BUSINESS ETHICS LAS q3-q4

11
BUSINESS ETHICS
AND SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Third Quarter
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

BUSINESS ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Name of Learner: ____________________________________ Grade: ______________
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________
Teacher: MS. VANESSA LOU E. TOREJAS SCORE:_____________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET #1

The Nature and Forms of Business Organizations
Background Information for Learners
A business is an active process which is an integral part of human society. It is an organization where economic resources or
inputs, such as materials and services, are brought together and distributed to deliver or to give consumers goods, products, or outputs.
It involves significant operations such as buying, assembling, distributing, advertising, selling, and accounting.
Most businesses aim to earn profit. The term profit refers to the difference between the amount received and the amount
spent on something purchased, produced, or manufactured. The fundamental reason for examining business activities from a moral
point of view is that business organizations should, in principle, help promote the common good and protect the rights and interests of
individuals.
Three types of business organizations are generally operated for profit - service, merchandising, and manufacturing
businesses.
 Service businesses provide services to customers rather than products.

Examples: computer repair, laundry services, tutoring, delivery services, wellness (such as gym or spa), etc.
 Merchandising businesses sell to customers products they buy from other businesses.
Examples: sari-sari stores, bookstores, department stores, groceries, supermarkets, etc.
 Manufacturing businesses turn basic inputs into products which are sold to consumers.
Examples: shoe manufacturing, baked goods, candle manufacturing, cosmetics manufacturing, wine production, etc.
FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

1. Sole Proprietorship- It is a one-person business. The owner has full control over the finances and operations and decides alone.
ADVANTAGES:
a. Tax preparation is faster. Simply file an individual income tax return including losses and profits to your business. Your personal
and business income is considered the same and the tax implications for self-employed individuals would apply.
b. Sole proprietorship has lower start-up costs.
c. Handling money for the business is easier.
d. Sole proprietorships have the least government rules and regulations that affect them.
e. The sole proprietor can own the business for as long as he/she wants, and when he/she wants to move out, he/she can cash in and
sell the business.
f. Even in common practice, the sole proprietor can pass the business down to his/her heir.
DISADVANTAGES:
a. The sole proprietor is personally liable for all debts and actions of the enterprise.
b. There is lack of financial control because of looser structure of sole proprietorship.
c. There could be difficulty in raising capital.
2. Partnership- It is a business relationship between two or more people. It refers to an arrangement where individuals share a
business venture's profits and liabilities. The partners give feedback on how to use the capital and other critical strategic decisions that
may provide different perspectives.
ADVANTAGES:
a. Partnership business lacks formality as compared with managing a limited company or corporation.
b. It is easy to start. The partnership may be created either verbally or in writing.
c. You share the burden. You have companion and support.
d. Every partner would add his/her own expertise, skills, experience, and connections to the business, thus giving it a greater chance of
success.
e. There is better decision-making. Two heads are better than one.
f. There is privacy. The business deals may be kept confidential by the partners.
g. The partners own and control the business.
h. The more partners there are, the more funds are available in the company, which can be used for possible expansion. Its borrowing
capacity is also likely to be higher.
i. There is an easy access to profits in a business partnership. The partners just have to divide the profits.
DISADVANTAGES:
a. The business does not have any independent legal status.
b. The business has no separate legal personality, so the partners are personally liable for the debts and losses incurred.
c. The partnership business often seems to lack the sense of prestige more closely associated with a corporation.
d. A partnership will often find it more difficult to raise money than a corporation.
e. There is a potential of differences and conflicts.
f. Decision-making can be slower because there is a need for consultation among partners.
g. The profit must be shared among the partners.
h. It may require a lot of time and energy thus may affect life-work balance.
i. The profits earned by the partnership will be translated to income on the individual partners. Thus, they are subject to income tax in
the financial year in which they are made.
j. There are limits on business development like unlimited liability, lack of funding opportunities, and a lack of commercial status, etc.
3. Corporation. It is an entity created by law that is independent and distinct from its owners and relies on the corporate laws of the
state in which it is incorporated to continue its existence. Corporations have an advantage in generating money for the company. It can
raise funds by selling shares of stocks. It files taxes separately from its owners.
ADVANTAGES:
a. The liability of the shareholders of a corporation is limited up to the amount of their investments.
b. A publicly held corporation may sell shares or issue bonds to raise substantial amounts.
c. It is easy for a shareholder to sell shares in a corporation.
d. A corporation’s life has no limit, ownership can pass through many generations.
DISADVANTAGES:
a. The corporation pays taxes on its income depending on its type and the shareholders pay dividend taxes, so income gets taxed twice.
b. The management team of a corporation can operate the business without any real oversight from the owners.
EXERCISES/ACTIVITIES:
A. Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. You are all aware of online selling, right? What/Who are the most popular online selling platforms/individuals?
Do you think they earn big amount of money from online transactions?
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Have you experienced being a seller? What item/product/service did you sell? Can you still recall that
experience?
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
B. Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Define business and its forms using your own words.

_________________________________________________________________
2. In your own words, differentiate sole proprietorship, corporation, and partnership.

_________________________________________________________________
3. Why do people engage in business? You may explain your answer by providing an example.
__________________________________________________________________
C. Directions: Share your insights on the situation below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A rich relative of yours tells you that he/she is willing to lend you one million pesos without any interest and ask
you to start a business. What kind of enterprise do you prefer? Describe it briefly.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
D. Directions: CREATE YOUR BUSINESS LOGO. Use a separate sheet of paper for your drawing.
Rubrics:
 Creativity/aesthetic value 6 points
-Excellent - 6
-Very good - 5
-Good - 4
-Fair - 3
-Somewhat fair - 2
-Needs improvement - 1
 Explicit/implied message of the logo 2 points
 Relevance of the logo to the business 2 points
Total 10 points
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

