TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Basic Helicopter

History of Helicopters

Introduction

The helicopter is a remarkable aircraft that has developed fundamentally since its origin in
the mid twentieth hundred years. This thorough report investigates the historical backdrop
of helicopters, following their improvement from the earliest idea to the high level rotorcraft
of today. We dive into key achievements, remarkable designers, mechanical progressions,
and the effect of helicopters on different businesses and applications.

The helicopter plays a vital role in the history of aviation. Today numerous helicopter types
are working in the business avionics space, going from little two-man private helicopters to
enormous traveler conveying types and work vehicles fit for conveying extensive burdens to
remote spots.

The helicopter is a one-of-a-kind aircraft that can hover, perform precise maneuvers, and
perform vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL). Its set of experiences is set apart by constant
advancement, driven by the quest for more secure, more productive, and generally relevant
rotorcraft. This report takes a top to bottom gander at the advancement of helicopters,
beginning from their conceptualization to their present-day applications.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Vertical flight began as soon as 400 CE in China. There are records of a kite that pre-owned
turning wings to assist with lifting it skywards. In the Medieval times, some toys used the
standard of the helicopter, where a rotating sharp edge was turned by pulling a string.

The possibility of vertical flight can be followed back to old civic establishments, with drawings
and depictions of different vertical flight gadgets. In any case, the genuine birth of the
helicopter idea came in the fifteenth century when Leonardo da Vinci portrayed a plan for a
"helical screw" flying machine. His design laid the groundwork for future developments, even
though it remained theoretical.

Early attempts at vertical flight

The scientific principles of helicopters were further investigated in 1843 by Sir George Cayley,
also known as the "father of fixed-wing flight," which ultimately resulted in the creation of
the first successful helicopter.

Following that, nonetheless, there were many impasses until 1907 when the Breguet siblings,
Louis, and Jacques, made a short trip in a gyroplane under the careful focus of Charles Richet,
a flying trailblazer. The aircraft lifted about two feet vertically while remaining tethered to the
ground. Gyroplane No. 1 was a lightweight casing with four arrangements of rotors and a 45-
strength motor.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Sometime thereafter, bike creator Paul Cornu accomplished free trip for close to 20 seconds
at one foot off the ground in a twin-rotor make controlled by a 24-pull motor. Igor Sikorsky,
who later made his name as a fixed-wing airplane engineer, did a few ineffective
investigations with vertical trip around a similar time.

Wonder when will

I get my letter to
Hogwarts?

Early 20th Century: Birth of the Modern Helicopter

1912 – Jacob Ellehammer

Danish Designer made short lifts in a helicopter highlighting counter-rotating rotors and cyclic
pitch control.

1922 – George de Bothezat

Designed an intricate helicopter for the US Army Air Force, which took off the ground for
under two minutes, with minimal control.

1924 - Raúl Pateras Pescara

Planned a few helicopters that applied cyclic pitch control and, reinforcement for when the
motor fizzled, utilizing rotor autorotation. He set a straight-line distance record of 736 meters
on April 18, 1924.

1927 - 1930 – Nicholas Florine

Russian-conceived Pilot, Florine, showed a helicopter with fluttering wings at the Brussels
Display in 1930 and was liable for building the first tandem-rotor helicopter in 1927.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:
1936 - 1938 – Germany

Developed the Focke Achgelis FA 61, which had two three-bladed rotors mounted on
outriggers and powered by a 160-HP radial engine. In 1938, the FA61 completed an altitude
flight of 11,243 feet and a cross-country flight of 143 miles. German aviator Hanna Reitsch
became the first female helicopter pilot in the world to fly the Fa 61 inside the Deutschland-
Halle in Berlin.

