 × 10 m .
Hb(aq) + 4O2(aq) Hb(O2)4(aq)
Assume the gas behaves as an ideal gas.
When the equilibrium concentration of O2 is 7.6 × 10–6 mol dm–3, the equilibrium concentrations of
Hb andisHb(O
What 2)4 are
the mass ofequal.
the sample of methane, given to two significant figures?
0
0
A 0.00018
What g
is the value of KBc for
0.0032 g C extent
this equilibrium? of reaction D 3.2 g
0.18 g
[S’15 P11 Q11]
A 3.0 × 1020 B 1.3 × 105 C 7.6 × 10–6 D 3.3 × 10–21
22
6 In
12 Metaldehyde, (CH
the industrial 3CHO)4, isofused
electrolysis brineasto amanufacture
solid fuel for camping
chlorine, thestoves. The equation
diaphragm used is afor the
porous
complete combustion of metaldehyde is shown.
screen which allows the flow of electrolytes but keeps other chemicals separate.
10 The double bond between the two carbon atoms in an ethene molecule consists of one σ bond
and onesubstance
Which π bond. needs(CHto3CHO) 4(s)separate
be kept + 10 O2(g)
from→the8CO 2(g) +by
chlorine 8H 2O(l)
the diaphragm?
= orbitals
Which standardoverlap
A hydrogen enthalpy change
to form of of
each combustion.
these bonds?
B sodium
Which chloride
expression
σ bond will give a correct value for the enthalpy change of formation of metaldehyde?
π bond
C
AA sodium2 hydroxide
metaldehyde –p–p
(8 carbon + 8 hydrogen)
sp –sp2
D
BB water 2
–sp2
metaldehyde
sp – 2–sp
sp (8 2 carbon + 16 hydrogen)
C. C (8 spcarbon
3
–sp3 + 8 p–phydrogen) – metaldehyde
13 The three minerals below are obtained from mines around the world. Each one behaves as a
3 3
DD (8 sp
mixture of carbon
–sp sp2–sphydrogen)
+ 16
two carbonate
2
compounds.– Theymetaldehyde
can be used as fire retardants because they
decompose in the heat, producing CO2. This gas smothers the fire. [S’13 P13 Q11]
7 In industry, copper metal

barytocite is purified
BaCa(CO 3)2
by electrolysis.
© UCLES 2015 9701/11/M/J/15
Which changes
dolomiteoccur to the masses
CaMg(CO 3)2 of the electrodes and to the colour of the electrolyte during
this process?
huntite Mg3Ca(CO3)4
Energetics WS 1mass of mass of as fire retardant,
colour of best to worst? Bilal Hameed
What is the order of effectiveness from
anode cathode electrolyte
219
3
23
3 A student performed an experiment to measure the enthalpy change of combustion of ethane.
He used the following values for the standard enthalpy changes of combustion of carbon and
hydrogen.
alt
carbon = –394 kJ mol–1
hydrogen = –286 kJ mol–1
He calculated the enthalpy change of formation of ethane to be –140 kJ mol–1.
What was his experimental value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethane?
A –2364 kJ mol–1
B –1506 kJ mol–1
C –1112 kJ mol–1
D –540 kJ mol–1
4
[S’15 P13 Q03]
24
74 Carbon monoxide
Which pair and methanol
has species canshapes?
with different react together to form ethanoic acid.
A BeCl 2 and CO2

CO(g) + CH3OH(l) CH3CO2H(l)
B CH4 and NH4+
Standard
C NH3 andenthalpy
BF3 changes of combustion are given in the table.
D SCl 2 and H2O
standard enthalpy change
compound
of combustion,
5 In which reaction does an element have the largest change in oxidation number?
CO –283.0 kJ mol–1
A Cr2O72– + 6Fe2+ + 14HCH
+
→OH2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+–726.0
+ 7H2OkJ mol–1
3
B 3OCl – → Cl O3– + 2ClCH

–
3CO2H –874.1 kJ mol–1
C 5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
What is the value for for the reaction between carbon monoxide and methanol?
D PbO2 + Sn2+ + 4H+ → Sn4+ + Pb2+ + 2H2O
A –1883.1 kJ mol–1
–1
6 B –134.9
Which kJ molcan
statement be explained by intermolecular hydrogen bonding?
–1
C
A +134.9
EthanolkJ mol
has a higher boiling point than propane.
D
B +1883.1
Hydrogen mol–1 has a higher boiling point than silane, SiH4.
kJchloride
[S’15 P13 Q07]
C Hydrogen iodide forms an acidic solution when dissolved in water.
D Propanone has a higher boiling point than propane.

D
C 44 2
2 ionic
covalent
D 4 2 ionic
6 Solid sulfur consists of molecules made up of220
eight atoms covalently bonded together.
25
6 The bonding
Solid in sulfurofdioxide
sulfur consists is O=S=O.
molecules made up of eight atoms covalently bonded together.
The bonding in sulfur dioxide is O=S=O.

enthalpy change of combustion of S8,3 S8(s)= –2376kJ mol–1
–1
alt
energy required to break 1 mole S8(s) into gaseous atoms = 2232–1 kJ mol
4 Flask X contains dm3 of helium
enthalpy5change at 12 kPa
of combustion of pressure
S8, Sand
8(s)=flask Y contains
–2376kJ mol 10 dm3
of neon at 6 kPa
pressure.O=O bond enthalpy = 496 kJ mol–1
energy required to break 1 mole S8(s) into gaseous atoms = 2232 kJ mol–1
IfUsing
the flasks
theseare connected
data, what at =constant
is the value of mol
the–1
temperature,
S=O bondwhat is the final pressure?
enthalpy?
O=O bond enthalpy 496 kJ
–1
A 8239
Using kPa
kJ mol
these B is9257
data, what kPa
thekJ mol–1of theC
value 10
CS=O
319kPa
kJ mol
bond
–1
DD
enthalpy? 11
536 kJ mol–1
kPa
A 239 kJ mol–1 B 257 kJ mol–1 C 319 kJ mol–1 D 536 kJ mol–1

5
7 Calcium
Use of theforms
Dataan ionic compound
Booklet is relevant with carbon,
for this called calcium carbide. The oxidation number of
question. [W’15 P11 Q06]
carbon in calcium carbide is –1.
26
7 In anofexperiment,
Use the burning
the Data Booklet forg this
of 1.45
is relevant (0.025 mol) of propanone was used to heat 100 g of water.
question.
Calcium carbide
The initial is readilyofhydrolysed
temperature the water by was water
20.0giving
°C andtwothe
products only.
final temperature of the water was
78.0
In an°C.
experiment, the burning of 1.45 g (0.025 mol) of propanone was used to heat 100 g of water.
Whatinitial
The couldtemperature
be the formulae of calcium
of the water wascarbide
20.0and
°C the
andtwo
theproducts of hydrolysis?
final temperature of the water was
Which
78.0 °C. experimental value for the enthalpy change of combustion for propanone can be
calculatedcalcium
from these results?
carbide products
Which experimental –1 value for the enthalpy change of combustion for propanone can be
calculated kJ mol
A A –1304from Ca 2C
these results? CaO and C2H4
–1
B B –970 kJ mol Ca 2C Ca(OH)2 and C2H2
A –1304 kJ mol–1
–1
C C –352 kJ mol CaC2 CaO and C2H4
B –970 kJ mol–1
–1
D D –24.2 kJ molCaC 2 Ca(OH)2 and C2H2
C –352 kJ mol–1
[W’15 P11 Q07]
D –24.2 kJ mol–1
27
6 Hess’ law may be used to determine enthalpy changes using average bond energies, as shown
in the diagram.
isolated gaseous atoms

U V
W
reactants products
U is the sum of the average bond energies of the reactants, and V is the sum of the average
bond energies of the products.
For the reaction shown below, which expression will give a value for W, the enthalpy change of
combustion of methane?
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
A U–V B U+V C 2(U – V) D V–U

[W’15 P12 Q06]
Energetics WS 1
© UCLES 2015 9701/12/O/N/15
Bilal Hameed
[Turn over
alt
251
8s④
fludd
116 ( X )
t.is?.o#
16 X -
1-
2376=2232 t
I
81496 )
X -
-
+536
221
5
5
28
10 The decomposition reaction SF (g) → SF (g) + F (g) can be described by the reaction
10 The decomposition reaction SF66(g) → SF44(g) + F22(g) can be described by the reaction
pathway diagram shown.
pathway diagram shown.
alt
Y
Y
X SF (g) + F (g)
X SF44(g) + F22(g)
energy
energy
SF (g)
SF66(g)
extent of reaction
extent of reaction
What are the values of ∆H o and E for this reaction?
What are the values of ∆H o and Eaa for this reaction?
∆H o E
∆H o Eaa
A X X+Y
A X X+Y
B X Y
B X Y
C X–Y X
C X–Y X
D Y–X X
D Y–X X
[W’15 P12 Q10]
29
11 Which row correctly describes what happens when the temperature of a chemical reaction is
11 Which row correctly describes what happens when the temperature of a chemical reaction is
decreased?
decreased?
activation energy number of

activation energy number of
(E ) successful collisions
(Eaa) successful collisions
A decreases decreases
A decreases decreases
B decreases increases
B decreases increases
C.
C remains the same decreases
remains the same decreases
D remains the same increases
D remains the same increases
[W’15 P12 Q11]
12 Which property decreases on descending Group II?
12 Which property decreases on descending Group II?
A radius of the cation, M2+
A radius of the cation, M2+
B reactivity of the element with water
B reactivity of the element with water
C shielding of outermost electrons
C shielding of outermost electrons
D the ease of thermal decomposition of the carbonates, MCO
D the ease of thermal decomposition of the carbonates, MCO33


2223
305 Nitric oxide, NO, and bromine vapour react together according to the following equation.
2NO(g) + Br2(g) 2NOBr(g) H o= –23 kJ mol–1
The reaction has an activation energy of +5.4 kJ mol–1.
alt
What is the correct reaction pathway diagram for this reaction?
A 4 B
8 Solid carbon dioxide, CO2, is similar to solid iodine, I2, in its structure and properties. Carbon is in
Group 14. Silica, SiO2, is a Group 14 compound. E A
Which statement about solid CO2 and solid SiO2 is correct?

enthalpy EA enthalpy ∆H o
/AkJ mol –1 ∆H o
Both solids exist in a lattice structure. / kJ mol–1
B Both solids have a simple molecular structure.

C Both solids have atoms joined by single covalent bonds.
extent of reaction extent of reaction
D Both solids change spontaneously to gas at s.t.p.
9 An article in a science magazine contains the following statement.

C D
‘It is lighter than a feather, stronger than steel, yet incredibly flexible and more conductive than
copper.’
EA EA
Which form of carbon is being described?
enthalpy enthalpy
/AkJ mol
buckminsterfullerene
–1 ∆H o / kJ mol–1 ∆H o
B diamond
C graphene
D graphite extent of reaction extent of reaction
[M’16 P12 Q05]
31
10
6 Which
Whichequation has an
series shows enthalpy in
molecules change reaction which
order of increasing bondcorresponds
angle? to the standard enthalpy
change of atomisation of chlorine?
A CH4 BF3 NH3
1
A 2
Cl 2(g) Cl (g)
B H2O CO2 BF3
1
B Cl (l)
2NH 2
Cl (g)
C 3 CH4 CO2
2(g)
CD ClNH 2Cl (g)H O
CH
3 4 2
D Cl 2(l) 2Cl (g)

7 What is the volume of steam produced when 1.00 g of ice is heated to 323 C at [M’16 a pressure
P12 Q10] of
101 kPa?
11 In an experiment, 2.00 mol of hydrogen and 3.00 mol of iodine were heated together in a sealed
container and3 allowed to reach 3equilibrium at a fixed
3
temperature. The3 container had a fixed
A 0.27
volume of dm
1.00 dm3. AtBequilibrium,
1.3 dm there were
C 2.40
2.7 dm
mol of iodineDpresent
48 dmin the mixture.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?
A 0.107 B 0.357 C 0.429 D 2.33

© UCLES 2016 9701/12/F/M/16 [Turn over

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
4
Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.
7 At room temperature and pressure, H2O is a 223liquid and H2S is a gas.
32
1 What
Whichis equation
the reasonshows
for thisthe
difference?
reaction that occurs during the standard enthalpy change of
atomisation of bromine?
A O has higher first and second ionisation energies than S.
A
B Br2(l)covalent
The → 2Br(g)
bond between O and H is stronger than the covalent bond between S and H.
alt
B
C Br2(g) →
There 2Br(g)
is significant hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules but not between H2S
C molecules.
1
Br (l) → Br(g)
2 2
D The
1
instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces between H2O molecules are stronger than
D the
2
Brinstantaneous
2(g) → Br(g) dipole-induced dipole forces
4 between H2S molecules.
[S’16 P11 Q01]
7 0.10 g of the volatile liquid X formed 0.025 dm3 of vapour at 100 °C and atmospheric pressure.
33
82 What is the
Gaseous correct number
phosphorus of bondscan
pentachloride of each type in the Alinto
be decomposed 2Cl gaseous
6 molecule?
phosphorus trichloride and
chlorine by heating. The table gives the
3 bond energies.
1 mol of vapour occupies 22.4 dm at 0 °C and atmospheric pressure.
co-ordinate
covalent
(dative
bond
What is the relative molecular covalent)
mass of X? bond energy / kJ mol–1
AA 0.025 × 273 22.4 (in both1chlorides)

6 × P–Cl 330
0.10 × 373
B 6 Cl –Cl
2 242
0.025 × 373
BC is 7 × 22.4 0
What the enthalpy change for the decomposition of PCl 5 to PCl 3 and Cl 2?
0.10 × 273
D 7 1
A –418 kJ mol–1 U
Cl -
pug t
0.10 × 273 × 22.4
Pus →
C
B –88 kJ mol–1× 373
0.025
3 Tetraethyl lead, Pb(C2H5)4, has been used as a petrol additive.
[3133011-242]
–1
C +88 kJ mol
carbon) in tetraethyl lead?
0 . 10 × 373 × 22.4
D is the percentage
What –1273
by mass of51330 -
0
D +418 kJ mol. 025 ×
A 10.2 B 14.9 C 29.7 D 32.0 [S’16 P11 Q08]
34
98 An
Theaqueous solution
equation for thewas prepared
complete containing
combustion of apropan-1-ol
mixture of is1.0 mol of AgNO3 and 1.0 mol of
shown.
FeSO4 in 1.00 dm3 of water. When equilibrium was established, there was 0.44 mol of Ag+(aq) in
the mixture. CH CH CH OH(l) + 4 1 O (g) → 3CO (g) + 4H O(l)
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ 2+ 3+
Ag (aq) + Fe (aq) Ag(s) + Fe (aq)
Standard enthalpy changes of formation are given.
What is the numerical value of Kc?
compound CH3CH2CH2OH(l) CO2(g) H2O(l)
A 0.62 B 1.40 C 1.62 D 2.89
∆Hfo –303 kJ mol–1 –394 kJ mol–1 –286 kJ mol–1
10 The equation for the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen is shown.
What is the standard enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol, in kJ mol–1?
CO(g) + 3H2(g) CH4(g) + H2O(g)
A –394 – 286 – 303
What are the units of Kp for this reaction?
B 303 – (4 × 286) – (3 × 394)
–1
AC kPa
394 + 286 –B303kPa C kPa2 D kPa–2
© UCLES
D 2016
(3 × 394) + (4 × 286) + 303 9701/11/M/J/16
[S’16 P12 Q08]
9 In the treatment of domestic water supplies, chlorine is added to the water to form HCl O.
© UCLES 2016
→ H+(aq) + Cl –(aq) + HCl O(aq)
Cl 2(aq) + H2O(I) 9701/11/M/J/16
The HCl O reacts further to give Cl O– ions.
HCl O(aq) + H2O(I) H3O+(aq) + Cl O–(aq)
Both HCl O and Cl O– kill bacteria by oxidation.