The Core Principles Underlying Fairness, Accountability, and
Transparency in Business Operation and Stewardship
To help the business organization get on the right track, there are three core principles that should be implemented in its
operation - fairness, accountability, and transparency.
 FAIRNESS
This is the standard of judging which is exempted from bias or prejudice. When someone displays fairness in making
decision, he/she pleases all involved parties and offers a solution that is beneficial to everyone. In business context, fairness means
balancing the interests involved in all decision-making including those related to hiring, firing, and the compensation and reward
system. Employees think of their organizations as just when the rewards and the way they are distributed are fair.
Fairness is giving to a person what is due to him/her. It has something to do with justice because the employer checks
whether the members have the benefits and burdens distributed evenly to them.
Examples of fairness:
1. A boss listening to both sides of the story before judging who is right and who is wrong.
2. An employer giving 13th month pay to all his/her employees.
3. A person paying the right price for a product purchased or for a service received.
 ACCOUNTABILITY
The most important aspect of preventing and detecting corruption is the sound accountability structures. A civil society
organization without proper systems of accountability is fragile and open to rumors of mismanagement and abuse of authority. Worst
of all, lacking it will prevent the organization from enjoying full respect and legitimacy in the eyes of its stakeholders, including those
bearers of
duties that it intends to advocate with.
Accountability is the explication and justification process. It is about testing, forming a judgment, and taking an action if
necessary. It also comes with responsibilities. Holding people to account for those actions which they are responsible for is fair.
Accountability is therefore an obligation to demonstrate that work has been carried out in accordance with agreed rules and
standards, or to report on performance results fairly and accurately in relation to mandated roles and/or plans.
Examples of accountability:
1. A cashier admits he/she lost the company’s collection and it is his/her mistake.
2. An engineer who is assigned on a project is the one to be blamed if the project did not meet the deadlines.
3. Employee A recommended his cousin to be their company janitor, but the latter stole the cellular phone of their secretary.
Therefore, Employee A may be blamed for recommending his/her cousin and should pay or replace the lost cellphone.
 TRANSPARENCY
Transparency, at the individual level, considers intrinsic or ethical salience as an important feature of the relational dimension
of a person. It is described as a personal quality which is necessary to develop unity between and among individuals. A transparent
approach makes a person more honest and sincere in his/her relationships, in communicating his/her points of view, and in working
actively to find shared meanings and goals.
Organizationally speaking, the instrumental salience of transparency is identified as an important mechanism for ensuring
social responsibility. For example, adequate disclosure is required to inform donors of how an organization uses its money.
Transparency helps people to consider how the actions of social organizations such as multinational agencies and non-
governmental groups offer meaningful support to civil society and whether funding is being properly spent.
More examples of transparency:
1. Reporting accurately the company’s financial situation and risks to investors
2. Holding and selecting bids according to an open pre-defined process
3. Having an open process of decision-making such as in hiring additional employees
A. Directions: Construct a short paragraph for each number below beginning with the given phrase. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. I could show fairness by __________________________________________________
2. I could show accountability by ____________________________________________
3. I could show transparency by _____________________________________________
Rubrics:
 Writing mechanics/Content 3 pts.
 Grammar 2 pts.
Total 5 pts. for each number
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

CODE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS
LESSON 1: ETHICS IN BUSINESS

Definition of Ethics
The term Ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos which means “characteristic way of thinking”. Ethics, as a science,
does not only evaluate the morality of our human conduct but also provides us with a common understanding of the universal,
objective, and irreversible moral principles that should govern our human behavior and guide our moral decisions (Roa, 2011).
Ethics are moral principles that guide the conduct of the individual (Racelis, 2017). These are rules of behavior based on
ideas about what is morally good and bad (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
Why is ethics important in business?

Ethical conduct, whether at the corporate, professional, or personal level, is a direct reflection of the principles and values
which regulate the person and the institution he/she represents. Organizations establish their own culture that is socially expressed as
their ideals. Such principles or ideals have an impact on the relationships within the company, efficiency, prestige, performance and
retention of employees, legalities, and the wider community they work in.
As a result, most organizations generate a list of organizational values and codes of conduct to be recognized and adhered by
all workers. Motivating and enhancing constructive actions, and at the same time building an atmosphere that prevents unethical
behavior are vital obligations on the part of both administrators and workers.
How to Apply Ethics

At the individual level, organizations ought to concentrate on improving and encouraging every employee to respect and
adhere to ethical principles. Certain aspects of individual ethics have their roots in the individual. Achieving a strong sense of
professionalism and recognizing certain professional decisions' ethical implications are the key components of education, individual
reflection, and experience.
Examples of Ethical Issues in Business
1. Ethical Issues in Finance

Under the umbrella of finance and accounting, fairness in trading practices, trading conditions, financial contracting, sales
practices, consultancy services, tax payments, internal audits, external audits, and executive compensation are included, whereas
specific corporate ethical/legal abuse includes insider trading, bribery/kickbacks, misleading financial analysis, and fraud on
securities.
2. Ethical Issues in Human Resource (HR) Management

Human Resource Management 's tasks include hiring and orientation, performance evaluation, training and development,
labor relations, and health and safety concerns. Among the ethical issues are discrimination by age (the young ones are preferred over
the older ones), gender preference, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, disability, and physical appearance are all ethical issues that the
HR oversees.
3. Ethical Issues in Sales and Marketing

Marketing ethics deals with the beliefs, standards and/or morals that advertisers and marketing organizations will operate
upon. Ethical marketing issues include promotion of obsolete or harmful products/services; openness about environmental threats;
food ingredients (Genetically Modified Organisms); possible health hazards or financial risks; protection for the privacy and
autonomy of consumers; truthfulness in advertising; and honesty in price and delivery. Some claim that advertisements can affect the
views of individuals and their relationships with others, suggesting an ethical obligation to avoid distorting those expectations and
relationships.
Ethics in marketing includes practices in pricing, which involves unlawful acts such as price manipulation and price
skimming. According to Hayes (2020), price skimming is a product pricing strategy by which a firm charges the highest initial price
that customers will pay and then lowers it over time. On the other hand, advertising has raised concerns over offensive advertisements,
objectification, and school marketing.
4. Ethical Issues in Production

Business ethics typically deals with company's duties to ensure its goods and industrial procedures do not inflict unnecessary
harm. Many products and services can be generated and used at zero risk and it can be difficult to assess the ethical path. However,
there are consumers who patronize products that damage them, for example, tobacco products. Output can have adverse effects on the
environment like air pollution, destruction of habitats, and urban sprawl.
A. Directions: What would you do under the following situations below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Being an advertising artist, you were instructed by the manager to make two layouts, but you will only receive the price for
one.
2. Your company would have to donate P 1,000,000 to charity, but you witnessed that the accountant only gave P 700,000
instead of P 1,000,000.
3. Being one of the food processors in a manufacturing company, you know that the ingredients listed on the label of your
product are not completely true.
B. Directions: Read and understand the situation. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Chona opened an online food service for an additional income. She hired one female helper in the kitchen and two delivery boys.
The business was doing very good for a month. But one day, she got a call from an online client complaining that the food
delivered to her was already spoiled and could not be eaten. He/she was demanding for a refund.
If you were Chona, how would you handle the situation?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
C. Directions: Give a situation where ethics could be applied. Choose only one from the following places. Write your answers in
three to five sentences on a separate sheet of paper.
1. At the airport
2. In the marketplace
3. In a public office
D. Directions: Complete the given phrases below for at least three to five sentences. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Ethics means _________________________________________________________________________

2. Ethics is important in business because_____________________________________________________
LESSON 2: CODE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS
A secret to success lies in recognizing the value of ethics in industry. The customers, management, and staff value honest and
ethical practices. Hence, business ethics is vital because it helps maintain a great reputation, helps to avoid significant financial and
legal issues, and ultimately benefits all involved. Therefore, it is highly suggested that each company formulates its own Code of
Ethics to be used as a guide in its business operation.
What is Code of Ethics?

