PT.

BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK

SAFETY PROCEDURE

OFFICE : JL. CIBUBUR I NO. 24,

JAKARTA TIMUR 13720
TELP. : ( 021 ) 870 1936
FAX. : ( 021 ) 870 1936
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STATEMENT OF POLICY
The use ionizing emitting materials and devices can pose as a hazard to the environment,
persons who are working with it and the general public at large.

It is the policy of PT. Bengawan Solo Tecnik to provide Quality and reliable services in a safe
manner for its employees, client and the public. In doing so, SAFETY PROCEDURE FOR
RADIOGRAPHIC WORKS, Document No. P1k – 011 Revision was establish to comply
with BAPETEN requirements or client requirements.

The contents of document No. P1k – 011 or any subsequent revision (s) constitute the basic
and minimum requirements or radiation safety which all employees of PT. Bengawan Solo
Tecnik shall strictly adhere to the responsibility for radiation safety have been delegate to the
Company Safety Officer and Radiation Protection Officer ( PPR ) on site. It is also the
responsibility of each individual involves exercising safety practices and no excuse will be
accepted for failure to carry out his duties in a safe manner, for others himself.

Individuals who neglect their responsibilities in this respect may find themselves subjected
not only company disciplinary actions, but also liable to legal action brought by the
appropriate enforcing authority.
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TABLE OF CONTENT

SECTION TITLE PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENT 2

STATEMENT OF POLICY 3

1.0 PURPOSE 4

2.0 SCOPE 4

3.0 REFERENCE LITERATURES 4

4.0 RADIATION DOSE LIMITS 4

5.0 WORKING CONDITION AND BARRICADES 5

6.0 SAFE WORKING DISTANCE COMPUTATION 5

7.0 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 6

8.0 RADIATION MONITORING 7

9.0 ADMINISTRATION, RECORDS, NOTIFICATON 9

10.0 TRANSPORTATION OF RADIO – ISOTOP 11

11.0 RADIATION SAFETY CHECK LIST 13

12.0 SAFETY DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 13

13.0 CONTIGENCY PLANS 16

14.0 CONTACT IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES 16

APPENDIX A RADIATION SAFETY CHECK LIST

APPENDIX B CONTIGENCY PLANS

APPENDIX C RADIATION INCIDENT REPORT FORMAT

APPENDIX D ROUTINE RADIATION

APPENDIX E DOSE RATE REFERENCE TABLE

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1. PURPOSE
This manual was established for the exclusive use of employees of PT.
Bengawan Solo Tecnik and subsidiary company, as a source of information and
regarding procedure, working practices and company policy regarding
RADIATION SAFETY and contingency plans.

2. SCOPE
This manual describes systems, methods of work and administrative procedures
laid down by the company to be adopted by employees involved in any work
where ionizing radiation presents a hazard to their health and safety. “WORK” in
this context is considered to be any activity involving the use, handling, storage or
transport of radioactive substances or the operation or use of radiation emitting
devices for any purpose.

3. REFERENCE LITERATURES
Indonesia Atomic energy Act, 1975 (B.A.T.A.N)
Applicable I.A.E.A safety standard
ICRP’s recommendation

4. RADIATION DOSE LIMITS

Exposure to radiation dosage shall be kept to the minimum and AS LOW AS
REASONABLY POSSIBLE (ALARP). Unnecessary exposure shall be avoided.
Under circumstances where exposure to radiation is unavoidable, the following
allowable “whole body” exposure (per calendar year) dosage limits shall be
adhere to:

4.1 Radiation / classified workers

Aged above 18 Years -20m SV (5 rem)
Trainee aged 18 years and less -15mSv (1.5 rem)
*Dose rate - 25 uSv (2.5 mR/hour)

4.2 Non-Radiation / classified worker and under other circumstances.

Non-Radiation worker and -5 mSv (0.5 rem)
*Dose rate -7.5 uSv/hr (0.75 mR/hr)
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4.3 Specific Controlled Condition

a) The operation is under controlled conditions and the radiation dosage that you are
likely to receive is closely monitored by a competent person.
b) With the approval of the company or its authorized officer (Coordinator, radiation
protection officer etc.)
c) You are fully equipped with radiation protection monitoring devices and safety
equipment are available on site.
It’s highly recommended to take turns among radiation / classified workers to
minimize the dosage a person may receive.