What is the change in oxidation number of chlorine when forming the Cl O– ion from aqueous
chlorine?
X(g) + Y(g) Z(g)
6be correct.
When solid aluminium chloride is heated, Al 2Cl 6 is formed.
An equilibrium mixture of these three gases is compressed at constant temperature.
UseWhich
of thebonding
Data Booklet mayinbe
is present Al 2appropriate
Cl 6? for some questions.
224
What will be the changes in the mole fraction of Z and in Kp?
A covalent and co-ordinate (dative covalent)
35
1 molechanges,
BEnthalpy fraction
covalent only of∆H,
Z can be positive
Kp or negative.
A ionicrow
CWhich increase
andisco-ordinate increase
correct? (dative covalent)
DB ionic only
increase no change
alt
∆H positive ∆H negative
C no change increase
7 A
InDwhich atomisation
no change
hydride bond
is the H–X–H no change
bond angle the xsmallest?
breaking
A BBH3 bond breaking

B CH4 neutralisation
C C2H6 D NH3
6 Which
C gas is likely
bond to deviate
making x
most from ideal gas behaviour?
combustion
x
8 A DHCl
In an experiment, a Bsample
combustion He of abond C is CH
pure making
gas D N2 at a temperature of 300 K and
put into a gas syringe
4
pressure of 16 kPa. The gas is compressed until the volume occupied by the gas is halved.
[S’16 P13 Q01]
7 in–1the
2 The
36
Afterenthalpy change of temperature
reaction 1 is of
–114
a gaskJwill
mol . syringe
compression, the the gas is 375 K and the pressure is 40 kPa.
What will make it more likely that approach ideal behaviour?
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) reaction 1

Which statement is correct?
A higher pressure
A Intermolecular forces between the gas molecules are significant.
By
B using thistemperature
lower information, what is the most likely value for the enthalpy change of reaction 2?
B It is possible to calculate the number of moles of gas present using these data alone.
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl (aq)
C more polar molecules BaCl 2(aq) + 2H2O(l) reaction 2
C The gas is behaving ideally.
A –57 kJ mol–1 B –76 kJ mol–1 C –114 kJ mol–1 D –228 kJ mol–1
D weaker intermolecular forces
D The pressures used are too high for ideal gas behaviour.
[S’18 P12 Q07]
83 Sulfur
Which reacts
masswith
ofconcentrated
urea, CO(NH nitric
2)2, acid in a redox
contains the reaction.
same mass of nitrogen as 101.1 g of potassium
37 a calorimetric experiment 1.60 g of a fuel are burnt. 45.0% of the energy released is absorbed
9 Innitrate?
S + 4HNO
by 200 g of water. The temperature SO rises
of the water
3+ 4NO
from+18.0
2H °C
2 O to 66.0 °C.
2 2
A 22 g B 30 g C 44 g D 60 g
What
What are thetotal
is the changes in released
energy oxidation per
number
gramofofsulfur and of
fuel burnt (tonitrogen in thisfigures)?
3 significant reaction?
A 25 100 J B 55 700 J C 89 200 J D 143 000 J
sulfur nitrogen
[W’10 P13 Q12]
A +2 –3
B +2 –1
C +4 –3
D +4 –1
©©UCLES
UCLES2016
2016 9701/12/O/N/16
9701/13/M/J/16

37 .
absorbed
alt
45% of the was
Only mingy
the water
by
.
What is that 45 to
energy
?
O = me AT
= 1200 ) C 4.18 ) C 66 -
18 )
= 40 .
128 KJ
well ,
Whats 100% ?
89.17 KJ
440¥
x 100 =
that for
Cool
, 1.6g of fuel though ,
what will it be for 1

gram
8%7=55.7
KJ =
5570052
B complete combustion of methane in air
C ethanol heated with conc. H2SO4
C ethanol heated with conc. H2SO4
D polymerisation of ethene
D polymerisation of ethene 225
7
38 In the high temperatures of car engines, nitrogen reacts with oxygen to give nitrogen monoxide.
7 In the high temperatures of car engines, nitrogen reacts with oxygen to give nitrogen monoxide.
1
NN(g)
2 1 2
+ 1 1O2(g) NO(g) H o = +90 kJ mol–1
H o = +90 kJ mol–1
22(g) + 2 O2(g)2
NO(g)
ThisThis
reaction hashas
activation energy
energyEaE.a.
alt
reaction activation
Which reaction
Which pathway
reaction diagram
pathway could
diagram couldcorrectly
correctlyrepresent
represent this reaction?
this reaction?
AA BB
EE NO(g)
a
a NO(g)
1
EaEa
1 1 11 N (g) 11
∆H o
2 N2(g) + 2 O2(g) + 2 O2(g)
1
2 N2(g) +
energy 2 O2(g) energy 2 N2(g)
2 2 + 2 O2(g)
∆H o
energy energy
∆H∆H
o
o NO(g)
NO(g)

C D
C D
3
NO(g) NO(g)
E Ea 3
6 The complete
1 combustion
1 NO(g)
of a2 moles
∆H o of a straight chain
1 alkane
1 produces 400 NO(g)
dm
∆H o of
energy 2 N2(g) + 2 O2(g) E 5 energy 2 N2(g) + 2 O2(g) E
carbon
1 dioxide measured
1 at 301 K and 1o× 10 Pa. Carbon 1dioxide can1 be assumed to behave oas
a a
energy 2 N2gas
an ideal (g) + (g) conditions. ∆H
2 O2these
under energy 2 N2(g) + 2 O2(g)
∆H
What is the formula of the straight chain alkane?
A C8H18 B C
extent H34
of16reaction C C20H42 D C40Hextent
82 of reaction
[S’17 P12 Q07]
7
39 Which expression gives the standard enthalpy change of combustion of methane?
A (CH4) + (CO2) – 2 (H2O)

B (CO2) + 2 (H2O) + (CH4)
C (CH4) + 2 (H2O) – (CO2)
D (CO2) + 2 (H2O) – (CH4)
[S’17 P11 Q11]
8 Solutions containing chlorate(I) ions are used as household bleaches and disinfectants. These
solutions decompose on heating as shown.9701/12/M/J/17
© UCLES 2017 [Turn over
3Cl O– Cl O3– + 2Cl –
Which oxidation state is shown by chlorine in each of these three ions?
Cl O– Cl O3– Cl –
A +1 +3 –1
B –1 +3 +1
C +1 +5 –1
D
Bilal Hameed –1 +5 +1 Energetics WS 1
B –31.4 kJ mol
C neon at 100 K 3
–1
C –15.7 kJ mol
4 D neon
Ethane at 500
burns K
in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour.
D –3.14 kJ mol–1 226
Which bond angles are present in the molecules of ethane and its combustion products?
40
6 The following data are needed for this question.
ethane combustion products
8 HOCl (aq) is the molecule that kills bacteria when chlorine is added to water.
(CO(g)) = –111 kJ mol–1
A following reaction
The 90° produces this 104.5° and 180°
molecule.
(CO2(g)) = –394 kJ mol–1
alt
B 90°Cl 2(g) + H2O(I)109.5° and 120°
HOCl (aq) + H+(aq) + Cl –(aq)
(Fe2O3(s)) = –822 kJ mol–1
C statement
Which 109.5°
about this reaction104.5° and 180°
is correct?
Carbon
D monoxide
109.5°reacts with iron( III) oxide.
109.5° and 180°
A Chlorine is both oxidised and reduced.
3CO(g) + Fe O (s) 3CO2(g) + 2Fe(s)
B Chlorine is oxidised but not reduced.2 3
5 A sample of an ideal gas is contained at a constant temperature of 300 K in a gas syringe.
What is the enthalpy
C Hydrogen is both change
oxidisedwhen 55.8 g of iron are produced by this reaction?
and reduced.
pV
The –27.0
A
D pressure
kJ isisincreased
Hydrogen B –13.5
oxidised andnot
but akJgraph
reduced. against
of C +13.5 kJpressureDis plotted.
+27.0 kJ
RT
[S’17 P13 Q06]
Which graph correctly represents the results?
41
79 Vanadium reactsand
All the reactants withproducts
dilute sulfuric acid to form
of an exothermic V2(SOare
reaction 4)3 and hydrogen gas.
gaseous.
A
What
Whichhappens toabout
statement vanadium atoms in
this reaction is this reaction?
correct?
A
A They losebond
The total threeenergy
electrons and
of the is less than the Btotal bond energy of the reactants, and
are oxidised.
products
pV
∆H for the reaction is negative.
B They lose three electrons andRT are reduced.
B The total bond energy of the products is less than the Ctotal bond energy of the reactants, and
C They
∆H forlose two electrons
the reaction and are oxidised.
is positive.
D
C They losebond
The total two electrons
energy ofand
the are reduced.
products is more than the total bond energy of the reactants,
and ∆H for the reaction is negative.
D
D The total bond energy of the products is more than the total bond energy of the reactants,
and ∆H for the reaction is positive. p
© UCLES 2017 9701/13/M/J/17 [M’17[Turn over
P12 Q09]
42
6 In calculating the enthalpy change, H, of an experiment involving solutions, the mass of the
solution, m, specific heat capacity of the solution, c, and the temperature change, T, are
needed.
T = Tfinal – Tinitial
Which expression for H is correct?

mc
A H = mc B H= C H = mc T D H = –mc T
T T
[W’17 P12 Q06]
© UCLES 2017 9701/12/F/M/17

227
5
4
I
/PuOz0
-2867447279
4¥04
43
710 The
The following
diagram shows theneeded
data are distribution of question.
for this molecular energies in a sample of gas at a temperature T1.
The activation energy for an uncatalysed reaction 4 of this gas, Ea(uncat), is shown.
–1
(P4O10(s)) = –3012 kJ mol
7 Iodine and propanone react according to the following equation. )
T1
(H2O(l)) = –286 kJ mol–1
alt
I2(aq)
proportion
+ CH3COCH3(aq) CH3COCHEa(uncat)
2I(aq) + HI(aq)
(H3PO4(s))
If the concentration ofwith
–1279 kJ mol–1
of =molecules
propanone
telemetry
I
a given is increased, keeping the total reaction volume constant, the
o
rate ofistheHreaction
What for the also increases.
reaction
energyshown?
What could be the reason for P

this?
4O100
(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(s)
0 molecular energy E
) t X 4 l 1279 )
of collisions is successful 3012+61-286
-
A –9844
A A greater proportion
kJ mol –1 at the higher concentration.
-
Which
B Thediagram
particles correctly shows
are further the
apart at new distribution
the higher and new activation energy, Ea(cat), when the
concentration.
B –388 kJ mol
temperature
–1
388
is increased to T2, and a catalyst is used that increases the rate ofXthe reaction? =
-
C –97
C The kJ
particles
mol–1 have more energy at the higher concentration.
A B
D +2019
D There are more
kJ mol –1 collisions between reactant particles per second at the higher concentration.
T1 T1 Ea(cat)
[W’17 P12 Q07]
proportion Ea(uncat) proportion Ea(uncat)
8 Sulfur can beToxidised in two ways. T2
44
8 of molecules
2
Which statement is always correct for an of molecules
oxidation reaction?
Ea(cat)
with a given with a given
A It involves the gain of oxygen S(s) 3
O2(g)
by an+element. SO2(g) H o = –296.5 kJ mol–1
energy energy
o –1
6 Sodium
B hydroxide
For one neutralises
reactant 2S(s)
acid.
to be oxidised + 3O2(g)
a different 2SO
reactant 3(g) be reduced.
must H = –791.4 kJ mol
0 0
0 0
C The
Sulfur trioxide canmolecular
element orbeionmade energy
being
from E +will
oxidised
sulfur + gain
H dioxide electrons.
OH–and oxygen.
H2O
molecular energy E
D The oxidation3 number Cof the element being oxidised will increase.
In a 11 000 dm sample of 2SO an 2(g) + O2(g)solution,
aqueous (g) concentration Dof acid, [H+], is
2SO3the
–3 –3
1.26 × 10 mol dm . T Ea(cat) T1
1
What is the standard enthalpy change for this reaction?
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a brown
9 proportion gas.
Ea(uncat) neutralises
proportion Ea(uncat)
Which mass of solid–1 sodium hydroxide the acid?
of molecules
A –1384.4 kJ mol of molecules Ea(cat)
Dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is a colourless gas.
withAa given
0.0214 g –1 B 0.0504 g C 236with
g a given D 554 g
B –989.8 kJ mol
energy T2 energy T2
An equilibrium is established
–1
between NO2 and N2O4 in a closed vessel.
C –494.9 kJ mol
7 The gas 0 laws can be summarised in the ideal gas equation. 0 –1
D –198.4 0 kJ molmolecular
–1
energy E2NO2(g) N2O4(g) 0 H = molecular
–57 kJ molenergy E
brown
pV colourless
= nRT
[W’17 P13 Q08]
911 Which
45 Hydrogen
0.960 row
200 g gof describes
iodide
ofwater
oxygen gas the
aredissociates
at 25 effects
is°C. into of
contained changing
hydrogen
in a vesselandconditions
volumeon
ofiodine. the× colour
7.00 10–3 m3ofatan equilibrium mixture
a temperature of
of 30 °C.
NO2 and N2O4?
Assume
The water that the gasto
is heated behaves 2HI(g)
75 °C byasburning
an ideal2 g of H
gas. 2(g) + I2(g)
ethanol.
increasing the pressure increasing the temperature
In an isexperiment,
What amountbofmol
the pressure theofvessel?
inenergy hydrogen
transferrediodide
to thewere put into a sealed vessel at pressure p. At
water?
A
equilibrium,colour
x molbecomes darker iodide had
of the hydrogen colour becomes darker
dissociated.
A 1.07
0.418kPakJ B 2.1410.4 kPa
kJ C 10.841.8 kPa
kJ D 21.6
62.7 kPa
kJ
B expression
Which colour becomes
for Kp is darker
correct? colour becomes lighter
[W’17 P13 Q11]
C colour becomes lighter colour becomes darker
8
46 x2
Which equation
A represents
B
2 2
xthe
p standard enthalpy
C x 2change
p2 of formation
D
2
x of water?
2 2
D ( b xcolour
) becomes( blighter
x) colour
4b(becomes
b x) lighter 4( b x )2
A H2(g) + 21 O2(g) H2O(g)
B H2(g) + 1
2
O2(g) H2O(l)
C 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
D 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

© UCLES 2017 9701/13/O/N/17 [TurnP12
[M’18 over
Q08]
© UCLES 2017 9701/12/O/N/17
9 Hess’ Law and bond energy data can be used to calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction.
© UCLES 2017 9701/13/O/N/17
Bromoethane, CH3CH2Br, can be made by reacting ethene with hydrogen bromide.
CH2=CH2 + HBr CH3CH2Br
alt
44 .
oT¥sIl
-
Is
J -
791.4
µemm'
21-296.5 ) t X = -
791.4
.
-
198.4
C 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
D 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

228
47
9 3 to calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction.
Hess’ Law and bond energy data can be used
5 Which moleculeCH
Bromoethane, hasCH
no overall
Br, candipole?
be made by reacting ethene with hydrogen bromide.
3 2
A CH3Cl B CH2Cl 2 C CHCl 3 D CCl 4

CH2=CH2 + HBr CH3CH2Br
alt
6 What issolid
Which the contains
enthalpymore
change
thanfor
onethis reaction?
type of bonding?
–1
A – 674 kJ mol
iodine
B silicon mol–1
– 64 kJdioxide
C sodium mol–1
+186 kJchloride
D
D zinc
+346 kJ mol–1
[M’18 P12 Q09]
48
7 Enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to determine enthalpy changes of formation. The
following equation represents the enthalpy change of formation of butane.
4C(s) + 5H2(g) C4H10(g)
By using the following standard enthalpy of combustion data, what is the value of the standard
enthalpy change of formation, , of butane?
© UCLES 2018 9701/12/F/M/18 [Turn over
substance
C(s) –394
H2(g) –286
C4H10(g) –2877
x
A –5883 kJ mol–1 → I
B –129 kJ mol–1 )
41-394 ¥-286 1-2877
C +129 kJ mol–1
D +2197 kJ mol–1 €ducts
combustion)
X -
2877=41-3941+51-286 ) [S’18 P1 Q17]
8 Ethanedioate ions, C2O42–, react with a suitable reagent to form CO2. A half-equation for this
reaction is shown.
C2O42– 2CO2 + 2e–
Which row is correct?
oxidation state of
type of reaction
carbon in C2O42–
A +3 oxidation
B +3 reduction
C +5 oxidation
D +5 reduction

31 The gasare
laws can be summarised 11 only
only are in the ideal gas are
equation. is
correct correct 14 correct correct
For each
The of the A
responses questions
to D should in this besection,
selectedone on or themore basis of of
the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
Section pV =BnRT
be correct.
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of
No other
For each combination
of each
theA questions of statements
in this Bis used
section, oneas or a 229
correct
more ofresponse.
Cthe three numbered D statements 1 to 3 may
Decide where
whether eachsymbolof the has its
statements usual ismeaning.
or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
be correct. A 11
Section 2 B and 3
the statements that3you consider 1toand Bbe correct). C D
1, 2 and 2 1 only
Which
31 Usewhetherof statements are correct?
Decide 1, the
2areandData
each3 Booklet is relevant
of the statements 1only
andare 2 to thisisquestion.
is or 2only
notSection and are
correct (you
3 may find it1helpful
only is to put a tick against
The responses
the statements correct A to D should be selected
correct on the basis of B
correct correct
arethat you consideronly to be arecorrect). only are is
1 One
Which ions molecontainofone anorideal more gas
unpaired occupieselectrons? the same volume under the same conditions of
correct
For eachtemperature
of the questions in correct
this section, one or correct
more of the three numbered correct statements 1 to 3 may
and pressure.
alt
The responses 2+ AA to D should be selected B on the basis ofC D
be
No othercorrect.
1 Cu combination of statements is used as a correct 13 response.
No other 2 combination
The densityofofstatements an ideal gas is used at constant
as a correct pressure
response. is inversely proportional to the temperature,
1, 3+
2A and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
2 Mn
T.
Decide whether each of the statements is orSection B C
is not correct (you may findDit helpful to put a tick against
are only are onlyBare is
33theWhich types of
statements
3+ intermolecular
that you consider forces
to becan exist between adjacent urea molecules?
correct).
33
33 Which types
VThe
1,correct
2 and
volume 3 of a given forces
of intermolecular correct
1 and
mass of 2 cananexist ideal 2correct
and 3
gas is adjacent
between doubled urea temperature is raised from 25 °C
correct
1 only
if its molecules?
are°C
O basis of
For each to of 50the questions
at constant in this only section,
pressure. are one or more only of arethe three numbered is statements 1 to 3 may
The responses A to D should be selected on the
be correct. correct correct O correct correct
No
32 other
Use combination
of the Data Booklet of statementsis relevant is used as question.
to this a correct response.
C
C
②
Decide whether Aeach of statements
the statements B istoor isa not correct C may find it helpfulD to put a tick against
(you
1 statements
32
No otherUse of the
combination
The bond energy Data Booklet
of the Br – Oto
of consider is relevant
is
bond used H2NkJ mol–1. NH
as
is 235 this question.
correct response.
2
the that you H2N of a set
be correct). NH of22reactions.
31 The diagram 1, 2pairs illustrates
and 3 boththe energy 1 and changes
2 the urea number andof3unpaired p electrons? 1 only
1 Which reactions
The
In which
responses are
A to
do
D
are
should
species
exothermic?
be only
selected
have
are on theurea
same
basis ofonly are is
31 How may nitrogen exist in compounds? _134 kJ mol _ 1
111 hydrogen
O and
OH
correct
• + Cl HBr
+
bonding
→ H2 + BrO• H =
correct correct correct
by a tripleRcovalent B S
1 hydrogen bonding
1 bonded A bond C D
+
222 permanent –
dipole-dipole forces
2 F •and
OH + HBr
permanent Ga → H2O + forces
dipole-dipole Br •
No2other as combination
part of a cation of statements is used as a correct response.
1, 2 and 3+ dipole-induced
3333 instantaneous 1 and dipole 2 forces 2 and 3 1 only
HP• and+ HBr
instantaneous Ne → dipole-induced
H2 + Br• dipole forces
are
3 having lost 3 electrons to form an anion only are only are is
correct correct correct correct [W’14 P12Q32]
[J'12 P13 Q32]
31 A space shuttle’s upward thrust came from the following reaction 1 between aluminium and
233 Which
34 namesreaction can be be applied
applied Hthe= +92 J mol shown?
Aammonium perchlorate. totothetheenthalpy
enthalpychange changeofofthe reaction
④
34 Whichreversible
names can is catalysed. reaction shown?
32
No other combination of statements is used as1 a correct response.
Which statements about 10Al the + 6NHeffectsH4HCl2(g)
2(g)
of ++→
O4the OO
1catalyst
4Al 2(g)
(g) 2O → →H
on
3 +
HO(l)
this 2O(l)
2Alsystem
Cl +are correct?
12H 2O + 3N2
The isotope 99Tc is radioactive and has 2 2 2 found
been in 2lobsters3 and seaweed adjacent to nuclear
fuel reprocessing
1WhichThe statements
catalyst plants.
alters _75tokJ _
31 1Use enthalpy
of the
enthalpy Datachange
change Booklet ofthe
about
of is mechanism
formation
formation H =reaction
this
relevant of are
this the correct?
mol
reaction.
1
question.
T 99 U
2 The
Which catalyst reduces
statements areof correctthe activation
about an atom energy of for both the forward and the backward reaction.
Tc?
2Which enthalpy
enthalpy
1 Aluminium change
change
statementsisabout of combustion
the phosphide ion, P , and the chloride ion, 35Cl –, are correct?
combustion
oxidised. 31 3–
3 ItThe
Which of catalyst
the
13following alters the composition
statements of the equilibrium mixture.
are correct?
31 2 enthalpy
has
enthalpy
Chlorine
more
change
change neutrons
ofhydration
of hydrationthan protons.
1 They have is thereduced.
same number of electrons.
12 The It has enthalpy
43 protons. change for the transformation U → R is + 42 kJ mol–1 . [W’14 P13 Q34]
3 Nitrogen is oxidised.
3 2
2 They have the same number of neutrons.
35
35 Compared
3 The It has with
enthalpy
99
with the
the HI
HImolecule,
change
nucleons. for the the
molecule, thebondbond……P……
transformation ……P…… T → ofof
Stheis HBr
the molecule
endothermic.
HBr molecule is ……Q……
is ……Q……
3
3 They
The
have
enthalpy
the same
change
number
for the
of protons.
transformation R → T is – 33 kJ mol –1
.
32 WhichUse of pairstheof words
ofData
words correctly
correctly
Booklet complete
complete
is relevant tothe
the
thisabove
above sentence?
question.sentence? [J’07 P1 Q31]
33 Which of these substances have a giant structure?
④
3
© UCLES
32 Why 2014
Whichdoes statements
P
aluminium
P are correct
QQ
chloride, Alwhen 9701/11/O/N/14
referring to the atoms 23Na and 24Mg?
2Cl 6, sublime at the relatively low temperature of 180 °C?
[Turn over
1 silicon(IV) oxide
11 TheThey energy
have the same greater number of fulltheelectron orbitals. are weak.
2 1 baked
1 energy
clay found ingreater
intermolecular forces
crockery between Al 2Cl 6 molecules
2 They length less
3 22 phosphorus(
2 haveVthe
length
The co-ordinate same
bonds
) oxide number of
lessbetween neutrons.and chlorine are weak.
aluminium
3 polarity greater
3 33 The They polarity
are both
covalent bonds greater
reducingbetween agents.aluminium and chlorine are weak.
[W’14 P13Q32]
[J'13 P13 Q35]
4 Which statements are correct for all exothermic reactions?

