CASTILLO, BARON

GEOFF N.
RATING:
DORIANO, RON-LEE
JONES C. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS
B.S. AERO ENG/ 4TH YEAR 27 AUGUST 2021

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1

AeE 673
AIRCRAFT DESIGN 1

ENGR. ROI ALLAN A. BERNARDO

INSTRUCTOR
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I. INTRODUCTION
Aircrafts up to the present time, are known to be one of humanity’s greatest
innovation. Inventions like airplanes, rotorcrafts, and any machine capable of
generating flight have been a luxury and have made people’s existence easier.
Airplanes have transformed life in the twentieth century and this transformation still
continues, however, airplanes did not just “happen”. [1] The success of it required time,
effort, money, and immeasurably a lot more. But like every other thing it all had to
start from somewhere and in this industry it all started with the field of design. Thus,
in this work we the students, design and create our own aircraft.
This report showcases the aircraft “BRZ-21” and its different preliminary design
specifications. The aircraft would have a single-engine and its propeller position
would be that of a tractor type. In this technical report every feature of the aircraft,
from the origin of its name down the to the detail of every single part that is to be used
in the aircraft will be expounded. This light aircraft falls under the utility category and
is mainly intended for the use of flight training. A trainer aircraft is a class of aircraft
designed specifically to facilitate flight training of pilots and aircrew. [2] The level of
flight training that is suitable for the aircraft’s standard ranges from the level of
intermediate to advanced flight training. The selected specifications and design of the
aircraft upholds optimum learning experience for the students without compromising
major aspects such as the safety of the student and so as the passengers, efficiency,
and the economy.

II. DESIGN DESCRIPTION

A. AIRCRAFT NAME
BRZ-21

B. CATEGORY
Utility

C. PAYLOAD
a. Flight Crew
Two (2) flight crew members

b. Passenger
Two (2) passengers

c. Baggage
Ten (10) pounds per person
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D. ARRANGEMENT
a. Wing
Full-cantilever, low wing, tapered

b. Fuselage
Semi-monocoque structure

c. Empennage
Cruciform tail, tapered

d. Landing Gear
Tricycle type, fixed landing gear

e. Engine
Continental IO-360-ES

f. Propeller
Three-bladed, variable-pitch, composite material

g. Seating
Four-seater, two (2) rows side-by-side

III. DESIGN JUSTIFICATION

A. AIRCRAFT NAME
The aircraft is named BRZ-21 which mainly came from name of the designers. The
letters “B” and “R” are derived from the initials of both first names of the creators
whom are named Baron and Ron-lee. The letter “Z” was added to the acronym for
the name to somewhat sound like the word breeze. Breeze which means a light
gentle wind. [3] On the other hand, the number 21 stands for the year the aircraft
was first started on, which is the year 2021.

B. CATEGORY
The aircraft BRZ-21 falls under the category of being a utility aircraft under Far
part 23. The aircraft being under the utility category also conforms to its purpose
which is for intermediate to advanced level of student pilot training since utility
category aircrafts are certified to perform “limited acrobatic operations”.
Airplanes certificated in the utility category may be used in limited acrobatic
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operations such as spins, chandelles, steep turns, or similar maneuvers, in

which the angle of bank is more than 60 degrees but not more than 90 degrees.
[4]

C. PAYLOAD
a. Flight Crew
The intended number of flight crew members of the aircraft BRZ-21 consists
only of two members. Limiting the amount of crew members encourages the
one-on-one training between the student and the instructor. In addition,
having only two flight crews also promotes better consultation and
communication between the said members.

b. Passenger
The aim of providing passenger seats attunes with the purpose of the aircraft
BRZ-21. The passenger seats could be utilized by other student pilots to join
and learn from the flight. Observing other students’ lesson is a cost-efficient
method for fellow student pilots to gain knowledge and hone piloting skills.
Relatives and friends of the student of a maximum of two could also join.

c. Baggage
The maximum baggage allowance intended for every person in the BRZ-21 is
10 pounds (4.54 kilogram) per person, which amounts to a total of 40 pounds
(18.14 kilogram) as per the fact that the aircraft has a four-seater
configuration. The baggage allowance is an adequate amount for all
passengers including the pilot instructor and the student to bring all the
needed learning materials and personal essentials.