1939 – 1940 – Igor Sikorsky (Pioneer of Practical Helicopters)

The cutting edge helicopter time started with Igor Sikorsky, a Russian-American creator and
specialist. In 1939, Sikorsky effectively fled VS-300, a single-rotor helicopter, which
established the groundwork for contemporary helicopter plan. This accomplishment denoted
the progress from exploratory models to reasonable rotating wing airplane. The VS-300 was
small (weighing 1,092 pounds) powered by a 65-horsepower Lycoming engine, had a single
main three-blade rotor with collective pitch and a tail rotor. Similarly as with most innovations
made during seasons of war, following The Second Great War, helicopters started to be
utilized for firefighting, police work, horticultural yield splashing, mosquito control, clinical
clearing, and conveying mail and travelers. During this time, Ringer Model 47, one of the
main helicopters ever, consolidating a verbalized, gyro-balanced out, two-cutting edge rotor,
was created by The Chime Airplane Company under the initiative of Arthur Youthful.
Forthcoming Piasecki framed the Piasecki Helicopter Company; the Piasecki plans included
pair rotor ideas. Twin couple rotors were sufficiently able to permit helicopters to be produced
to two times their past size without making significant rotor edges.

1951 – Jet Engine Technology

Jet engine technology was applied to the helicopter by the Kaman Airplane Enterprise's HTK-
1. The "synchropter" configuration of Kaman's patented aerodynamic servo-controlled rotors
could be found on this machine.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

1955 - SNCA-S.E. 3130 Alouette II

French SNCA-S.E. 3130 Alouette II made its most memorable trip on March 12, fueled by a
Turbomeca Artouste II turbine motor. It became perhaps of the most persuasive helicopter
on the planet and began a trend toward jet-powered helicopters everywhere.

1956 - 1957 – First rescue attempt via helicopter

Jean Boulet and Henri Petit executed the first rescue by a helicopter at 4,362 metres on Mont
Blanc Mountain. Jean Boulet and Gérard Henri flew two Alouette II helicopters and rescued
French Air Force crew and rescuers while performing operations, following the accident of
Vincendon and Henry. The Alouette II unlocked technology for a whole new generation of
helicopters. The Alouette ceased production in 1975

1962 - Jean Cantinieau

Jean Cantinieau designed a two-seater helicopter named, Faon (French for Fawn). It was an
elegant small two-seater helicopter with 180 hp and no rear rotor – it was abandoned in 1963
due to stability problems.

1962 - SA 321 Super Frelon

SA 321 Super Frelon, a triple-engine, heavy transport helicopter, was produced by the
aerospace manufacturer Sud Aviation of France. It was the most powerful helicopter to be
built in Europe in its time and the world’s fastest helicopter.

1963 – Super Frelon

The Super Frelon set three speed records: over 3 km, a speed of 341.23 km/h, over 15-25
km, a speed of 350.470 km/h, over 100 km closed circuit, and a speed of 334.280 km/h.

1967 – Germany

The German Bo105 was the first light twin-engine helicopter to enter commercial service.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

1969 - SA-315 Lama

The SA-315 Lama set an altitude record that still stands today. Jean Boulet set the altitude
record when he climbed to 12,442 metres. The Indian government utilised the helicopter in
the Himalayas and later manufactured the helicopter under the name, Cheetah.

1970 - Sud Aviation

Sud Aviation became SNIAS when they merged with French Nord Aviation and SEREB
companies. SNIAS went on to launch the very first Airbus A300 B in 1972. Aerospatiale’s
helicopter division produces helicopters still in production today: the Ecureuil, Dauphin and
Super Puma.

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you help me find the
Dragon Balls?
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:
Helicopter Structure

The designs of the helicopter are intended to give the helicopter its exceptional flight qualities.
The rotors of a helicopter are essentially rotating airfoils that provide lift in a manner
analogous to that of a fixed-wing aircraft's wings. Wind streams quicker over the bended
upper surface of the rotors, causing a negative strain and hence, lifting the airplane. Changing
the approach of the pivoting cutting edges increments or diminishes lift, separately raising or
bringing down the helicopter. The aircraft moves horizontally when the plane of rotation of
the rotor is tilted. Figure 1 shows the significant parts of a regular helicopter.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Airframe

A helicopter's airframe, or basic construction, can be constructed out of metal, wood

composites, or a combination of the two. A composite component typically comprises of
numerous layers of resins soaked with fibers that are glued together to create a smooth
panel. Although stainless steel or titanium may occasionally be utilized in locations prone to
higher stress or heat, tubular and sheet metal substructures are often composed of
aluminum. Engineering, aerodynamics, material science, and manufacturing techniques are
all incorporated into the design of an aircraft's airframe in order to strike a balance between
performance, cost, and reliability.