33
1 ∆H for the reaction is negative.

2 2004
 UCLES On a reaction pathway diagram the9701/01/O/N/04
products are shown lower than the reactants.
3 The reaction will happen spontaneously.
© UCLES 2014 9701/13/O/N/14 [S’15 P12 Q33]
CEDAR
© UCLESCOLLEGE
2014 9701/13/O/N/14 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION WS 2

2 phosphine, PH3
3 carbon dioxide, CO2
230
5
32 The diagram illustrates the enthalpy changes of a set of reactions
∆H = –134 kJ mol–1
R 14 S
alt
A B C D
∆H = +92 kJ mol–1
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct
∆H = –75 kJ mol–1
T
No other combination of statements U
is used as a correct response.
Which statements are correct?

33 Which statements about reversible reactions are correct?
1 The enthalpy change for the transformation U R is + 42 kJ mol–1.
1 An increase in concentration of a reactant always increases the concentration of the product.
22 The
An enthalpy
increase change for the
in temperature transformation
always T rateSatiswhich
increases the endothermic.
the equilibrium is established.
13 –1
33 An The enthalpy
increase change for the
in temperature transformation
always Rconcentration
increases the T is – 33 kJofmol .
the product at equilibrium.
33 In this question, all gases can be assumed to behave ideally. [W’04 P11 Q31]
6
34 A
A chemist
chemist puts
heatsa sample of dilute
a mixture aqueous
of nitrogen andhydrochloric acidininto
oxygen gases beaker container
a sealed 1. She adds
at aa sample
constantof
zinc and measures the rate of production of hydrogen gas.
temperature until the mixture reaches a dynamic equilibrium containing N2(g), O2(g) and NO(g).
She then puts a different sampleN2of (g)dilute

+ O2aqueous
(g) hydrochloric acid into beaker 2. She adds a
2NO(g)
②
different sample of zinc and measures the rate of production of hydrogen gas.
The chemist repeats the experiment at the same temperature using the same initial amounts of
The
© UCLES
N2(g) rate
andofOthe
2016 reaction in beaker 2 is greater than the rate of the reaction in beaker 1.
9701/12/F/M/16
2(g), but at a much higher pressure. [Turn over
Which factors could
Which statements helpthe
about to explain
second this observation?
experiment at higher pressure are correct?
1
1 The
At reaction
higher in beaker
pressure, 1 has
there a higher
are more activation
particles energy
per unit than the reaction in beaker 2.
volume.
2
2 The composition
The zinc in beaker
of 1the
is in larger pieces
equilibrium thandoes
mixture the zinc in beaker 2.
not change.
3
3 The acid
There areinmore
beaker 1 is at per
collisions a lower concentration
second thanisthe
so equilibrium acid infaster.
reached beaker 2.
[M’16 P12 Q34]
7
35
34 In
Ansome rice-growing
ethanol burner can parts of the
be used world,
to heat farmers
water. use a combination
If appropriate of paddy
measurements fieldsaand
are taken, a fish
value for
farm. Rice paddy fields are flooded for much of the growing cycle
the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol can be calculated. The equation and water running off the fields
flows through pens where fish are raised. Nitrogen-based fertilisers are generally very soluble in
water. heat transferred = –mc∆T
Which
is used problems could
as part of the result from farmers applying excess nitrogen-based fertilisers to their
calculation.
⑧
paddy fields?
Which symbols are correctly described?
1 decreased fish production in the fish pens
1 ∆T is the change in temperature of the water.
2 decreased levels of oxygen in the water
2 m is the mass of water used in the experiment.
3 increased growth of algae in the fish pens
3 c is the specific heat capacity of ethanol.
[S’16 P12 Q34]

© UCLES 2016 9701/12/F/M/16
2 The solidification of water to form ice is exothermic.
31 For complete combustion, 1 mol of an organic compound X requires 2.5 mol of O2.
3 Pure water is less dense than ice.
231
Which compounds could be X?
⑧
8
33 1Calcium
C2H5reacts
OH with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen.
2 C2H2 Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
3The CH 3CHO enthalpy change for this reaction is – 414 kJ mol–1.

standard
alt
What further information is needed in order to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
32 In which pairs
formation do bothhydroxide,
of calcium species have the same
Ca(OH) number of electrons?
2(s)?
35 37
11 Cl and
for H2Cl
O(l)
35
22 Cl – for
andH40Ar
2(g)
40 40 +
33 Ar and
first K
and second ionisation energies of Ca

[S’18 P11 Q33]
9 For which reactions does the value of H o represent both a standard enthalpy change of
33
⑧
combustion
© UCLES 2018 and a standard enthalpy change of formation?
9701/11/M/J/18
1 C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
2 2C(s) + O2(g) 2CO(g)
3 CO(g) + 1
O (g)
2 2
CO2(g)

13 [S’18 P12 Q33]
10
34 The diagram shows the reaction pathway for a reversible reaction.
energy 90
/ kJ mol–1
⑨
© UCLES 2018 9701/12/M/J/18 30
extent of reaction
1 The forward reaction is exothermic.

2 The enthalpy change for the forward reaction is –30 kJ mol–1.
3 The enthalpy change for the backward reaction is +90 kJ mol–1.

[S’18 P13 Q34]
35 The structure of metals is considered to be positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons.
The melting points of the metals in Period 3 increase with increasing atomic number.
Which statements help to explain this trend from sodium to aluminium?
1 The charge on the metal ion increases.

2 There are more delocalised electrons per metal ion.
3 The radius of the metal ion decreases.
36 Under room conditions, 600 cm3 of a gas, X, has a mass of 0.700 g.

What could X be?
1 carbon monoxide
232
Energetics
8 WS 2
31 Ethanal reacts with hydrogen cyanide, in the presence of a small amount of NaCN, as shown.
alt
CH3CHO + HCN CH3CH(OH)CN
(a) Use bond energies from the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.
Include a sign with your answer.
enthalpy change = .................................... kJ mol–1 [3]

[S’15 P21 Q03]
(b) The product of this reaction shows stereoisomerism as it contains a chiral centre. This reaction
produces an equimolar mixture of two optical isomers.
(i) Explain the meanings of the terms stereoisomerism and chiral centre.
stereoisomerism .................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
chiral centre ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Suggest why the two optical isomers are produced in equal amounts by this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2015 9701/21/M/J/15

233
4
22 Chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes.
(a) Explain the meaning of the term standard enthalpy change of reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................
alt
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The enthalpy change of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate, Hhyd MgSO4, can be
calculated by carrying out two separate experiments.
In the first experiment 45.00 g of water was weighed into a polystyrene cup and 3.01 g of
MgSO4 was added and stirred until it was completely dissolved. The temperature of the water
rose from 23.4 C to 34.7 C.
(i) Calculate the amount of heat energy transferred to the water during this dissolving process.
You can assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as that of water,
4.18 J g–1 K–1.
heat energy = .......................... J [1]
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of MgSO4 dissolved.
amount = .......................... mol [1]
© UCLES 2015 9701/22/O/N/15

5234
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of solution, Hsoln, of MgSO4(s).
You must include a sign with your answer.
alt
Hsoln, of MgSO4(s) = .......................... kJ mol–1 [1]
In the second experiment, the enthalpy change of solution for the hydrated salt, MgSO4.7H2O(s),
was calculated and found to be +9.60 kJ mol–1.
(iv) Use the equation below for the hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate to construct a
suitable, fully labelled energy cycle that will allow you to calculate the enthalpy change for
this reaction, Hhyd MgSO4.
MgSO4(s) + 7H2O(l) MgSO4.7H2O(s)
[1]
(v) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, Hhyd MgSO4. Include a sign in your
answer.
Hhyd MgSO4 = .......................... kJ mol–1 [1]

[W’15 P22 Q02]
[Total: 7]

For
(c) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion. Examiner’s
Use
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
235 ..................................................................................................................................... [2]
3 a (d) A 1.00 cm3 sample of C14H30 was completely burnt in air.

The heat produced raised the temperature of 250 g of water by 34.6 C.
Assume no heat losses occurred during this experiment.
The density of C14H30 is 0.763 g cm–3.
(i) Use relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the amount of heat released in
this experiment.
alt
(ii) Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the energy produced by the
combustion of 1 mol of C14H30.
[5]

[W’13 P23 Q02]

[Total: 13]

236
44
24 2TheThe
elements in Group
elements 17,17,
in Group the halogens,
the halogens,and
andtheir
theircompounds,
compounds, show
show many similarities
similaritiesand
andtrends
trends
standard
standard boiling point
point boiling
boiling point
pointofof
alt
bond energy enthalpychange
change boiling
element bond energy enthalpy of element
element of element
/ kJ/ kJ mol ofofatomisation,
atomisation,
–1
mol –1
/ kJmol
mol–1–1 //K
K //KK
/ kJ
158 79 85 293
158 79 85 293
chlorine, Cl –Cl 242 121 238 188
chlorine, Cl –Cl 242 121 238 188
bromine, Br–Br 193 112 332 206
bromine, Br–Br 193 112 332 206
iodine, I–I 151 107 457 238
iodine, I–I 151 107 457 238
(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term standard enthalpy change of atomisation.
(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term standard enthalpy change of atomisation.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii)
bond energies.
(ii)
bond energies.
value of the bond energies.
value of theabond
Suggest energies.
reason for this difference.
Suggest a reason for this difference.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................................................................................................................................
The standard enthalpy of formation of iodine monochloride, ICl, is –24.0 kJ mol–1.

(iii)....................................................................................................................................... [1]
Use this information and the bond energies of iodine and chlorine to calculate–1the I–Cl
(iii) The standard enthalpy of formation of iodine monochloride, ICl, is –24.0 kJ mol .
bond energy.
Use this information and the bond energies of iodine and chlorine to calculate the I–Cl
bond energy.
I–Cl bond energy = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

[W’17 P22 Q03]
I–Cl bond energy = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]
© UCLES 2016 9701/22/M/J/16
© UCLES 2016 9701/22/M/J/16

237
4
25 For many compounds the enthalpy change of formation cannot be calculated directly. An indirect
method based on enthalpy changes of combustion can be used.
The enthalpy change of combustion can be found by a calorimetry experiment in which the heat
energy given off during combustion is used to heat a known mass of water and the temperature
alt
change recorded.
(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.
when me more of substance
Enthalpy change
.............................................................................................................................................
burns in excess under

oxygen
.............................................................................................................................................
standard conditions
.......................................................................................................................................
.
[3]
(ii) Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH.
Catty OH
i
302 →
2002 t 3h20
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol, 0.23 g of ethanol
was burned and the heat given off raised the temperature of 100 g of water by 16.3 C.
(i) Calculate the heat energy change, q, during the combustion of 0.23 g of ethanol.
D= MCAT
= (100714-187116.3)
6810
q = ............................ J [1]
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change on burning 1 mole of ethanol. Include a sign in your answer.
0.23
¥-1616
gtfo
M
=
"t -
-
= 0.005 MN .
-
1360
H = ............................ kJ mol–1 [1]
(iii) Suggest two reasons why the value for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol
determined by a simple laboratory calorimetry experiment is likely to be lower than the true
value.
Heat loss to
surroundings
'
.............................................................................................................................................
.
Incomplete combustion of fuel

.............................................................................................................................................
.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2016 9701/21/O/N/16

5238
(c) The table gives some enthalpy change of combustion values.
enthalpy change of
substance
combustion / kJ mol–1
alt
C(s) –393.5
H2(g) –285.8
C3H7OH(l) –2021.0
(i) Construct a labelled energy cycle to show how these values could be used to calculate the
enthalpy change of formation of C3H7OH(l), Hf.
start
3693.5
x
1 ∆Hf
④ 3C(s) + 4H2(g) + 2 O2(g) C3H7OH(l) ⑥
" "
no
as
④ → ⑥ -
-
① → ⑧ →
⑧
) -141-2858 ) -
- X -
2021.0 combustion products ②
End .
D= - 302
[3]
(ii) Hf, of C3H7OH(l).
Hf = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

[W’16 P21 Q02]
[Total: 13]

239
4
26 For many compounds the enthalpy change of formation cannot be calculated directly. An indirect
method based on enthalpy changes of combustion can be used.
The enthalpy change of combustion can be found by a calorimetry experiment in which the heat
energy given off during combustion is used to heat a known mass of water and the temperature
alt
change recorded.
(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH.
Hg0Hu
302cg
2002cg
,t 3h20 us
→
Cz -1
.......................................................................................................................................
, [1]
,
(b) In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol, 0.23 g of ethanol
was burned and the heat given off raised the temperature of 100 g of water by 16.3 C.
(i) Calculate the heat energy change, q, during the combustion of 0.23 g of ethanol.
Q=m CAO
= ( 100114.18 )( 16.3 )
= 6813 . U 6810
q = ............................ J [1]
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change on burning 1 mole of ethanol. Include a sign in your answer.
0.23 AH 6813.4 1362.68
n=
=
=
-
-
46 0.005
0.005 Md
= -
1,360
H = ............................ kJ mol–1 [1]
(iii) Suggest two reasons why the value for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol
determined by a simple laboratory calorimetry experiment is likely to be lower than the true
value.
Heat lost
.............................................................................................................................................
•
.
combustion
Incomplete
.............................................................................................................................................
a
heat (
light )
not all is lost as
.............................................................................................................................................
.
energy
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2016 9701/23/O/N/16

240
5
(c) The table gives some enthalpy change of combustion values.
enthalpy change of
substance
combustion / kJ mol–1
alt
C(s) –393.5
H2(g) –285.8
C3H7OH(l) –2021.0
(i) Construct a labelled energy cycle to show how these values could be used to calculate the
enthalpy change of formation of C3H7OH(l), Hf.
1 ∆Hf
3C(s) + 4H2(g) + 2 O2(g) C3H7OH(l)
£2021.0
)
31-393.5*9285-5
3002 t 4h20
[3]
(ii) Hf, of C3H7OH(l).
-285.8
31-393.5 ) -14L ) f- 2021.0 )
3027
AHF
-
-
-
'
Md
-
= -
KJ
302.7
Hf = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]
[W’16 P23 Q02]
[Total: 13]

A yes yes no
B yes no yes
C no yes 241 no
Energetics WS 3
D no no yes
81 For which equation is the enthalpy change correctly described as an enthalpy change of
formation?
alt
A 2NO(g) → N2(g) + O2(g)
B 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
C H2O(l) + NaCl(s) → NaCl(aq)
D K(s) + Mn(s) + 2O2(g) → KMnO4(s)

4 [W’06 P1 Q08]
92 7 Given 1
O2(g) reaction
CO(g) + chemical
An exothermic 2
CO2(g) by two∆H
→ proceeds o
= –283 kJ mol–1
stages.
H2(g) + 1
2
O2(g) →stageH21O(l) stage kJ
∆Ho = –286 2 mol
–1
H2O(g) reactants → H2O(l)intermediate