Code of Ethics is a set of rules about good and bad behavior. It is a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct
business honestly and with integrity. A code of ethics document may outline the mission and values of the business or organization,
how professionals are supposed to approach problems, the ethical principles based on the organization's core values, and the standards
to which the professional is held.
Saucer and Sims (2013) offer recommendations for developing Code of Ethics in business organizations:
1. Adopt code of ethics (use the Code of Ethics of other companies as a reference and modify according to the needs of the company).
2. Offer training on ethics (for management and employees).
3. Hire and foster individuals with ethical value.
4. Deal with immoral activities. Employees must know the implications and effects of making unethical actions, and should be ready
to accept consequences.
5. Take constructive measures. For example, give rewards to employees who admit their mistakes. If the company is conscientious
and smart, it can encourage warehouse workers to take responsibility for their mistakes and even praise them for coming forward,
apologizing and ensuring that a faulty product is not purchased by the customer. At first it seems counter-intuitive to reward an
employee for a mistake, but in the end, it provides everyone with the best result.
6. Carry out a social audit. Conduct survey to employees once in a while.
7. Cover all whistleblowers. These people detect illegal activities within organizations and disclose the actions to the authority or
managers. A whistleblower who works sincerely, correctly reporting an issue, should be praised for his/her courage and integrity, as
opposed to being disciplined and ostracized. If an individual blasts the whistle, it is possible that the company itself has failed
internally to motivate and improve fair and ethical conversations.
8. Empower the defenders of integrity. Support those who work with honesty and integrity.
9. Ensure executive commitment. The anonymity of those who report the problems should be practiced.
10. Communicate the principles of conduct within the company and across the industry.
11. Assign an officer who is clearly responsible for the enforcement of ethical standards. He/she can be consulted for advice.
12. Establish a procedure for violations of ethical standards, and fully review any offenses reported.
13. Ensure high perseverance by the company's board of trustees.
14. Lead by example, above everything else.
It should be remembered that when faced with an ethical situation, the outcome of the decision-making process should be
considered. One way to tackle ethical situations is by using the four-way test to evaluate decisions.
This four-way test consists of asking four questions:
1. Is my decision truthful?
2. Is my decision fair to all who are affected by it?
3. Will this build the organization's goodwill?
4. Will the decision benefit all parties with vested interest in the outcome?
Code of Ethics contains the following:
1. Vision means something that you imagine; a picture that you see in your mind (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The vision
statement helps to ensure the alignment of the decisions to the company goals.
Example: To make innovations that everyone could access and adapt depending on their needs
2. Values (value means something thought of as important or useful)

Values in business help to ensure that all of the employees work towards the company goals.
Example: We commit ourselves to serve our customers with quality service and utmost respect.
3. Mission- a specific task with which a person or a group is charged (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The mission statement
clearly and effectively guides the business or the organization in its decision-making.
Example: To inspire all the young athletes of the country… tell them to dream and go for it!
4. Principles- moral rules or beliefs that help you know what is right and wrong and that influence your actions (Merriam-
Webster Dictionary).
Examples:
Customers have to be respected.
Make sure to deliver quality product.
SIMPLIFIED SAMPLE OF CODE OF ETHICS: XYZ COMPANY

Our Core Values
Our Vision: To lead the car industry by giving our customers quality cars
worthy of their money and unmatched customer services
Our Values:
We act with the highest standards of integrity.
We respect individuals and treat them fairly.
Our Mission:
To work efficiently and enthusiastically to make XYZ Company the country’s top car dealer while serving
our customers punctually and courteously
Our Principles:
1st: XYZ Company shall adopt a zero-tolerance policy towards bribery and corruption in whatever form;
2nd: All company officers and employees shall conduct business in accordance with Philippine laws and
regulations; and
3rd: We shall act in good faith and observe sense of professionalism at all times.
A. Directions: Read the situation and formulate a Code of Ethics for the business. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Situation:
You just started an online business selling bags and shoes made in Laguna. You employed
one bookkeeper, one clerk, two utilitymen, and four (4) delivery personnel.
Follow the format given below:
Our Core Values

Our Vision:
Our Values:
Our Mission:
Our Principles:
1st:
2nd:
3rd:
Rubrics:
 Relevance to the business 6 pts.
(one point for each - vision, values, mission, and three principles)
 Mechanics 4 pts.
(one point for each – vision, values, mission, and principles) ________
Total 10 points
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Philosophies Influencing Our Business Practices
The Classical Philosophers and Philosophies

and Their Implications on Business
1. Socrates (469-399 BCE)

- “The Gad-fly at the Marketplace” is one of the few individuals whom one could say have shaped the cultural and
intellectual development of the world for without him, history would be profoundly different. This is Socrates’s
philosophical idea:
“The unexamined life is not worth living.” Socrates pointed out that human choice was motivated by the desire for
happiness.
Socrates thought of the Entrepreneurs. The Socratic Method is a way of thinking that allows individuals to define their
own purpose of learning and exploring its purpose through open-minded questioning of what they hold to be true.
Socrates insisted on a right to think of ourselves by introducing the philosophical concept, “Dare to Disagree”.
2. Plato –
“The Philosopher-King” is one of the world’s best known and most widely read and studied philosophers. He was the
student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle. He wrote in the middle of the 4th Century BCE in ancient Greece. This is
Plato’s philosophical idea:
“Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws.”
Plato maintains a virtue-based eudemonistic conception of ethics. That is to say, happiness or well-being ( eudaimonia) is
the highest aim of moral thought and conduct, and the virtues (aretê: excellence) are the requisite skills and dispositions
needed to attain it.
3. Aristotle –
“All or Nothing” (384-322 BCE) is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, contributing to logic, metaphysics,
mathematics, physics, biology, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance, and theater. These are some of Aristotle’s
philosophical ideas:
“Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim, and end of human existence.”
“Let people seek fulfillment.”
The word happiness in ethics is a translation of the Greek term “eudaimonia” which connotes success and fulfillment. For
Aristotle, this happiness is our highest goal. In relation to business, Aristotle concludes that the role of the leader is to
create an environment in which all members of an organization can realize their potential.
4. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804).

“Duty based Ethics”. He is one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western Philosophy. He was not
concerned with the consequences of one’s actions or the harm caused to one’s individual interests. Instead, he is focused
on motives and the willingness of individuals to act for the good of others, even if the action might result to personal loss.
Doing something for the right reason was more important to Kant than any particular outcome.
For example, business ethics is littered with cases of companies that have suffered damaging crises due to their leaders’
lack of commitment to act based on goodwill and about what benefits others.
5. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill-

“Utilitarianism” revolves around the concept of “the end justifies the means”. It believes that outcomes, as a result of an
action have a greater value compared to the latter.
Utilitarianism is a philosophy or belief suggesting that an action is morally right when the majority of people benefit
from it. Also, the doctrine that an action is right as it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest
number should be the guiding principle of conduct. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that advocates actions that promote
overall happiness or pleasure and reject actions that cause unhappiness or harm. A utilitarian philosophy, when directed to
making social, economic, or political decisions, aims for the betterment of society.
ACTIVITY #1: Directions: Complete the sentences below and write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. I have learned that Aristotle’s philosophy influences business practices in