5. WORKING CONDITIONS AND BARRICADES

5.1 Barricades
Prior to the performing any radiographic work, the are should be barricaded with one
or more of the following :

a) Warning beacon / revolving lights ( especially working at night )

b) Rope barriers with radiation warning pennants.
c) Radiation warning sign boards of reasonable size, displaying the Internationally
recognized radiation warning symbol.

5.2 Working Conditions

a) Although working conditions are being classified into several areas, the terms
depend on the country of operation. To simplify our operation the DOSE RATE AT
√√ THE PERIMETER OF OUR BARRICADES SHALL NOT EXCEED 7.5 µSv/hour
(0.75 mR/hour).

6. SAFE WORKING DISTANCE COMPUTATION

The safe working distance from an Ir-192 at different dose rates can be computed by the
following formula if the curies of the Ir-192 is known :

6.1 For radiation workers where the safe dose rate is 25 µSv/hour (2.5 mR/hour)
Safe Distance = X
Where X = √ source activity x Dose sate per hour in one meter
Safe dose rate

6.2 For non-radiation workers where the safe dose rate is 7.5 uSv/hour (0.75
mR/hour)
Safe Distance = X
Where X = √ source activity x Dose rate per hour in one meter
Safe dose rate
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However the above computation can only provide a rough estimation of the are for
barricades. The actual distance shall be established by using a calibrated radiation survey
meter.

7. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

All personnel who are designated as classified workers or radiation workers by the company
must be medically examined in accordance with BATAN. requirements.

No persons may be designated as a radiation/classified worker unless he has been medically

certified fit for ionizing radiation works and a valid certificate has been obtained. All
radiation / classified workers must be of age above EIGHTEEN years unless working as
trainees.

The medical examinations shall be performed by a panel Doctor acceptable to B.A.T.A.N.

There are four levels of medical surveillance:

7.1 Pre-employment Medical Examination

Medical Examination as per B.A.T.A.N requirements prior to employment or as

soon as possible after commencement of employment shall be carried out by the
panel doctor. Only those personnel who have been “certified” as Fit” shall be
employed as radiation/ classified workers.

7.2 Periodic Medical Examination

Periodic Medical examination shall be conducted at intervals of 24 months. Only

personnel that has been “certified as fit” by the panel doctor is allowed to continue
his employment as radiation/ classified workers .
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7.3 Special Tests

In all cases, a special medical examination is called for should any person receive
an exposure greater than twice the maximum permissible annual dose. This must
be carried out without delay and the results recorded in the health record.

7.4 Special Tests

In cases of suspected over dose where particularly high dosage was indicated in
the film badge report, special test should be carried out immediately.

NOTE : All personnel shall have a personal medical record file where all medical
examination reports shall be entered and made available for inspection when
required. The file shall be presented to the panel doctor when medical examination
is to be carried out. This file shall be kept by the area office where the person
concerned is working.

8. RADIATION MONITORING

8.1 Personnel Monitoring

a) All personnel involved with ionizing radiation will be subjected to personal

monitoring and are required to comply with Company policy in this respect.