∆Ho = –44 kJ molproducts
–1
The activation energy of stage o 1 is 50 kJ mol–1. The overall enthalpy change of reaction is
what is the
–100 change
kJ mol–1
. in enthalpy, ∆H , for the following reaction?
COreaction
Which diagram represents the 2(g) + H2pathway
(g) → CO(g) + Hreaction?
for this 2O(g)
A –525 kJAmol–1 B –41 kJ mol–1B C +41 kJ mol–1 C

D +525 kJ mol–1 D
100 100 100 100
10 In75
some early paintings, 75lead(II) carbonate was 75used as a white pigment. 75 In the 19th century
50
hydrogen 50
sulphide from burning coal reacted with50this pigment to form black
50 lead(II) sulphide,
25 The original colour of25the painting may be restored
PbS. 25 25 the area with dilute
by carefully treating
0
hydrogen 0 lead(II) sulphate which
peroxide, producing 0 is also white. 0
-25 reactants -25 reactants -25 reactants -25 reactants
-50 is the role of the hydrogen
What -50 products
peroxide? -50 -50 products
-75 -75 -75 -75
-100 products
A catalyst -100 -100 products -100
B progress
oxidising agent progress progress progress
of reaction of reaction of reaction of reaction
C reducing agent
4 [S’07 P1 Q07]
D solvent
83 8 In the
Skiers trapped by
conversion of snowstorms
compound Xuseintoheat packs toZ,keep
compound warm.
it was The
found heat
that themay be generated
reaction by the
proceeded by
wayreaction below. Y, which could be isolated. The following steps were involved.
of compound
4Fe(s) + 3O
X→2(g)
Y→ 2Fepositive
; ∆H, 2O3(s) ; ∆HO = –1648 kJ
Y → Z ; ∆H, negative
What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of iron(III) oxide?
© UCLES 2006 9701/01/O/N/06
Which reaction–1profile fits these data?
A 0 kJ mol
B A kJ mol–1
–824 B C D
C –1648 kJ mol–1 Y
Y Y
energy
energy
energy
energy
D –3296 kJ mol–1 Z X
X
X Y Z
Z X
Z
9 Two equilibria are shown below.
progress of progress of progress of progress of
reaction reaction
reaction I 2X2(g) + Y2(g)reaction
2X2Y(g) reaction
reaction II X2Y(g) X2(g) + 21! !(g) [S’06 P1 Q08]
9 The nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery is based upon the following overall reaction.
The numerical value of Kc for reaction I is 2.
Bilal Hameed Cd + 2NiOOH + 4H2O → Cd(OH)2 + 2Ni(OH)2.H2O Energetics WS 3
Under the same conditions, what is the numerical value of Kc for reaction II?
What is the oxidation number of nickel at the beginning and at the end of the reaction?
A 1 B 1 C 1 D –2
C silicon(IV) oxide
D sulfur
242
64 The reaction pathway diagram below illustrates the energies of reactants, products and the
transition state of a reaction.
transition state
E1
alt
E2
energy reactants
E3
products
reaction coordinate
Which expression represents the activation energy of the forward reaction?
A E1 – E 2 B E1 – E 3 C E2 – E 3 D (E1 – E2) – (E2 – E3)

4 [W’10 P12 Q06]
95 The diagram represents the reaction pathway for the following reaction.
© UCLES 2010 9701/12/O/N/10
W(g) + X(g) → Y(g) + Z(g)
energy
W+X
Y+Z
reaction pathway
What statement can be made about the reverse reaction, Y(g) + Z(g) → W(g) + X(g)?
A It will have a larger activation energy and a positive ∆H.
B It will have a larger activation energy and a negative ∆H.
C It will have a smaller activation energy and a positive ∆H.
D It will have a smaller activation energy and a negative ∆H.

[W’08 P1 Q09]
10 For the equilibrium 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g), what will change the value of Kp?
A adding a catalyst
B adding more O2
C increasing the pressure
D increasing the temperature
B ionic molecular
4
C molecular atomic
8 A
D 2 molecular
g sample of hydrogen
molecularat temperature T and243of volume V exerts a pressure p.
2
Deuterium, 1 H, is an isotope of hydrogen.
6
8 Which statement about the standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide is correct?
Which of the following would also exert a pressure p at the same temperature T ?
A It is equal to the standard enthalpy change of combustion of carbon.
A 2 g of deuterium of volume V
B It is equal to twice the bond energy of the C=O bond.
B 4 g of deuterium of volume V _
alt
C It is the energy released when 2 one mole of carbon dioxide is formed from carbon at the
C atemperature
mixture of 1ofgcombustion
of hydrogenofand
the2carbon.
g of deuterium of total volume V
D
D aIt mixture of 2 for
is the same g ofcarbon
hydrogen andproduced
dioxide 1 g of deuterium of totaland
from graphite volume
from 2diamond.
V
[S’02 P1 Q08]
99
7 The
Use following
of the Dataenergy cycle
Booklet represents
is relevant the
to this enthalpy changes in the formation of carbon dioxide
question.
from its constituent elements in their standard states.
Hydrazine was used as a fuel for the Messerschmidt 163 rocket fighter in World War II and for the
What substances
American Gemini are
and present at level Y inItthis
Apollo spacecraft. hasdiagram?
the following formula.
H H
level Y
N N
H H
What is the enthalpy change of atomisation of 1 mol of gaseous hydrazine?
A 550 kJ
B 1720 kJ 0
energy
C 1970 kJ
∆Hf
D 2554 kJ
10 A
For which
C(g) + 2O(g) does Kc have no units?
equilibrium
B
A C(g)
C(s) ++HO2(g)
2O(g) CO(g) + H2(g)
C
B C(s) + O2+(g)
CH3OH(l) CH3CO2H(l) CH3CO2CH3(l) + H2O(l)
D
C Cu2+
CO2(g)
(aq) + 4NH3(aq) Cu(NH3)2+
4 (aq)
[W’02 P1 Q09]
D N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
9701/1/M/J/02
9701/1/O/N/02

X
4
244
volume of 5
oxygen–3
8 Enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to determine enthalpy changes of formation. The
98 50 cm3 ofequation
following
formed
2.50 mol represents the enthalpy
dm hydrochloric acid change of formation
was placed of butane.beaker of negligible heat
in a polystyrene
capacity. Its temperature was recorded and then 50 cm3 of 2.50 mol dm–3 NaOH at the same
4C(s)
temperature was quickly added, with + 5H2(g)
stirring. C4H10(g) rose by 17 °C.
The→temperature
By
Theusing the following standard enthalpy toof have
combustion data, what is theofvalue
4.2 J gof–1the
K–1.standard
alt
resulting solution may be considered a specific heat capacity
enthalpy change of formation, , for this reaction?
0
What is an approximate0value for the molar enthalpy time
change of neutralisation of hydrochloric acid
o
and sodium hydroxide from this experiment?
compound
Which alteration to the original experimental conditions would produce curve Y?
−(50 x 4.2 x 17) 1 carbon –394
A J mol − –3
(0.050some
A adding x 2.5)0.1 mol dm hydrogen
hydrogenperoxide –286
B adding
−(50 x 4water
.2 x 17) 1 butane –2877
B J mol −
C (0 . 10 x 2 . 5 )
lowering the temperature
A –5883 kJ mol–1
D −(100less
using x 4.2manganese(IV)
x 17) 1 oxide
C
B –129 kJ mol –1 J mol −
(0.050 x 2.5)
C +129 kJ mol–1
7 In the−(last
100 xcentury
4.2 x 17the
) Haber − 1 process was sometimes run at pressures of 1000 atm and higher.
D –1 J mol
Now it
D +2197 is commonly
(50kJ
x 2mol
.5 ) run at pressures below 100 atm.
[S’11 P11 Q09]
What is the reason for this change?
9 Three
9
10 In a calorimetric
substances, experiment
R, and 1.60
Sused. g ofphysical
T, have a fuel isproperties
burnt. 45 %
asof the energy released is absorbed by
shown.
A An iron catalyst is
200 g of water whose temperature rises from 18 °C to 66 °C. The specific heat capacity of water is
4.2 g–1 K–1.
B JMaintaining the substance
higher pressures is more expensive.
R S T
What
C Theis the total energy
equilibrium released
yield per gram of fuel burnt?
mp /of
o ammonia
C is increased
801 at lower pressures.
2852 3550
D
A The200
25 rate
J of the reaction
B bp56 is increased
/ oC000 J at lower
C 89 pressures.
600
1413 J D 143 360 J4827
3600
[W’10 P13 Q12]
electrical conductivity of solid poor poor good
10
8 equation
10 The value below
of the represents
equilibrium the combination
constant, of gaseous
Kc, for the reaction atoms
to form ethyl of non-metal
ethanoate X ethanol
from and of
hydrogen
and to be
Whatethanoic
could form
thegaseous
acid isidentities
4.0 at 60H
X2of
°C. molecules.
6R, S and T ?
R 2X(g)C+2H5OH →
S + CH
6H(g) 3CO
X2H 2H
6(g)
T CH=3CO
∆H 2C2H
–2775 5 +
kJ H2–1O
mol
The
A bond
When 1.0 energy
mol
MgO of an X–H
of ethanol and bond
1.0 mol
NaCl ofCkJ
is 395 mol–1. acid are allowed to reach equilibrium at 60 °C,
ethanoic
[graphite]
what is the number of moles of ethyl ethanoate formed?
B is theMgO
What bond energy ofNaCl
an X–X bond? SiO2
AC 1 B 2 1 D 3
A –3405.0NaCl
kJ mol–1 3 MgO CC[graphite]
4 4
B D – 202.5NaCl
kJ mol–1 MgO SiO2
11 Which
C +202.5equation represents
kJ mol –1 the change corresponding to the enthalpy change of atomisation of
iodine?
11 In which change would only van der Waals’ forces have to be overcome?
D +405.0 kJ mol–1
1
A I (g) → I(g)of ethanol
2 2
A evaporation C H OH(l) → C H OH(g) [S’11 P11 Q08]
2 5 2 5
© UCLES 2011 9701/11/M/J/11
B
B 2(g) → 2I(g)
Imelting of ice H2O(s) → H2O(l)
1
C
C I (s) →ofI(g)
melting
2 2 solid carbon dioxide CO2(s) → CO2(l)
D Isolidification
2(s) → 2I(g) of butane C4H10(l) → C4H10(s)
© UCLES 2010 9701/11/O/N/10

butane –2877
A –5883 kJ mol–1
245 4
–1
B –129 kJ mol
11
4 Methanol may be prepared by the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
C +129 kJ mol–1
D +2197 kJ mol–1 CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)
alt
The relevant average bond energies are given below.
9 In a calorimetric experiment 1.60 g of a fuel is burnt. 45 % of the energy released is absorbed by
200 g of water whose temperature rises from 181077
E(C≡O) °C tokJ °C.–1The specific heat capacity of water is
66mol
4.2 J g–1 K–1.
E(C–O) 360 kJ mol–1
What is the total energy released per gram of fuel burnt?
E(C–H) 410 kJ mol–1
A 25 200 J B 56 000 J C 89 600 J D 143 360 J
E(H–H) 436 kJ mol–1
E(O–H) 460 kJ mol–1
10 The value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction to form ethyl ethanoate from ethanol
and ethanoic acid is 4.0 at 60 °C.
What is the enthalpy change of this reaction?
C2H5OH + CH3CO2H CH3CO2C2H5 + H2O
A –537 kJ mol–1
When
B –101 1.0 mol of –1
kJ mol ethanol and 1.0 mol of ethanoic acid are allowed to reach equilibrium at 60 °C,
what is the number of moles of ethyl ethanoate formed?
C +101 kJ mol–1
A 1 B 2 C 1 D 3
D 3
+537 kJ mol–1 3 4 4
[S’16 P13 Q08]
12
511 Which
Which equation
solid hasrepresents the change
a simple molecular corresponding to the enthalpy change of atomisation of
lattice?
iodine?
A calcium
1
fluoride
A 2
I2(g) → I(g)
B nickel
B I2(g) → 2I(g)
C silicon(IV) oxide
1
C I (s)
2 2
→ I(g)
D sulfur
D I2(s) → 2I(g)
[W’10 P13 Q13]
6 The reaction pathway diagram below illustrates the energies of reactants, products and the
transition state of a reaction.
© UCLES 2010 9701/11/O/N/10
transition state
E1
E2
energy reactants
E3
products
reaction coordinate
Which expression represents the activation energy of the forward reaction?
A E1 – E 2 B E1 – E 3 C E2 – E 3 D (E1 – E2) – (E2 – E3)
Bilal Hameed
© UCLES 2010 9701/12/O/N/10 Energetics WS 3
2463
13
4 Some bond energy values are listed below.
bond bond energy / kJ mol–1
alt
C–H 410
C–Cl 340
Cl–Cl 244
Br–Br 193
These bond energy values relate to the following four reactions.
P Br2 → 2Br + 193 ③

Q 2Cl → Cl2 -
244 ②
340 ①
R CH3 + Cl → CH3Cl -
4
7 What areSthe lattice

CH4 → structures 410
CH3 + Hof solid +diamond, iodine④
and silicon(IV) oxide?
What is the order

giant of enthalpy changes ofsimple
molecular these molecular
reactions from most negative to most positive?
P
O iodine s
R →
A AP → Q→R→
diamond, S
silicon(IV) oxide → →
B BQ → R →
diamond,
S → P iodine silicon(IV) oxide
C. C R → Q → P →
iodine
S diamond, silicon(IV) oxide
D DS → P →
silicon(IV)
Q → R oxide diamond, iodine
[S’10 P13 Q05]
14
58 Whichthe
Given equation represents
following the
enthalpy standard enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine?
changes,
A Br2(l) → 2Br(g)
I2(g) + 3Cl2(g) → 2ICl3(s) ∆Ho = –214 kJ mol–1
B Br2(g) → 2Br(g) I2(s) → I2(g) ∆Ho = +38 kJ mol–1
C.
What1is the standard enthalpy change of formation of iodine trichloride, ICl (s)?
2
Br2(l) → Br(g) 3
A +176
1 kJ mol–1
D 2
Br2(g) → Br(g)
B –88 kJ mol–1 7 [W’07 P1 Q08]
15
–1
C –176 kJ mol
19
9 The
In angaseous oxides
experiment, 50.0 cm3 of ahave
of nitrogen mol dm–3enthalpy
0.10 positive solutionchanges of formation.
of a metallic salt reacted exactly with
3 –1 –3
25.0 cm of
D –214 kJ mol0.10 mol dm aqueous sodium sulphite.
Which factor is likely to make the most significant contribution to these enthalpy changes?
The half-equation for oxidation of sulphite ion is shown below.
A . the highnitrate,
6 Ammonium bond energy
NH4NOof the nitrogen molecule, N2
3, can decompose explosively when heated.
SO 3 (aq) + H2O(I) → SO 24− (aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e–
2−
B the high electron affinity of nitrogen atoms
NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O
CIf thethe high electron
original oxidationaffinity
number of of
oxygen atoms
the metal in the salt was +3, what would be the new oxidation
What
number areofthe metal? in the oxidation numbers of the two nitrogen atoms in NH4NO3 when this
the changes
D the similarity
reaction proceeds? of the electronegativities of oxygen and nitrogen
A +1 B +2 C +4 D +5 [S’06 P1 Q19]
A –2, –4 B +2, +6 C +4, –6 D +4, –4
20 A new industrial preparation of ethyl ethanoate has been developed using cheap sources of
10 ethanol.
Nitrogen dioxide decomposes on heating according to the following equation.
© UCLES 2010 Cu catalyst 2NO2(g) 9701/11/M/J/10

2NO(g)Cu +catalyst
O2(g)
[Turn over
CH3CH2OH CH3CHO CH3CH(OH)OCH2CH3
Energetics
When – Hdioxide
WS4 3mol of nitrogen 2 were put into+aCH CH2OH
1 3dm3
container and heated to Bilal Hameed
a constant
temperature, the equilibrium mixture contained 0.8 mol of oxygen. Cu catalyst
– H2
What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, at the temperature of the experiment?
The activation energy of stage 1 is 50 kJ mol–1. The overall enthalpy change of reaction is
–100 kJ mol–1.
247
6
Which diagram represents the reaction pathway for this reaction?
16
12 Hydrazine, N2H4, is widely used as a rocket fuel because it reacts with oxygen as shown,
producingA‘environmentally friendly’Bgases. C D
100 N100 100 100
kJ mol–1
2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆H = –534
75 75 75 75
alt
50 50 50 50
Despite its use as a rocket fuel, hydrazine does not burn spontaneously in oxygen.
25 25 25 25
0 0why hydrazine does not0burn spontaneously? 0
-25 reactants -25 reactants -25 reactants -25 reactants
Which statement explains
-50
A Hydrazine is a liquid.-50 products -50 -50 products
-75 -75 -75 -75
-100
B Theproducts -100is too high.
activation energy -100 products -100
C progress
The progress
N N bond is very strong. progress progress
D The reaction is exothermic. reaction
of reaction of of reaction of reaction
[S’11 P11 Q12]
17
8 0.02
13 Skiersmol
trapped by snowstorms
of aluminium use heat
is burned packs to
in oxygen andkeep
thewarm. Theisheat
product may be
reacted generated
with 2.00 molbydm
the
–3
reaction below.
hydrochloric acid.
O = –1648 kJ
4Fe(s)
What minimum volume of acid 2(g)be
+ 3Owill 2Fe2O3(s)
→ required ; ∆Hreaction?
for complete
3
What15iscm
A 20 cm3change of C
the standardBenthalpy 30 cm3of iron(III)Doxide?
formation 60 cm3
A 0 kJ mol–1
14 Steam is passed–1over heated magnesium to give compound X and hydrogen.
B –824 kJ mol
What is notkJa mol
C –1648 property
–1 of compound X?
A It–3296
has an –1 40.3.
r of
D kJ M
mol
5 [S’07 P1 Q08]
B It is basic.
18
10
9 At
CTwo600 is°C oxides
Itequilibria
a whiteare of nitrogen
shown
solid. react with unburnt hydrocarbons in a catalytic converter in a car
below.
exhaust. The equation using methane as representative of a hydrocarbon molecule would be as
follows.
D It is very soluble in water.reaction I 2X2(g) + Y2(g) 2X2Y(g)
4NO + CH4 →reaction