______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. I have learned that Plato’s philosophy influences business practices in
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. I have learned that Socrates’ philosophy influences business practices in
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. I have learned that Immanuel Kant’s philosophy influences business practices in
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. I have learned that Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill’s philosophies influence business practices in
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics:
 Correctness of answer 4 points
 Clarity of explanation 4 points
 Mechanics 2 points
TOTAL 10 points for each number
ACTIVITY #2: Directions: Cite some life experiences where you can relate one of the discussed philosophies.
Write your answers in paragraph form on a separate sheet of paper.
Rubrics:
 Unity of ideas 4 points
TOTAL 10 points
ACTIVITY #3: Directions: Draw things, people, or anything that defines your own “happiness”. Below the
drawing, write a short description or explanation about it. Use a separate sheet of bond paper.
Rubrics:
TOTAL 10 points
ACTIVITY #4: Directions: Based on your life’s experiences, cite things/principles you consider in your
decision-making in five aspects below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Love _____
2. Education _____
3. Family _____
4. Friends _____
5. Money _____
Rubrics:
TOTAL 10 points
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

The Impact of Belief System in Business Practices
The unseen force underlying our actions is our belief system. Throughout our lives, human beings accumulate
thousands of beliefs on all facets of life. We obtain them from things other people tell us, things we hear on the news,
things we read, or any other external influences we are subjected to. All of these beliefs interact with each other, affect
each other, and create a system together.
Along with other influences such as our personality, genetic set-up, and behaviors, our belief system, such as
religion, is one of the greatest forces influencing every decision we make.
Religion highly affects our lives, whether personal or not. Some of the world’s major religions are Christianity,
Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Each has its own organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and worship, and
each one offers prescriptions for a positive effort in both life and business.
1. CHRISTIANITY
The Christian religion follows the Hebrew Bible by taking a positive view of physical and human creation and by
seeing God as deeply concerned with the ethical behavior of human creatures towards one another. It also teaches that in
the persona of Jesus of Nazareth, Christ entered history to redeem humanity from the self-inflicted wounds of sin and to
create a new age in which humanity will come to live God's own life of love, peace, unity and justice. The Old and the
New Testaments serve as the foundation of this religion.
In Christianity, human dignity and concern for people are crucial. This religion also emphasizes a sense of justice in
business such as strict adherence to contracts, compliance with regulations, and working for the benefit of the common
good. Christians ought to focus on how business impacts individuals, the workers in particular. They should be well-paid
and they should find their work meaningful and inspiring.
A trading Christian does not try to win another's products or services for less than it is worth. One should not want
to get a decent deal for his own wares by using extortion. If a person buys from a poor seller, that buyer must exercise
charity and justice. He/she must pay the full price that the goods are worth. If friends and relatives are not interested in
what a Christian vendor sells, the latter should not break off connection with them when they decided to choose
differently.
Christians should be transparent and honest with their dealings, products, and services. They should not push people
to buy goods or services because it does not reflect the heart of the Father, but that of mammon’s (according to Webster
Dictionary, mammon means material wealth or possessions especially as having a debasing influence).
2. JUDAISM
Jews believe there is one God, who not only created the world, but who every Jew should have an intimate and
interpersonal relationship with. They believe that God works continuously in the world and affects all that people do.
Further, there is a covenant relationship between God and the Jews in exchange for the many good deeds God has done
for the Jewish people and continues to do.
Judaism, which for its written law relies on the Torah, has greatly influenced marketing and business ideology.
Jewish culture, values and ideas, including the modern market, have penetrated many aspects of modern life. Some
important points include market honesty, fair pricing, and business relationships.
Honesty on the market. It is illegal for traders to falsify the weight and measurement of the goods or products.
Fair pricing. There should be good value for money. You shall not cheat each other when you sell something to
your neighbor or buy something from him or her. Likewise, if a person is ignorant of the true worth of an item and wants
to sell it, the buyer should not take advantage of the confusion and underpay the seller. The Talmud (comprehensive
written version of oral laws of the Jews) cares much about price control.
Business relations. Employers are obligated to pay workers on schedule. One of the guiding principles for business
ethics highlighted in the Jewish tradition is the legitimacy of business activity and profit, conducted within a framework of
religious and ethical norms.
3. ISLAM
Muslims believe in the Oneness of God—- that all things are created by God and that He is all-powerful and all-
knowing. They further believe that God has no offspring, sex, class, body, and He is not affected by human life's
characteristics.
For Islam, the source of rules is the Qur'an. Islamic teachings place great emphasis on respect for ethical and moral
codes in human behavior. Islamic principles prevent abusing people through putting restrictions on misleading
advertisements. Under Islamic law, if a seller sells an item by making false statements, the buyer shall have the right to
cancel the transactions.
Additionally, according to Hayes (1998), the following principles are expected among Muslim businessmen:
a. Contracts must be fair to both or all parties.
b. Speculation, such as gambling, is not allowed. If the money comes from the gambling industry, one will not be
allowed to invest in the Islamic Mutual Fund.
c. Interest is prohibited. That is probably the most common thing that is identified with Islamic finance. One moral
practice is that one is not allowed to charge or take interest.
d. When a business is in trouble, compassion is required. In every country that has Islamic traditions in its legal
system, when anyone is in bankruptcy or is suffering financial reversals, one should not put pressure on them. Because
when someone is down, it is not the right thing to do. When they are down, one does not kick them.
Muslims also believe that business should be conducted in accordance with the rules of nature which God governs.
4. BUDDHISM
Founded on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is called “Buddha” or “the enlightened one”, is Buddhism.
From the beginning, the basis of Buddhist practice was meditation and the observance of moral precepts. The five
fundamental moral precepts practiced by members of the monastic orders and the laity are: refraining from taking
property, behaving unchastely, speaking wrongly, stealing, and drinking intoxicants.
In business, Buddhists are guided by the following principles:
a. The goals should be defined.
The clearer the goal is, the easier it is to be defined. Is it about gain? Is it giving satisfaction to your customers?
b. The principle of cause and effect should be followed.
We need to use intuition in the case of a business proposal to work out the factors that would take us to our ultimate
aim. The process resembles reverse engineering. We begin to trace back the logical sequence of acts which would
contribute to a given goal. This framework helps identify the steps needed to accomplish the aim and provides a clear
basis for a project roadmap.
c. Empathy and compassion for the customers have to be developed.
It is crucial to understand the challenge that our potential customers may encounter, and to have an empathic
approach towards it. We need to recognize and always keep in mind the problem that our target customers have in their
life and try to solve this issue in the best possible way based on that understanding. Compassion is the basis for a
customer-first or a user-centered approach in business.
d. Be flexible, innovative, and mindful of impermanence.
Buddhist theory puts into practice another useful insight: everything is constantly changing—we ourselves, the
world, and all the people around us. It is very easy to get caught with an idea that seems logical and solid, but it often
becomes a trigger for narrow-minded thinking, stubbornness, and inflexibility in a rapidly changing reality.
e. Your team, yourself and the consumer have to be respected.
The Buddhist ethics is based on the non-violence principle. They know everyone deserves to be happy and does not
want to struggle. If we base our actions on that understanding and try not to harm others, we gain their respect and
confidence. It brings trust and understanding in the team if we respect our colleagues. We try to stop doing something
offensive behind or in front of people and make ourselves transparent.
The Buddhist business code and professional ethics are also closely tied to being environment-friendly. Buddhists
pursue the "right livelihood" and are usually against businesses that do not really care for the environment or harm
animals. Essentially, according to Buddhist teachings, the principles of ethics and morals are governed by examining a
certain action that must avoid any harm.
5. HINDUISM
Hindus believe in one true, formless, boundless, all-inclusive and eternal God called Brahman. He is not an
abstract concept but a real entity that everything in the universe (seen and unseen) encompasses.
Hinduism is not an organized religion, and its value system has no single, systematic approach to teaching nor do
Hindu s have a simple set of rules, like the Ten Commandments to follow. Whatever practices (local, regional, caste and
community-driven)—throughout the Hindu world influence the interpretation and practice of beliefs.
Hindus have a positive attitude towards business and wealth creation, yet wealth is not the ultimate goal. What is
more important are ethics (dharma), and salvation (moksha).
For business, prices and profits should be fair. Tax system should give reasonable rates, should be economical in its
implementation, and should not have adverse impact on economic growth. There must be high taxes on luxury goods.
Workers should receive fair and just wages, depending on their ability and productivity.
It is worth noting, overall, that every faith has its own biases. Nevertheless, each of them has the core concept that
faith would give rise to a commitment to maintain a desirable work climate. This is why our society cannot remove the
effect of religion on modern business. We should be mindful of disparities in beliefs among various cultures and accept
them. While there are global ethical standards, we must also show respect for each community's different values.
ACTIVITY A: Directions: Read the situation below and answer the given questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. One day, you and your female friend went to the market to buy washable face masks. The stall owner, who was wearing
hijab* approached the two of you. Your friend could not control her giggles while the Muhaajaba** was talking. As a
response, the stall owner got mad and shouted at you and your friend.
 What are you going to tell the stall owner? (5 points)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
 What advice would you give to your friend? (5 points)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics:
 Correctness of answer 3 pts.
 Mechanics 2 pts.
Total 5 pts.
ACTIVITY B: Directions: Considering your religious affiliation, write at least two practices in business that you
follow as its active member. You may get your ideas from the background information to serve as
your guide. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. (two points each)
(My Religion)
Two best practices that I follow:

1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY C: Directions: You have already learned the good practices of the different belief systems. This time, your
task is to choose one good business practice that you like best from each belief system. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper. (one point each)
Christianity: _____________________________________________________________________
Islam: ___________________________________________________________________________
Hinduism: _______________________________________________________________________
Judaism: ________________________________________________________________________
Buddhism: ______________________________________________________________________
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

FILIPINO VALUE SYSTEM AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN BUSINESS PRACTICES
Filipino value system is characterized as an effect of one's own culture by the way people live their lives. This refers to
the collection of values or the structure of values that majority of Filipinos have traditionally kept in their lives as important as:
common beliefs, moral principles, ethical standards, etiquette, and cultural and personal values that their society encouraged
them to have. Here are some Filipino values that we live by:
1. BAHALA NA
There is no exact English translation for Bahala Na. However, there are several interpretations for this. The first one is
that Bahala was derived from the word Bathala, who was worshipped by the Filipinos during the Pre-Spanish period. This
belief in putting life in the hands of God may be a symbol of how devout Filipinos can be. They just leave everything to God,
including their problems and their sufferings. They are fatalistic, putting their lives in the hands of fate.
On the other hand, according to Lagmay (1977, as cited in Pe-Pua et al., 2000), Bahala Na is determination and risk-taking. He
said that when Filipinos say “bahala na”, they are ready to face every difficult situation and are determined to achieve their
goals or objectives. When they mention those words, it is like they are getting courage or strength into their system, and they
will not surrender.
In business, you cannot just put its life in the hands of fate. Everything has to be carefully studied or planned;
otherwise, all of your efforts will go down the drain.
2. UTANG NA LOOB
Gratitude or utang na loob is typically embedded in the Filipino culture. One should not forget to consider the good
acts others may have done particularly in times of great need. Many times, this debt of appreciation is violated by others who
have served us good. With this system, people are forced to do something in exchange for favors that others did.
Business is affected by this so-called utang na loob especially if the businessman has faced ethical issues.
3. NINGAS-COGON
Ningas is a noun that means flame, burning, or fire, while cogon is a plant that can be quickly burnt with its presence.
Ningas cogon means the swift burning of cogon, which connotes the eagerness of the Filipinos just at the beginning, but then
rapidly lose interest shortly after it begins, or lack of follow-up.
Same thing could happen in business. The enthusiasm is there at the start of the venture but since it is not one’s inclination, then
he/she gradually loses his/her interest.
4. PADRINO SYSTEM (PALAKASAN/PATRONAGE SYSTEM)

Padrino system, or patronage in Filipino culture and politics, is the system of value in which one gets support,
endorsement, or political appointment through family affiliation (nepotism) or friendship (cronyism), as opposed to one's worth.
Meaning, the owner or manager hires friends or relatives regardless of their qualifications. This could cause conflict inside the
enterprise and eventually could also be the reason for losing the more qualified employees or workers. This system in the
Philippines is the root cause of numerous scandals and corruption.
Businessmen can quickly get business deals using padrino system if the padrino poses as go-between presenting and
vouching his character to close the deal.
5. AMOR PROPIO / SELF-RESPECT

Amor propio is a Spanish term meaning caring for oneself, or self-love. It is a feeling of self-esteem or self-respect that
prevents a person from swallowing his or her pride. Sensitivity to personal insult or offending situation is included.
In business, Filipino customers are normally sensitive to hear a No for an answer, hence, one will get a Yes, but might be
disappointed afterwards.
6. MAÑANA HABIT
The Spanish word mañana means tomorrow or the future. It is also known in English as procrastination and as mamaya
na in Filipino. It might just as well mean putting off something until another time. This habit has made Filipinos less efficient
and less energetic in doing the task.
In business, mañana habit could lead to less efficient workforce. It could also lead to losing customers in case one is into
delivery business. When he/she always postpones doing something, his/her loads of work could pile up and that could give
him/her (and his/her co-workers) too much stress.
7. DELICADEZA
Delicadeza is a Spanish term which when translated into English means daintiness. It is defined as acting in a manner
which is refined or being delicate in taste. Often, it may mean good decorum or absolute obedience to what is right, legal, or
ethical. Perhaps it can be better understood by saying walang delicadeza or makapal ang mukha (thick-faced) for those who
do not have it.
In business, it is best to do what is right, what is legal, and what is ethical. After all, goodwill attracts good vibes!
8. HIYA
Shame or hiya is a common Filipino value. This is a sense of social propriety and it conforms with established cultural
standards. Filipinos feel they ought to live up to agreed moral expectations and if they fail to do so, they add dishonor not just to
themselves, but also to their families. If anyone is publicly humiliated, insulted or fails to meet standards, they may feel
ashamed and they lose their self-esteem.
Shame or hiya also happens in business. For example, one is selling rice and other consumables. Now here comes
his/her close friend requesting for one sack of rice to be paid at the end of that month. On the due date, it is the seller who is
even ashamed to remind his/her close friend of the latter’s obligation.
9. PAKIKISAMA/PAKIKIPAGKAPWA-TAO
Another Filipino characteristic is loyalty, or pakikisama. That is a shared understanding of the other person's
personality and consciousness. It is treating others as equal, and with respect and integrity.
This is simply a realistic translation of the pakikipagkapwa-tao in industry since the aim is to deliver useful products and
services to others so that their standard of living would get better.
In business, for example, Pedro is a sole proprietor. His cousin approached him and was trying to borrow P5,000 for an
emergency reason. Because he had no personal cash that time, out of pakikisama, he got the amount of P5,000 from his business
collection and lent it to his cousin.
10. FAMILY ORIENTATION
Philippines is recognized as a family-centered country. The Filipinos consider their family as an important social
structure which they have to look after. They put premium on their family's safety and unity. The practice of nepotism is evident
(members of the same family employed in the same enterprise). It is the closeness of the Filipino families that makes them the
model of most business organizations.
However, in business, it is said that it is not advantageous to hire relatives because one cannot just easily fire them even
though he/she is dissatisfied with their work performance.
11. SUKI SYSTEM
Suki is a Tagalog term which means loyal customers. Here, there is a customer-supplier relationship that is built.
Normally, the supplier would give discounts, good quality products or service, or even “credit line” once the trust is earned.
12. BAYANIHAN/TEAM SPIRIT
The bayanihan is a Filipino term which originated from the word bayan meaning town or community. Later on,
bayanihan meant "being a bayan" and is being used to refer to a spirit of unity within a group, or individual cooperation and
joint efforts.
The adage "no man is an island" is even more true, and even critical in business world – where interactions and the
willingness (or unwillingness) to collaborate with others will make or break a business. It is in bayanihan where one's local
environment is a vital tool. And that it will help his/her people and his/her company get ahead by harnessing the strength of
his/her own people.
13. PALABRA DE HONOR
Palabra de Honor is a Spanish word meaning "Word of Honor". This is an individual's unwritten promise to someone
to do or not to do something.
Palabra de honor needs a sense of truthfulness and honesty in every Filipino. We have to respect our words by
upholding our promises, even without any legal document.
In business, for example, when one promised his/her employees of a salary increase after six months of working in
his/her enterprise, then he/she should really give them an increase when they have reached six months.
14. LAKAS NG LOOB

