BULLYING EFFECT AS REFLECTED IN PALACIO’S

WONDER: A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

By:
Winda Eka Pahla Ayuningtyas
1500004095

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS AHMAD DAHLAN
2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ........................................................................................................................ i
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................ ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ................................................................... 1
B. Identification of the Problem ............................................................ 4
C. Limitation of the Problem ................................................................. 4
D. Formulation of the Study................................................................... 5
E. Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 5
F. Significance of the Study ..................................................................5
G. Presentation........................................................................................6
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Biography of the Author .................................................................... 7
B. Theory of Psychological Approach ....................................................8
C. Theory of Plot.....................................................................................10
D. Bullying ..............................................................................................13
E. Theory of Moral Value .......................................................................23
F. Literary Review...................................................................................25
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of Research ................................................................................ 28
B. Data Collecting Method ..................................................................... 29
C. Data Analyzing Techniques ............................................................... 29
CHAPTER IV
A. Plot........................................................................................................31
B. Bullying Effect Experienced by The Main Character...........................40
C. The Moral Values.................................................................................55
CHAPTER V
A. Conclusion............................................................................................58
B. Suggestion.............................................................................................59
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter are concerned with background of the study, identification of the

problem, limitation of the problem, formulation of the problem, objectives of the

study, and significances of the study.

A. Background of the Study

Cases of violence against children still occur in the world of education,

especially Indonesia. Based on Indonesian child protection commission/KPAI

(http://nasional.tempo.co/) in direct complaints, investigations and monitoring of

cases in the field, the trend of child violations in education has experienced ups

and downs. The agency recorded the number of cases of violence against children

in the education sector until May 30, 2018 as many as 161 cases. The details are

23 cases of child brawls (14.3 percent), 31 cases of brawls (19.3 percent), and 36

cases of child victims of violence and bullying (22.4 percent). Furthermore, there

were 41 cases of child abuse and bullying (25.5 percent) and 30 cases of child

victims of education policy (18.7 percent). From these data we can conclude that

cases of bullying still occur frequently in Indonesian education. Sometimes we

feel bad when someone hurts and all that will disturb the mentality especially

when someone hurts us repeatedly especially bullying. Bullying can affect

everyone those who are bullied, those who bully, and those who witness bullying.

1
 2

According to the case, the researcher interested to scrutinize bullying effect

written by Palacio with a title Wonder. The choice of the novel Wonder by R.J

Palacio as the topic of the research is based on the following reason. First, the

novel tells about a ten-year-old-kid who has a trouble with his face and tries to

adapt with his environment which can not easily receive his deficiency. The main

conflict of this novel is bullying which occur on elementary school. Auggie can

experience negative physical, school, and mental health issues because he always

got bad word, rude attitude from his friend. But, he always makes everything

good. Besides that, there is also other characters who have impact for Auggie’s

life especially. The are several plots tell that Auggie can change the attitudes and

thoughts of those around him, especially his family and friends. From these

problems, we can also get the important point that the effects of bullying not

about negative things, on the other hand with encouragement from people around

the victims, bullying case can be removed. It can even change the victim's

personality for the better.

Second, the novel Wonder is written by R.J Palacio. Her debut novel, Wonder,

has been on the New York Times bestseller list since March, 2012, and has sold

over 5 million copies worldwide. The book’s message of kindness has inspired the

Choose Kind movement, and has been embraced by readers, young and old,

around the world.

Third, her novel Wonder has become a favorite of teachers and educators all

over the country. It has been published in 45 countries, and has sold over 5

million copies worldwide. In addition to Wonder, Palacio has published 365 Days

 3

of Wonder: Mr. Browne's Book of Precepts (August, 2014), and Auggie &

Me, (October 2015), which includes print editions of the original e-book novel

as: The Julian Chapter, Pluto, and Shingaling. Palacio's newest work, a picture

book called We're All Wonders, which she both wrote and illustrated, introduces

Auggie and the themes of kindness and empathy and tolerance to younger

children. We're All Wonders comes out March, 2017.

Fourth, Wonder tells about bullying which is become a rare topic in literary

work. Bullying is a case that is closely related to psychology. The effects of

bullying have an impact on the psychology of the victim. Like what happened to

Auggie, he experienced psychological problems that became rebellious to his

parents and stubborn because of bullying. But bullying makes Auggie get better

because he can psychologically fight his emotional. And the researcher tried to

relate the conflict with the psychological approach. Such as Auggie's struggle to

be accepted in their environment, the effort of the family to give the best for

Auggie, and the bullying received by Auggie from the surrounding people

especially children in school. The researcher takes the bullying conflict by linking

it to psychology because nowadays there are a lot of bullying cases that has an

effect for the psychological victim especially depressed. And bullying is a

problem that cannot be underestimated. Because if it happens continuously can

make bad impact.

 4

B. Identification of the Problems

After reading the novel, the researcher found several interesting problems to

be analyzed, namely:

1. the plot of the novel Wonder by R.J Palacio,

2. the bullying effect experienced by a ten-year-old kid observed

psychologically as reflected in the novel,

3. the struggle of the main character to overcome bullying experienced as

reflected in the novel,

4. the life’s problem of the other characters in the novel,

5. the characterization of characters in the novel,

6. the moral values can be taken from the novel.

C. Limitation of the Problems

The novel entitled Wonder by R.J Palacio has some topic to be analyzed,

namely:

1. the plot of the novel Wonder by R.J Palacio,

2. the bullying effect experienced by a ten-year-old kid observed

psychologically as reflected in the novel,

3. the moral values can be taken from the novel.

 5

D. Formulation of the Problems

Limitation of the problems, the researcher formulates of the problem of the

research:

1. how does the author describe the plot of the novel Wonder by R.J

Palacio?

2. how does the bullying effect a ten-year-old kid in the novel observed

psychologically?

3. how does the author describe the moral values from the novel ?

E. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the research are:

1. to describe the plot of the novel Wonder by R.J Palacio,

2. to describe the bullying effect experienced by the main character in the

novel observed psychologically?

3. to describe the moral values from the novel.

F. Significances of the Study

This study has some benefits for the readers and for researcher :

1. to give contribution to development the literary study,

2. the reader can get knowledge about bullying effect and can prevent

bullying especially for the kids,

 6

3. it is to help the readers in general and the students or English teacher

especially who are interested in literature to get more advantages and

increase their literary understanding.

G. Presentation

The researche are divided in to five chapters including bibliography Chapter

one is introduction, which contains background of the study, identification of the

problem, limitation of the problems, formulation of the problem, objective of the

study, significance of the study, and presentation. Chapter two is theoritical

framework, which contains biography novel and moral value. Chapter three is

method, which contain type research, type of data, data collecting method and

data analyzing method. Chapter four is research findings, contains intrinsic

elements of the novel, the revenge of the main character in the novel and moral

values of the novel. Chapter five is conclusions and suggestion.

 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In this chapter, the researcher talks about the theoretical framework. It

contains of biography of the author, theory of psychological approach, theory of

plot, definition of bullying, and theory of moral values.

A. Biography of the Author

Raquel Jaramillo Palacio is an American publisher, writer, and cover

designer. The name of Raquel Jaramillo Palacio is a pseudonym that she used as

her name’s writer of her first novel Wonder (2012). She was born in New York

July 13, 1963. She grew up loving books by authors like Judy Blume and worked

as the director of children's publishing at Workman. She is an author who made a

splash with her #1 New York Times bestselling novel Wonder in 2012. She'd

previously spent nearly two decades designing book jackets for a wide array of

writers, including Sue Grafton and Salman Rushdie.(www.famousbirthdays.com).

Her book Wonder was inspired by a real-life incident in which her three-year-

old son reacted negatively to a girl with a facial deformity. When one day she and

her son were in an ice cream shop and suddenly his son saw a child with

deformity face and immediately react with negatively. She then realized that the

time had come for her to write a novel, she finally decided to write a novel

inspired by the child. Wonder is the first novel that she wrote. Although, she is a

cover designer but she is not the person who designed the cover of the novel, she

entrusted the cover design of the novel to others.

7
 8

Now, she has been married and lives with her husband and her two sons in

New York.

B. Theory of Psychological Approach

In this research, the researcher uses psychological approach to analyze the

novel because this approach assumes that Psychology can be used to criticizing

the literary works. Psychology is study of the human soul, this study can

understand about human’s behavior, how they think about and how they are

feeling, and also how they are doing something. In literary works, usually the

author is pouring their feelings or their soul into the story or the character they

write. The psychological approach, which used in analyzing literary works,

always talk about human life, behavior, mental illness, and the clarity of reality.