2N2 + IICO2 + X2H2O
2Y(g) X2(g) + 21! !(g)
Which statement
The numerical is likely
value of Kto bereaction
c for true about
I is the
2. energy change of this reaction?
A It isthe
Under endothermic as heatwhat
same conditions, energy is converted
is the numerical into
valuechemical
of Kc forenergy.
reaction II?
B
A It 1is exothermic as
B a high
1 temperature C is required.
1 D –2
2 __
__ 4
C It is exothermic as the triple bond N ← O is broken.
2
.
D It is exothermic as the products have large negative enthalpy changes of formation.
[W’02 P1 Q10]
11 In an
© UCLES experiment, b mol of hydrogen iodide
2007 were put into a sealed vessel under pressure p. At
9701/01/M/J/07
equilibrium, x mol of the hydrogen iodide had dissociated, the reaction being represented by the
following equation.
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
Which expression for Kp is correct?
x2
______
A
(b – x)2
© UCLES 2011 9701/11/M/J/11
x 2 p2
______
B
(b – x)2
x 2 p2
_______
C
4b(b – x)
D It is the same for carbon dioxide produced from graphite and from diamond.
ideal gas
pV
9 248
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
19 Hydrazine was used as a fuel for thenon-ideal gas

Messerschmidt 163 rocket fighter in World War II and for the
American Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. It has the following formula.
H H
alt
N N
0 p
0 H
H
Whichisof
What the
the following
enthalpy gases of
change shows the greatest
atomisation deviation
of 1 mol from ideality?
of gaseous hydrazine?
AA ammonia
550 kJ
B.B ethene
1720 kJ
CC methane
1970 kJ
DD nitrogen
2554 kJ
[S’02 P1 Q09]
11 For
20
10 Thewhich
‘flash’ produceddoes
equilibrium by nineteenth
Kc have no century
units? photographers to take indoor photographs was
obtained from the following reaction.
A C(s) + H2O(g) CO(g) + H2(g)
3Mg + KClO3 → 3MgO + KCl
B CH3OH(l) + CH3CO2H(l) CH3CO2CH3(l) + H2O(l)
The standard enthalpy changes of formation are given below.
C Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) Cu(NH3)2+
4 (aq)
D N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) _
∆H fo / kJ mol–1
MgO –602
KCl –437
9701/1/M/J/02
KClO3 –391
What is the standard enthalpy change of the ‘flash’ reaction?
A –3(–602) + (–437) – (–391)

B (–602) + (–437) – (–391)
C 3(–602) + (–437) – (–391)
D (–602) + 3(–437) – 3(–391)
[W’03 P1 Q11]
9701/1/O/N/03 [Turn over

A bromoethane refluxed with ethanolic sodium hydroxide
B complete combustion of methane in air 249
5
C methane and an excess of chlorine under ultraviolet light
21
10 Titanium occurs naturally as the mineral rutile, TiO2. One possible method of extraction of
D polymerisation
titanium is to reduceofthe
ethene
rutile by heating with carbon.
TiO2(s) + 2C(s) → Ti(s) + 2CO(g)

7 A crystal of iodine produces a purple vapour when gently heated.
alt
The standard enthalpy changes of formation of TiO2(s) and CO(g) are –940 kJ mol–1 and
Which
–110 kJpair
mol–1of respectively.
statements correctly describes this process?
What is thetype of bond

standard broken change
enthalpy formula
of thisofreaction?
purple species
A A –830 kJ mol–1
covalent I
B B –720 kJ mol–1
covalent I2
C C +720 kJ mol–1 dipole-dipole

induced I2
D D +830permanent
kJ mol–1 dipole-dipole I2
[S’08 P1 Q10]
22
8 For
11 Hydrogen peroxide slowly decomposes into water and oxygen. The enthalpy change of reaction
the reaction
can be calculated using standard enthalpies of formation.
W(aq) + 2X(aq) 2Y(aq) + 3Z(aq)
(hydrogen peroxide(l)) = –187.8 kJ mol–1
what are the correct units for the equilibrium constant Kc?
(water(l)) = –285.8 kJ mol–1
A mol dm–3 B mol2 dm–6 C mol–1 dm3 D mol–2 dm6
4
Using a Hess cycle, what is the enthalpy change of reaction for this decomposition?
5 Which molecule has the largest overall x

2H2O2dipole?
(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
A +98 A
kJ mol–1 B
Td trot ) /^2t288
C D
B Cl−98 kJ mol
Cl–1 H Cl
Elements
C C kJCmol–1
−196 O C O C O C O
-121-1871=21-285 )
D Cl−947.2 kJCl
mol–1 X H Cl
X =
-196 [S’09 P1 Q08]
23
6 The first stage in the industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia can be represented by the
following equation.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
Using the following standard enthalpy change of formation data, what is the value of the standard
enthalpy change, ∆Ho, for this reaction?
compound ∆Hfo / kJ mol–1
NH3(g) –46.1
NO(g) +90.3
© UCLES 2009 H2O(g) 9701/01/M/J/09 –241.8
+905.2 kJ mol–1 4MHz -1502 -1361.2

s4No+6H2O
A
–1 9 1450.8
/
B –105.4 kJ mol -
C –905.2 kJ mol–1 Atta -
41-46
-4190.31+61-241.8
AHS )
–1 =
361.2
1450.8
Constituents
-
D 2008
© UCLES –1274.0 kJ mol 9701/01/M/J/08 [Turn over
-184.4
=
-
1089.6 [W’09 P12 Q05]
905.2
AHS AHz=
-
7 Which conversion involves a reduction of chromium? MS

-
-
Bilal Hameed 2− Energetics WS 3

A CrO 4 → CrO3
B CrO2 − → Cr O2 −
5 Which
D gas is likely to deviate most from ideal gas behaviour?
metallic
A HCl B He C CH4 D N2
250
7 Which solid exhibits more than one kind of chemical bonding?
24
6 Given
A brass S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g), ∆H of = –297 kJ mol –1
and S(s) + 121 O2(g) → SO3(g) ∆H of = –395 kJ mol –1
B copper
is the enthalpy change of reaction, ∆H o, of 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)?
whatdiamond
C
alt
A
D –196 kJ mol –1
ice B –98 kJ mol –1 C +98 kJ mol –1 D +196 kJ mol –1
[W’05 P1 Q06]
25
8 The standard enthalpy changes of formation of iron(II) oxide, FeO(s), and aluminium oxide,
Al2O3(s), are –266 kJ mol–1 and –1676 kJ mol–1 respectively.
© UCLES 2005 9701/01/O/N/05
What is the enthalpy change under standard conditions for the following reaction?
3FeO(s) + 2Al (s) ! 3Fe(s) + Al 2O3(s)
A + 878 kJ B – 878 kJ C –1942 kJ D –2474 kJ

6 [S’04 P1 Q08]
26
12 Which
9 Why does the exothermic
substance, reaction
in 1 mol dm–3 aqueous solution, would have the same hydrogen ion
concentration as 1 mol dm!3 of hydrochloric acid?
C(diamond) → C(graphite) ∆H = –3 kJ mol–1
A ethanoic acid
not occur spontaneously?
B nitric acid
A
C A tetrahedral
sodium configuration is always more stable than a planar one.
hydroxide
B
D Diamond acid
sulphuric has only strong covalent bonds whereas graphite has both covalent bonds and van
der Waals’ forces.
C The change from diamond to graphite has a high activation energy.
D The density of graphite is less than that of diamond.
4 [W’03 P1 Q12]
27
13 The sketch
8 Enthalpy below ofshows
changes the variation
combustion of first
can be used to ionisation
determine energy
enthalpywith protonof number
changes forThe
formation. six
elements equation
following of consecutive proton
represents thenumbers
enthalpybetween
change 1ofand 18 (H to
formation of Ar).
butane.
4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g)

! UCLES 2004
By using the following standard enthalpy9701/01/M/J/04 [Turn
of combustion data, what is the value of the over
standard
enthalpy change of formation, , for this reaction?
ionisation compound o
energy
carbon –394
hydrogen –286
X
butane –2877
proton number
A –5883 kJ mol–1
B –129 kJ mol–1
What is the identity of the element X?
C +129 kJ mol–1
A Mg B Al C Si D P
D +2197 kJ mol–1
[S’18 P11 Q07]
14 The metals of Group II react readily with oxygen to form compounds of general formula MO.
9 In a calorimetric experiment 1.60 g of a fuel is burnt. 45 % of the energy released is absorbed by
When
200 each
g of waterof whose
these oxides is added
temperature to water,
rises from 18which
°C toforms
66 °C.the most
The alkaline
specific heatsolution?
capacity of water is
4.2 J g–1 K–1.
Energetics
A WS MgO3 B CaO C SrO D BaO Bilal Hameed
What is the total energy released per gram of fuel burnt?
A 25 200 J B 56 000 J C 89 600 J D 143 360 J

alt
24 AH ,
¥1
12507021
I
2971¥02
-
✓
AH2=2f
AHz= +
4202
21-395)
Stoat
1-
IH ,
=
-
I Hzt A
Hz
=
-
21-2971+21-395 )
'
=
-
196 AH KJ met
alt
AH ,
25
3Fe0
→
, + LAI 3Fe t Ah Oz
Atb -
-
31-266 )
\ / AHz= -
1676
Fet At -102
AH =
-
31-266 ) -
1676
,
"
= -
878 k5md
Q 2Cl → Cl2
D 1.6 x 10 − 3 x 8.31 x (273 + 273) Pa
R CH3 + Cl → CH3Cl
3.0 x 10 − 3
S CH4 → CH3 + H 251
28
9 Whichisofthe
What these
ordercompounds, on complete
of enthalpy changes combustion
of these offrom
reactions one most
mole,negative
will release thepositive?
to most greatest
amount of energy?
A P→Q→R→S
A CH3CH2CH2OH
alt
B Q→R→S→P
B CH3CH2CH3
C R→Q→P→S
C CH3CH2CO2H
D
D S→
CH P→Q→R
3COCH3
[W’04 P1 Q09]
29
510 Given
At highthe following enthalpy
temperatures, changes, into its elements according to the following equation.
steam decomposes
o –1
I2(g) + 3Cl2(g) →
2H22ICl
O(g)3(s) 2H2(g) ∆H
+ O2=(g)–214 kJ mol
o
I2(s) → I2it(g)was found that∆H
In one experiment at 1 atm pressure, = +38
20 % mol–1 had been converted into
kJ steam
of the
hydrogen and oxygen.
What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of iodine trichloride, ICl3(s)?
What are the values of the equilibrium partial pressures, in atm, of the components of this
A +176 kJ mol–1
equilibrium?
B –88 kJ mol–1
partial pressure
–1
partial pressure partial pressure
C –176 kJ mol
of steam of hydrogen of oxygen
mol–1 x 1
D –214 kJ0.80 0.10 x 1 0.10 x 1
A 1.0 1.0 4 1.0 [S’10 P11 Q05]
0.80 x 1 0.133 x 1 0.067 x 1
30
67 Iodine
B trichloride,
Ammonium 3, is
1.0IClNH
nitrate, made
4NO by decompose
3, can reacting
1.0 iodine with chlorine.
explosively
1.0 when heated.
0.80 x 1 I (s) + Cl
0.20 x 2ICl(s)
1 0.10 x 1
o = +14 kJ mol–1
2(g)
NH→ ; ∆H
4NO3 → N2O + 2H 1.02O
C 2
1.0 1.0
What are the0.80 x 1 ICl(s)
changes 0.20
Cl2(g) x→ numbers
in the+oxidation 1 3(s) ; ∆H
ICl of o = –88
0.10
the x 1kJ
two mol–1 atoms in NH4NO3 when this
nitrogen
D 1.1 1.1 1.1
reaction proceeds?
By using the data above, what is the enthalpy change of the formation for solid iodine trichloride?
A –2, –4 B +2, +6 C +4, –6 D +4, –4
A –60 kJ mol–1
B –74 kJ mol–1
©
C –81 kJ mol–1
UCLES 2010 9701/11/M/J/10 [Turn over
 UCLES 2004 9701/01/O/N/04
–1
D –162 kJ mol
[S’05 P1 Q07]
8 In the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis, why is it necessary to dissolve aluminium oxide in

molten cryolite?
A to reduce the very high melting point of the electrolyte

B cryolite provides the ions needed to carry the current
C cryolite reacts with the aluminium oxide to form ions
D molten aluminium oxide alone would not conduct electricity
9 A cheap carbon monoxide detector for a gas heater consists of a patch containing palladium
chloride crystals. When carbon monoxide is present, the crystals turn from orange to black as the
following reaction takes place.
CO(g) + PdCl2(s) + H2O(l) → CO2(g) + Pd(s) + 2HCl(aq)

orange black
Bilal Hameed
Which is the element whose oxidation number decreases in this reaction? Energetics WS 3
A carbon
A 8 kPa B 9 kPa C 10 kPa D 11 kPa
Which
A properties
bond of magnesium
dissociation energies oxide help to explain this use?
8 B
Use enthalpy changes
of thestrong
Data forces of
Booklet is solution
relevantionic 252
electrical
to this question.
between particles bonding conductor
C enthalpy changes of formation
31 The enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf, of hydrated calcium ions is the enthalpy change of the
A enthalpy
following
D yes
reaction.
changes yes
of vaporisation no
B yes no yes
Ca(s) + aq – 2e– → Ca2+(aq)
alt
6 AC no
substance commonly found in yes no
the house or garden has the following properties.
The following enthalpy changes are not quoted in the Data Booklet.
D no no yes
• It is combustible.
Ca(s) → Ca(g) ∆Ha = 177 kJ mol–1
• It is an electrical2+(g)
insulator.
+ aq → Ca2+(aq) ∆H = –1565 kJ mol–1
8 For which equation isCa the enthalpy change correctly hyd described as an enthalpy change of
formation?
• It melts over a range of temperature.
What is the enthalpy change of formation of hydrated calcium ions?
A 2NO(g)
What couldkJthe 2(g) + O2(g)
→ Nsubstance be?
A –1388 mol–1
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
B brass
B –798 kJ mol–1
A
C
B H2O(l) + NaCl(s)
C paper
–238 kJ mol–1 → NaCl(aq)
D
D
C K(s) mol–1 + 2O2(g) → KMnO4(s)
+352+kJMn(s)
poly(ethene)
[W’10 P12 Q08]
D silicon(IV) oxide
32
9 Given + 21 O2(g) is set →
CO(g)equilibrium
The following up in CO 2(g)
a mixture ∆Ho = –283nitric
of concentrated kJ mol –1
and sulfuric acids.
o –1
Which ofHthe + 21 O2(g)wouldHNO
2(g)following → +H O(l)
H22most
SO4 likeHan ∆H + = –286 –kJ mol
7 behave
3 2NO 3 + HSO
ideal gas at
4 room temperature?
H2O(g) → H2O(l) ∆Ho = –44 kJ mol–1

A carbon
Which dioxide describes the behaviour of each substance in the equilibrium mixture?
row correctly
is the change in enthalpy, ∆Ho, for the+ following reaction?
whathelium
B
HNO3 H2SO4 H2NO3 HSO4–
:
C hydrogen CO2(g) + H2(g) → CO(g) + H2O(g)
A acid acid base base
–1 –1
D nitrogen
A B –525 kJ mol
acid B base
–41 kJ mol base C +41 kJacid mol–1 D +525 kJ mol–1
[W’06 P1 Q09]
C base acid acid base
33
810 Red lead early
In some Pb3O4, islead(II)
oxide,paintings, used in carbonate
metal priming
was paints.
used asIt can be made
a white by heating
pigment. 19th century
In the PbO in air.
D base acid base acid
hydrogen sulphide from burning coal reacted with this pigment to form black lead(II) sulphide,
PbS. The original colour of the painting
6PbO(s)may + Obe restored
2(g) → 2Pb3byO4carefully
(s) treating the area with dilute
hydrogen peroxide, producing lead(II) sulphate which is also white.
10 Which molecule or structure does not contain three atoms bonded at an angle between
Which two values are needed to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction?
109° and
What 110°?
is the role of the hydrogen peroxide?
A
A
enthalpy change of combustion of lead and enthalpy change of formation of Pb3O4
ethanoic acid
A catalyst
B
B enthalpy change of combustion of PbO and enthalpy change of formation of Pb3O4
graphite agent
B oxidising
C
C enthalpy change of formation of PbO and enthalpy change of atomisation of O2
propane agent
C reducing
D
D enthalpy oxide of formation of PbO and enthalpy change of formation of Pb3O4
silicon(IV)change
D solvent
[W’08 P1 Q08]
© UCLES 2006 9701/01/O/N/06