b) Mandatory radiation monitoring film badges. Film badges approved by

B.A.T.A.N must be worn by all radiation / classified workers when performing
radiographic work or handling ionizing radiation emitting equipment. The
badges must be worn on the front of the person at/or above the waist level.
These film badges shall be sent to B.A.T.A.N for processing to determine the
amount of dosage received during the last calendar month. In case the fresh
film badges are not received from B.A.T.A.N, the film badges from the
previous month shall be used continuously until receipt of the fresh film
badges. The film badge dosage records from B.A.T.A.N shall be kept on file at
the area office, a copy sent to the head office in Jakarta. These records shall be
available for inspection at any time by clients, authority, radiation/classified
workers concerned. The issue of film badges shall be recorded in the log book
and the badge numbers shall tally with the dosage record. Any lost or damaged
should be reported immediately to the Radiation Protection Officer ( RPO) in
writing and a replacement obtained before work is continued.
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c) Quartz Pocket Dose meters

These are issued as required and provide a direct read – out of dosage received.
They are normally provided for use where high dose – rate are expected. The
reading of the dose meter shall be logged at the beginning and of a working
shift. The dosage received can than be computed. The use of Quartz pocket dose
meter is not mandatory.

d) Over dose
Any classified person who received a dosage of 4mSv (400 m rem) per
Calendar month or more has to write a statement to the management PT.
Bengawan Solo Tecnik via the Radiation Protection Officer. That person shall
explain in the statement the cause(s) of such statement with management
comments shall be on file and available for reference by other workers.

8.2 Area Monitoring

a) Mandatory radiation survey meters

Ionizing chambers type of radiation survey meter must be used when performing
radiographic works. The ratio of the number of radiation survey meters must be
calibrated 1.0 – 1.5 at least once every 12 months and whenever the radiation
survey meter is sent for service after a malfunction is reported. The calibration
certificates must be available on site and made available for inspection at any
time. The calibration certificates must be retained for one year after the date of
expiry.

b) Personal Radiation Warning Alarms.

This alarm normally gives an audible alarm when radiation dose rate exceeds a
Pre-set threshold. The alarm is useful in the way that they give an immediate
indication of the presence of radiation. The alarm is issued to the radiographer in
charge, Radiation Protection Officer and Project manager. Under no
circumstances can a radiation warning alarm be used as a substitute for radiation
survey meter and film badge.
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9. ADMINSTRATION, RECORDS NOTIFICATION ETC

All administrative detail with respect to records, notifications, medical and dose
surveillance must be given priority as it will often be subjected to scrutiny long after the
work has been carried out. Responsibility for total compliance with all administrative
requirements rest with all persons involved in radiographic operations. Administrative
works required under the company’s policy is a part of the job function of each individual
involved and no excuse will be accepted for failure to carry out administrative task in the
proper sequence and at the proper time. Individual who neglect their duties in this respect
may find themselves subject not only to company disciplinary action, but also liable to legal
action brought by the authority especially BAPETEN.

9.1 Licensing

A License was issued to PT. Bengawan Solo Tecnik by BAPETEN for a period of
twelve months validity. The original copy of the certificate is being kept in the head
office Jakarta, copies of the certificate shall be available at all sites. It is the
responsibility of the Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) to inform the management
regarding the expiry of the certificate at least one month before the expiry date. The
management will be responsible for the license renewal.

9.2 Notification

Before commencing on any radiographic work, the radiographic teams must obtain
permission from the cleans representative(s) for the work. The clean representative(s)
should be informed of the location and the duration of the work. Even with the
permission and adequate barricades, the radiographic teams must ensure that no
unauthorized person enters the area. In cases where there is a permanent exposure area,
although prior notification is not required, the radio graphic team must ensure that there
is no un authorized personnel in or at the exposure area before and during exposure.

9.3 Equipment Records

Properly maintained equipment records are required to ensure that all defective items
are reported and withdrawn from use immediately, to facilitate calibration of measuring
equipment and to identify equipment which may not be defective but suffer from
intermittent or undetected at some time.
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Defective equipment shall be segregated, identified with tags and locked in cabinet
prior to sending for repair. These records shall be maintained at each site and made
available for inspection at any time.

9.4 Radiographic Isotope and Containers Records.

A file for each isotope and containers shall be maintained at site.