Subhan (2012:74) states that “psychological approach or psychology of

literature is used to explain the psychology of the author and have impact to the

creation of the novel.” In relation to this research, the psychological approach is

very suitable to be used to analyze psychological effects written by the author in

the novel.

Albertine (2010:3) in her book said: “Psychology comes from the Greek

psyche, meaning soul, and logos which means science. So psychology means

psychology or science that investigates and studies human behavior.” In other

words, psychology is a scientific field that studies interactions and actions carried

out between humans.

Psychologist explore behavior and mental processes, including perception,

cognition, attention, emotion (affect), intelligence, phenomenology, motivation

 9

(conation), brain functioning, and personality. James (1947:16) in his book said:

“Psychology is concerned with the study of the mental process and behavior of all

human beings, with emphasis on the normal.”

Another expert, Dennis (1986:3) in his book said: “Psychology is memory,

stress, therapy, love, persuasion, hypnosis, perception, death, conformity,

creativity, learning, personality, aging, intelligence, sexuality, emotion, and many,

many more topics.” With the conclusion that psychology is a feeling that exists in

humans.

Wellek and Warren (1956:90) relate between psychology and literature, stated

that psychological in a literary works has meanings, such as:

1. Psychological Approach to the Author as a Person

The author shows that they life obsession in the work they with full

application, carefulness, consciousness, and also they show the nature type in the

working and the types contrast to them as personality.

2. Psychological Approach to Creative Process of Literary Work

The creative process of literary work contains at all the stage start from

pushing which it is also not conscious condition that born the literary work as far

as to last correction that done by writer.

3. Psychological Approach to the Psychological Rules and Norm that can be

Gained from a Literary Work

Literary work is the social institution that makes language as medium. The

technique of traditional literature like symbols and social aspect represent

conventional and social fact in the life event of human being.

 10

4. Literary Approach to the Influence of Literary Works Through the Readers

Literary works has the power to raise the reader is empathy and sympathy. It

will show the life events of human beings from the reader, so that the reader will

be interested to read it.

In analyzing Wonder, the researcher used psychology as the approach to

analyze the novel because bullying effect includes in the study of psychology.

Psychology is also cannot be separated from literary work because every story in

novel always has problems.

C. Theory of Plot

Plot is one of the important elements in literary work, because plot is the

sequence of events in which a story is arranged. It means, every important event

in a story can be reveal through plot. Klarer (2004: 15) stated that plot is the

logical interaction of the sequence of events in a story which lead to a change of

the authentic situation as presented at the beginning of the fiction.

Inside a plot, there is an element to make a story interesting to read, and that is

a conflict. Hornby (2002: 272) said: “Conflict is a situation in which people,

groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument.” Hence,

conflict cannot be separated from the character of the story.

Subhan (2015: 23) states that plot can be defined as the necessary chosen

order of a fiction. This definition is based on the fact that the story in a novel

consists of many events that should be arranged in such a way that the story

becomes coherent, meaningful, and interesting. The plot of the novel is not like

the arrangement of in the history. The events in the novel, the history are arranged
 11

chronologically whereas the events in the novel are arranged based on the cause-

and result relationship.

The German critic Gustav Freytag, in Technique of the Drama (1863) in

Abram (2009:267-268) introduced an analysis of plot that is known as Freytag’s

Pyramid

(source: www.reserachgate.net)

He described the typical plot of a five-act play as a pyramidal shape, consisting

of a rising action, climax, and falling action. Here is the writer will define each

step:

1. Exposition

Setting the scene. The writer introduces the characters and setting,

providing description and background.

2. Inciting Incident

Something happens to begin the action. A single event usually signals the

beginning of the main conflict. The inciting incident is sometimes called 'the

complication'.

3. Rising Action

The story builds and gets more exciting.

 12

4. Climax

The moment of greatest tension in a story. This is often the most exciting

event. It is the event that the rising action builds up to and that the falling

action follows.

5. Falling Action

Events happen as a result of the climax and we know that the story will

soon end.

6. Resolution

The character solves the main problem/conflict or someone solves it for

him or her.

7. Dénouement

The ending, at this point, any remaining secrets, questions or mysteries

which remain after the resolution are solved by the characters or explained by

the author. Sometimes the author leaves us to think about the theme or future

possibilities for the characters. Dénouement is such as the opposite of the

exposition: instead of getting ready to tell us the story by introducing the

setting and characters, the author is getting ready to end it with a final

explanation of what actually happened and how the characters think or feel

about it. This can be the most difficult part of the plot to identify, as it is often

very closely tied to the resolution.

Although the total pattern that Freytag described applies only to a limited

number of plays, various of his terms are frequently echoed by critics of prose

fiction as well as drama. Therefore, plot is series of events and it is played by the
 13

character. The character and the plot could not be separated. It is connected one of

each other.

D. Bullying experienced by the main character

Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that

involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the

potential to be repeated, over time. Bullying starts in early age. Child starts to

build an initial concept of bullying. Then, it starts increasing and continues until it

reaches it is peak in the basic phase stage (4, 5, and 6). It continues in higher basic

stage, and then started to decline at secondary level (Dickerson, 2005). Both kids

who are bullied and who bully others may have serious, lasting problems.

Bullying is linked to many negative outcomes including impacts on mental health,

substance use, and suicide. Bullying exists in all communities since long time.

Bullying exists either in developed or developing societies. According to Daniels

et al (2009) there are three topics related to bullying:

1. Problems of Bullying

Bullying in school is a worldwide problem that can have negative

consequences for the general school climate and for the right of students to

learn in a safe environment without fear. Bullying can also have negative

lifelong consequences. Both for students who bully and for their victims.

Teachers, as adults who are responsible in ensuring the school environment is

conducive to learning, should be involved in reducing bullying behaviour at

their schools. The best way to reduce bullying is to recognize that bullying can

occur at all levels within the hierarchy of the school that is from kindergarten
 14

through high school. Most schools have adopted anti-bullying policies and

made it clear that bullying is never acceptable (2008).

Ross (2002, p. 107) states in her research that “15% to 20% of all students

will experience some form of bullying during their school years and between

10% and 20% of children are bullied often enough for them to consider it a

serious problem”. Harris & Hathorn (2006, p. 55) indicate that bullying is

most likely to decrease as students get older. They report that “incidences of

bullying in boys decreased from 50% at age 8 to 7.5% at age 18” and

“incidences of bullying in girls decreased from 35% at age 8 to 14.5% at age

18”. Auggie and his friends are ten years old who study on Elementary

School. So, this could be one of the reasons why they bully Auggie to improve

his status as a cool kid, just like what happened in the novel. Thijs &

Verkuyten (2008) state that bullying at school tends to occur in secluded

places such as classroom, and playgrounds especially when there are no

teachers to monitor students. Here is the writer will define each place:

a. Bullying at Play Ground

Bullying in schools frequently takes place in the playground,

especially at Primary School level. School playgrounds with hidden or

obscured parts away from adult supervision can provide an environment

conducive to bullying, and noise levels can mask much of what is going

on. However, when a child is the victim of playground bullying, what used

to be a haven for fun becomes a place of exclusion. Craig W & Pepler D

(2000) state that there were more opportunities to observe aggression and
 15

receive and initiate aggression in the playground. Nonaggressive children

were more likely to bully in the playground. The nature of bullying

reflected the constrains of the context (i.e direct bullying more prevalent in

the playground). The bullying was reported as most frequently taking

place during break-times in the relatively open playground spaces of the

oval and hard surface play areas. Students who reported being victimized

were significantly more likely to report playing alone, feeling unhappier

and less safe in the playground.

b. Bullying at Classroom

Bullying is now a serious problem in the education sector and if it

continues unchecked, the whole school environment can be affected in

many ways especially in the classroom. Bullying in the school is common

problem that we ever saw or did and it could be younger children; it might

be more verbal or physical. Craig W & Pepler D (2000) state that the

nature of bullying reflected the constrains of the context (i.e indirect

bullying was more prevalent in the classroom). And aggressive children

were more likely to bully in the classroom. Children often bully directly

when in the classroom. They brave to speak out to the bullied especially in

the spare time when no one teacher in the classroom. And it can be a

serious problem for the bullied because the bullier will more aggressive.