104° 109° 120° 180°
5 At room temperature and pressure chlorine 253

7
does not behave as an ideal gas.
34
17 At
The standard
which enthalpyand
temperature changes of formation
pressure would theofbehaviour
HCl and HofI chlorine
are –92 kJ mol–1 and
become more+26 kJ mol–1
ideal?
respectively.
pressure temperature
/ kPa is most /important
Which statement K in explaining this difference?
alt
A A Chlorine50is more electronegative
200 than iodine.
7
B B The activation
50 energy for the H2/Cl2 reaction is much less than that for the H2/I2 reaction.
400
C. C The bond
17 Why do the halogens become less volatile as Group VII is descended?
200 energy of HI is smaller than the bond energy of HCl.
200
D
AD The 200 energy of I400
The bond
halogen-halogen
2 is smaller than the bond
4 energy of Cl2.
bond energy decreases.
B The halogen-halogen bond length increases. [W’02 P1 Q17]
35
18
9
6 In
C the industrial electrolysis of inbrine
thetoreaction
manufacture chlorine, the diaphragm used is a porous
The use of sucrose in food processing depends in part on osmotic pressure, symbol Π.
The standard
The enthalpy
number change
of electrons foreach molecule increases.
screen which allows the flow of electrolytes but keeps other chemicals separate.
In
D dilute
The van solution,
der Waals’ varies between
Π forces with concentration
molecules in a weaker.
become similaro way to gas behaviour.
2NF3(g) → 2N(g) + 6F(g) is ∆H = +1668 kJ
Which substance needs to be kept separate from the chlorine by the diaphragm?
The equation Π V = nRT can be used, where n is the number of moles of solute molecules
contained in volume V at temperature T. The number of moles of solvent molecules should be
What is the bond energy of the N–F bond?
18 A
Totalhydrogen
ignored.
removal of the pollutant sulfur dioxide, SO2, is difficult, both for economic and technical
–1
A –556 kJ molquantities
B sodium
reasons. The emitted from furnace chimneys can be lowered by using desulfurisation
Under hydroxide
aqueous acidic conditions sucrose is hydrolysed.
plants. The gases are scrubbed (washed) with calcium hydroxide to remove the SO2.
B –278 kJ mol–1
C sodium chloride
What is the H22O
C12main –111
+ H2Oformed
product → CHinitially?
2OH(CHOH)4CHO + CH2OH(CHOH)3COCH2OH
D +278
C waterkJ molsucrose glucose fructose
–1
A +556
D Ca(HSO 4)2
kJ mol B CaS C CaSO3 D CaSO4
What can be deduced from this hydrolysis equation? [W’17 P11 Q08]
19 Which gas is present in the exhaust fumes of a car engine in a much greater amount than any
36
19 other
Whichgas?reaction is endothermic?
the osmotic pressure glucose and fructose are
A
A. A carbon
2HBr →dioxide
2 + Br2
Hdecreases optical isomers
B carbon monoxide
BB N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
decreases structural isomers
C nitrogen
CC 2SO2 + O2increases
→ 2SO3 optical isomers
D water vapour
DD SO3 + H2Oincreases
→ H2SO4 structural isomers
[W’11 P11 Q19]
20 The Russian composer Borodin was also a research chemist who discovered a reaction in which
37 two ethanal
10 Hess’s Law molecules combine
can be used to formthe
to calculate a compound commonly
average C-H aldol (reaction I). Aldol
knowninasmethane.
bond energy
forms another compound on heating (reaction II).
© UCLES 2011 = standard enthalpy change9701/11/O/N/11
of atomisation [Turn over
I 2CH3CHO → CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO
= standard enthalpy change of formation
II CH CH(OH)CH
=3standard 2CHO →
enthalpy CH3CH=CHCHO
change + H2O
of combustion
AHF
Which of
Which thevalues
data following
arebest describes
needed reactions
in order I andthe
to perform II?calculation?
II
'
kHz CHU
A. I
(C), (H), II(CH4) Ccs , →
up
A addition xx
(H2),elimination
,
B (C), (CH4) ,
B
C addition
(C), (H2),reduction
(CH4) cop Hop
C elimination reduction
D (CH4) only, as (C), and (H2), are defined as zero
D substitution elimination [W’11 P12 Q10]
11 The amount of titanium dioxide in an ore can be determined by using the following reaction.
3TiO2 + 4BrF3 → 3TiF4 + 2Br2 + 3O2
Which element increases in oxidation number in this reaction?

A bromine
Which species has been oxidised in this reaction?
step 1 step 2 step 3
CH3H
CH2OH CH
I CHO CH CH(OH)CH
D CHO CH2=CHCH=CH2
+ – + 2–
A B C Na SO4
3 254 23 2
buta-1,3-diene
38
17 The standard enthalpy changes of formation Section and HI are –92 kJ mol–1 and +26 kJ mol–1
of HCl A
Which term
respectively. could be used to describe step 1?
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
A condensation
be correct.
Which statement is most important in explaining this difference?
alt
AB Chlorine
dehydration
is more electronegative than iodine.
1 In
BC which species does
dehydrogenation
The activation the
energy forunderlined
the H2 + Cl2atom have
reaction is an incomplete
much less than outer
that forshell?
the H2 + I2 reaction.
. The H3O+
D hydrogenation –
A
C BF 3bond energy B
of HICH
is smaller
3 C bond
than the F2Oenergy of HCl.D
D The bond energy of I2 is smaller than the bond energy of Cl2.

222 Ammonia
Use of theisData Booklet is relevant
manufactured 3
to thisProcess,
by the Haber question.
in an exothermic reaction. [W’02 P1 Q17]
39
518 Lime
Which
Two mortar
bond isinmade
conversions
Assuming that theare
the from quicklime,
structure
outlined
amount below
below.
of water and
has the
catalyst sand.
lowest
remains Over energy?
bond a period
constant, whichofchange
time, lime
willmortar changes
not bring about an
into a much harder
increase in the rate form. Both fresh and old
of the forward reaction? lime mortar react with aqueous hydrochloric acid but
H reaction.
F
only the old limeNH +
mortar effervesces during the
4 → NH3
H6 change from A
fresh to oldClime mortar?
A decreasing the size of the catalyst pieces
Which equationCdescribes
2H4 → C2the
B
B increasing the pressure H C C Cl
A CaO
What + CO
similar 2 → CaCO
feature do these
3 .
two conversions have? D
C increasing the temperature
B CaO +H 2O of Ca(OH)2 in the product
H H
A a lone pair → electrons
D removing the ammonia as it is formed
C Ca(OH) → CaO + H O
B change2in oxidation 2state of an element [W’11 P12 Q22]
DEthanal,
Ca(OH) 2 +CHO,
CO 2 → CaCO + the
H2Ospecies
40
23 C decrease
CH in bond angle
can 3of
be reduced involved
using NaBH 4 in aqueous ethanol.
3 The equation3 for a reaction is shown.
DThisdisappearance of a
is a nucleophilic π bondreaction.
addition
19 Ar, Ca2+ and K+, contain theHsame 1
number of electrons.
2(g) + 2 O2(g) → H2O(l) ; ∆H = x kJ mol
–1
What
In could
which orderbe dothe first
their step
radii of this mechanism?
6 Use
Whichof the
pairData Booklet
of descriptions is increase?
relevant to this question.
is fully correct for this reaction?
–
A attack of an H ion at the carbon atom of the carbonyl group
The gas smallest
laws can radius
be summarised in thelargest radius
ideal gas equation.
B attacktype(s)
of anof Henthalpy
–
ion at thechange
oxygen atom ofvalue
the of x
carbonyl group
A Ar K+ pVCa=
2+
nRT
an H+ ion only
C A attack of formation at the carbon atom of +the positive
carbonyl group
B Ca2+ Ar K
B gattack
0.56
DC
of ethene gas+ is contained in a vessel atnegative
of formation
2+ H ion only
an at theK+oxygen atom of
a pressure of 102 kPa and a temperature of 30 °C.
Ca Arthe carbonyl group
C is the
What combustion,
volume formation
of the vessel? positive
D K+ Ar Ca2+
3
A D2011
© UCLES 49 cmcombustion, 494 cm3
B formation 900 cm3
48negative
C9701/12/O/N/11 D 494 000 cm3 [Turn over
[S’12 P13 Q04]
41
74 Propanone has
The value of thethe molecular
second formula
ionisation energy of calcium is 1150 kJ mol–1.
C3H6O.
The enthalpy
Which change
equation of combustion
correctly representsofthis
hydrogen is –286 kJ mol–1.
statement?
The enthalpy change of combustion of carbon is –394 kJ mol–1.
A 2011
© UCLES
The Ca2+(g) of
Ca(g) → change
enthalpy + 2e −
; ∆H o of
combustion = +1150 kJ mol
9701/12/O/N/11
propanone
–1
is –1786 kJ mol–1.
B Ca+(g) → Ca2+(g) + e− ; ∆H o = +1150 kJ mol–1
Using this information, what is the enthalpy change of formation of propanone?
C Ca+(g) → Ca2+(g) + e− ; ∆H o = –1150 kJ mol–1
A –1106 kJ mol–1
D Ca(g) → Ca2+(g) + 2e− ; ∆H o = –1150 kJ mol–1
B –540 kJ mol–1
C –254 kJ mol–1
D +1106 kJ mol–1
[S’12 P13 Q05]
8 Under which set of conditions is a gas most likely to behave ideally?

© UCLES 2012 9701/11/M/J/12
Energetics WS 3temperature pressure Bilal Hameed
A high high
4 3
3
48
4
Some
Use ofcar
thepaints contain small
Data Booklet flakes to
is relevant 255
of silica, SiO2.
this question.
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
In reaction
the structure of solid SiOthe
42 A which causes 2 presence
A reaction which causes the presence of of oxides
oxides of nitrogen
of nitrogen in exhausts
in car car exhausts
is theisformation
the formation
of of
NO.
NO. ● each silicon atom is bonded to x oxygen atoms,
–1
● each oxygen atom is bonded +y
N2N+2toO Osilicon
2 →
→ 2NO
2 2NO ∆H
atoms, ∆H = = +180
+180 kJ–1mol
kJ mol
alt
● bond
eachenergy
bond is akJzkJ
type –1
–1 bond.
What is
is the
the bond energyinin mol
mol of of
thethe bond
bond between
between the the atoms
atoms in NO?
in NO?
What
A is the correct combination
655
655 835 of x, y and
BB 835 CC z 1310
in 1310
this statement?
D D16701670
[W’12 P12 Q04]
x y z
43
55 In the table below,
In the table below,
A 2 1 covalent
•• ‘+’ means that this type of standard enthalpy change can only have positive values,
B ‘+’ means
2 that this type1 of standard
ionic enthalpy change can only have positive values,
••C ‘–’
‘–’ means
4 that
means thatthis
thistype
2 ofof
type standard
standardenthalpy
covalent change
enthalpy cancan
change onlyonly
havehave
negative values,
negative values,
• ‘+ / –’ means that either positive or negative values are possible.
•D ‘+ / –’ means
4 2
that either ionic
positive or negative values are possible.
9 John Dalton’s atomic theory, published in 1808, contained four predictions about atoms.
atomisation formation solution
Which ofatomisation
his predictions is formation
still considered tosolution
be correct?
A + + +/–
ABA All atoms +are very small in+size. +/–
+ +/– +/–
. All the atoms
B
BC + of a particular
+/– +/–
– + / – element have– the same mass.
C All the atoms
CD – of one element
+ / – are different in–mass from all the atoms of other elements.
– – +
D D No atom can
– be split into simpler
– parts. +
[W’17 P11 Q08]
44
610 Use
A student
of thecalculated
Data Bookletthe standard
is relevantenthalpy
to this change
question. of formation of ethane, C2H6, using a method
The
basedvolume of a sample
on standard of ammonia
enthalpy measured at a temperature of 60 °C and a pressure of
changes ofiscombustion.
–3
103 kPa.
The volume The of
volume measured
a sample is 5.37 × is
of ammonia m3.
10measured at a temperature of 60 °C and a pressure of
He used correct values for the standard –3 enthalpy
3 change of combustion of ethane
103
What
kPa.
is kJ
The
themol
volume
–1
mass of the
measured
sample of
is 5.37
ammonia,
× 10 –1 m .
(–1560 ) and hydrogen (–286 kJ molgiven
) buttohetwoused
significant figures?
an incorrect value for the standard
enthalpy change of combustion of carbon. He then performed his calculation correctly. His final
What
A is was
0.00019
answer the mass
g
–158 kJ ofBmol
the–1sample
0.0034
. g of ammonia,
C 0.19 given
g to two D significant
3.4 g figures?
A
What0.00019 g for the
did he use B standard
0.0034 enthalpy
g C 0.19
change of gcombustionDof carbon?
3.4 g
7 Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture containing aluminium oxide. By a
–1
similar
A –1432 method,
kJ molmagnesium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture containing
7 Aluminium
magnesium is extracted
chloride. by the electrolysis of a molten mixture containing aluminium oxide. By a
B –860
similar kJ mol–1 magnesium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture containing
method,
Which statement
magnesium –1about the extraction of magnesium is correct?
chloride.
C –430 kJ mol
A
D Magnesium
Which ions
kJ mol–1
statement
–272 travel
about thetoextraction
the anode of
and are oxidised
magnesium is to magnesium metal.
correct?
B Magnesium ions travel to the anode and are reduced to magnesium metal. [W’12 P12 Q10]
A Magnesium ions travel to the anode and are oxidised to magnesium metal.
C Magnesium ions travel to the cathode and are oxidised to magnesium metal.
B Magnesium ions travel to the anode and are reduced to magnesium metal.
D Magnesium ions travel to the cathode and are reduced to magnesium metal.
C Magnesium ions travel to the cathode and are oxidised to magnesium metal.
D Magnesium ions travel to the cathode and are reduced to magnesium metal.
© UCLES 2012 9701/12/O/N/12

alt
"
2Ncgst20c
-
944 t 496
180 t 2X =
630
X =
256
5
45
11 Which process could be used to calculate the bond energy for the covalent bond X-Y by dividing
its ∆H by n?
A XYn(g) → X(g) + nY(g)
alt
B 2XYn (g) → 2XYn-1(g) + Y2(g)
C Y(g) + XYn-1(g) → XYn(g)
n
D nXY(g) → nX(g) + Y2(g)
2
5 [W’12 P12 Q11]
46
10 kJ mol–1.
12 The enthalpy
In which change
pair do of the neutralisation
the molecules givenshape
have the same belowas
is each
–114 other?
A H2O and CO2 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
By H2O and
B using this SCl
information,
2 what is the most likely value for the enthalpy change of the following
neutralisation?
C NH3 and BH3
D SCl 2 and BeCl 2 Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
A –57 kJ mol–1 B –76 kJ mol–1 –114 kJ mol–1 D –228 kJ mol–1
C
13 Why is the ionic radius of a chloride ion larger 3
than the ionic radius of a sodium ion? [W’12 P12 Q10]
47
11
5 Which
A molecule
A chloride
Ethyne, is has
ion planar?
C2H2, completelyonecombusts,
more occupied electron
as shown in theshell than a sodium ion.
equation.
A
B C 2Cl 4
Chlorine B C3proton
has a higher H6 C 1 C3sodium.
H8 D NF3
H C C number H + than 2 2 O O → H2O + 2CO2
C Ionic radius increases regularly across the third period.
Using
12 Use of the average
the Data bondisenthalpies in the table, what is the enthalpy change of combustion of
D Sodium is aBooklet relevant
metal, chlorine is atonon-metal.
this question.
21410 ) t 2.51496 ) [ )]
ethyne?
Why is the ionic radius of840
t
-
a sulfide ion larger than the ionic radius of a potassium ion?
214601+41740
14 A
WhatIonic
areradius
the trends average bond
alwaysindecreases
the statedbond properties
with increasingas Groupnumber.
atomic
enthalpy / kJ
II is descended from magnesium to
mol–1
barium?
(920-11480)
B Positive ions have smaller radii than negative ions.
C H 410
2900
-
C decomposition
The potassium ion has more protons in its nucleus than the sulfide ion.
temperature of the CfirstCionisation energy
840
D carbonate
The sulfide ion is doubly charged; the potassium ion is singly charged.
O O 496
A decreases C O decreases 740
13 Mohr’s salt is a pale green crystalline solid which is soluble in water. It contains two cations, one
of B decreases
which is Fe2+ O isHSO
and one anion which increases
2–
4 .
460
C increases C O decreases 360
The identity of the second cation was determined by heating solid Mohr’s salt with solid sodium
D
hydroxide andincreases increases
a colourless gas was evolved. The gas readily dissolved in water giving an alkaline
A –980 kJ mol–1 B –540 kJ mol–1 C +540 kJ mol–1 D +980 kJ mol–1
solution.
[W’12 P12 Q05]
A grey-green solid residue was also formed which was insoluble in water.
6 Which diagram represents the overlap of two orbitals which will form a π bond?
What are the identities of the gas and the solid residue?
A
gas residue
A NH3 Fe(OH)2
B NH3 Na2SO4
B C2012 SO2 Fe(OH)2
© UCLES 9701/12/O/N/12 [Turn over
D SO2 Na2SO4

C
257
4
48
7 The reaction pathway for a reversible reaction is shown below.
alt
30
energy
/ kJ mol–1
50
5
extent of reaction
4
11 A solution of Sn2+ ions will reduce an acidified solution of MnO4– ions to Mn2+ ions. The Sn2+ ions
Which
are statement
oxidised Snis
4+ correct?
8 The reaction to
between ions in this
sulfur reaction.
dioxide and oxygen is a dynamic equilibrium.
A The
How many activation
moles ofenergy of the
Mn2+ ions arereverse
formed reaction
when a is mol–1.
+80 kJ containing
solution 9.5 g of SnCl 2 (Mr: 190) is
2SO 2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
added to an excess of acidified KMnO
B The enthalpy change for the forward 4 solution?
reaction is +30 kJ mol .–1
What happens when the pressure of the system is increased?