Courage or lakas ng loob, is the strength of mind or spirit that enables a person to meet challenges, situations, or pain
bravely or without fear.
For example, in one’s desire to expand his/her business, he/she got a loan from a commercial bank payable in five
years.
15. PAKIKIPAGSAPALARAN
Pakikipagsapalaran or being venturous is the ability of a person to take risks, even if they are prone to a potential loss.
For example, even without an experience in selling, one ventured into an online business this time of pandemic by just
following some ideas coming from his/her friends.
16. FRUGALITY/PAGTITIPID
This is known as economical management of resources, being careful in spending, and avoiding unnecessary
expenses.
For a small business, frugality is really important. One will save his/her money effectively by living frugally and by
managing his/her spending. When business starts to succeed, there is a tendency to overspend so it is an advantage if he/she
knows how to control his/her expenses.
ACTIVITY #1: Directions: Read the situation below and answer each question in two to three sentences on a separate sheet of paper.
Pia, the proprietress of XYZ Enterprises, had to borrow extra capital from her friend, Bea, for her business expansion. Bea
willingly lent her friend the money with no interest. The business grew and had several branches that Pia had to hire more workers
and, she had even paid Bea in full! One day, Bea approached Pia and asked for a favor. Bea had cancer and she needed money for
medication. Pia declined and told Bea that all her money was in the business and that she came at a wrong time.
What kind of friend is Pia?
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________________________________
If you were Bea, what would you do?

Answer:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics:
 Correctness of answer 2 points
 Mechanics 1 point
Total 5 points
ACTIVITY #2: Directions: You must have experienced bahala na, ningas-cogon, and mañana habit as a student. Recall what
happened or in what situation did you experience each of these. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Bahala Na
__________________________________________________________________________________
Ningas-cogon
__________________________________________________________________________________
Mañana Habit
__________________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics:
 Unity of ideas 1 point
Total 5 points
ACTIVITY #3: Directions: Complete the given phrases to form a good definition or description of the Filipino values that you have
learned. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Pakikisama means _____________________________________________

Family Orientation means _____________________________________
Suki System means __________________________________________
Bayanihan spirit means________________________________________
Palabra de Honor means_______________________________________
Rubrics:
 Correctness 3 points
 Coherence of ideas 1 point
Total 5 points
ACTIVITY #4: Directions: COMPOSE A THREE-STANZA POEM using the ideas taken from our Filipino value system (a
comedic type is preferred). Your poem should not exceed three stanzas. Write your poem on a separate sheet of
paper.
5 4 3 2 1 5 - Very good
Scoring criteria 4 - Good
3 - Fair
Organization Ideas are logically arranged. 2 - Poor
Appropriate organizational pattern is observed.
Transitions are smooth.
1 - Very poor
Content Content is relevant and well-developed.

Introduction captures attention at once.
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

WAYS TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PRACTICES GUIDED BY THE PHILOSOPHIES, BELIEF SYSTEM OR
FILIPINO VALUES
As a business owner, you are probably aware of where your business could improve. Sometimes business owners want to
improve their business but are not sure how to begin. This is an overview of some key steps you can take to start improving your
business.
 ASSESS YOUR SITUATION
Before you start making changes, it is a good idea to make sure you have a full understanding of the factors affecting your
business success. These may include your current business practices, market trends, or changes to the wider environment in which you
operate.
Tools that can help you assess your business' situation include:
• SWOT-analysis — helps you identify your business' strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
• Benchmarking — measures your business’ performance against similar-sized businesses in your industry.
• Market research — investigates your business' market and industry to identify trends, changes, and customer or client
demands.
• Trend analysis — uses business data collected over time to identify consistent results or trends.
• Webinars (web-based seminars) — provide useful information to help develop your business skills.
 SET CLEAR GOALS

Business goals can be as broad or as specific as you want them to be. Writing down your goals clearly will make it easier for
you to achieve them. Make sure your goals are S.M.A.R.T.:
•S -Specific — state clearly what you want to achieve.
•M -Measurable — make sure you can evaluate the success.
•A -Achievable — check if your objective is something you have the time and resources to meet.
•R -Relevant — make sure your objectives improve profit drivers and improve some part of your business.
•T -Timely — set a specific date for completion.
Once you have written down your goals, you should prioritize them to decide which ones to focus on first. Some goals may
need to be more urgent than others. It is also important to recognize that some goals will need to be addressed with a long-term
strategy as you will not be able to meet them immediately because of resources, finances, or time.
 IDENTIFY STRATEGIES FOR ACHIEVING YOUR GOALS
Review your goals and list the factors you think are creating your current circumstances. Think about what strategy you could
use to improve the situation. Depending on the goals you are trying to meet, you may want to think about using the services of a
business professional such as a professional trainer, contractor, or business adviser. Think realistically about what you can do yourself
and where you may benefit from some support.
 DEVELOP A PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTING YOUR STRATEGIES