And the bullied can get bad impact in his psychology or mentally.
 16

2. Bullying Effect

Brown and Taylor (2008) that uses regression based techniques to show

that bullying is associated with reduced educational attainment and wages. But

not only are victims potentially affected, also the bully himself may suffer. Le

et al. (2005) is a rare study that uses twins to identify the negative effects of

being a bully, among other conduct disorders, on schooling and labour market

outcomes. Domenech et al (2009) said on his book that there are variety of

ways to find out if your child is experiencing bullying from the following

effects:

a. Short-term effects

All kids are different and are likely to exhibit varying behaviours

during or after bullying by a peer. With relational aggression on the rise

and cyberbullying easier than ever, it should be noted that bullying can be

ongoing for long periods of time before students seek help. Effects on the

bullied victim can include: 1) social isolation, 2) feelings of shame, 3)

sleep disturbance, 4) changes in eating habits, 5) low self-esteem, 6)

school avoidance, 7) symptoms of anxiety, 8) bedwetting, 9) higher risk of

illness, 10) psychosomatic symptoms, 11) poor school performance, 12)

symptoms of depression.

b. Long-term effects

With immediate and proper mental health treatment and support

systems in place, victims can stave off some of the potential long-term

consequences of bullying. Without intervention, however, kids are at risk

 17

for the following: 1) chronic depression, 2) increased risk of suicidal

thoughts, suicide plans, and suicide attempts, 3) anxiety disorders, 4) post-

traumatic stress disorder, 5) poor general health, 6) self-destructive

behaviour, including self-harm, 7) substance abuse, 8) difficulty

establishing trusting, reciprocal friendships and relationships.

Childhood bullying has serious effects on both short and long-term

health of children. Immediate intervention and long-term follow-up can

help mediate some of these effects. It is imperative that schools, families,

and communities work together to understand bullying and its

consequences and find ways to decrease, and hopefully eradicate, bullying

both in schools and communities. Ross states that (2002, p, 106), “the

problem with the repeated occurrence requirement is that the waiting

period heightens the negative effects on the victim, allows the bully to feel

rewarded, increases fear in onlookers, and makes intervention more

lengthy process”.

3. Types of Bullying

According to Lee (2004:16) bullying can involve many types of

behaviours. There are some types of bullying as follows:

a. Physical bullying

Physical bullying is more than punching or kicking which is a direct

form. It can assume indirect forms, such as taking one’s possessions or

damaging property. Coloroso (2008) states that, although physical bullying

is the most visible and, therefore, the most readily identifiable form of
 18

bullying, it accounts for less than one third of bullying incidents reported

by children. Salivalli, Kaukiainen and Langerspertz (1998) stress that

physical bullying involves behaviours whereby the perpetrator might

punch, hit and/or steal money from the victim. Larsen (2005) will rather

put it that the problem for a school is that physical bullying presents a

challenge for that school to maintain a safe and orderly learning

environment

b. Social bullying

Social bullying is also known as relational bullying (Coloroso, 2008).

This involves psychological harm and manipulation of the social system. It

involves situations where the perpetrator might spread rumours, back bite

and/or exclude the victim from the peer group. Lee (2004) defines social

bullying as one which includes deliberate exclusion from a social group or

intimidation within the group. Social bullying is sometimes difficult to

detect from the outside and could be direct with exclusion, ignoring,

isolating or shunning experienced by the victim (Salivalli, Kankianen &

Lagerspetz, 1998).

c. Verbal bullying

Verbal bullying is seen as one of the most common types of bullying

used by both boys and girls. Verbal bullying accounts for 70 per cent of

reported cases which can have an immediate impact (Lee, 2004; Coloroso,

2008). Verbal bullying is referred to as name calling, teasing and verbal

threats as stated by Olweus (1993). Words alone do have power. While the
 19

effects of physical bullying may be more obvious at first, verbal bullying

is more insidious and, over long periods of time, works to destroy a child's

self- image and self- esteem. This can lead to depression, anxiety and other

problems. In extreme cases, several well-noted instances of teen suicide

have been linked to prolonged verbal bullying of a classmate or peer.

Verbal bullying should not be treated as kids simply being kids and should

be dealt with seriously by parents, counsellors, teachers and school

administrators (Lee, 2004).

d.Cyber bullying

Cyber bullying can be viewed as repetitive when a message, photograph

or video-clip is taken once and sent to more than one individual who, in

turn, forward this to other people, or alternatively upload the material onto

a website. Every time someone accesses this site or material, it can be

viewed as repetition (Juvonen & Gross, 2008). Cyber bullying means that

a child or teen is subjected to text messages, emails or online posts, such

as Facebook, Twitter, blogs or other websites. These messages are

sometimes cruel in nature, threatening, defamatory (saying things that are

not true) and deliberately misleading (for example, claiming to be from

someone other than the actual sender).

e. Psychological bullying

Psychological bullying is when someone, or a group of people,

repeatedly and intentionally uses words or actions which cause an

individual psychological harm. The psychological bully is the one who

 20

beats a person up emotionally to try to make him or her uncomfortable,

disturbed and destabilised in mind. Intimidating someone, manipulating

people and stalking a person are all examples of psychological bullying.

People in popular groups or cliques often bully people they categorize as

different by excluding them or gossiping about them (Lee, 2004).

Students, dealing with psychological bullying, view their schools as less

safe, and they are less pleased with the atmosphere of the school. Boys are

more likely than girls to carry weapons to school as a result of physical

and psychological bullying (Coloroso,2008). However, this type of

bullying could be overlooked by schools, counsellors, parents and

teachers. School authorities and teachers worry more about physical

bullying and rate psychological bullying, such as being shunned by their

classmates, as less serious and upsetting to the victim. Psychological

bullying is linked to the feelings of victimization, depression, anxiety,

loneliness, social dissatisfaction and low self-esteem (Cowie & Jennifer,

2008; Coloroso, 2008; Boulton & Underwood, 1992).

4. Children Bullying

Bullying is a problem that affects all of our children - those who bully,

those who are victimized, and those who are witnesses to interpersonal

violence. Statistics on the rates of bullying and cyberbullying vary between

studies due to the measures used, the questions asked, and the population

studied. However, the general consensus is that one out of three children are
 21

bullied at school, in the neighborhood, or online and that one out of three

children bully others.

There are some causes of bullying among children; individual, family,

peer, school, and community factors can place a child or youth at risk for

bullying. These factors work individually, or collectively, to contribute to a

child's likelihood of bullying (Thomas & Cristin, 2001). For example:

a. Family factor

Lack of warmth and involvement of parents, parenting is too

permissive (including lack of limits for children's behavior), lack of

supervision by parents, severe physical discipline, modeling parents about

bullying behavior, victimization by older siblings, can be a trigger for the

emergence of rebellious and carelessness in children.

b. Peer risk factor

Friends who bully, friends who have positive attitudes about violence,

some aggressive children who take on high status roles may use bullying

as a way to enhance their social power and protect their prestige with

peers, some children with low social status may use bullying as a way to

deflect taunting and aggression that is directed towards them, or to

enhance their social position with higher status peers.

c. Other Factors

1) Bullying thrives in schools where faculty and staff do not address

bullying, where there is no policy against bullying and where there is little

supervision of students specially during lunch, bathroom breaks, and

 22

recesses, 2) Models of bullying behaviour are prevalent throughout

society, especially in television, movies, and video games, when children

are aggregated together, they associate with others who are similar to them

or who have qualities or characteristics that in some way support their own

behaviors. 3) For teenage girls, social aggression can be a way of creating

excitement or alleviating boredom. It is also used as a method of gaining

attention from other girls in order to secure friendships.

Bullying is difficult to eradicate in schools and in modern culture because

it is so often effectively used by both children and adults. Adults should avoid

aggressive, intimidating, and abusive behaviours, and instead model the social

and emotional behaviours that they would like to see reflected by our youth.

E. Theory of Moral Value

The literary work can be a medium of communication in the role of conveying

the moral value which delivered by the author through the story. Moral values are

rules that determine good or bad things, and how humans should behave towards

each other. The reader can get the moral value from a story by reading and

comprehending the meaning contained in it.

Moral value is value that must be separated with other values. Every value

will get quality if it has relation with other values. For example, Honesty is

example of moral values, this value has no meaning if it does not be applied with

other values. Economic Value is relation of human and thing. Thing is needed

because its usefulness. Economic Value relate with purpose value (Rosyadi:2004:

123). Loyalty is moral value, but it must be applied with other, humanity value for
 23

general, for example, love of husband and wife (Bertens: 2000: 142). Then, there

are four characteristics of moral value. There are as following:

1. Moral value is related with responsibility

Moral value is related with human personality, but beside moral value we

also automatically can say other values.Moral value makes people wrong or

not, because he/she has responsibility. Especially moral value is related with

human personality of responsibility. Moral value just can be real in action

wholly if it became responsibility of the involved person.

2. Moral value is related with pure heart

All values need to make it real. Because it has persuasive power, it should

be practice. For example, aesthetic value, it should be practiced, play music

composition or others. After that the result of it, painting want to be showed,

and music want to be listened. To make moral value to be real, it can be

appealed from pure heart. One of special characteristics of moral values is this

value will effect voice of pure heart to accuse us if oppose moral value and

praise us if make moral value.