A
C 0.010 B 0.020
The enthalpy change for the forwardCreaction D –10.125
0.050 is +50 kJ mol .
A The rate of reaction will decrease and the position of the equilibrium will move to the left.
D The enthalpy change for the reverse reaction is +30 kJ mol–1.
12 B
Use The rate
of the of reaction
Data Booklet will decrease
is relevant and question.
to this the position of the equilibrium will move to the right.
[S’13 P11 Q07]
49
8 C
WhyThe
This rate
does ofshould
the
question reaction
rate a will
of be increase
gaseous
answered and the
reaction
using position
increase
bond of thethe
when
enthalpy equilibrium
pressure
data. will movefor
to the
is increased
The equation theatleft.
a constant
complete
combustion
temperature?of methane is given below.
D The rate of reaction will increase and the position of the equilibrium will move to the right.
A More particles have energyCH
that
4 +exceeds
2O2 →the
COactivation
2 + 2H2Oenergy.
9 Dicarbon
B The monoxide,
particles C2O,
have is found
more spacein in
dust clouds
which in space. Analysis of it shows that the sequence
What
of is the
atoms in enthalpy change
this molecule is of
C combustion ofto move.
methane?
– C – O. All bonds are double bonds and there are no unpaired
electrons.
C The particles–1move faster.
A –1530 kJ mol
D There
How many kJ are more
lone frequent collisions between
in a particles.
molecule of C2O?
B –1184 molpairs
–1 of electrons are present
A
C 1 –770 kJ mol–1 B 2 C 3 D 4
9 Which would behave the least like an ideal gas at room temperature?
D –688 kJ mol–1
A of
10 Use carbon dioxide
the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. [S’13 P13 Q11]
50 B student
13 A
In helium
which row of the
mixed cm3 of
25table are0.10
all mol dm–3 sodium
statements comparing the compounds
hydroxide of 25
solution with cm3 of 0.10
magnesium and dm–3
barium
mol
correct?
hydrochloric acid and noted a temperature rise of 2.5 °C.
C hydrogen
What is the enthalpy
D nitrogen changeofofhydroxides
solubility the reaction per mole of NaOH? solubility of sulfates
–1
A –209 kJ mol
solubility of
solubility of barium solubility of solubility of barium
10 B
The–104.5 magnesium
generalkJgas equation
–1 can be used Mr value ofsulfate
to calculate themagnesium a gas.
mol hydroxide sulfate
hydroxide
–1
For –209
C a sample
J molof a gas of mass m g, which expression will give the value of Mr?
A higher lower higher lower
mpV –1 pVRT mRT pV
D
A B –522.5
Mr = J mol B Mr = C Mr = D Mr =
RT higher m lower pV lower mRT higher
[S’13 P13 Q10]
C lower higher higher lower
11 Which energy change corresponds to the enthalpy change of atomisation of hydrogen at 298 K?
D lower higher lower higher
A the bond energy of a H – H bond
B half the bond energy of a H – H bond
14 What happens when iodine solution is added to a solution of sodium bromide?
C minus half the bond energy of a H – H bond
A A reaction occurs without changes in oxidation state.
© UCLES
D 2013
minus the bond energy of a H – H bond9701/11/M/J/13
B Bromide ions are oxidised, iodine atoms are reduced.
C Bromide ions are reduced, iodine atoms are oxidised.
D No reaction occurs.
For
31 each
The of
1,
gasthe
2 questions
and
laws 3can beinsummarised
this1section,
and 2 in one
theorideal
more2 of
11 gas andthe
3 three numbered
equation. statements 1 to 3 may
1 only
be correct. are only are only are is
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
correct correct Section BnRT
pV =correct correct
be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements 258
For each
where thethat
of each you consider
questions
symbol in this
has its
to be correct).
section,
usual one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
meaning.
Decide
No otherwhether each of
combination
be correct. ofthe statements
statements is or as
is used is not correctresponse.
a correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
11
the
Thestatements
responses that
A toyou consider
D should to be correct).
be selected Section
on the basis Bof
Decide whether each of the statements is or is notSection correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
The
the responses A
statements to you
that D should 60be selected
consider to be on the basis of B
correct).
31 The 1 isotope cobalt-60
OneA mole of an Co ) is
( 27 ideal usedoccupies
Bgas to destroy the
cancer cellsvolume
C same in the human
D body.
under the same conditions of
For eachtemperature
of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
and pressure.
alt
The responses 2A A to3 D should be1selected
1,statements
and B 2 on the basis2 of
and C 3
and D
1 only
be Which
correct. about an atom of cobalt-60 are correct?
2 Theare density of an ideal onlygas areat constant pressure
only are is inversely proportional
is to the temperature,
1 It1,
T. 2A and 333 neutrons.1correct
correct
contains and
B 2 2correct
and
C 3 1 only
correct
D
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements that you consider to be correct). correct
23 Its The volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is doubled if its temperature is raised from 25 °C
1,correct
2 and
nucleus 3 has a relativecorrect
1 and
charge2 of 27+. 2 and 3 correct
1 only
to 50are°C at constant
No other combination of statementsonlyisare
pressure. used as a correct onlyresponse.
are is
The3 responses
It has A to D should
a different
correct number beof selected
correctneutrons on fromthethe
basis of of other isotopes
atoms
correct correctof cobalt.
No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.
31 The Group IV A elements carbon, silicon B toand germanium all C exist in a diamond structure.
D The bond
132 other
No
32
Useconversion
lengths
The
of in
the
combinationData
these Booklet
of
structures
of graphite
is
statements
are relevant
is
hasgiven used
only asthis
below.
a small
question.
a correct
positiveresponse.
value of !H.
⑦
31 The diagram illustrates
1, 2pairs
and 3 boththe energy
1 and changes of a set of2reactions.
1 In which do species have2 the same number andof3unpaired p electrons?
1 only
are C (graphite)
element X "
only C (diamond) C
are !Hare
only Si mol –1
= +2.1 kJ Ge is
31 How may nitrogen exist in compounds? _134 kJ mol _ 1
correct +
1 O and Cl bond length X–X / nm H =
0.154 S this0.234
reaction is0.244
However,
1 bonded a tripleRcovalent
thebyproduction of synthetic
bond diamonds using very difficult.
2 F+ and Ga–
NoWhich
other
Whyas
2 combination
statements
does
partthe bond
of a of statements
help to explain
length
cation increase is
this?usedthe
down asgroup?
a correct response.
+
3 P and Ne
3 having
1 The
Orbital lost 3 electrons
activation
overlap energy tothe
of
decreases form anthe
anion
reaction
down is large.
group.
[J'12 P13 Q32]
31 A space shuttle’s upward thrust came from the following reaction 1 between aluminium and
2 AnAtomic radius increases
equilibrium down the
exists between
ammonium perchlorate.
group.and graphite.
diamond H = +92 J mol
32
3 Only exothermic
Nuclear reactionsdown
charge increases can bethemade
group.to occur readily.
10Al + 6NH
The isotope 99Tc is radioactive and 4 Cl O
has4 → 4Al 2O3 + 2Al Cl 3 + 12H2O + 3N2
been found in lobsters and seaweed adjacent[S’04 P11 Q32]
to nuclear
2 Which _
fuel reprocessing plants. _75 kJofatoms. 1
32
33 Sodium
Which ions can beabout
statements
statements formed
about
thethisH =reaction
from sodium
properties mol
are 12 Uare correct?
correct?
a catalyst
T
Which statements are correct about an atom of 99Tc?+
The responses
1 A toincreases
1 A Aluminium
catalyst D is
should be selected
the
oxidised. onNa(s)
average kinetic the energy
basis of (g)the reacting particles.
→ Naof
Which of the13following statements are correct?
@
1 It has more neutrons than protons.
2 2 A Chlorine
Which catalyst
quantitiesincreases
isare
reduced. the rate
required of the reverse
to calculate reaction.change of formation of gaseous sodium
the enthalpy
12
ions?The
It has enthalpy
43 A
change
protons. B
for the transformation U → RC o is + 42 kJ mol . D
–1
3 3 A Nitrogen
catalyst has no effect
is oxidised. on the enthalpy change !H of the reaction.
23
1 The
It has
enthalpy 1,change
99 2 and
enthalpy 3ofare
change
nucleons. 1 and
for the
atomisation 2ofonly are T2→
transformation
sodium and S 3 only are 1 only is correct
is endothermic.
–1
32 Thefirst enthalpy change for the transformation R → T is – 33 kJ mol .
32 Use of ionisation
the Data energy
Bookletofissodium
relevant to this question. [J’07 P1 Q31]
No
33 other
Whichcombination of statements
of these substances haveisa used
3 enthalpy change of formation of sodium
giant as a correct
structure? response.
3 Which statements are correct when referring to the atoms 23Na and 24Mg? [S’06 P11 Q32]
1 silicon(IV) oxide
! UCLES 2004 9701/01/M/J/04 [Turn over
3 The
33 1 conversion
They haveofthe graphite
sameinto diamond
number is
of full an orbitals.reaction (∆H = +3 kJ mol–1).
endothermic
electron
2 baked clay found in crockery
⑧
3 2 phosphorus( C(graphite) → C(diamond)
They haveVthe same number of neutrons.
) oxide
3 They are both reducing agents.
[J'13 P13 Q32]
1 The enthalpy change of atomisation of diamond is smaller than that of graphite.
2 The bond energy of the C–C bonds in graphite is greater than that in diamond.
3 The enthalpy change of combustion of diamond is greater than that of graphite.
 UCLES 2004 9701/01/O/N/04
[S’03 P11 Q33]
34 Which
© UCLES 2012 of the following statements are correct for the sequence of compounds below[Turn
9701/12/O/N/12 considered
over
from left
CEDAR COLLEGE to right? ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION WS 2
NaF MgO Al N SiC
1 The electronegativity difference between the elements in each compound increases.

2 The formula-units of these compounds are isoelectronic (have the same number of
Energetics electrons).
WS 3 Bilal Hameed
3
© UCLES The
2013 bonding becomes increasingly covalent.
9701/13/M/J/13 [Turn over
X nitrogen
259 thermostat
4 The diagram illustrates the energy changes of amanometer

31 set of reactions.
mercury
_
H = _134 kJ mol 1
R S
alt
When the temperature is increased, which gases in bulb R would cause the mercury level in the
right-hand limb of the manometer to rise?
⑤
1 an equilibrium mixture N2F4(g) 2NF2(g); ∆H positive
2 an equilibrium mixture CH3NC(g) CH3CN(g); ∆H negative 1

H = +92 J mol
3 nitrogen
35 Which statements concerning the third period elements

_ (sodium to argon) and their compounds
are correct? H = _75 kJ mol 1
T U
1 The elements become more electronegative from sodium to chlorine.
Which of the following statements are correct?
2 Aluminium oxide is the only oxide which is insoluble in water.
31 The maximum
The enthalpy change
oxidationfor the is
state transformation U → R is + 42 kJ mol–1 .
shown by silicon.
2 The enthalpy change for the transformation T → S is endothermic.
36 Use
3 ofThetheenthalpy
Data Booklet
changeis relevant to this question.R → T is – 33 kJ mol–1 .
for the transformation
13 [W’04 P11 Q31]
The element astatine lies below iodine in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
5 Which of the enthalpy changes of the following reactions can only be obtained by application of
33
What will
Hess’ Law?be the properties of astatine?
⑧
1 It
Theforms diatomic
hydration molecules which
of anhydrous copperdissociate more
sulphate to formreadily than
crystals of chlorine
CuSO4.5H molecules.
2O.
2 It
Thereacts explosively
formation with hydrogen.
of methane from its elements.
3 The
It is acombustion of glucose,
good reducing agent. C6H12O6.
[S’05 P11 Q33]
6 Nitrogen
37
34 and oxygen
The stoichiometry of a react in a reaction
catalysed hot car is
engine
showntobyform nitrogen below.
the equation monoxide which is a serious
pollutant in our cities and in the countryside. However, nitrogen and oxygen do not react at room
temperature. P (g) + Q (g) R (g) + S (g)
⑧
Which statements were
Two2004
 UCLES experiments help to explain
carried outwhy nitrogen
in which theand oxygen
production
9701/01/O/N/04 do Rnot
of wasreact at room against
measured temperature?
time. The
results are shown in the diagram below.
1 The reaction is endothermic.
2 A high activation energy is required.
3 Nitrogen has a high bond energy. experiment 1
amount of R [S’07 P11 Q37]
© UCLES 2007 9701/01/M/J/07 experiment 2 [Turn over
0
0 time
Which changes in the conditions from experiment 1 to experiment 2 might explain

the results shown?
1 Less of P was used.

2 A different catalyst was used.
3 Product S was continuously removed from the reaction vessel.
Bilal
35 Hameed
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. Energetics WS 3
Which properties would be expected from radium, 88Ra, or its compounds?

Which properties of the atoms in this sampleSection
are always
B the same?
1 radius
For each of the questions in this section, one 260
or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct.
2 nucleon number
7 Hydrazine, N2H4, is widely used as a rocket fuel because it reacts with oxygen as shown,
33
3producing
Decide isotopic
whether mass of the statements
each
‘environmentally is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
friendly’ gases.
the statements that you consider to be correct).
⑧
N2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆H = –534 kJ mol–1
32 An ideal gas obeys the gas laws under all conditions
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of of temperature and pressure.
alt
Despite its use as a rocket fuel, hydrazine does not spontaneously burn in oxygen.
Which of the following are true for an ideal gas?
A B C D
Why does hydrazine not burn spontaneously?
1 The molecules have negligible volume.
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
21 The activation
There energyofis attraction
are no forces
are too high.
only arebetween molecules.
only are is
32 The
TheN≡N bond ishave
molecules very an
strong.
average kinetic energy which is proportional to its absolute
temperature.
3 Hydrazine is a liquid.
No other combination of statements is used as a correct response. [S’06 P11 Q33]
8 For which reactions does the value of ∆Ho represent both a standard enthalpy change of
33
34 Compound X
⑧
combustion
31 Which and a standard
statements enthalpy
about bond change
angles of formation?
are correct?
• does not conduct electricity when in a liquid state,
11 The + O2(g)
C(s) bond → CO
angle in2(g)
SO2 is smaller than the bond angle in CO2.
• when added to water produces a solution that readily conducts electricity.
22 The + O2(g)
2C(s)bond → 2CO(g)
angle in H2O is smaller than the bond angle in CH4.
33WhatThe
could
CO(g) +X21be?
bond O 2(g) →
angle in CO
NH23(g)
is smaller than the bond angle in BF3.
[S’09 P11 Q33]
1 MgCl2
9 An energy profile diagram is shown.
32
2 SiCl4
⑧
3 PCl3
© UCLES 2009 9701/01/M/J/09 W
reactants
enthalpy, H Y
Z X
products
progress of reaction
What do the labels on the diagram represent?
1 W = ∆H of the forward reaction, Y = Ea of the backward reaction

© UCLES 2006 9701/01/M/J/06
2 Z = ∆H of the backward reaction, Y = Ea of the backward reaction
3 X = ∆H of the forward reaction, W = Ea of the forward reaction

[W’11 P11 Q32]
© UCLES 2011 9701/12/O/N/11

2 N and Cl 2+
3 C and Cl +
261
10
32 The diagram shows the reaction pathway for a reversible reaction.
alt
energy 90
/ kJ mol–1
30
12
②
extent of reaction
A
Which statements are correct?B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only

1 The enthalpy change for the backward reaction is +90 kJ mol–1.
2 correct correct
The forward reaction is exothermic. correct correct
3 The enthalpy change for the forward reaction is –30 kJ mol–1.

[S’18 P13 Q34]
11
33 The reaction pathway for a reversible reaction is shown below.
④
50
energy
/ kJ mol–1
20
extent of reaction
1 The enthalpy change for the backward reaction is –20 kJ mol–1.

2 The forward reaction is endothermic.
3 The activation energy for the forward reaction is +70 kJ mol–1.
[S’13 P13 Q33]
34 Which diagrams represent part of a giant molecular structure?
1 2 3
=C =C = Na
= Cl

262
Energetics
9 WS 4
1 The unsaturated hydrocarbon Z is obtained by cracking hexane and is important in the For
chemical industry. Examiner’s
alt
Use
The standard enthalpy change of combustion of Z is –2059 kJ mol–1.
(d) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.
The enthalpy change when me more of substance undergoes complete

..........................................................................................................................................
combustion under standard conditions
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
.
When 0.47 g of Z were completely burnt in air, the heat produced raised the temperature of
200 g of water by 27.5 °C.
(e) (i) Calculate the amount of heat released in this experiment.

c AO
Q = M . .
= 200 x 4.18 X 27.5
= 22.99 KJ
(ii) Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the relative molecular mass
of Z.
AH = D- 0-472
n =
M Mr
22.99
2059
-
-
=
0.477
Mr
0.47 22.99
=
- -
[4]
Mr
(f) Deduce the molecular formula of Z.

2059--1 [W’06 P2 Q04]
Mr
1-42
= .
I
[1]
(g) The unsaturated hydrocarbon Z can be polymerised.
Draw the structure of the polymer of Z showing two repeat units.
[1]
[Total: 15]

..........................................................................................................................................
263
......................................................................................................................................[2]
2 (i)
(d) Explain how enthalpy changes, ∆H values, for covalent bonded molecules can be
calculated from bond energies.
AH enthalpies of bonds broken enthalpies of bonds formed
...................................................................................................................................
-
=
.
alt
3
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Use bond energies from the Data Booklet to calculate ∆H for the following
For
dissociation. Examiner’s
Use
2HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g)
It ] ICH HI II It ]
I2
t
-
AH CH
-
-
-
= I 212991 ) -
I 436-1151 ]
© UCLES 2004 9701/02/O/N/04
I
91 KJ md
-
= t
[3]
[W’04 P2 Q01]
(e) HI dissolved in water behaves as a strong acid.
(i) Explain what is meant by a strong acid.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Complete the equation.
HI + H2O → .......... + ..........
(iii) Identify the conjugate base of HI in this equation.
...............................................................................................................................[3]
[Total : 10]

264
5
3 (d) The equation for the complete combustion of ethyne is given below.
For
Use appropriate bond energy data from the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the Examiner’s
enthalpy change of combustion of ethyne. Use
X 2 0--0=0
/
alt
C2H2(g) + ⁵⁄₂O2(g) 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
AH =
I 2 Cc -
H ) t ( CEC ) t 5/210=011 -
I 4 CEO ) t 2 CO -
H )
)
= [2141071-8401-5/214961]
I 4( -
805 ) t 2 ( 460 ) ]
'
-
1240 KJ mot
=
[3]
(e) The value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethyne is –1300 kJ mol–1.
(i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why your answer to (d) does not have the same value as the standard
enthalpy change of combustion.
standard
state
H2O is in while state of
gaseous
.
..................................................................................................................................
water is liquid .
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
[S’06 P2 Q02]
[Total: 12]

Construct an equation for the oxidation of ammonia by atmospheric oxygen to form
nitric acid.
265
......................................................................................................................................[1]
4 Urea, CO(NH ) , is a naturally occurring substance which can be hydrolysed with water
(e) 2 2
to form ammonia according to the following equation.
H2O(l) + CO(NH2)2(aq) → CO2(aq) + 2NH3(aq)
alt
The standard enthalpy changes of formation of water, urea, carbon dioxide and ammonia
(in aqueous solution) are given below.
compound ∆H f /kJ mol–1
!
H2O(l) – 287.0
CO(NH2)2(aq) – 320.5
CO2(aq) – 414.5
NH3(aq) – 81.0
Use these data to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the hydrolysis of urea.
H2O
Fight
)z +00GHz
CO2
-
+2MHz
④
(-287×73205/-4145/21.81)
Elements
② [2]
[W’02 P2 Q04]
[Total : 12]
start
② → ④ → ⑨ =⑨→③
21-81 )
-287 x
=
- 320.5 t
X =
-
162+607-5
X =
445.5