Fuselage

Helicopter fuselages and tail booms are frequently truss-type or semimonocoque

constructions with stress-skin designs, just like fixed-wing aircraft. Aluminum skin, formed
aluminum, and steel and aluminum tubing are frequently utilized. Advanced composite
materials are increasingly used in modern helicopter fuselage design. Typically, stainless steel
is used for engine decks and fire barriers. Helicopter fuselages come in a wide range of
configurations, from those with a truss structure, two seats, no doors, and a monocoque shell
flying compartment to those with completely enclosed cabins like to those found on larger
twin-engine helicopters.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Wide-range cockpit view is crucial due to the multidirectional nature of helicopter flight.
Windscreens made of plexiglass, glass, or large-format polycarbonate are typical.

Landing Gears or Skids

A set of metal skids with tubular ends can serve as a helicopter's landing gear. Many
helicopters do feature retractable landing gear with wheels.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Powerplant

The reciprocating engine and the turbine engine are the two most popular types of engines
used in helicopters. Smaller helicopters often use reciprocating engines, sometimes known
as piston engines. Reciprocal engines are typically used in instructional helicopters because
they are straightforward and affordable to run. Many different types of helicopters employ
turbine engines because they are more powerful. Although they are typically more expensive
to operate, they provide a fantastic amount of power for their size. In contrast to those
utilized in aviation applications, turbine engines used in helicopters operate differently. The
majority of the time, the exhaust outlets merely expel used gases and do not assist the
helicopter in moving ahead. The air's cooling effect is constrained because it does not pass
through in a straight line like in jet engines and is not used for propulsion. The engine receives
about 75% of the incoming airflow for cooling.

Reciprocating Engine

Turbine Engine

(Same Energy)

Reciprocating Engine-chan
wants head pats as well
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Transmission

During typical flight conditions, the transmission system distributes power from the engine to
the main rotor, tail rotor, and other accessories. The clutch, freewheeling unit, tail rotor drive
system, and main rotor transmission are the four major parts of the transmission system.
The main rotor transmission may drive the tail rotor drive shaft during autorotation thanks to
the freewheeling unit, also known as the autorotative clutch. Helicopter transmissions often
have their own oil supply to lubricate and cool them. It comes with a sight gauge to check
the oil level. Chip detectors for some transmissions are housed in the sump. In the case of
an internal issue, these detectors are wired to warning lights that illuminate on the pilot's
instrument panel. Modern helicopters include some chip detectors that can "burn off" and try
to fix the problem on their own. The pilot must use the emergency procedures specific to
that helicopter if the issue cannot be resolved on his or her own.

Power Transmission
System

Instant Transmission
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Main Rotor System

The revolving component of a helicopter that produces lift is called the rotor system. The
mast, hub, and rotor blades make up the rotor. The mast is a cylindrical metal shaft that rises
upward from the transmission and is propelled by, occasionally supporting, the transmission.
The hub, which serves as the rotor blades' connection point, is located at the top of the mast.
The rotor blades are then connected to the hub using a variety of techniques. The way the
main rotor blades are attached to and move in relation to the main rotor hub determines the
type of main rotor system. Basic categories include rigid, semi-rigid, and fully articulated.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Anti-torque System