To achieve your goals, you need to work out how to implement your strategies. Strategies often include several specific
actions or tasks. It is a good idea to develop a plan on how you will do this.
Write your plan in a format that suits you. It should include:
• a time frame — how long a task will take to complete as well as the start and finish dates.
• actions — state the individual actions as precisely as you can.
• responsibilities — assign accountability for each action so everyone knows precisely what you expect from them and who is
responsible for ensuring the work is done.
• resources — list budget, staff, or supplies needed to complete each action.
• a desired outcome — state how you will know that the action has been completed.
When you have developed your plan, you might want to also update your overall business plan.
 MEASURE THE RESULTS

Establishing how you will measure the results that you want to achieve may be as simple as checking what you have
completed. With larger goals, you may have to establish a more complex measurement process like increasing profit by a set
percentage, or gaining a particular number of new clients. With these types of goals, it can also be useful to set points to measure their
success as you are working on them. This will help you keep your plan on track.
Consider how often you want to measure your business achievements. This can also help you set new goals regularly. Learn
more about measuring the success of your innovation.
ACTIVITY #1: Directions: Assuming that you are a proprietor of a car company, what are the strategies/ways to make your business
unique from other car companies? How can you be a S.M.A.R.T. proprietor? Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics:
5 points
ACTIVITY #2: Directions: Complete the sentence below and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
I have learned that in order to improve business practices, the key steps are ______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
Rubrics:
5 points
ACTIVITY #3: Directions: Assuming that you are a seller in a famous e-commerce platform in the Philippines, think of at least one
way to improve your business guided by philosophies and Filipino belief system or values. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
Rubrics:
 Unity of ideas 3 point
Total 10 points
ACTIVITY #4:Directions: Based on the steps/ways of improving business practices. Write ten (10) ways to improve business
practices in your own words on a separate sheet of paper.
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________________________
Rubrics:
 Grammar/ spelling 2 points
10 points
ACTIVITY #5: Directions: Given a chance to be a businessman, make a business plan and strategy you may use to have a successful
business. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
Rubrics:
5 points
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________
1st SUMMATIVE TEST

THIRD QUARTER
CASE STUDY
MANG EUGENIO VENTURA
The story of Mang Eugenio Ventura, an extra ordinary cab driver, went viral in the social media when a passenger
spread the good word about him not rejecting passengers (despite heavy traffic in Metro Manila) and declining tips. Apart
of being honest, he is the jolly type—he just laughs off the congestion on the main roads of the city. He got featured in an
episode of the TV program “Impossible”
ESSAY:
1. What do you think has molded the honest and cheerful behavior of Mang Eugenio Ventura? 5pts
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. What lesson can you learn from the good example of Mang Eugenio? 5pts
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. What can be done in our school in order to teach and train students in honest and ethical behavior? 10pts
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________
2nd SUMMATIVE TEST

THIRD QUARTER
CASE STUDY
PEOPLE’S RECOVERY, EMPLOYMENT, EMPOWERMENT, AND DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANT

(PREDA)
People’s Recovery, Employment, and Development Assistant (PREDA) fair trade was not a profit organization
working at the national and international levels for the protection of human rights, especially women and children’s rights.
It was founded in 1974 and a year later it started to engage in fair trade. “Fair trade” in general, refers to objectives such
as: creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers; increasing farming market access, both domestic and
export, for these business; and ensuring transparency and accountability, among others.
Organization in the Philippine started engage heavily in fair trade in 1980’s, especially due to the sugar and coffee
crises when prices fell sharply, causing unemployment among thousands of Filipinos. In response to the situation,
organization started to implement structures the alleviated poverty and lessened dependency on sugar and coffee exports.
PREDA works hand in hand with the Philippine chapter of the world fair trade organization (WFTO) which works for the
development of progressive and responsible fair trade stakeholders in the country, as well as ensures that all fair trade
such as: providing income and food security to disadvantage communities; empowering community-based producers; and
promoting a quality and market-driven image of fair trade products.
ESSAY:
1. What is meant by Fairness? 5pts

____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. How can trade and commerce be fair? 5pts
____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. To what extent is the lesson about fairness related to PREDA’s work of promoting fair trade? 10pts
____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________
2nd SUMMATIVE TEST

THIRD QUARTER
CASE STUDY
THE CASE OF SOCRATES
Socrates was an Athenian philosopher whose question and opinions clashed with the current course of Athenian
politics and society. Socrates worked to critically examine the foundational beliefs that were common in Greece during
his time, and encourage other citizens to do so as well. Because of this, he was not well liked by many politicians. He was
put to death after a trial found him guilty of corrupting the youth: this is based on works on Socrates written by Plato and
Xenophon.
Based on the account, Socrates’ life was ended as the result of capital punishment. He was accuse of corrupting
the young and disbelieving in the gods of the city. At the trial he was found guilty, and then the jail he accept the
execution even though he had a chance to escape. This is how his life ended. Furthermore, at the trial, Socrates’ did not
behave like an ordinary defendant who is supposed to be eager to be acquitted and to proclaim his innocence as possible.
Indeed, Socrates’ conduct made the trial extremely confusing and puzzling; he fail to prove his innocence, and moreover,
by presenting himself provocatively he even seemed to have been found guilty intentionally. The case of Socrates is then
not simply an incident in which he was convicted by his fellow citizens, but also a stage on which intentionally offered a
public demonstration of him in a strange manner.
ESSAY:
1. How is it possible that a basically good person who preached a set of values and beliefs about truth, wisdom
and good governance was accused and put to death? 10pts
____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Is it possible that politics plays a role in how the good and the truth ate ultimately defined the lived? 5pts
____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Define the notion of “virtue”. Which are important virtues? 5pts
___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________
4TH QUARTER
BUSINESS BEYOND PROFIT MOTIVATION
Reasons to do Business beyond Profit (as cited in Jerusalem, Palencia, & Palencia, 2017)
1. Profit is an output, not a purpose

- A business must have reason to exist beyond that of making money and maximizing shareholder value. Profit cannot be the
goal, vision, or the purpose of an organization. An organization that posts great yearend results doesn't automatically earn the title of
being a great company. Seeking profit as a primary business purpose is like building a house of cards or building a house on sand-it
will eventually lead to collapse. Profit is too temporary to guide a business by.
2. Companies with a purpose beyond profit tend to make more money

- One of the paradoxes of business is that the most profitable companies are not those that are most profit-focused. Because
satisfied customers are the only source of long-term success, measures need to be related to purpose as defined from a customer point
of view. When they are, employees can see how well they are doing and how they might do better.
3. Business needs Purpose than Profit to Make It Through

- Many corporate and business strategies now include sustainability. In addition to the traditional environmental 'green'
sustainability concerns, business ethics practices have expanded to include social sustainability. Social sustainability focuses on issues
related to human capital in the business supply chain, such as worker's rights, working conditions, child labor, and human trafficking.
Incorporation of these considerations is increasing, as consumers and procurement officials demand documentation of a business'
compliance with national and international initiatives, guidelines, and standards.
4. What is the purpose of doing business if it is not being profitable?