3. Obligation

Moral value obligates us absolutely and it can not be compromised. Other

values need to be real and admitted, for example, aesthetic value. Educative

and cultural person will admit and enjoying aesthetic value. But indifferent

people can’t we blame. Moral value obligates us as such, without requirement.

For example, honesty orders us to return thing that borrowed, like or not,

because moral value contains an imperative category. In other value for

 24

example, if badminton player wants to be champion, he/she must try hard. It’s

a must to be champion, but there is a limitation.

4. Formality

Moral value is not stand-alone without other value. Although moral value

is top value that we must appreciate, but it is not in top without other value.

Moral values did not separate with other values. For example, a seller applies

moral values all at once with apply economic values. Moral values are nothing

without other values. It is form of formality. (Bertens,2000:143-147)

Buzan (2003: 28) states that many spiritual values or we can mention with moral

values that can be learned by all people. And this is universal values. There are

love and affection, honesty, responsibility, perseverance, integrity, harmony,

patience, bravery, justice, simplicity, peaceful etc.

F. Literary Review

The researcher tries to find the similar research concerned to Wonder by R.J

Palacio at the collection of thesis Universitas Ahmad Dahlan and other university

on Indonesia. There are similar research with this thesis.

First is the resilience of the main character as reflected in Raquel Jaramillo

Palacio’s Wonder: A psychological Approach by Ajeng Putri Nur Annisa, English

Education Department, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. In this research, the writer

tries to explain the psychological effect for Auggie (the main character) because

his deficiency. Beside that, the writer only focus on the main character Auggie,

such as the characterization and the resilience of Auggie. So, I have motivation to

make this thesis more interest with explain and put other characters for this
 25

research. Because Wonder by R.J Palacio not only has one point of view, but the

are some chapter that tells about other character such as his daughter, friend, and

family.

The second thesis is Anti-Bullying Research to Improve the Condition of

Children in Indonesia by Amitya Kumara, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas

Gajah Mada. In this research, the researcher measurement of classroom climate

and teacher skill in applying the program to know the effective of The Anti-

Bullying and Teasing Program for Preschool Classroom. In order to improve

teacher skill, classroom climate, and decreasing bullying behaviour, the results of

data analysis show that there are changes in the way teachers handle bully and

victims of bullying who previously acted reactively to become active using this

program.

And the last thesis is The portrayal of Hannah’s Struggle in Facing Bullying in

Jay Asher’s Thirteen Reasons Why: A New Criticism Study by Wuri Retno

Martani, English Literature, Universitas Airlangga. This study analyzes on how

the acts of bullying lead her decision in committing suicide. This research used

descriptive analysis method since the writer applied new criticism theory to

analyze the novel. The formal elements searched in this study are characterization,

plot and point of view. The formal elements work to shape the theme of the novel

as the organic unity. This study finds out that bullying will result to committing

suicide.

From all the studies that have been collected, the researchers compared all the

studies and wrote different thesis topics from previous studies. Research that
 26

researchers write is about the bullying effects that occur in the main character. In

addition, the researchers also examined the plots used and the moral values

obtained from the novel.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter will be concerned with the type of data, data collecting technique

and data analyzing technique.

A. Type of Research

This research belongs to library research. A library research is one of the

qualitative researches which is done based on library collections. George (2008:3)

states library research is interaction of idea from the researcher with sources also

about the basis and invention of those sources. Library research is combination

ideas between researcher and personal/ expert opinion. Where the researcher ideas

are amplified with personal/ expert opinion. Library research take actual

information or personal/ expert opinion on a research question and required part.

Library method conduct by reading the sources such as books, articles, etc.

Generally, type of this research consists of two kinds, namely the subject of

research and the object of the research.

1. The subject of this research is a novel entitled Wonder by R.J Palacio.

The novel was published by Alfred A.Knopf in February 14, 2012. It

consists of 311 pages and it is divided into 28 chapters.

2. The object of the research is the bullying effect by August Pullman as the

main character as seen in R.J Palacio’s Wonder.

The researcher uses descriptive qualitative method because the main character

does not have calculation or statistical procedure. Using descriptive qualitative

27
 28

also more appropriate than the quantitative one to get a deep understanding of the

content.

B. Data Collecting Method

In collecting data, the researcher does some steps to collect as follows:

1. The first step is reading the novel carefully several times to understand the

content of the novel, to catch the idea and find out the intrinsic elements of

the novel.

2. The second step is gaining some information. The researcher visits the

libraries to find sources that relate to the study, then reads the sources and

make some notes, categories the data and the researcher also explores the

internet to get more information and data observation to support the

research.

3. The third step is selecting data. All of the data related to the topic were used

as references to support the research such as books, journal and internet

sources are selected and analyzed to answer the problem formulation.

C. Data Analyzing Techniques

After the data are collected, they are analyzed through a deep analysis. Data

analysis that used by the researcher is qualitative description. The descriptive

qualitative research is the technique that stated by quotation or it can be described

by explanation.

The reason of using qualitative descriptive description is giving description

accurately, factually and systematically to take conclusion and relationship of the

phenomenon and the object which will be analyzed.

 29

After the data are gathered, all data will be analyzed by using objective

approach. In this research, the researcher tries to provide clearly information and

describes the intrinsic elements of the novel.

 30

CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher presents about the characterizations and the

research findings. It consists of the plot of the novel, the bullying effect

experienced by a ten-year-old kid, and the moral values of the novel.

A. Plot
The plot is one of the important elements in literary work, because the plot is

the sequence of events in which a story is arranged. It means, every important

event in a story can be revealed through the plot. The plot of the novel is not like

the arrangement of history. The events in the novel, the histories are arranged

chronologically whereas the events in the novel are arranged based on the cause-

and result relationship. The German critic Gustav Freytag introduced an analysis

of the plot that is known as Freytag's Pyramid. He described the typical plot of a

five-act play as a pyramidal shape, consisting of rising action, climax, and falling

action. Here is the writer will analyze each step:

1. Exposition

The exposition is the beginning of the story and it is the place where the

characters are introduced to the reader. In the exposition, the setting that the

story is taking place is expounded upon so that the reader can get a mental

picture of where the story is taking place. These elements are extremely

important because it contains all of the background information that is needed

 31

to understand the story and where the plot is going. It can be seen in the

quotation below:

I know I’m not an ordinary ten-year-old kid. I mean, sure, I do

ordinary things. I eat ice cream, I ride my bike, I play ball, I have
an Xbox. Stuff like that makes me ordinary. I guess. And I feel
ordinary. Inside. But I know ordinary kids don’t make other
ordinary kids run away screaming in playgrounds. I know ordinary
kids don’t get stared at wherever they go. (Palacio, 2012:3)

From the quotation above, we know that Palacio raises the main topic

from her novel. Palacio describes it from the main character who thinks that

he is a normal child with common habits like other children do. On the other

hand, other people assume that Auggie is not an ordinary child because after

he came to the playground the other children around him screamed in fear and

ran away. From that the reader can conclude that Auggie is not an ordinary

kid.

Via doesn’t see me as ordinary. She says she does, but if I

were ordinary, she wouldn’t feel like she needs to protect
me as much. And Mom and Dad don’t see me as ordinary,
either. They see me as extraordinary. I think the only
person in the world who realizes how ordinary I am is me.
(Palacio, 2012:3)

I have a few really good friends now. Christoper is my

best friend, followed by Zachary and Alex. We’ve known
each other since we were babies. And since they’ve
always known me the way I am, they’re used to me.
(Palacio, 2012:4)

I have other friends, too, but not as good as Christopher

and Zak, and Alex were. For instance, Zack and Alex
always invited me to their birthday parties when we were
little, but Joel and Eamonn and Gabe never did. Emma
invited me once, but I haven’t seen her in a long time.
(Palacio, 2012:4)
 32

From the quotations above, we can understand that Palacio also introduced

the characters involved in her novel. For the first is Via. Via is Auggie’s sister.

In this novel, Via is demure and loving character especially to his younger

siblings. On the other hand, Via must be willing not to get the full attention of

their parents because their parents are too focused on Auggie's condition. That

is why Via jealous and sad, but she prefers to hide those feelings and give the

best for her brother.

And the second is Christoper. Auggie and Christoper is a best friend. They

know each other and he can accept Auggie's condition well. Beside that, there

are also Auggie’s childhood friends that are Zachary, Alex, Joel, Gabe and

Eamonn.

2. Inciting Incident

Inciting incident is something happens to begin the action. A single event

usually signals the beginning of the main conflict. The inciting incident is

sometimes called 'the complication'.

