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c3 Yield and Atom Economy of Chemical Reactions Chem Only
c3 Yield and Atom Economy of Chemical Reactions Chem Only
Time: 95 minutes
Marks: 94 marks
Immanuel+College Page 1 of 37
Magnesium reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium oxide.
1
A teacher demonstrated the reaction to a class. The figure below shows the apparatus the
teacher used.
Test __________________________________________________________
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Result ________________________________________________________
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(2)
(ii) Explain why the magnesium has to be heated to start the reaction.
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(2)
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(b) The equation for the reaction is:
Use the equation to calculate the maximum mass of magnesium oxide produced.
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Use your answer from part (b)(i) to calculate the percentage yield.
If you could not answer part (b)(i), use 1.82 g as the maximum mass of magnesium
oxide. This is not the answer to part (b)(i).
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(iii) Give one reason why the percentage yield is less than 100%.
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
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This question is about zinc and magnesium.
2
Zinc is produced by electrolysis of molten zinc chloride, as shown in the figure below.
(a) (i) Why must the zinc chloride be molten for electrolysis?
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(1)
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(3)
(iii) Complete the half equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.
(i) How can you tell from the equation that the reaction is done at a high temperature?
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(1)
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(ii) This reaction to produce magnesium from magnesium oxide is endothermic.
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(1)
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(iv) The company calculated that they would produce 1.2 tonnes of magnesium, but only
0.9 tonnes was produced.
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(v) Give one reason why the calculated yield of magnesium might not be obtained.
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)
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The symbol equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is:
3
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
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(1)
(b) A student measured the volume of oxygen produced by 50 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide.
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The graph shows the results.
(i) Use the graph to describe the changes in the rate of the reaction from 0 to 35
seconds.
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(3)
________________________ cm3
(1)
(iii) The student had calculated that the hydrogen peroxide used should
produce 25 cm3 of oxygen.
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Answer = ________________ %
(2)
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(c) An increase in the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide increases the rate of the reaction.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
A student investigated the reactions of copper carbonate and copper oxide with dilute
4 hydrochloric acid.
(a) Describe how a sample of copper chloride crystals could be made from copper carbonate
and dilute hydrochloric acid.
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(4)
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(b) A student wanted to make 11.0 g of copper chloride.
Calculate the mass of copper carbonate the student should react with dilute hydrochloric
acid to make 11.0 g of copper chloride.
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(d) Look at the equations for the two reactions:
Reactive formula masses: CuO = 79.5; HCl = 36.5; CuCl2 = 134.5; H2O = 18
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(1)
(Total 14 marks)
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The graph in Figure 1 shows a flow diagram for the Haber process.
5
Figure 1
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(1)
(ii) Air is the source used to produce nitrogen for the Haber process.
Suggest why air must not get into the reactor.
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(2)
(iii) Describe what happens to the mixture of gases from the reactor.
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(3)
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(b) The graph in Figure 2 shows the percentage yield of ammonia using different conditions.
Figure 2
(i) Use Figure 2 to suggest the conditions that produce the greatest yield of ammonia.
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(1)
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(ii) Use Figure 2 to suggest and explain why the conditions used to produce ammonia in
the Haber process are a temperature of 450 °C and a pressure of 200 atmospheres.
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(5)
(Total 12 marks)
Immanuel+College Page 13 of 37
Ammonium sulfate and urea are made from ammonia. These compounds are used by farmers.
6
The flow diagram shows the stages to make ammonium sulfate and urea.
(a) Give two examples from the flow diagram of the efficient use of energy and raw materials.
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(2)
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(b) The equation for the reaction in Stage 4 is shown below.
(i) how a decrease in temperature would affect the yield of ammonia at equilibrium
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(2)
(ii) how an increase in pressure would affect the yield of ammonia at equilibrium.
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(2)
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(c) The equation for the reaction in Stage 7 is shown below.
2 NH3 NH2CONH2
+ CO2 + H 2O
ammonia urea
The table gives the relative formula masses (Mr) of the reactants and the products for this
reaction.
NH3 17
CO2 44
NH2CONH2 60
H 2O 18
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Immanuel+College Page 16 of 37
Aspirin tablets have important medical uses.
7
A student carried out an experiment to make aspirin. The method is given below.
Calculate the maximum mass of aspirin that could be made from 2.00 g of salicylic acid.
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(b) The student made 1.10 g of aspirin from 2.00 g of salicylic acid.
(If you did not answer part (a), assume that the maximum mass of aspirin that can be
made from 2.00 g of salicylic acid is 2.50 g. This is not the correct answer to part (a).)
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(c) Suggest one possible reason why this method does not give the maximum amount of
aspirin.
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(1)
Suggest how the use of a catalyst might reduce costs in the industrial production of aspirin.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
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The Haber process is named after the German chemist, Fritz Haber.
8
The diagram shows the main stages in the Haber process.
Reproduced with the permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd from PATRICK FULLICK et al,
ISBN 0-7487-9644- 4. First published in 2006
An exothermic reaction takes place when nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to make ammonia.
(a) Calculate the maximum mass of ammonia that could be made from 1000 g of nitrogen.
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Mass _______________g
(3)
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(b) At a temperature of 450 °C and 200 atmospheres the actual mass of ammonia produced
when 1000 g of nitrogen is passed through the reactor is 304 g.
(If you did not answer part (a), then assume that the maximum mass of ammonia that can
be made from 1000 g of nitrogen is 1100 g. This is not the correct answer to part (a).)
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(2)
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(2)
Immanuel+College Page 20 of 37
(d) Factories that make ammonia are often near to large towns.