Helicopters typically have two to seven main rotor blades. These rotors are often constructed
from a composite material. Torque is produced by the huge rotational mass of a helicopter's
primary rotor blades. This torque seeks to spin the fuselage in the opposite direction as
engine power increases. This torque effect is countered by the tail boom and tail rotor, or
antitorque rotor. The countertorque of the tail rotor, which is controlled by foot pedals, needs
to be regulated as engine power levels are altered [Figure 8]. The tail rotor blades' pitch is
altered to do this. This alters the amount of countertorque and enables the helicopter's pilot
to shift the direction it is facing by rotating the aircraft about its vertical axis. A fin or pylon,
which resembles the vertical stabilizer of an airplane's empennage, is another typical
component of rotorcraft. Although some tail rotors are positioned on the boom's tail cone, it
typically supports the tail rotor assembly. Additionally, the tail cone or the pylon are frequently
built with a horizontal component known as a stabilizer.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:
Types of Helicopters

Single Rotor Helicopter

Helicopters with a single rotor are by far the most prevalent kind in use today. They have a
single main rotor that is mounted directly above the cockpit and produces forward momentum
when tilted. The Sikorsky Sea Stallion's primary rotor has seven blades, although it can also
have as few as two (as shown in the image above). To maintain stability and control the
direction, they also have a smaller tail rotor. These normally employ blades as well, but more
recent innovations—like the anti-torque system found on the MD520N helicopter from MD
Helicopters—allow for a wider variety of tail rotor options. Single-rotor helicopters are
excellent for a range of activities like aerial firefighting, search and rescue, and helicopter
tours since they are very dependable, nimble, and can readily hover in place.

Tandem Rotor Helicopter

Helicopters with tandem rotors have two main rotors, one of which is placed in front of the
other (as shown above). The torque of the two rotors counteracts one another, increasing
stability and lifting capability. Tandem rotor helicopters are better suited for military
operations and heavy lifting since they are often bigger and more powerful than single-rotor
helicopters.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Coaxial Helicopter

In coaxial helicopters, the two primary rotors are placed above the cockpit and rotate about
the same axis. Because there is no longer a need for a tail rotor, the helicopter's mechanics
are made simpler and its total noise level is decreased. Coaxial helicopters can turn quickly
and are frequently utilized for aerial filming, search and rescue missions, and military
activities.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Compound Helicopter

Compound helicopters successfully integrate the top qualities of both helicopters and
airplanes. The only similarity between them is that they both feature a primary rotor for lift
and a tail rotor for stability. In contrast to a conventional helicopter, they use an additional
propulsion technique to improve airspeeds. This additional propulsion technique is often
either a tail-mounted propeller or a jet engine. Many variants also come with a modest pair
of wings to aid in maintaining forward flight. Compound helicopters can fly farther and faster
than conventional helicopters because to this design, which makes them perfect for military
missions and long-distance transports.

Tilt Rotor Helicopter

With rotors that can pivot from a vertical position for takeoff and landing into a horizontal
position for quicker forward flight, tilt rotor helicopters are the logical progression of
compound helicopters. These hybrid helicopters have one tandem rotor positioned at the end
of each wing and a fixed-wing design. They are excellent for both commercial and military
transportation thanks to their distinctive tilting rotor design, which enables them to travel
through the air like an aircraft and take off and land like a helicopter.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:

Intermeshing Rotor Helicopter

Intermeshing rotor helicopters, also known as synchropters, feature two main rotors that
rotate in opposite directions and overlap with each other. Because the rotor masts are set at
a small slant, the blades can overlap without running into each other. This reduces the
aircraft's overall efficiency since neither rotor can produce perfect vertical lift. The ability of
the intermeshing rotor helicopter to maneuver in exceedingly small spaces more than makes
up for this inefficiency. Helicopters with intermeshing rotors are frequently utilized for military
operations, search and rescue missions, and off-road transportation.
TITLE: BASIC HELICOPTER NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE: SEPT. 5,2023 PAGE 1 OF 8

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JERALD C. BUENO
BSAeE 4 - B GRADE:
References

https://www.caaa.com.au/a-brief-history-of-the-helicopter/

https://www.britannica.com/technology/helicopter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter

https://www.mech4study.com/automobile/different-parts-of-helicopter-and-their-
functions.html/

https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/helicopter3.htm

https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/p/helicopter-structures.html#google_vignette

https://www.chopperspotter.com/what-are-the-6-different-types-of-helicopters/

https://lemonbin.com/types-of-helicopters/