“What’s the deal with your face? I mean, were you in a

fire or something?”
“Julian, that’s so rude! said Charlotte.
“I’m not being rude, “said Julian,” I’m just asking
question. Mr Thusman said we could ask questions if we
wanted to.” (Palacio, 2012:29)

The quotation above shows that Palacio introduced the initial problem

when Auggie was accepted at formal school. After having discussions with his

parents, Auggie finally wants to study formal school. However, he must also

be mentally prepared to adapt to his friends. Auggie's parents were afraid that

their child would be mistreated by a friend because of Auggie's condition.

 33

However, Mr.Thusman , one of Auggie’s teacher, make sure that Auggie will

get good friends and he will be fine here. On the first day, Mr. Thusman

introduces several students to Auggie namely Julian, Charlotte, and Jack.

They are students who get scholarships from schools. They got a job from Mr.

Thusman to help Auggie know about his school. They introducing the rooms

and facilities that available in the school, and Mr. Thusman hopes they can

become good friends of Auggie and help Auggie study in formal school.

But in reality, Julian cannot accept Auggie's condition completely. While

in the science room, Julian asked Auggie about the condition of his disfigured

face. Charlotte has forbidden Julian to ask that question, because the question

can hurt Auggie. But Julian still ask on the grounds that Mr. Thusman allows

them to ask Auggie anything and get to know Auggie more closely. Because

of this problem all conflicts occur.

3. Rising Action

The rising action is an increase in tension or uncertainty developing out of

the conflict the protagonist faces. The story builds and gets more exciting

here. It is also mean that the series of conflict and crisis in the story that lead

to the climax. There is often a complication, which means the problem the

character tried to solve gets more complex.

Wait, I have a question for August,” said Julian raising his

hand. “Why do you have that tiny braid in the back of
your hair? Is that like a Padawan thing?
“Yeah.” I shrug-nodded.
“What’s a Padawan thing?”said Ms.Petosa, smiling at me.
“it’s from Star War,” answered Julian. “A Padawan is a
Jedi apprentince.” (Palacio, 2012:43)
 34

The quotation above shows that Palacio raises a major conflict. Almost

every day Auggie gets bad words and acts from Julian and his friends. They

often bully Auggie without guilt. But Auggie prefers to be quiet to respond to

their attitude. However, Auggie was unable to hold back his anger when Julian

said about his hair. Auggie really likes Star Wars and galaxies. For those

reasons he likes science lessons and dreams of becoming an astronaut. Auggie

has a tiny braid in the back of his hair like Padawan on Star Wars. However, it

was ridiculed by Julian, he assumed that the tiny braid was perfect for

Auggie's face condition. He talked in class and was heard by all students so

that Auggie was embarrassed and felt very bad.

After school, Auggie immediately cut his tiny braid. He thought that the

tiny braid makes his appearance worse. Via, Auggie's sister, tried to calm

Auggie by advising him, but it did not relieve Auggie pain. Auggie became

very insecure and chose to be alone in his room. Auggie's parents begin to

worry about Auggie psychic conditions and try to make Auggie comfort in

various ways. They are afraid if Auggie is traumatized. After trying various

ways, they finally succeeded in convincing Auggie that he could be an

outstanding student at school. With the trust of his parents, Auggie is getting

stronger and ignoring their bad words. From this incident, Palacio told her

readers that Auggie had experienced bullying problems in his class.

4. Climax

Traditionally situated in the third act of a play, the climax is the moment

of greatest tension, uncertainty, or audience involvement. The climax is also

 35

called the crisis. The story reaches the point of greatest tension between the

protagonist and antagonist (or if there is only one main character, the darkness

or lightness of that character appears to take control). The most intense

moment (either mentally or in action).

I was going to go and sit at my usual desk, but for some

reason, I don’t know why, I found myself walking over to
a desk near them and I could hear them talking.
One of the mummies was saying: “It really does look like
him.”
“Like this part especially…” answered Julian’s voice. He
put his fingers on the cheeks and eyes of his Darth Sidious
Mask. (Palacio ,2012:77)

From the quotation above, we know that Palacio raises a climax that

occurs between Auggie and his friend. But, is not about Julian and Auggie, it

is about Auggie and Jack, his best friend. Jack and Auggie are best friends.

Jack really understands Auggie's condition and accepts him for who he is.

Only Jack who wants to accompany Auggie every lunch. Jack always beside

Auggie when he need help. Auggie thought Jack is everything. They also

hangout and play together after school. Sometimes, Auggie invites Jack to

play in his house and vice versa.

“Then why do you hang out with him so much?” asked

Darth Sidious.
“I don’t know,” answered the mummy. “Tushman asked
me to hang out with him at the beginning of the year, and
he must have told all the teachers to put us next to each
other in all our classes or something.” The mummy
shrugged. I knew the shrug, of course. I knew the voice. I
knew I wanted to run out of the class right then and there.
(Palacio. 2012:77)

The quotation above shows that Mr. Thusman asked him to be friends with

Auggie at the beginning of the semester, and he was also sure that he had been
 36

placed to sit together with Auggie by the teachers. Jack is one of the students

who get a scholarship at the school, and automatically he has to do whatever

the teacher commands. Seeing that, Auggie became very scared and not

confident. On the following day, he tried to avoid Jack and ignored him. Jack

confused by Auggie's attitude to him, because he does not know that Auggie

has heard everything he said at that time.

5. Falling Action

During the falling action, the earlier tragic force causes the falling fortunes

of the hero. This culminates in the final catastrophe and invokes catharsis

(emotional purgation) in the audience. The story shifts to action that happens

as a result of the climax, which can also contain a reversal (when the character

shows how they are changed by events of the climax). Or we can define it as

all of the action which follows the climax and we know that the story will

soon end.

Julian ran after me.

“Why’d you do that?” he said, catching up to me at the
stairs.
“We could have been partners. You don’t have to be
friends with that freak if you don’t want to be, you know”
And that’s when I punched him. Right in the mouth.
(Palacio, 2012:154)

From the quotation above, we can understand that Julian forced Jack to

stay away from Auggie and be friends with him. On the other hand, Jack does

not accept if Auggie always being bullied by Julian. Finally, a fight broke out

between the two of them. Jack punched Julian right in the mouth. And Julian

replied by giving a back punch to Jack right on his face. Then chaos happens
 37

until the teacher comes and strikes the fight. Both of them were called to Mr.

Thusman’s room and explain the reason for their fight.

6. Resolution

The character solves the problem or conflict. It means the solution, the

tying together of all of the threads.

“I thought you and Julian were friends. Said Mr.Tushman.

“We’re not friends,” I said. My arms were crossed in front
of me.
“But to punch someone in the mouth,Jack?” said Mom.
Raising her voice, “ I mean, what were you thinking?” She
looked at Mr.Tushman. “Honestly, he’s never hit anyone
before. He’s just not like that.” (Palacio, 2012:155)

From the quotation above, we know that Jack and his mother are called

into Mr. Thusman's room and explain all the events that happened between

Jack and Julian. Jack says that he is not friends with Julian. His mother scold

Jack and tell him that hitting was very rough. Then Mr. Tushman explain that

Jack is a good boy and it was the first time Jack hit his own friend.

“Everything is going to be okay,” said Mr.Tushman,

walking over to the door, which was closed.
“Thank you for being so understanding,” said Mom,
shaking her hand at the door.
“No problem”. He leaned over and told her something
quietly that I couldn’t hear.
“I know, thank you,” said Mom, nodding.
“so, kiddo,” he said to me, putting his hands on my
shoulders. “think about what you’ve done, okay? And
have a great holiday. Happy Chanukah! Merry Christmas!
Happy Kwanzaa!” (Palacio, 2012:157)

The quotation above shows that all the problems between Jack and Julian

have ended well. Jack has explained all the reasons and Mr. Thusman says
 38

that everything is going to be okay. Jack’s mother really appreciates for that.

Then they go home and Mr.Thusman advises Jack to reflect on all the

mistakes he has made.

7. Dénouement

French for “the ending,” the denouement is often happy if it’s a comedy,

and dark and sad if it’s a tragedy. At this point, any remaining secrets,

question or mysteries which remain after the resolution are solved by the

characters or explained by the author. Sometimes, the author leaves us to think

about the theme or future possibilities for the characters. The author is getting

ready to end it with a final explanation of what actually happened and how the

characters think or feel about it. This can be the most difficult part of the plot

identify, as it is often very closely tied to the resolution.