The file shall contain :

a) Valid fitness certificate for the container.

b) Valid Company license from BAPETEN
c) A copy of certificate and decay chart of the radio-isotope housed in the container.
d) A list of contact addressed and telephone number in case of emergency.
e) Any other document that may be required BAPETEN clients.

Copies of the above shall be available at the head office, Jakarta. A separate file
containing the radio isotope certificates (original) shall be maintained which also
indicate the date the radio isotope were dispose of. The decay charts shall be available
on site for radiographers’ reference.

9.5 Radio Isotope Movement Record

At the radio isotope storage-pit, a log book is available where the movements of the
radio-isotopes are recorded. The data to be recorded in the log books are:

a) Serial number of radio – isotopes.

b) Serial number of containers
c) Date and time the containers were taken out and returned to the storage-pit.
d) Person who took and returned the containers.
e) Location where the radio isotopes are being used.
f) Remarks, if any.

9.6 Radio – Isotope Storage Pit

The storage pit must be constructed in such a way that is secure, fire proof, away from
water, suitable labeled and provide adequate shielding.
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Radiation warning signboards must be conspicuously displayed at the four sides of the
storage – pit or fencing with list of contact addresses and telephone numbers in case of
emergency. The dose rate at the perimeter fencing, the cover of the outside perimeter of
the storage – pit shall not exceed 2.5 µSv/hour (0.25 mR/hour). The gate of the
perimeter fencing, the cover of the storage – pit and the locking mechanism of the radio
– isotope containers must be securely locked at all time when in the storage – pit.

9.7 Source change – out

.
Changing of depleted source with new source shall be performed by RT Level II
individual or RPO. Instructions from the manufacturer of the shipping containers shall
be followed.

10. TRANSPORTATION OF RADIO - ISOTOPE

10.1 Receiving of new radio – isotopes and returning of depleted radio isotopes.
These must be carried out using the shipping containers from the suppliers and the
instruction s must be strictly adhered. Do not tamper with the shipping containers.

10.2 Local Transportation

The following steps shall be followed

10.2.1 From storage – pit to work – site

a) Take key from the Radiation Protection Officer.

b) Unlock storage – pit and select isotope container to be taken out.
c) Check container with radiation survey meter. Report any unusual reading at once
(high or low)
d) Verify serial number of container and source from tags/labels.
e) Log source movement in the isotope record book.
f) Check that the container is locked and remove it from the storage – pit.
g) Lock storage – pit, check if it is secured.
h) Secure isotope container in properly labeled vehicle if applicable.
i) Return storage – pit key to RPO.
j) Proceed to work place.
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10.2.2 From work site to storage – pit

a) Check with radiation survey meter that the source is properly shielded and that the
reading is normal. Too high or no reading indicates that the source is not properly
shielded or is not in the container at all.
b) Lock container to prevent accidental exposure.
c) Secure isotope container properly labeled vehicle, if applicable.
d) Return to storage – pit, draw key from RPO.
e) Check storage – pit with radiation survey meter before entering.
f) Return isotope container to storage and log in source, return record book.
g) Lock storage – pit and check perimeter with radiation survey meter.
h) Return storage – pit key to RPO.

Always check the identity of both source / container you take from the storage pit.
Adequate lighting or a torch light must be available at night to do this. Always have a
working, calibrated radiation survey meter SWITCHED ON, with you whenever you
are handling an isotope container or ionizing radiation emitting device.

10.2.3 Vehicle labeling

All vehicles used to transport radio – isotopes should be properly labeled with
radiation signs and suitable emergency contacts in the appropriate language. When
radio – isotope are being carried the public should be informed not to stay in or at the
vicinity of the vehicle unnecessarily.
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11. RADIATION SAFETY CHECK LIST

Please refer to Appendix A

12. SAFETY DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

12.1 Appointments
a) all personnel involved in site radiography will be designated “Classified” persons
or “radiation workers”
b) All persons designated will be issued with a card notifying them of their
appointment and indicating the category to which they have been assigned and
duties which they are authorized to under take.

