WORKING PRINCIPLE - 1

The USDC is driven by a Piezoelectric stack actuator that

creates the vibrations. The actuator vibrates at an extremely
high frequency, making it ultrasonic, and it is these waves of
vibration that are transmitted by the horn of the actuator all the
way to the bit itself. The vibrations are created at the actuator
and are transferred by the horn to a free mass. The free mass
vibrates between the drill stem and the horn of the actuator to
transmit the vibrations down the drill stem. The drill stem
houses the drill bit, and the vibrations push the bit into the
material. The repetitive impact on the drill stem by the free
mass, creates stress pulses that transmit to the tip of the bit
and into the rock. Ultimately, the repetitive strike of the bit
produces enough strain on the surface to fracture it.
WORKING PRINCIPLE -2
1. In the process of Ultrasonic drilling, material is removed by micro-
chipping or erosion with abrasive particles.  The tool is oscillated
by a piezoelectric transducer and an electric oscillator at a
frequency of about 20 kHz.  The tool forces the abrasive grits, in
the gap between the tool and the workpiece, to impact normally on
the work surface, thereby machining the work surface.
2. 8.  During one strike, the tool moves down from its most upper
position with a starting speed at zero, and speeds up to reach the
maximum speed at the mean position.  Then the tool slows down
its speed and eventually reaches zero again at the lowest position.
 When the grit size is close to the mean position, the tool hits the
grit with its full speed.
3. 9.  The smaller the grit size, lesser the momentum it receives
from the tool.  As the tool continues to move downwards, the
force acting on larger grits increases rapidly, therefore some of the
grits may be fractured.  Eventually, the tool comes to the end of
its strike and grits with size larger than the minimum gap will
penetrate into the tool and work surface to different extents.

MECHANISM
1. Piezoelectric Transducer  Piezoelectric transducers
utilize crystals like quartz whose dimensions alter when
being subjected to electrostatic fields.  The charge is
directionally proportional to the applied voltage.  To
obtain high amplitude vibrations the length of the crystal
must be matched to the frequency of the generator which
produces resonant conditions.
2. 11. Abrasive Slurry  The abrasive slurry contains fine
abrasive grains. The grains are usually boron carbide,
aluminum oxide, or silicon carbide ranging in grain size
from 100 for roughing to 1000 for finishing.  It is used to
microchip or erode the work piece surface and it is also
used to carry debris away from the cutting area.
3. 12. Tool holder  The shape of the tool holder is
cylindrical or conical, or a modified cone which helps in
magnifying the tool tip vibrations.  In order to reduce the
fatigue failures, it should be free from nicks, scratches and
tool marks and polished smooth.