D. ARRANGEMENT
a. Wing
The wing construction of the BRZ-21 incorporates a low wing placement, full-
cantilever, and tapered wing. The strongest wing structure is the full
cantilever which is attached directly to the fuselage and does not have any type
of external, stress bearing structures. [4] The added structural weight is
preferable to the aerodynamic drag of external members. [5] Being a trainer
aircraft, safety is one of the number one priorities the BRZ-21 offers, for this
reason the low wing configuration has been selected for the aircraft. Low wing
aircrafts are safer during emergency landings and gear up landings as wings
will absorb some of the impact rather than all the force being concentrated on
the fuselage as with a high wing aircraft. [6] Other advantages of the low wing
configuration are the ground effect that helps in take-off, better visibility of the
sky, and greater cruise performance due to lower drag profile. The wings
integrated in this aircraft are tapered since
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there are certain benefits from it. Major aircraft structural components such
as the wings and fuselages are usually tapered along their lengths for greater
structural efficiency. Thus, wing sections are reduced both chord wise and in
depth to provide more efficient aerodynamic and structural shape. [7]

b. Fuselage
The type of fuselage used in the aircraft BRZ-21 is that of a semi-monocoque
construction, this is because of the advances it offers. The known advantage of
a semi-monocoque structure is its number of structural members that
contributes to its strength and rigidity as a structure. Because of its stressed
skin construction, a semi-monocoque fuselage can withstand damage and still
be strong enough to hold together. [8] In addition, the combined structure is
lightweight, which leads to fuel efficiency and consequently, reduced pollution
when in flight, which is a big advantage for a trainer aircraft.

c. Empennage
The empennage would be a cruciform tail which is a compromise of a
conventional tail and a t-tail. The cruciform tail lifts the horizontal tail to avoid
proximity from the engine and to avoid the lower part of the rudder to be
exposed to undisturbed air. [9] In simple words, it clears the aerodynamics of
the tail away from the wake of the engine and it does not require too much
strengthening of the vertical tail which is why it imposes less weight compared
to that of a t-tail. The empennage would also be tapered for it to perform better
and produce benefits like the aforementioned tapered wings.

d. Landing Gear
The layout of the landing gear is that of a tricycle landing gear. It provides
better visibility from the flight deck, allows more forceful application of the
brakes and prevents ground-looping of the aircraft, keeping the airplane
moving forward in a straight line. [10] All stated advantages are beneficial
especially for those still learning how to fly an aircraft. The option of having a
fixed landing gear allows the student pilot to focus on the primary flying skills
without the distraction of the complexity a retractable landing gear adds.

e. Engine
The chosen engine for the BRZ-21 is the Continental IO-360-ES which is part
of the Continental 360 Series Avgas Engine. The 360 series is a family of air
cooled, naturally aspirated, horizontally opposed, 6-cylinder, gasoline, fuel
injected, spark ignition, four-stroke, and direct drive engine. The Continental
IO-360-ES has a rated power of 210 horsepower, bore of 4.438 inches, stroke
of 3.875 inches, displacement of 360 squared inches, dry weight of 379.6
pounds and has a certified fuel grade of 100/100L. [11] The said engine is to
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be utilized for it has the specifications which are more than capable for
running the aircraft.

a. Propeller
The propeller type that would be compatible to the selected engine of the
aircraft would be a three-bladed, variable pitch, composite material propeller.
The huge advantage of a three-bladed propeller is that it has more ground
clearance and provides less noise. A three-bladed propeller gives more thrust
and better climb rate. [12] While for the pitch aspect, a variable pitch is when
the pilot is able to adjust the blade pitch during flight, the blade angle can thus
be adjusted to its optimum value for the phase of flight, be it take off, climb, or
cruise. [13] This produces higher efficiency, thus saving fuel which is favorable
especially in times of training. Composite materials are to be used for the
propellers for they have several advantages compared to traditional
propellers. Reduced weight leads to more blades and better aircraft
performance, improved noise reduction and less vibration, as well as longer
service life and stunning ram appeal. [14] All of the said advantages are things
you want to see when creating a trainer aircraft.