12.2 Site Safety Officer

a) One or more persons will be appointed to act as safety officer for work carried out
at each location, provision being made for deputies and for shift working
requirements
b) The side safety officer will be appointed in writing by the project manager and a
copy of the letter of an appointment shall be available to the client when
requested.

12.3 Radiographer (RT-Level II)

a) Person shall be designed as radiographers by the project coordinator consultation
with the safety officer.
b) Each appointment shall be made only when the manager is satisfied that the
individual is competent to perform his duties safely, has a satisfactory knowledge
of safe working practices and applicable regulations, and instruction to perform his
assigned tasks and has been instructed in the possible hazards arising from
working with ionizing radiation.

12.4 Assistant Radiographer (RT-Level I)

a) A person shall be designated as assistant radiographer by the project coordinator
consultation with the safety officer.
b) Each appointment shall be made only when the manager is satisfied with the of
competence shown by the assistant radiographer card. Every assistant radiographer
shall only be appointed when he has adequate information regarding the possible
hazards associated with ionizing radiation.
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12.5 Duties

a) Safety Officer

i) To ensure that all work with ionizing Radiation carried out at location site
for which he is responsible, is conducted in accordance with company
policy, government legislation and client’s requirements.
ii) To supervise the activities of radiographers and assistant radiographer
employed at the location / site for which he is responsible on safety.
iii) To ensure that all records and certificates required are to be kept at the
location / site are complete and current.
iv) To ensure that all necessary radiation safety equipment is available and
kept in working order and properly calibrated.
v) To ensure that suitable barrier materials, warning notices and warning
devices are available in good condition and in appropriate quantities for the
work in hand.
vi) To ensure that proper arrangements are made for the storage and transport
of radioactive material.
vii) To carry out regular checks of all equipment to ensure that it works
correctly and may be operated safely.
viii) To maintain daily records for source movements and locations.
ix) To assist in investigations and reporting radiation incidents and unusual
exposures.
x) To be familiar with emergency procedures and contingency plans and to
implement them in the event of a radiation emergency.
xi) To arrange for a deputy in his absence.

b) Radiographer (RT-2)

i) To carry out all work with ionizing Radiation in accordance with company
policy, government legislation and client’s requirements.
ii) To ensure that all equipment is in a safe working condition and any
unserviceable items are identified as such and reported without delay.
iii) To supervise the activities of assistant radiographer who is working under
his direction.
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iv) To ensure that all safety equipment and monitoring equipment is

maintained in good order and used as required.
v) To ensure that all working practices are both safe and in compliance with
company requirements and specific regulations.
vi) To ensure that all necessary equipment is available before commencement
of work with ionizing radiation.
vii) To return monitoring film badge promptly and to report loss or damage of
such badge without delay.
viii) To carry immediately to the site safety officer and any incident or and
government legislation.
ix) To report immediately to the site safety officer and any incident or
emergency involving ionizing Radiation and any case of unusual exposure
or suspected exposure to radiation.
x) To be familiar with emergency procedures and contingency plans.
xi) To ensure that the radioactive materials are kept secure at all time.
xii) To ensure that all exposures to radiation are restricted as far practical at all
times.

c) Assistant Radiographer (RT-I)

i) To act accordance with the instructions of senior staff at all times.

ii) To carry out only those duties indicated on his authorization card unless
under direct supervision of a radiographer or safety officer.
iii) To ensure that all instructions regarding safe working practices,
maintenance and operation of equipment, personal monitoring and
monitoring of barriers and equipment are followed precisely.
iv) To report any incident or emergency involving ionizing radiation without
delay to the safety officer.
v) To be familiar with emergency procedures.
vi) To ensure that exposure to radiation of himself or others is restricted to the
lowest practical exposure at all times.
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13. CONTIGENCY PLANS

PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK has established a set of contingency plans which lay
down the procedures to be followed in the event of certain fore seeable emergencies of
accident involving ionizing radiation or associated equipments.

