Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. WOMEN ONLY
Increasingly, women are taking their holidays without men. For _____ (1. SAFE) reasons, camaraderie
or just plain fun, a growing number of female tourists are singing up for women-only trips. Twenty years ago
only a _____ (2. HAND) of companies offered such holidays; now there are several hundred. Travel _____ (3.
CONSULT) Andre Littlewood says that the combination of higher incomes with delayed marriage, divorce,
retirement and widowhood has _____ (4. ABLE) more women to travel, often on their own. They are attracted
by the sense of _____ (5. FREE) that a holiday without men affords them. “Women in a group tend to feel
_____ (6. INHIBIT) and speak more openly than when men are around”, she adds. “Even on energy-sapping
adventure holidays the atmosphere is relaxed and _____ (7. CO-OPERATE). It’s also a great deal more fun.
Women laugh more _____ (8. READY) than men, probably because they don’t mind laughing at themselves.”
Since her divorce Janice Cummings has been a regular traveler with Everywoman Tours, and Oxford-based
Company whose very name is a _____ (9. DETER) to men. “And a good thing too,” she says. “Men simply
cannot resist the _____ (10. TEMPT) to try and take control, no matter where they are. And that includes on
holiday. Thankfully, there is none of that with Everywoman.”
IV. AN EMAIL-FAN
I think the computer is such a useful invention. Take e-mail, for example. It’s such an easy and (1.
PAIN) _________ way to write letters. When I was younger, I rarely ever put pen to paper, not even to say
“thank you” for presents sent by (2. THOUGHT) _________ relatives. They must have thought I was so (3.
GRATITUDE) _________. Now, though, you can’t keep me away from the keyboard. I can (4. CHEER)
________ spend hours typing away on my computer, all types of messages to all types of people.
One of the worst (5. ADVANTAGE) _________ for me of writing by hand was always the (6.
EMBARRASS) __________ of knowing that people would be able to see and criticize my untidy handwriting
and (7. CARE) _________ spelling. Now, of course, thanks to the spell-check, I can edit what I’ve written
VII. How easy it is to understand another person’s character? My friend, Peter, was once a rather (1. annoy)
_____ person. He was always getting into trouble at school because he was so (2. obey) _____ . In class, he was
very (3. talk) _____ and never stopped making jokes. The teachers all told him he was (4. polite) _____
because he interrupted them. When I met him, he was very (5. friend) _____ and didn’t want to talk to me at
all. People told me that he stole things, and that he was (6. honest) _____. His school work was terrible. He
didn’t take any (7. proud) _____ in his writing, he never spent enough time doing his homework, and he was
not at all careful. One day he saw a gang of boys (8. attack) _____ an old man. Peter hated (9. violent) _____
and he fought them all until they ran away. He was awarded a medal for (10. brave) _____. After that, people
change their minds about him.
VIII. The medieval crusades, when Western European knights and (1. adventure) ________attempted to seize
Jerusalem from the hands of the Seljuk Turks, are widely (2. understand) _________by most people in the
West to be glamorous and heroic. True, the level of heroism was occasionally (3. impress) ________, but in
fact the crusaders were ignorant and (4. guide) ________. For example, they viewed the Byzantine Emperor,
through whose lands they had to travel, as an annoying (5. relevant) ________ denying him even so much as a
(6. consult)_______ role in the proceedings. In reality, his long experience of the Saracens had given him a(n)
(7.consider) _______ knowledge of their fighting methods and politics. His advice, had the crusaders chosen to
follow it, would have been absolutely (8. value) _______. Instead, they (9. repeat) ________dismissed it as
(10. worth) _______ with the result that, despite initial success, the crusades eventually dwindled to
ignominious failure.
X. A recent report has warned of global food _____ (1. short) unless the current system of farming and food
distribution is changed. The report highlights fears that currently rapid increase in yields come at the expense of
_____ (2. sustain), and that unless action is taken hunger and _____ (3. nutrient) will become growing
problems.