I took a few steps back and surprised her by hugging her

as she walked. She put her arm around me and gave me a
squeeze.
“Thankyou for making me go to school,” I said quietly.
She hugged me close and leaned down and kissed the top
of my head.
“Thank you Auggie,” she answered softly.
“For what?”
“For everything you’ve given us,” she said. “For coming
into our lives. For being you.”
She bent down and whispered in my ear. “You really are a
wonder, Auggie. You are a wonder.” (Palacio, 2012:310)

From the quotation above, we can understand that all people around

Auggie relay thankful for what Auggie did. He is inspiring. He can pass all the

problems especially bullying from his own friends well. He proves that

deficiencies did not hinder his life. He can adapt like other children and live

with a good life. Even he can perform and show that he can. Everyone learns
 39

from Auggie. How he can accept everything on him, foster confidence and

fight anger in himself. Auggie is indeed a child who has a disability, but not

with his heart and mind. With his strength, he can change people's mindsets

and make themselves better.

B. Bullying experienced by the main character

As we know that bullying is a big problem on children in school. Bullying

starts in early age. Child starts to build an initial concept of bullying. Based on

According to Daniels et al (2009) there are three topics related to bullying:

1. Bullying problems experienced by the main character

Bullying is a worldwide problem that can have negative consequences for

the general school climate and for the right of students to learn in a safe

environment without fear. Based on Thijs & Verkuyten (2008) theory in

chapter two, it can be said that Auggie was bullied by his friend at school in

secluded places such as classroom and playground especially when there was

no teacher. It can be proven by some point below:

a. Bullying at play ground

Bullying at playground usually done when the victim is playing alone.

They are more intimidating with their words and make victims feel ashamed.

It can be proven by the quotation below:

But I know ordinary kids don’t make other ordinary kids

run away screaming in playgrounds. I know ordinary kids
don’t get stared at wherever they go. (Palacio, 2012:3)

Rat boy. Freak. Monster. Freddy Krueger. E.T. Gross-out.

Lizard face. Mutant. I know the names they call me. I’ve
been in enough playgrounds to know kids can be mean. I
know, I know, I know. I ended up in the second-floor
 40

bathroom. No one was there because first period had

started and everyone was in class. I locked the door to my
stall and just cried for I don’t know how long. (Palacio,
2012:79)

From the quotations above, we know that Auggie get bad act from people

around him especially when he on playground. He just like a weird people.

Almost all people stare at him. He felt lonely and no one want to walk or play

with him. And the worst thing is when his friends say rude words to him such

as Monster, Freak, etc. It is the real of intimidation that can make Auggie’s

mental down.

b. Bullying at classroom

Classroom bullying is carried out by groups with one leader who always

intimidates the victim. not only in the form of words, sometimes they do

physical fights to show who is right. Bullying happen when student do not

control from the teacher. They intimidate in groups and make victims feel

alone It can be proven by the quotations below:

I was going to go and sit at my usual desk, but for some

reason, I don’t know why, I found myself walking over to
a desk near them and I could hear them talking.
One of the mummies was saying: “It really does look like
him.”
“Like this part especially…” answered Julian’s voice. He
put his fingers on the cheeks and eyes of his Darth Sidious
Mask. (Palacio ,2012:77)

From the quotation above, we know that Auggie was ostracized by his

friend. They show that Auggie is someone who must be avoided at school

because of his face. In this case, we can know that supervision from adults or
 41

teachers is very important. They dare to ostracize even drive away Auggie

when there is no teacher. It can be proven by the quotation below:

“Well, I guess we could arrange that…,” she started to

say.
“No, it’s okay, Ms. Rubin,” I said quickly, heading out the
door. “Bye!”
Julian ran after me.
“Why’d you do that?” he said, catching up to me at the
stairs. “We could have been partners. You don’t have to be
friends with that freak if you don’t want to be, you
know…”
And that’s when I punched him. Right in the mouth.
(Palacio, 2012:154)
 

From the quotation above, we know that Jack and Julian

were involved in a debate. Julian asked Jack to pair up with him and not with

Auggie but Jack refused him. Julian finally said rudely to Auggie. Jack did not

accept his best friend ridiculed, he then defended him by hitting Julian right in

his mouth on the front of class. After that Jack got sanction from his school,

he was suspended for two days.

2. Types of bullying experienced by the main character

Bullying is defined as hurtful behavior that occurs repeatedly in a

relationship with an imbalance of power or strength. There are many different

types of bullying that can be experienced by children. Based on Lee (2004:16)

theory in chapter two, on his book that there are variety of ways to find out types

of bullying from the following effects:

a. Physical bullying

Physical bullying is a serious problem, affecting not only the bully and the

victim, but also the other students who witness the bullying. Parents, teachers,
 42

and other concerned adults and young people should be aware of what a

physical bully is and some of the ways to handle it. There are many types of

negative physical interactions that can occur between young people, including

fighting. It can be proven by the quotations below:

He pointed the flashlight right in my face, and now he was

only about five feet away. “Oh man! Oh man!” he said,
shaking his head, his mouth wide open. “What happened
to your face?”
“I didn’t know we were watching Lord of the Rings
tonight!” he said. “Look, guys, it’s Gollum!”
This made his friend hysterical.
“No man, it’s Alien! Said one of the other kids.
“What’s your problem, dude?” said Jack
“Look,” I said, stepping in front of Jack and holding my
hands up in the air like a traffic cop. “We’re a lot smaller
than you guys…”
“Are you talking to me, Freddie Krueger? I don’t think
you want to mess with me, you ugly freak,” Said Eddie
(Palacio, 2012:266)

From the quotation above, we can understand that Auggie was involved in

a fight with Eddie’s gang.  But he did not run away and tried to fight back.

Suddenly Amos and his gang came to help Auggie and Jack. After the fight,

Amos and his gang finally became Auggie’s friend because they were

impressed by his braveness. They did not expect Auggie to be brave like that

despite all his shortcomings. After the end of semester, finally Auggie started

to enjoy his school life or he could adapt with the situation, he also got a lot of

friends and became popular because of the news about him and Eddie

scattered around the school. He finally got acceptable by people because they

thought that Auggie was a different kid.

 43

b. Social bullying

Social bullying is a form of bullying common amongst youth, but

particularly so among girls, and involves a bully trying to hurt a peer and/or

that peer’s standing within a particular peer group. Social bullying can be used

as a tool by bullies to both improve their social standing and control others. It

can be proven by the quotations below:

Kids came in laughing and talking in little groups but I

didn’t look up. Basically, the same thing that happened
again: no one sat to me. (Palacio, 2012:45)
 
I could tell I was being stared at without even looking up.
I knew that people were nudging each other, watching me
out of the corners of their eyes. I thought I was used to
those kinds of stares by now, but I guess I wasn’t. There
was one table of girls that I knew were whispering about
me because they were talking behind their hands. Their
eyes and whispers kept bouncing over to me. (Palacio,
2012: 50)

From the quotations above, we know that in his first day of school Auggie

got bully by some people at his school, but he did not even overreact by

revenging to them or doing other bad things because Auggie did not want to

do something like that. He just ignores and walking act like everything is fine.

 
He didn’t argue. He got out of bed and slowly started
pulling on his Boba Fett costume. I helped him adjust the
straps and tighten the belt, and by the time I could tell he
was feeling better. (Palacio, 2012:113)

From the quotations above, we know that Auggie was enduring all of the

bully that he got from people. He tried to survive by himself without involving

people around him. This also showed the resilience of Auggie because he

endured it with involving social emotions. But at one day, he did not want to
 44

go to school again because he wanted to get away from his friends. His sister

tried to persuade him to go to school again that in the end Auggie was willing

to back. It can be proven by the quotation below:

“Well, I’m telling Mom and Dad about Jack Will if you
stop going to school,” I answered. “Tushman will
probably call you into school and make Jack and other
kids apologize to you in front of everyone, and everyone
will treat you like a kid who should be going to school for
a kid with special needs. Is that what you want? But either
way, if you—“
Fine. Fine. Fine,” he interrupted
“What?”
“Fine! I’ll go!” he yelled, not loudly. “Just stop talking
about it already.”
“Fine!” I answered. (Palacio, 2012:116-117)

The quotation above shows that Olivia was trying to persuade Auggie by

telling him that she would tell their parents to report Jack and the others to Mr.

Tushman so that they would get the punishment. Auggie finally wanted to go

back to school. Auggie continued to survive with the situation until one day

when he got bully again from the older kids; he finally fought back by

showing his braveness. It was the greatest incident that ever happened to him

in that semester.

c. Verbal bullying

Verbal bullying is when an individual uses verbal language (e.g., insults,

teasing, etc) to gain power over his or her peers It can be proven by the

quotations below:
 45

“Actually,” said the mummy,” What he really looks like is

one of those shrunken heads. Have you ever seen those?
He looks exactly like that.”
“I think he looks like an orc.”
“Oh yeah!”
“If I looked like that, said the Julian voice, kind of
laughing, “I swear to God, I’d put a hood over my face
every day.” (Palacio, 2012:77)

From the quotations above, we know that one of the students who used a

mummy costume said that Auggie face is like a skull. And Julian also said

that if he had a face like that, he would hide for the rest of his life. Then they

laugh together. Auggie felt angry and very disappointed to know that students

who used the mummy costume is his best friends, Jack. Auggie does not

believe that Jack can do something like that. Auggie then left the class and

cried behind the mask he used, holding back his disappointment and anger to

his friend.