14. CONTACT IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES

CONTACT PERSON NAME DURING OFFICE HOURS AFTER OFFICE HOURS

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APPENDIX – A

A.1.0 RADIATION SAFETY CHECK LIST

This check list should be used to ensure that all aspects of safety procedures and policies
have been complied with through all stages of work with ionizing Radiation.

A.1.1 FOR SHORT TERM PROJECT

a) Prior to mobilization
1) Check licenses, certificates of registration etc.
2) Liaise with client regarding special restrictions.
3) Formulate local Rules for specific work.
4) Nominate Site RPO.
5) Notify details of work and RPO. To enforcing authority.
6) Select field staff and check validity of health records, training in use of equipment etc.
7) Select and resource equipment for the work ensuring it is suitable and sufficient for
the work.
8) Check all equipment for operation, calibration, etc.
9) Ensure adequate storage facility is available on site.
10) Prepare safety equipment – shielding, emergency kit, barriers, notices, warning
devices etc.
11) Prepare copies of statutory notices, certificates daily log forms, report forms, manuals,
instructions etc. as administrative package.
12) Obtain details of emergency site telephone numbers etc.
13) Check personal monitoring arrangements for all personnel.
14) Agree any special requirements regarding working practices, location of controlled
areas, hours of work. Provision of access, lighting etc. as required.
15) Consult with client regarding arrangements for mobilizing radioactive material (where
applicable).

b) At site / location
1) Ensure isotope storage – pit is secured, safe and correctly labeled.
2) Display RPO notices, details of emergency contacts and copies of local rules for use
by site staff.
3) Establish controlled areas within which work is to be carried out.
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APPENDIX A

4) Obtain ‘permits to work’ where necessary and follow permit to procedure where this
is in force
5) Where there is no permit to work procedure in operation, establish a system of liaison
with the client whereby location and establishment of controlled areas is agreed.
6) Ensure that any record keeping function required on site is established e.g. isotope log,
equipment check record etc.
7) Establish a daily site log where all relevant information is record.
8) Establish a program for checking the safe of equipment and the function of safety
equipment and arrange for the prompt withdrawal and replacement of any equipment
which is unserviceable or is due for re – calibration.
9) Ensure that each technician on site is all times wearing his monitoring badge, is in
possession of his authorization card, is aware of his responsibilities for the work in
hand and has been fully informed regarding any special instructions applicable at that
particular site / location.
10) Ensure that issue and replacement of badges is prompt and any badges not in use
(including spare of emergencies) are protected from radiation.

c) On Leaving site / location

1) Ensure that any Radioactive material storage has been emptied, all radioactive
material removed, signs and labels removed or changed to indicate store is empty (as
applicable) and sources booked out in the daily log or isotope register.
2) Remove all radiation warning sign and notices and dismantle barriers around
‘controlled areas’
3) Ensure that all Company equipment is accounted for and is returned to base.
4) Return daily log and other site – records to base for retention as required.
5) Advise enforcing authority as necessary that notified work has been completed and
source of radiation have been removed.
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APPENDIX – A

A.1.2 GAMMA RAY OPERATIONS (PERMANENT EXPOSURE AREA)

a) Pre-exposure
1) Obtain permit to work’ where applicable and ensure it is valid and compliance with all
conditions is a n achievable.
2) Draw isotope from store and book it out in the source movement register.
3) Check access, lighting etc., in the work area is suitable and safe.
4) Erect barrier around the ‘controlled are’ on the basis of experience / safe distance
calculation etc., remembering area may extend in 3 dimensions.
5) Position warning notices around the ‘ controlled area’ paying particular attention to
access must points, stairways doors etc., notice must indicate the following :
i) Nature of hazard and restrictions imposed
ii) Meaning of warning signals
iii) Details of R.S.O / emergency contacts.

6) Check operation of warning devices and positions as required.