The population is expected to rise to around 8.3 billion in the next twenty years, and _____ (4. urban) is
set to continue, and it is expected that 65-70% of the world’s population will live in cities. Increasing world
_____ (5. prosperous) will lead to the rise in demand for energy, food and fresh water.
The report also considers the billion people worldwide who _____ (6. eat) and are therefore obese to be
another example of the failure of the current system to provide health and well-being to the world’s population.
The authors believe that the _____ (7. apply) of new technologies can play a role in _____ (8. minimal)
future food shortages. They see cloning nanotechnology and genetic _____ (9. modify) as potential solutions.
However, although many of these technologies have been adopted worldwide, there is still _____ (10. resist) to
their use in parts of Europe.
XI. Psychologists agree that conflicts are inevitable in almost any long-term _____ (1. relate); however, what
matters most is the way in which they are resolved rather than the sources of the _____ (2. agree) themselves.
According to recent studies, the methods that couples use to settle their differences are crucial to the success of
the outcome.
One of the interesting findings is that although _____ (3. excess) aggressive behavior patterns are
obviously _____ (4. desire), what must be avoided at all costs is the _____ (5. suppress) of anger, as feelings
of resentment can lead a relationship to break down _____ (6. retrieve).
It is essential for couples to communicate when things start going wrong, and successful conflict _____
(7. resolve) involves a three stage process. Firstly, one partner should explain precisely what the problem is and
should try and remain as calm and _____ (8. emotion) as possible. Secondly, the couple should discuss the
specific problem in detail, taking care not to rake up old grievances. Finally, and perhaps most _____ (9.
importance), there should be negotiation until a _____ (10. satisfy) agreement is reached. This may not mean
that their problem will be solved, but even this is preferable to allowing a problem to rankle.
XII. Historically, Mars was thought to be the most likely planet to harbor life. There is a reflection of such
_____ (1. believe) in popular culture as expressed in literature, radio and film. Public fascination with Martians
began in the late 19th century when, in 1877, astronomer Giovanni Sciaparelli reported _____ (2. observe) of
large channels on Marc.
In 1897, H.G Wells “The War of the Worlds” was the first major work to explore the _____ (3.
conceive) of the “extraterrestrial invader” and exerted a substantial influence on the public psyche. A few years
later, even _____ (4. knowledge) astronomers such as Percival Lowell seriously advocated the possibility of
life forms as described in his book mars as the Abode of Life (1910). Consequently, Mars began to take a
XIII. Since the world has become _____ (1. industry) there has been an increase in the number of animal
species that have either become extinct or have neared _____ (2. extinct). Bengal tigers, for instance, which
once roamed the jungles in vast numbers, now _____ (3. number) only about 2,300 and by the year 2025 their
population is estimated to be down to zero. What is _____ (4. alarm) about the case of the Bengal tiger is that
this extinction will have been cuased almost entirely by _____ (5. poach) who, according to some sources, are
not interested in material gain but in personal _____ (6. gratify). This is an example of the _____ (7. callous)
that is part of what is causing the problem of extinction. Animals like the Bengal tiger, as well as other _____
(8. danger) species, are a valuable part of the world’s ecosystem. International laws _____ (9. protect) these
animals must be _____ (10. act) to ensure their survival, and the survival of our planet.
XIV. According to a recent survey in Britain, the two sexes differed _____ (1. significant). More women than
men emphasized _____ (2. confidence) and trust; more men than women emphasized _____ (3. please) in a
friend’s company, going out with a friend and having a friend in one’s home. This is not surprising _____ (4.
give) the traditional differences in sex roles, women are supposed to be more _____ (5. express) than men, and
working class men, in particular, have often been described as spending their leisure time outside the home, in
the company of other men. And since an English man’s home is supposed to be his castle, it is natural that, apart
from relatives only close friends are allowed or welcomed into it.
More _____ (6. surprise) is that as many men as women defined a close friend as someone they can call
on for help. It may be that with a nuclear family structure and quite a high level of physical and social _____ (7.
mobile), friends are now _____ (8. substitute) for relatives of both sexes. Among the middle-aged men and
women in this study, the lack of contact with relatives, even those who lived nearby, was _____ (9. note),
suggesting that friends and relatives are indeed _____ (10. change).