No one was talking to him. Everyone was staring at him.

All the girls at my table were whispering about him. He
wasn’t the only new kid at Beecher Prep, but he was the
only one everyone was talking about. Julian had
nicknamed him the Zombie Kid, and that’s what everyone
was calling him. “Did you see the Zombie Kid yet?” stuff
like that gets around fast. (Palacio, 2012:119)
 
Anyone who accidentally touched August has only thirty
seconds to wash their hands or find hand sanitizer before
they catch the plague. (Palacio, 2012:120)
 

From the quotations above, we know that Summer was talking about other

kids who treated Auggie badly. That was what they did to Auggie when they

bumped to each other intentionally or unintentionally.

 46

d. Cyber bullying

Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell

phones, computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, Text,

and apps, or online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view,

participate in, or share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or

sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. It can

include sharing personal or private information about someone else causing

embarrassment or humiliation. It can be proven by the quotations below:

I got notes like: Freak! And another that said: Get out of
our school, orc! (Palacio, 2012:208)
 
“if I look like that,” said Julian voice, kind of laughing, “I
swear to God, I’d put a hood over my face every day.”
“I’ve thought about this a lot,” said the second mummy,
sounding serious, “and I really think… if I looked like
him, seriously, I think that I’d kill myself.” (Palacio,
2012:77)
 

From the quotation above, we can understand that Auggie received some

notes with scolding words. But when he received that, he did not so care about

it again because he was used to thinking like that. Sometimes, he even replied

with a few words either good or funny. And in Halloween celebration, his

friends were mocking him directly. It seemed that Auggie had a lot of people

who dislike him but in another way he treated them nicely.

 47

e. Psychological bullying

It involves the repeated and intentional use of words or actions which can

cause psychological harm. Examples include intimidation, manipulation and

stalking It can be proven by the quotations below:

That night I cut off the little braid on the back of my head.
Dad noticed first.
“Oh God,” he said. “I never liked that thing.”
Via couldn’t believe I had cut it off.
“That took you years to grow!” she said, almost like she
was angry. “Why did you cut it off?”
“I don’t know,” I answered.
“Did someone make fun off it?”
“No.”
“Did you tell Christopher you were cutting it off?”
“We’re not even friends anymore!”
“That’s not true,” she said.” I can’t believe you would just
cut it off like that,” she added snottily, and then practically
slammed my bedroom door shut as she left the room.
(Palacio, 2012:57)

The quotation above shows that Auggie was very frustrated when he got

pressure from his friend. Auggie is a Star Wars lover and he has small braids

in his hair. Julian said that Auggie was like a Padawan (a character in a Star

Wars movie) and that hurt him a lot. Supposedly, he was able to adapt well at

the beginning of school, but the frustration made Auggie not confident and

chose to cut his little braid. Auggie also cries when he has got bad treatment

every day from his friend in the school. It can be proven by the quotations

below:

“Not rude questions like that,” said Charlotte.

“Besides he was born like that. That’s what Mr. Thusman
said. You just weren’t listening.”
“I was so listening! said Julian. “I just thought maybe he
was in a fire, too.”
“Gezz, Julian,” said Jack. “Just shut up.”
 48

“You shut up!’ Julian yelled.

“Come on, August,” said Jack. “Let’s just go to the library
already.”
I walked toward Jack and followed him out of the
auditorium. He held the double doors open for me, and I
passed by he looked at me right in the face, kind of daring
me to look back at him, which, I did. Then I actually
smiled. I don’t know. Sometimes when I have the feeling
like I’m almost crying, it can turn into an almost-laughing
feeling. And that must have been the feeling I was having
then, because I smiled, almost like I was going to giggle.
(Palacio, 2019:29)

From the quotation above, we know that Auggie was afraid of Julian

because he always tried to push Auggie down and make Auggie feel cornered.

Sometimes, he also not confident with his condition and feel like complicated.

3. Bullying effects experienced by the main character

Bullying is a serious threat to our youth today. Being bullied can affect

everything about a child such as how they see themselves, their friends, school,

and their future. Bullying also have negative short and long-term consequences

for both the victim and the bully. Based on Domenech et al (2009) theory in

chapter two, on his book that there are a variety of ways to find out if our child is

experiencing bullying from the following effects:

a. Short-term effects

Short-term effects experienced when the victim begins to adapt to his

environment but he gets insults from people around him. At that moment, he

began to give up and lost his dream. It can be proven by the quotations below:

“I’m not sure why, but all of a sudden I started to cry.”

 49

Mom put the book down and wrapped her arms around
me. She didn’t seem surprised that I was crying. “It’s
okay,” she whispered in my ear. “It’ll be okay.”
“I’m sorry,” I said between sniffles.
“Shh,” she said, wiping my tears with the back of her
hand.
“You have nothing to be sorry about …. “
“Why do I have to be so ugly, Mommy?” I whispered.
“No, baby, you’re not.”
“I know I am.” (Palacio, 2012:60)

The quotation above shows that Auggie felt give up and did not want to

study again. He gets bad treatment from his friend almost every day. He

blamed himself and regretted being born ugly. However, Auggie's mother is

always there for Auggie and tries to help Auggie in every condition. Auggie

has a great family. They always support Auggie regardless of her condition. It

can be proven by the quotations below:

“I loved Auggie. I was never afraid of him: even when I

was little.” (Palacio, 2012:241)
 
I ran into Dad’s arm, and he picked me up and spun me
around and kissed me. He didn’t let me go for a full
minute, until I said, “Dad, it’s okay.” And then it was
Via’s turn, and she kissed me all over like she used to do
when I was little. (Palacio, 2012:280)
 
“You were wearing that helmet all the time. And the real,
real, real, real truth is: I missed seeing your face, Auggie. I
know you don’t always love it, but you have to
understand… I love it. I love this face of yours, Auggie,
completely and passionately. And it kind of broke my
heart that you were always covering it up.” (Palacio,
2012:291)

From the quotations above, we know that although he was not easy to be

accepted by people around him, he had a great family who always loved him.

He got a lot of affection from his family and they also accepted him with all of
 50

his condition, even they always tried to push Auggie up, so he would never

feel down.

b. Long-term effect

It happens when he has to face even more difficult problems, where he

must choose to surrender or fight to overcome the problem. Likes Auggie, he

still struggles and show that he can be accept in his environment. It can be

proven by the quotations below:

“I got picked on because of my face and Jack defended

me, and those guys-Amos, Henry, and miles-protected me.
And now that they’d protected me, I was different to them.
It was like I was one of them. They all called me “little
dude” now-even the jocks. (Palacio, 2012:282)
 
A monumental shift. A seismic shift. Maybe even a
cosmic shift. Whatever you want to call it, it was a big
shift. Everyone-not just in our grade but every grade-had
heard about what had happened to us with the seventh
graders, so suddenly I wasn’t known for what I’d always
been known for, but for this other thing that had happened.
(Palacio, 2012:282)
 
“Hard to believe this year’s almost over, huh?” he said,
almost like he was reading my mind.
“Yeah.”
“Has it been a good year for you, Auggie? Has it been
okay?”
“Yeah, it’s been good.” I nodded. (Palacio, 2012:285)
 
All I knew for sure is that we were all laughing and
squeezing in tight against each other, and no one seemed
to care if it was my face that next to theirs or not. In fact,
and I don’t mean to brag here, but it kind of felt like
everyone wanted to get close to me. (Palacio, 2012:308)
 
“Thank you for making me go to school,” I said quietly.
(Palacio, 2012:309)
 
 51

From the quotations above, we can understand that Auggie finally could

adapt positively to the entire situation about the school, friends, and other

things. He made it through all of the adversity. After all of the struggle, he

came to the end of the semester and on graduation day he received Henry

Ward Beecher medal from his school which signified he had become a brave,

kind, friendly, and great kid. It can be proven by the quotation below:

“Courage, kindness, friendship, character. These are the

qualities that define us as human beings, and propel us, on
occasion, to greatness. And this is what the Henry Ward
Beecher medal is about: recognizing greatness.
‘Greatness’ wrote Beecher, ‘lies not in being strong, but in
the right of using strength… He is the greatest whose
strength carries up the most hearts by the attraction of his
own. Without further ado, this year I am very proud to
award the Henry Ward Beecher medal to the student
whose quiet strength has carried up the most hearts.
“So will August Pullman please come up here to receive
this award?” (Palacio, 2012:304) 

The quotation above shows that Auggie received the medal from his

school. This was proof that Auggie had become a brave, kind, friendly, and

great kid related to his adaption with the social and his shortcomings. Auggie

was very happy. His family and friend were very proud of him. Auggie finally

could get through it all and became his reflection of resilience.