The starting point of great companies is Purpose. There are four main types of purposes according to Nikos Mourkogiannis,
the author of Purpose: The Starting Point of Great Companies.
a) Discovery has rooted in intuition that life is a kind of adventure. Example: Apple and their goal to always come up with
the new/ most innovative products.
b) Excellence implies standards and purports the belief that excellent performance in our role in life represents the supreme
good. Example: Warren Buffet
c) Altruism is a purpose built in serving its customers in a way that is beyond standard obligation. Example: Body Shop.
d) Heroism demonstrates achievement, often with a charismatic and visionary leader. Example: Ford, Microsoft
5. Business with a strong sense of purpose are more successful
- Stand for something beyond simply increasing profits. A true vision for a business rests on foundations of both purpose and
values. The people within the business have to be passionate about what they do and why they do it. The business goals must then
align with this foundation.
The Idea of a Sustainable Social Enterprise
Social Enterprise
 Businesses that are changing the world for the better.
 It also tackles social problems, improves communities, people's life chances, or the environment.
 A proper business that makes its money in a socially responsible way.
 It also exists to make a direct positive social or environmental impact on the world.
Social Enterprise is innovative and unique because:
 It aims to make a profit, and then use this profit to support its charitable, social or environmental goals. Definitely, social
enterprises are not a charity.
 It also provides products and provides services but further these charitable, social or environmental goals.
 It also has social aims and ethical values.
Sustainability Issues:
 It is vital to any business, and social enterprise is not an exception.
 It means that the business can sell its product or service for more and the demand can grow in the medium to long term basis.
 Another point of view in social enterprise is that some social projects and social enterprises may have a limited life.
EXAMPLES
- Climate change - Energy - Food production - Water scarcity
- Biodiversity - Changing demographics - Geopolitical instability - The global development agenda
- Inequality and global equity
As we observe today, the rise of technological advancements and industrialization not only gave rise to our modern
civilization, but it also gave rise to a wide range of environmental issues and global challenges. Modern technology has been
progressing at exponential rates, making mass production of goods as fast as possible. With rapid expansion of businesses came
exploitation and depletion of the Earth’s resources and minerals, as well as degradation of the environment.
SOCIAL ENTERPRISES ADVANTAGES

1. Financial Freedom- the most understandable of social enterprise's potential benefits is the opportunity to get financial
sustainability and freedom.
2. Growth of scope and size of services to community- under traditional models of funding through grants and donations,
organizations have a hard time growing the size or scope of their services.
3. Business can contribute to the mission- beyond providing entirely financial resources; social enterprise also gives
organizations opportunities to discover noble ways of achieving their mission.
4. Perceptions of the organization by staff and donors- under taking social enterprise may also have an impact on how an
organization is perceived.
5. Marketing and Promotion for these organizations is also very easy- since a social problem is being tackled with a
solution it is easier to draw attention of the people and media.
6. Services can be customized- services in whichever section they may be offered are customized better to go with the needs of
the individual or the problem.
7. Cost effectiveness is another advantage of a social enterprise- the solutions offered by these organizations in the form of
either products or services are realistic compared to the same service provided by a profit making organization.
8. Job creation- small social enterprises are often manage by people with passion for their locality and the issues that surround
it.
Here are some essential truths about social enterprise and job creation:
 Social Enterprises have huge potential - not only can social enterprises offer more employment, they can act as
campaigners and advocate for employing people from outside the usual suspects.
 Recycling is excellent for creating jobs - there are potentially lots of opportunities in home care, green industries and in
manufacturing as well.
 Find a way to combine a grassroots approach with leveling the playing field - progress can be made by combining the
support and nurture of talent with encouraging public and private organizations to consider contracting locally.
 Social Enterprises must connect with further education - a major part of any local social enterprise strategy must be
working with the local further education college.
Direction: Below is the overview of ROLEX in Corporate Social Responsibility. Read thoroughly and answer questions that follow:
The Reputation Institute recently published its 2018 Global Rep Trak rankings, as the largest study on corporate social
responsibility; it provides a global reputational index by rating the top 100 hundred companies for CSR. Despite an overall decline in
the rankings this year, Rolex retains its position as a leader for corporate social responsibility.
Founded in 1905, the company has been a pioneer in watchmaking, setting a precedent in the industry with innovative pieces
such as the ‘Oyster’ waterproof wristwatch and the Rolex ‘Date Just’ self-winding chronometer watch. The company’s philanthropic
work is largely centered on two key programs: The Rolex Awards for Enterprise and The Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative
founded in 1976 and 2002 respectively. Understanding Rolex’s stratagem for social enterprise is useful for organizations seeking to
improve and expand their CSR.
Rolex’s success is attributed to the authenticity and longevity of its charity work. By investing in and committing to long-
term social enterprise projects, Rolex has an impressive record of over forty years of philanthropic work. The Rolex Awards for
Enterprise was established to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Oyster Chronometer. The awards celebrate individuals who
demonstrate leadership and entrepreneurialism in the following areas; The Environment, Applied Science and Technology and
Exploration.
Questions:
1. What do you think strategies of ROLEX in becoming the leader of Corporate Social Responsibility? Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper. (5 pts.)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. We all know that ROLEX is a non-profit organization; it donates 90% of their profit. What do you think is the reason why the
owners do so? Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. (5 pts.)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Research and enumerate five achievements of ROLEX philanthropic programs. (15 pts.)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

BUSINESS ETHICS LAS q3-q4

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11

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Teacher: MS. VANESSA LOU E. TOREJAS SCORE:_____________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET #1

Background Information for Learners

 Service businesses provide services to customers rather than products.

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

A. Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

B. Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Define business and its forms using your own words.

2. In your own words, differentiate sole proprietorship, corporation, and partnership.

Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Teacher: MS. VANESSA LOU E. TOREJAS SCORE:_____________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET #2

Background Information for Learners

Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Teacher: MS. VANESSA LOU E. TOREJAS SCORE:_____________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET #3

LESSON 1: ETHICS IN BUSINESS

Why is ethics important in business?

How to Apply Ethics

Examples of Ethical Issues in Business

1. Ethical Issues in Finance

2. Ethical Issues in Human Resource (HR) Management

3. Ethical Issues in Sales and Marketing

4. Ethical Issues in Production

If you were Chona, how would you handle the situation?

1. Ethics means _________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 2: CODE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS

Background Information for Learners

What is Code of Ethics?

Code of Ethics contains the following:

2. Values (value means something thought of as important or useful)

SIMPLIFIED SAMPLE OF CODE OF ETHICS: XYZ COMPANY

Our Core Values

Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Teacher: MS. VANESSA LOU E. TOREJAS SCORE:_____________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET #4

Background Information for Learners

The Classical Philosophers and Philosophies

1. Socrates (469-399 BCE)

4. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804).

5. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill-

1. I have learned that Aristotle’s philosophy influences business practices in

Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Teacher: MS. VANESSA LOU E. TOREJAS SCORE:_____________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET #5

Background Information for Learners

Two best practices that I follow:

Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Teacher: MS. VANESSA LOU E. TOREJAS SCORE:_____________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET #6

Background Information for Learners

4. PADRINO SYSTEM (PALAKASAN/PATRONAGE SYSTEM)

5. AMOR PROPIO / SELF-RESPECT

14. LAKAS NG LOOB

If you were Bea, what would you do?

Pakikisama means _____________________________________________

Content Content is relevant and well-developed.

Section: _____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Teacher: MS. VANESSA LOU E. TOREJAS SCORE:_____________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET #7

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