b. Seating
The seating arrangement which is a four-seater where it consists of two rows
side-by-side benefits everyone in the aircraft. Placing two seats in front and
two seats at the back helps the pilot instructor and student in front focus on
the learning process of flying the aircraft. While the two at the back be it family
passengers or co-students could also focus on other things without causing
distractions or disturbing the two in front. Having two rows is an advantage
for the area of the plane could be kept to a minimum knowing its purpose is
only for pilot training.

IV. REFERENCE AIRCRAFT DATA

A. TYPE

TYPE Cirrus SR20 Faci Fajr F-3[19] Lancair Columbia

300

Category Normal[16] Utility Utility[21]

Wing type Low wing[17] Low wing Low wing[22]

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Wing Geometry Tapered[17] Tapered Tapered[22]

Number of Seats 4[17] 4 4[22]

B. DIMENSIONS AND CONSTRUCTION

DIMENSIONS AND
Cirrus SR20[18] Faci Fajr F-3 Lancair Columbia
CONSTRUCTION 300[23]
35 ft 7 in 34 ft 5.5 in[19] 36 ft 0 in
Wing Span
10.85 m 10.50 m[19] 10.97 m

Wing Aspect Ratio 9.1 7.9[19] 9.2

26 ft 0 in 26 ft 5.75 in[19] 25 ft 2 in
Length Overall
7.92 m 8.07 m[19] 7.62 m

8 ft 6 in 10 ft 0 in[19] 9 ft 0 in
Height Overall
2.59 m 3.05 m[19] 2.74 m

135.2 ft2 150.9 ft2[20] 141.2 ft2

Wing Area
2
12.56 m 14.02 m2 13.12 m2

Landing Gear Fixed tricycle Retractable tricycle Fixed tricycle

type type[19] type

C. WEIGHTS AND LOADING

WEIGHTS
Cirrus SR20[18] Faci Fajr F-3[20] Lancair Columbia
AND LOADING 300[23]
2,070 lb 2,425 lb 2,250 lb
Empty Weight
939 kg 1,100 kg 1,021 kg

3,000 lb 3,438 lb 3,400 lb

Gross Weight
1,360 kg 1,580 kg 1,542 kg
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Wing Loading 22.19 psf 23.08 psf 24.08 psf

Power Loading 15 lb/hp 12.90 lb/hp 11.33 lb/hp

D. POWERPANT

POWERPLANT Cirrus SR20 Faci Fajr F-3 Lancair Columbia

300

Type and Model Teledyne Textron Lycoming Teledyne

Continental IO- AEIO-540- ContinentalIO-550-
360-ES [17] L1B5[19] N2B[23]

Rated Horsepower 200 hp[17] 270 hp[19] 310 hp[23]

Fuel Capacity 227 L[17] 212 L[19] 402 L[23]

379.6 lb[24] 471 lb[25] 490.9 lb[26]

Dry Weight
172.184 kg 213.642 kg 222.669 kg

E. PERFORMANCE

PERFORMANCE Cirrus SR 20 Faci Fajr F-3 Lancair Columbia

300
156 kts[18] 144 kts[20] 190 kts[23]
Cruising Speed 180 mph[18] 166 mph[20] 219 mph[23]
264 fps 243.467 fps 320.793 fps
64 kts[18] 67 kts[20] 71 kts[23]
Stalling Speed 74 mph[18] 78 mph[20] 82 mph [23]
108.533 fps 114.4 fps 120.267 fps

Rate of Climb 900 fpm[18] 1030 fpm[20] 1,400 fpm[23]

PRELIMINARY DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS PAGE 9 OF 13

14,000 ft[27] 14,000 ft[28] 15,000 ft[29]

Service Ceiling
4,267.2 m 4,267.2 m 4,572 m

17,500 ft[27] 18,000 ft[28] 18,000 ft[29]