Discuss the economic, safety and environmental factors to be considered when there is an
ammonia factory near a town.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
(a) Ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen. The equation for the reaction
9 between them is:
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(1)
(ii) Why does increasing the pressure increase the chance of molecules of hydrogen
reacting with molecules of nitrogen?
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(1)
(iii) The percentage yield of ammonia is the percentage, by mass, of the nitrogen and
hydrogen which has been converted to ammonia. Calculate the mass, in tonnes, of
ammonia which can be produced from 90 tonnes of hydrogen when the percentage
yield is 50%. The relative atomic masses are: H 1; N 14.
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(b) The percentage yield of ammonia depends on the temperature and pressure inside the
reaction vessel. The set of graphs show this.
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(1)
(ii) What is the percentage yield of ammonia produced at a temperature of 450 °C and a
pressure of 20 MPa?
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(1)
(iii) Suggest what changes the chemical engineers should make to both the temperature
and the pressure to increase the percentage yield of ammonia.
Temperature ___________________________________________________
Pressure ______________________________________________________
(1)
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(iv) How can the rate of ammonia production be increased without changing the
temperature or pressure or the mass of hydrogen and nitrogen?
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(1)
(c) About four-fifths of ammonia production is used to produce fertilisers. One of them is known
as NPK. It is made in the following way.
• Some ammonia is converted to nitric acid which is then mixed with phosphoric acid.
• The mixture is neutralised with more ammonia and the solution is partly evaporated.
• Potassium chloride is added to form granules.
• The granules are coated to make the fertiliser free-flowing.
Complete the flow-chart for the production of NPK by writing in the names of the correct
chemicals in the six boxes.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
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Mark schemes
(a) (i) lit splint or ignite the gas
1 1
89.8 or 90
if 1.82 g used
82.4 or 82
correct answer with or without working gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect, allow the following for 1 mark:
1.50 / 1.67 (or their answer from part (b)(i))
if 1.82 g used: 1.50 / 1.82
2
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(iii) any one from:
ignore measurement errors
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(a) (i) so ions can move (and carry charge)
2
accept so current can flow
allow so it can conduct (electricity)
allow so charged particles can move
do not accept so electrons can move
1
2 (electrons)
1
zinc is formed
accept correct half equation for 3 marks
if no mark gained allow
positive ions go to negative electrode or
opposites attract or
reduction (of zinc) or
(zinc) gains electrons for 1 mark
1
or
2(.0)
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allow ecf carried through from step 1
correct answer with or without working gains 3 marks
1
(iv) 75(%)
1
(b) (i) accept qualified answers in terms of volume of gas related to time
fast initially
1
slows down
1
reaction stops
accept reaction is now very slow
1
(b) (ii) 21
1
(iii) 84
correct answer with or without working = 2 marks
allow ecf from (b)(ii) correctly calculated for 2 marks
allow evidence of 21/25 or (b)(ii)/25 for 1 mark
2
(and so) particles collide more often / more frequently or particles more likely to collide
ignore collide faster
ignore more collisions
1
Immanuel+College Page 27 of 37
(and) more of the collisions are successful or particles collide with more energy / harder or
more of the particles have the activation energy
accept more successful collisions
1
[10]
Mr CuCO3= 123.5
1
(c)
or
11.0 × 0.791
1
8.70 (g)
1
accept 8.70(g) with no working shown for 2 marks
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134.5
152.5
allow ecf from step 1
1
88.20 (%)
1
allow 88.20 with no working shown for 3 marks
(e) atom economy using carbonate lower because an additional product is made or carbon
dioxide is made as well
allow ecf
1
[14]
(iii) cooled
1
nitrogen and hydrogen (remain as gases and) are returned to the reactor
allow recycled
1
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a higher pressure would increase the yield of ammonia because the forward reaction
produces the least number of (gaseous) molecules / moles
allow converse
1
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(c) 76.9 - 77
correct answer gains 2 marks with or without working
allow 77 or 76.923…
allow 76 or 0.77 or 0.76923 for 1 mark
if answer incorrect allow 1 mark for either
x 100
or
x 100
2
[10]
• = 44
accept 44 for 2 marks with no working
2
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(c) any one from:
• errors in weighing
• side reactions
ignore waste products
• reactants impure
• increased productivity
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(a) 1213.8 to 1214.3
8
gains 3 marks without working
1) moles of N2 =
= 35.7 mol
or
• 1g of N 2 → 3
= 1.214g NH
or
• 1000 ×
1000 ×
gains 1 mark, 2 marks if correctly calculated
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(b) 25 / 25.035 or ecf from (a)
gains 2 marks even when there is no working
incorrect answer then 304/(their answer from (a)) × 100 gains 1
mark
27.6 / 28
gains 2 marks even when there is no working
accept 27 for 1 mark
if answers incorrect then304/1100 × 100 gains 1 mark
2
reaction is exothermic
or
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(d) any one from:
economic
• reduced tourism
safety
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any one from:
environmental
• pollution of water / air / soil could harm plants / animals or noise pollution
must be explained
• eye sore
(ii) either
more (chance) of them colliding/
not just ‘faster’
= 225 (tonnes/t)
unit not required
1
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(b) (i) megapascal(s)
accept million pascal(s)
1
(ii) 28 (%)
accept any answer in the range 28.0 to 28.5 inclusive
1
(iv) either
use a catalyst
accept use iron as a catalyst
accept use iron which has been more finely divided
accept use iron / catalyst with a bigger (surface) area
accept use a better catalyst
1
or
remove the ammonia (as it is produced)
accept react the ammonia with or dissolve the ammonia in water
(as it is produced)
1
(c) ammonia
nitric acid
phosphoric acid
all three on the left correct
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