XV. The entire ecological system on Earth can be thought as one huge living (1) ......................... (ORGAN). It
is composed infinitesimal number of (2) ......................... (DEPENDENCE) units that all play their part in
contributing to the well–being and functioning of the whole. We human beings are, of course, a part of this (3)
......................... (INTRICACY) web of life. Unfortunately, we often forget we are (4) .........................
(EXTRICABLE) linked to nature, and by doing so, (5) ......................... (ADVERT) contribute to its slow
destruction. Survival will depend on our (6) ......................... (WILL) to reorganize our political thinking.
No longer can those who ignore nature’s (7) ......................... (WARN) continue to bury their heads in the sand.
Unless these politicians (who, in (8) ......................... (DEMOCRACY) countries, are supposed to listen to the
people as well as to corporations) do something about the enormous environmental problems facing the Earth,
they will cease to be (9) ......................... (RESPECT), and this will mean our old system of government will
(10) ......................... (EVITABLE) change and collapse. Nothing can save them.
XVI. A live broadcast of any public event, such as a space flight or sporting occasion, is almost _____ (1.
variable) accompanied by the thoughts of a _____ (2. comment). This may be on television, along with the
relevant pictures, alternative on radio. The technique involved _____ (3. different) between the two media,
with radio broadcasters needing to be more explicit and _____ (4. describe) because of the absence of visual
information. TV commentators do not need to paint a picture for their audience; instead, their various _____ (5.
observe) should add to the images that are already there. There will sometimes be silences and pauses in a TV
commentary, although these are becoming _____ (6. increase) rare. Both types of commentators should try to
be informative, but should avoid sounding _____ (7. opinion). In sports commentaries, fairness and _____ (8.
impart) to both sides is vital, but spontaneity and enthusiasm are valued by those watching or listening. Sports
XVII. Gift exchange, which is also called (0) ceremonial (CEREMONY)exchange, is the transfer of goods or
services that, although regarded as (1)............(VOLUNTEER) by people involved, is part of the expected
social (2)........... (BEHAVE). Gift exchange may be distinguished from other types of exchange in several
respects: the first offering is made in a generous manner and there is no haggling between donor and (3)...........
(RECEIVE); the exchange is an expression of an existing social relationship or the establishment of a new one
that differs from (4)................(PERSON) (market relationships; and the profit in gift exchange may be in the
sphere of social relationship and prestige rather than in material advantage. The gift- exchange cycle entails
(5)............. (OBLIGE) to give, to receive, and to return. Sanctions may exist to induce people to give,
(6).............(APPROVE) or loss of prestige resulting from a failure to do so. (7).............(REFUSE) to accept a
gift may be seen as rejection of social relations and may lead to enmity. The reciprocity of the cycle rests in the
necessity to return the gift; the prestige associated with the appearance of (8)..............(GENEROUS) dictates
that the value of the return be(9)..............(APPROXIMATE) equal to or greater than the value of the original
gift. Alongside its obvious economic functions, gift exchange is (10).................(SIGNIFY) expression of social
relations.
XIX. The essence of flamenco is song, often accompanied by the guitar and improvised dance. Music and dance
can be placed into specific groups. These categories are usually located across a continuum with subjetcs
dealing with the profound to those that are light-hearted. ______ (1. type), the themes of death, anguish and
despair, in contrast to love, gaiety and the countryside are ______ (2. drama). In flamenco dance, the men’s
steps are intricate, with toe and heel clicking. Footwork in women’s dancing is of less importance, with the
______ (3. grace) use of hands and body taking ______ (4. precede). In the dance, the arm, hand and foot
movements closely resemble those of classical Hindu dance. Essential to traditional flamenco is the performer’s
interpretation of the dance ______ (5. hinder) by the emotion of the music. Performances are often
accompanied by rapid hand clapping, finger sanpping and ______ (6. courage) shouts. The dancers themselves
frequently employ finger snapping in complex rhythms including the use of castanets. This dance form was
______ (7. profession) in the 19th century, when Romany people first began to perform in café. In this
environment, ______ (8. depart) from the traditional form occurred. Unfortunately, the pressures of the ______
(9. commerce) stage meant that rehearsed routines replaced the ______ (10. spontaneous) of the original
flamenco performances.