Absolute Ceiling
5,334 m 5,486.4 m 5,486.4 m

1,430 ft[18] 1,020 ft[20] 700 ft[23]

Take-off Distance
435 m[18] 310 m[20] 213 m[23]

1014 ft[18] 1,180 ft[20] 1,550 ft[23]

Landing Distance
309 m[18] 360 m[20] 472 m[23]
882 nmi[18] 610 nmi[20] 1,385 nmi[23]
Range 1,015 mi[18] 702 mi[20] 1,593 mi[23]
1,633 km[18] 1129 km[20] 2,565 km[23]

Endurance 5 hr 30 min[30] 6 hr 15 min[20] 6 hr 42 min[31]

 PRELIMINARY DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS PAGE 10 OF 13

V. ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW OF REFERENCE AIRCRAFT

A. Cirrus SR20[17]

Top View

Side View

Front View

Scale 1:100
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B. Faci Fj-3[19]

Top View

Side View

Front View

Scale 1:100
PRELIMINARY DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS PAGE 12 OF 13

C. Lancair Columbia 300[22]

Top View

Side View

Front View

Scale 1:100
PRELIMINARY DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS PAGE 13 OF 13

END NOTES
[1]John D. Anderson, Jr. Aircraft Performance and Design, WCB McGraw-Hill, United

States, 1999. Pages 3-4.

[2]https://www.oxfordsaudia.com/en/blog/6-common-trainer-aircraft-used-in-flight

schools/
[3]https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breeze
[4]Far part 23 : https://www.risingup.com/fars/info/part23-3-FAR.shtml
[5]http://www.pilotfriend.com/training/flight_training/fxd_wing/wings.htm
[6]David J. Peery. Aircraft Structures, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1950. Page 37.
[7]https://www.pilotmall.com/blogs/news/high-wing-vs-low-wing-what-s-the

difference-between-them
[9]T.H.G Megson. Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Butterworth

Heinemann Inc., 2007. Page 583.

[10]http://home.iitk.ac.in/~mohite/Basic_construction.pdf
[11]Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series

Washington, D.C., 1989. Page 69.

[10]https://www.tronair.com/resources/types-of-landing-gear-equipment-and

aircraft-servicing-tools
[12]http://www.continental.aero/engines/300.aspx
[13]https://www.bib.irb.hr/593324/download/593324.AIR-06.pdf
[14]https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Variable_Pitch_Propeller
[15]https://hartzellprop.com/benefits-of-composite-propellers/
[16]https://www.aopa.org/go-fly/aircraft-and-ownership/aircraft-fact-sheets/cirrus
[17]Paul Jackson. Jane’s all the World’s Aircraft, Jane’s Information Group Inc., 2004

2005. Page 642.

[18] Paul Jackson. Jane’s all the World’s Aircraft, Jane’s Information Group Inc., 2004

2005. Page 643.

[19]Paul Jackson. Jane’s all the World’s Aircraft, Jane’s Information Group Inc., 2004-

2005. Page 290-291.

[20]Paul Jackson. Jane’s all the World’s Aircraft, Jane’s Information Group Inc., 2004-

2005. Page 291.

[21]https://generalaviationnews.com/2001/01/01/the-lancair-300-truly-new/
[22]Paul Jackson. Jane’s all the World’s Aircraft, Jane’s Information Group Inc., 2004-

2005. Page 685.

[23]Paul Jackson. Jane’s all the World’s Aircraft, Jane’s Information Group Inc., 2004-

2005. Page 686.

[24]http://www.continental.aero/engines/300.aspx
[25]https://wwws.lycoming.com/sites/default/files/O%20%26%20IO540%20Oper%2

0Manual%2060297-10.pdf
[26]http://www.continental.aero/uploadedFiles/Content/Engines/Gasoline_engines/5

50AvGas-SpecSheet.pdf
[27]https://doc8643.com/aircraft/SR20
[28]https://doc8643.com/aircraft/FJR3
[29]https://doc8643.com/aircraft/COL3
[30]https://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/cirrus-sr20/
[31]https://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/lancair-1998-columbia-300/