266
6
3 5 Alkanes such as methane, CH4, undergo few chemical reactions. Methane will, however, For
react with chlorine but not with iodine. Examiner’s
Use
Relevant standard enthalpy changes of formation for the reaction of methane with chlorine
alt
to form chloromethane, CH3Cl, are given below.
ΔH of /kJ mol–1
t2H2
CH4 –75
C →
CH3Cl –82
4242 -1C-13kHz →
HCl –92
KHz -1424
-
End
(a) (i) Use the data to calculate ΔH reaction for the formation of CH3Cl.
PII
A CH + -
Cl 2 → CH3Cl + HCl B
4
1- -1
* I 1%2/-92 c→B=c→A -
I C 82+1-927=(-7-5)-1
-
start x=
-99kt
(ii) The corresponding reaction with iodine does not take place.
Use bond energy data from the Data Booklet to calculate a ‘theoretical value’ for
ΔHreaction for the following equation.
CH4 + I2 → CH3I + HI
(iii) Suggest why this reaction does not in fact occur.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[5]
[W’09 P21 Q03]
© Energetics
UCLES 2009 WS 4 9701/21/O/N/09 Bilal Hameed
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
267
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
[3]
6
(b)
(b) Hydrazine
Hydrazine reacts
reacts with
with oxygen
oxygen according
according to
to the
the following
following equation.
equation.
NN2HH4(l) + O (g) N
N22(g)
(g) ++ 2H
2H22O(g)
2 4(l) + O22(g) O(g)
alt
(i)
(i) Use
Use the
the data
data in
in the
the table
table to
to calculate
calculate the
the standard
standard enthalpy
enthalpy change
change of
of this
this
reaction.
reaction.
compound –1
compound ΔHff /kJ
ΔH /kJmol
mol–1
NN2H (l) 50.6
2H44(l) 50.6
C B
C → A → B =
→
HH2O(g) –241.8
2O(g) –241.8
2C 241.8 )
50 Gt X
-
=
.
x
M2 HU 02
(21-241.6)
-
I → Nz t 2h20
5¥
Elements
ΔH 534.2
ΔH == ........................................
........................................ kJ mol–1
kJmol –1
-
(ii)
(ii) Although
Although the
the above
above reaction
reaction is
is highly
highly exothermic,
exothermic, hydrazine
hydrazine does
does not
not burn
burn
spontaneously
spontaneously inin oxygen.
oxygen.
Suggest
Suggest aa reason
reason for
for this.
this.
High activation
..................................................................................................................................
energy
..................................................................................................................................
.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
3
(iii) Suggest why using hydrazine as a rocket fuel could be regarded as being For
‘environmentally friendly’. Examiner’s
Use
Products one Na and H2O are non -toxic and aren't
..................................................................................................................................
harmful .
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
[S’10 P23 Q01]
(c) The bonding in hydrazine is similar to that in ammonia.
©©UCLES
UCLES2010
2010 9701/23/M/J/10
9701/23/M/J/10
(i) Showing outer-shell electrons only, draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of an ammonia
molecule.
(ii) Draw a diagram to show the three-dimensional shape of an ammonia molecule.

11 268
7 The standard enthalpy change of combustion of C H , ΔH –o–, is –1300 kJ mol–1 at 298 K.
(d) 2 2 c For
Examiner’s
Values of relevant standard enthalpy changes of formation, ΔH –of–, measured at 298 K, Use
are given in the table.
alt
substance ΔH –of– / kJ mol–1
CO2(g) –394
H2O(l) –286
(i) Write balanced equations, with state symbols, that represent
the standard enthalpy change of combustion, ΔH –oc–, of C2H2, and
-7202cg
51202cg
Hzcgf 1h20
G 't
..................................................................................................................................
, ,
u ,
the standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔH –of–, of C2H2.

2 G H2
Hagi
t →
Ccgraph )
..................................................................................................................................
cg )
(ii) Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the standard enthalpy
change of formation, ΔH –of–, of C2H2.
Show clearly whether the standard enthalpy change of formation of C2H2 has a
positive or negative value.
A B
x\
- 1500
-7202
G Ha t 2.5 Og H2O
2/7%186
t
Elements C
C B
C →
A → B =
→
1300 21-3947+1-286 )
X -
=
"
-1226 kJmd
X =
[6]
[S’11 P21 Q05]
[Total: 16]
Energetics
© UCLES 2011 WS 4 9701/21/M/J/11 Bilal Hameed
269
4 For
Examiner’s
8 Use
2 Ethanol, C2H5OH, is a most important industrial chemical and is used as a solvent, a fuel
and an intermediate in large scale organic synthesis.
Ethanol is prepared industrially by the reaction of ethene and steam in the presence of a
catalyst.
alt
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) → C2H5OH(g)
The standard enthalpy change of the reaction can be determined by using the standard
enthalpy changes of combustion, ∆Hc, at 298 K.
!
∆Hc / kJ mol–1
!
C2H4(g) –1411
C2H5OH(l) –1367
(a) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.
×
→
£1367
A C2H4(g) + H2O(l) C2H5OH(l) B
↳ "
C CO2 t H2O
Commotion products
C = A → B s C
A
-
1411
1367
= -
X -
- '
X =
-
44 KJ met
[2]
(b) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

when more of substance
Enthalpy change
...................................................................................................................................
I
reacts with
completely excess
...................................................................................................................................
oxygen
under standard conditions
...................................................................................................................................
.
(ii) Explain why the state symbols for water and ethanol given in the equation in (a)
have been changed from those quoted in the industrial process.
Under standard conditions
...................................................................................................................................
,
water and ethanol area liquid

...................................................................................................................................
.
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

C 2h50 Hui t
302cg 3h202002
→
t
)
...................................................................................................................................
[4]
[S’02 P2 Q02]
Bilal Hameed 9701/2/M/J/02 Energetics WS 4

270
On the diagram, sketch the π bond that is also present in ethene. [1]
9 Carbon, hydrogen and ethene each burn exothermically in an excess of air.
(e)
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H oc = –393.7 kJ mol–1
alt
H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H oc = –285.9 kJ mol–1
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H oc = –1411.0 kJ mol–1
Use the data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation, ∆H of , in kJ mol–1,
of ethene at 298 K.
2C(s) + 2H2(g) → C2H4(g)
∆H of = ................................. kJ mol–1
[3]
[W’07 P2 Q01]
[Total: 13]

271
3
10 Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of CS from the following data.
(c)
For
2 Examiner’s
Include a sign in your answer. Use
standard enthalpy change of combustion of CS2 = –1110 kJ mol–1
alt
standard enthalpy change of formation of CO2 = –395 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy change of formation of SO2 = –298 kJ mol–1
[3]
[W’05 P2 Q02]
(d) Carbon disulfide reacts with nitrogen monoxide, NO, in a 1:2 molar ratio.
A yellow solid and two colourless gases are produced.
(i) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the change in the oxidation number of sulfur in this reaction?
from ..................................................... to .....................................................

[3]
[Total: 12]

[Turn over
© UCLES 2013 9701/23/M/J/13
Examiner’s
.................................................................................................................................. Use
272
..................................................................................................................................
4
11 Ketene, C H O, is a member of a class of unsaturated organic compounds that is widely

2 ..................................................................................................................................
2 2 For
used in pharmaceutical research for the synthesis of organic compounds. Examiner’s
Use
(ii) Use the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of
CH2=C=O
ketene.
alt
ketene
(a) (i) Suggest values for the H-C-H and C=C=O∆H o / kJ

bond mol–1in ketene.
angles
standard
H-C-H enthalpy change of
…………………………………… C=C=O ……………………………………
–395
formation of CO2
(ii) By considering the structure of the molecule, suggest why the name ketene is
standard enthalpy change of
used. –286
combustion of H2
..................................................................................................................................
standard enthalpy change of
–1028
combustion of CH2=C=O
............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Ketene burns completely in air to form carbon dioxide and water.
(i) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Use your equation to calculate the volume of CO2, in dm3, measured at room
temperature and pressure, which will be formed when 3.5 g of ketene are burned in
an excess of air.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
[6]
[W’08 P2 Q02]
(d) Ketene can be converted directly into ethanoic

volumeacid,
of COCH 3CO2H, by reaction with 3 a
2 = ................................. dm [4]
compound A.
Suggest the identity of A.
.................………………................ [1]
[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2008
© UCLES 2008 9701/02/O/N/08
273
6 For
Examiner’s
_ Use
312 (a) (i) What is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, !H o f, of a compound?
Explain what is meant by the term standard.
...................................................................................................................................
alt
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
_
(ii) Write an equation, with state symbols, for the !H of of water.
...................................................................................................................................
_
(iii) Explain why the !H o f for water is identical to the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of hydrogen.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]
(b) When calcium is placed in water, aqueous calcium hydroxide is formed and hydrogen is
given off.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction of calcium with water.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) When 1.00 g of calcium is placed in 200 g of water, the temperature increases by
12.2 °C when the reaction is completed. The specific heat capacity of water, c, is
4.2 J g–1 K–1.
Calculate the heat released in the experiment.
Bilal Hameed 9701/02/O/N/03 Energetics WS 4

274
7 For
Examiner’s
Use
(iii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of reaction in k J mol–1 for your equation in
(b)(i).
alt
[4]
(c) (i) State Hess’ Law.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
_
(ii) Use Hess’ Law and your result in (b)(iii) to calculate the !H of of Ca(OH)2 (aq). You
_
also need the !H of of water which is –286 k J mol–1.
[4]
(d) Calculate the volume of hydrogen, measured at room temperature and pressure,
liberated in the experiment described in (b)(ii).
[2]
[W’03 P2 Q03]
[Total : 14]
Energetics WS 4 9701/02/O/N/03 [Turn

Bilal over
Hameed
275
6
13 For some chemical reactions, such as the thermal decomposition of potassium
3 For
hydrogencarbonate, KHCO3, the enthalpy change of reaction cannot be measured directly. Examiner’s
Use
In such cases, the use of Hess’ Law enables the enthalpy change of reaction to be calculated
alt
from the enthalpy changes of other reactions.
(a) State Hess’ Law.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
In order to determine the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of potassium
hydrogencarbonate, two separate experiments were carried out.
experiment 1
30.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid (an excess) was placed in a conical flask and the
temperature recorded as 21.0 °C.
When 0.0200 mol of potassium carbonate, K2CO3, was added to the acid and the mixture
stirred with a thermometer, the maximum temperature recorded was 26.2 °C.
(b) (i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the quantity of heat produced in experiment 1, stating your units.
Use relevant data from the Data Booklet and assume that all solutions have the
same specific heat capacity as water.
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of K2CO3.
Give your answer in kJ mol–1 and include a sign in your answer.
(iv) Explain why the hydrochloric acid must be in an excess.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [4]
©Bilal
UCLES Hameed
2011 9701/21/O/N/11 Energetics WS 4
7
276
experiment 2 For
Examiner’s
The experiment was repeated with 0.0200 mol of potassium hydrogencarbonate, KHCO3. Use
All other conditions were the same.

In the second experiment, the temperature fell from 21.0 °C to 17.3 °C.
alt
(c) (i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the quantity of heat absorbed in experiment 2.
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of KHCO3.
[3]
(d) When KHCO3 is heated, it decomposes into K2CO3, CO2 and H2O.
2KHCO3 K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Use Hess’ Law and your answers to (b)(iii) and (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy change
for this reaction.
[2]
[W’11 P21 Q03]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2011
Energetics WS 4
Bilal Hameed
6277
14
3 Methanol, CH3OH, is considered to be a possible alternative to fossil fuels, particularly for use
For
Examiner’s
in vehicles. Use
Methanol can be produced from fossil fuels and from agricultural waste. It can also be
alt
synthesised from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
(a) Define, with the aid of an equation which includes state symbols, the standard enthalpy
change of formation of carbon dioxide.
equation ............................................................................................................................
definition ...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Relevant values for the reaction that synthesises methanol are given in the table.
compound
CO2(g) –394
CH3OH(g) –201
H2O(g) –242
(i) Use these values to calculate for this synthesis of methanol.
Include a sign in your answer.
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
= .........................kJ mol–1
(ii) Suggest one possible environmental advantage of this reaction. Explain your
answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[5]
[S’12 P21 Q03]

© UCLES 2012 9701/21/M/J/12
4278
15
2 Alcohols such as methanol, CH3OH, are considered to be possible replacements for fossil
For
Examiner’s
fuels because they can be used in car engines. Use
alt
change of combustion, , for methanol at 298 K.
CHZOHCG ) t
) →
1502cg opt
CO2
2h20 us
equation ............................................................................................................................
ima of substance completely reacts
definition ...........................................................................................................................
with under standard conditions
Oxygen
...........................................................................................................................................
.
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
Methanol may be synthesised from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Relevant values
for this reaction are given in the table below.
compound
CO(g) –283
H2(g) –286
CH3OH(g) –726
(b) Use these values to calculate for the synthesis of methanol, using the following
equation. Include a sign in your answer.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
= ................kJ mol–1
[3]
[S’12 P22 Q02]
Energetics WS 4
© UCLES 2012 9701/22/M/J/12
Bilal Hameed
6279
16 For
3 With the prospect that fossil fuels will become increasingly scarce in the future, many Examiner’s
compounds are being considered for use in internal combustion engines. One of these is Use
DME or dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3. DME is a gas which can be synthesised from methanol.
Methanol can be obtained from biomass, such as plant waste from agriculture.
alt
change of combustion, , for DME at 298 K.
equation ............................................................................................................................
ima of substance completely reacts

definition ...........................................................................................................................
with under standard conditions

Oxygen
...........................................................................................................................................
.
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) DME may be synthesised from methanol. Relevant enthalpy changes of formation, ,
for this reaction are given in the table below.
compound
CH3OH(l) –239
CH3OCH3(g) –184
H2O(l) –286
Use these values to calculate for the synthesis of DME, using the following
equation. Include a sign in your answer.
2CH3OH(l) CH3OCH3(g) + H2O(l)
= ..................... kJ mol–1
[3]
[S’12 P23 Q03]
Bilal Hameed
© UCLES 2012 9701/23/M/J/12
Energetics WS 4
5 280
17 The standard enthalpy changes of formation of NH (g) and H O(g) are as follows.
(c)
For
3 2 Examiner’s
Use
NH3(g), Hf = –46.0 kJ mol–1 H2O(g), Hf = –242 kJ mol–1
alt
Use these data and the value of given below to calculate the standard enthalpy
change of formation of NO(g).
Include a sign in your answer.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) H = –906 kJ mol–1
[4]
[W’11 P21 Q02]
[Total: 10]

...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
281
18
(d) A 1.00 cm3 sample of C14H30 was completely burnt in air.
The heat produced raised the temperature of 250 g of water by 34.6 C.
Assume no heat losses occurred during this experiment.
The density of C14H30 is 0.763 g cm–3.
alt
(i) Use relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the amount of heat released in
this experiment.
(ii) Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the energy produced by the
combustion of 1 mol of C14H30.
[5]
[W’13 P23 Q02]
[Total: 13]

A1 CHM Sol 11 Energetics WS

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What is the enthalpy change of the reaction per mole of NaOH?

A the bond energy of a H – H bond

2 Propanone has molecular formula C3H6O.

The enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen is –286 kJ mol–1.

The enthalpy change of combustion of carbon is –394 kJ mol–1.

The enthalpy change of formation of propanone is –254 kJ mol–1.

Using this information, what is the enthalpy change of combustion of propanone?

12 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Which species is responsible for this purple colour? reaction of

A 2W B X–W C Y–W D Z–Y

© UCLES 2010 9701/11/O/N/10

start temperature of the water 20 °C

A 209 J B 13 794 J C 20 691 J D 22 154 J

© UCLES 2013 9701/11/O/N/13 [Turn over

Energetics WS 1 Bilal Hameed

2nd IE equation End

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

A – 4 × the enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen

B + 4 × the enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen

C – 2 × the enthalpy of formation of water

D + 2 × the enthalpy of formation of water

What is the enthalpy change of combustion of methane?

H2(g) + CO2(g) H2O(g) + CO(g)

What is the partial pressure of CO in the equilibrium mixture?

9 The diagram shows the skeletal formula of cyclopropane.

C 3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)

A At least one of the recorded observations is incorrect.

molecular energyamount of carbon dioxidemolecular energy

© UCLES 2014 9701/13/M/J/14 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Energetics WS 1

What is the percentage increase in mass?

A 14% B 24% C 32% D 36%

What was the amount of energy absorbed by the water?

B 0.47 × 4.18 × (273 + 17.3) J

C 200 × 4.18 × 17.3 J

D 200 × 4.18 × (273 + 17.3) J

N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ∆H = +66 kJ mol–1

11 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

What was the amount of energy absorbed by the water?

A 0.47 × 4.18 × 17.3 J

B 0.47 × 4.18 × (273 + 17.3) J

C 200 × 4.18 × 17.3 J

D 200 × 4.18 × (273 + 17.3) J

Glucose, C6H12O6, can be converted into ethanol.

What is the standard enthalpy change for this reaction?

7 In industry, copper metal

He calculated the enthalpy change of formation of ethane to be –140 kJ mol–1.

A BeCl 2 and CO2

B 3OCl – → Cl O3– + 2ClCH

© UCLES 2015 9701/13/M/J/15 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Energetics WS 1

The bonding in sulfur dioxide is O=S=O.

A 239 kJ mol–1 B 257 kJ mol–1 C 319 kJ mol–1 D 536 kJ mol–1

isolated gaseous atoms

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

A U–V B U+V C 2(U – V) D V–U

activation energy number of

© UCLES 2015 9701/12/O/N/15 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Energetics WS 1

2NO(g) + Br2(g) 2NOBr(g) H o= –23 kJ mol–1

The reaction has an activation energy of +5.4 kJ mol–1.

Which statement about solid CO2 and solid SiO2 is correct?

B Both solids have a simple molecular structure.