4. The Moral Values

In a literary work, there must be moral values. The author usually conveys the

message through the story or even the figures. From this, the author hopes that

readers can apply the moral values in their daily lives. Just like another novel,

Wonder also has moral values that can teach a lesson to the readers from the bad
 52

or good things inside the novel. In this part, the researcher wants to explain

several moral values that can be taken from the novel. They are:

a. Family member should support each other

Auggie’s family always supports each other no matter what. It becomes

the strong point that they have and also became one of the support systems to

make Auggie stronger to deal with his adversity. Auggie’s family always

shows their affection, love, and care through their daily. This is what family

should do when they going through the adversity, they have to accept what

they are without any hesitation, they have to give them support, and they have

to always help each other. It can be proven by the quotation below:

Dad had told me he was really proud of how I’d handled

myself with Julian and that I was turning into quite the
strong man. And I heard him tell Mom that he now
thought she had been right all along. When Dad told her
that he and Via wanted to walk me to school today, too,
since it was on the way to the subway station, Mom
seemed relieved that we would all be going together. And
I guess I was, too. (Palacio, 2012:35)

b. We should not judge someone from his/her physical

Auggie may be born with an unusual face, but behind it all, he has a good

personality. First time people see him, they will look at him with a strange

look or even they will say something rude to him. But his friends soon realize

that Auggie is a fun, kind, brave, and smart kid. His appearance has absolutely

nothing to do with his personality. The novel reveals the unnatural nature of

the terrible bullying that must be retained by Auggie. It can be proven by the

quotation below:
 53

Everybody was looking at him. Talking about him. Back

then, no one was used to his total shocker for a lot of
people to see him there on the first day of school. Most
kids were even afraid to get near him. (Palacio, 2012:175)
 

c. Be brave and not easy to surrender to bully

Although Auggie gets disappointed by people’s comments and also with

all the bad acts that he received, Auggie finally can stand up boldly, defiantly,

and not giving up. His attitude expresses his courage. Knowing that he has to

deal with the bully every day at his school. But in the end, he managed to

overcome it, he also managed to achieve a reward from his school, become

popular and gains a lot of friends. It can be proven by the quotations below:

“Eddie!” said one of the girls.

“Look,” I said, stepping in front of Jack and holding my
hands up in the air like a traffic cop. “We’re a lot smaller
than you guys…” (Palacio, 2012:226)
   
“Amos looked at me and nodded. “It was cool how you
stood your ground, little dude,’ he said, high fiving me.
(Palacio, 2012:270)
 54

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SSUGGESTION

This chapter is the end of thesis. The researcher withdraws the conclusion of

analysis. The researcher presents two sub-chapter namely conclusions and

suggestions.

A. Conclusions

Based on the research findings in chapter four, the research can be concluded

as follows:

1. The plot from this novel is progressive. In the beginning, Auggie was

bullied because of his physical disability, even many of his friends moved

away and provoked to leave Auggie alone. There was a moment where

auggie gave up, but with the support from his family and good friend, he

dared to fight them with courage and achievement. At the end, Auggie

received appreciation from the school for inspiring and spreading

goodness to people around him.

2. In the novel, Auggie as the main character experienced psychological

problems that became rebellious to his parents and stubborn because of

bullying. He got effect from bullying especially on his mental. Sometimes

he felt give up and disappointed to his life. But, he keep struggles and

against bullying. So, bullying makes Auggie get better because he can

psychologically fight his emotional and get support from his family.

3. Moral value involved in novel Wonder are positive values is including:

a) Family should support each other,

 55

b) Do not judge someone from the appearance,

c) Be brave and not easy to surrender to bully.

B. Suggestions

After analysis novel Wonder by R.J Palacio, the researcher would take some

suggestions as follow:

1. The novel Wonder by R.J Palacio is recommended to read,

2. The researcher suggests the readers to be kind and do not bully to each

other because every little thing we do or say to someone even it is good or

bad will affect their life,

3. The researcher suggests the reader to apply the good moral values and

avoid the negative attitude.

 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bertens, Kess. (2000). Etika. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Buzan, Tony. (2003). Head Strong: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.

Brown S, Taylor K. (2008). Bullying, education and earnings: Evidence from the
National Child Development Study.  Economics of Education Review,
Elsevier.27(4) :387-401.

Carlyle, Steinman. (2007). Journal of School Health. Demographic differences in

the prevalence, co-occurrence, and correlates of adolescent bullying at
school. 77(9): 623-629.

Coloroso, B. (2008). Stop Bullying. Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta.

Coon, Dennis. (1986). Introduction to Psychology. New York: West Publishing

Company.

Dickerson, Darby. (2005). Annual Review of Cyber Therapy and Telemedicine.

Cyberbullies on Campus. 37(1): 55-60.

Frey et al. (2005). Applied Developmental Psychology. Effects of a school-based

social-emotional competence program: Linking children's goals, attributions,
and behaviour. 26(2):171-200.

Freytag, Gustav. (1896). Freytag's Technique of the drama: an exposition of

dramatic composition and art. Chicago: S. C. Griggs.

Hornby, A.S. (1995). Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.

London: Oxford University Press.

James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Henry Holt and
Company the Principles of Psychology.

Johnson, Calyn G. (2013). Forms of Bullying, Implications, Demographics, and a

Review of an Anti-bullying Prevention Program. Washington: American
Psychological Association.

Juvonen J, Gross EF. (2008). Extending the school grounds. Bullying experiences
in cyberspace. 78(9):496-505.

Kaukiainen, A., & Lagerspetz, K. M. J. (1998). Aggression in the Social Relations

of School-aged Girls and Boys. London: Routeledge.
 57

Klarer, M. (2004). An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge.

Kumara, Amitya. (2016). Anti-Bullying Research to Improve the Condition of

Children in Indonesia. [Thesis]. Yogyakarta (ID): Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Lee, Chris. 2004. Preventing Bullying in Schools: A Guide for Teachers and Other
Professionals. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.

Martani, Wuri. (2017). The Portrayal of Hannah’s Struggle in Facing Bullying in

Jay Asher’s Thirteen Reasons Why: A New Criticism Study. [Thesis].
Surabaya (ID). Universitas Airlangga.

Minderop, Albertine. (2010). Psikologi Sastra: Karya Sastra, Metode, Teori, dan
Contoh Kasus. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor.

Moretti, Franco. (2011). Network Theory, Plot Analysis. San Francisco: Stanford
Literary Lab.

Olweus, D.  (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do.
Malden,MA: Black-well Publishing.

Palacio, Raquel. J. 2012. Wonder. United Stated: Alfred A. Knopf.

Gillette et al. (2009). Bullying at School and Online. Washington DC:

Education.com Holdings,Inc.

Putri, Ajeng. (2018). The Resilience of The Main Character as Reflected in

Raquel Jaramillo Palacio’s Wonder: A Psychological Approach. [Thesis].
Yogyakarta (ID): Universitas Ahmad Dahlan.

Rigby, Ken. (2008). Children and Bullying: How Parents and Educators can
Reduce Bullying at School. Oxford: Black-well Publishing.

Ross, D. (2002). Literature Review of Bullying at Schools. Bullying and

Harassment at Schools. 9(2):107.

Rosyadi, Khoiron. 2004. Pendidikan Profetik. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Subhan, Bustami. (2015). A Guide to Literary Criticism. Yogyakarta: LPPDMF

Thijs J, Verkuyten M. (2008). Students' anticipated situational engagement.

Netherlands : Genet Psychol Company.

Farmer T, Cristin M. (2010). Aggression and Violent Behavior. Bullying and the
peer group. 15(2):112-120.
 58

Wellek, Rene and Werren, Austin. (1966). Theory of Literature. New York:
Harcount, Brance And World Inc.

Woodford, K. (2003). Cambridge Advance Learner’s Dictionary. Cambridge:

University Press.

Electronics Sources:

http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(12)00413-2/pdf accessed on
November 15, 2018 at 3:17 PM

http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1220&context=fsd_papers accessed on January 10, 2019 at 4:41 PM

https://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/r-j-palacio.html accessed on November

10, 2018 at 4:26 PM