7) Inspect exposure point and ensure that the position where exposure container is to be
positioned is suitable to provide a strong platform for the container.
8) Check collimators and any additional shielding required is available.
9) Check the conditions of the container, collimator guide tubes and wind out (control)
unit.
10) Check connectors on pig – tail and drive cable using go – no go gauge.
11) Connect source guide tubes, collimator and control unit to projector in accordance
with manufacturers instructions.
12) Check operation of monitor against surface of isotope container.
13) Ensure all operators are wearing personal monitoring services.
14) Conduct search of controlled area.
15) Advise that Radiation exposure is about to commence if this is required.
16) Carry out any additional pre-exposure searches and warning procedures.
17) Wind out source to exposure point and conduct survey of controlled area barriers to
ensure readings are below 7.5 µSv/hr (0.75 mR/r). if they are not, adjust barriers or
after retracting source, position additional shielding and re-check radiation dose – rate
at barrier.
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APPENDIX – A

b) Exposure
1) Check that the source is safety is safely shielded in the container using the monitoring
and position collimator and radiographic film for exposure. Keep the monitor with
you during this operation, with the audible alarm switch on.
2) Having completed the radiographic set – up leave the controlled area and retire to the
control point.
3) Give the pre-exposure warning and expose the source.
4) Conduct monitor survey as the source travels to the exposure point to verify that it has
entered the collimator.
5) Carry out a monitor survey of the barriers during the exposure if the dose rate reading
is found to exceed 7.5 µSv/hr (0.75 mR/hr)at any point terminate the exposure at once.
6) Should the collimator or container be observed to slip or move terminate the exposure
at once.
7) Upon completion of the exposure retract the source. The monitor should be used from
the control point to verify that the source has left the collimator, traveled along the
guide tube and is safety shielded in the container.
8) Approach the exposure point carrying the monitor, switched on, survey the collimator
and having established that the source is not locked or jammed in the collimator.
9) Radioactive source exposure equipment must never be left unattended for refreshment
breaks, shift changes or any reason other than a sudden and extreme emergency the
source must be retracted and the container locked.

c) Post Exposure
1) Upon completion of final exposure double check that source is in the container as per
7 above
2) Check the guide tubes and collimator with the survey meter to verify that the source is
definitely not jammed in them.
3) Disconnect the guide tubes and replace the storage plug.
4) Disconnect the wind out (control) unit from the projector.
5) Replace transport cover when pig – tail has been disconnected from the drive cable
and lock the container.
6) Examine the guide tubes for damage and coil them.
7) Examine the wind out (control unit) for damage, ensure the end of the drive cable is
protected and coil up the cable.
8) Remove isotope projection equipment from the controlled area and return to store,
book in it.
9) Conduct a monitor survey of the controlled area to ensure it is safe.
10) Remove Barriers, notices and warning devices.
11) Sign off and return ‘permit to work’ if applicable.
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12) Record in daily log the following details:

i) Names of operators.
ii) Number of exposures and details (activity minutes).
iii) Serial numbers of equipment used, and that it was checked, received and returned
in working order.
iv) Details of any equipment which became defective during operation.
v) Isotope serial number and description.
vi) Monitor reading at barriers during exposure.
vii) Any other relevant information.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION TITLES PAGE

B1.0 INTRODUCTION (FOR RPO) 2

B2.0 PRECAUTIONARY ACTION WHEN ON SITE 2

FOR (RPO)

B3.0 TO LOCATE AND RECOVER AN UNSHIELDE 3

SOURCE

B4.0 VARIOUS EMERGENCYSITUATIONS 6

B5.0 IN THE EVENT OF A SOURCE CAPSULE BEING 11

DAMAGE

B6.0 ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE OF A PERSON TO 12

IONISING RADIATION

B7.0 ACCIDENTAL EXPOSUREOF MONITORING FILM 12

BADGE

B8.0 LIST OF NECESSARY EQUIPMENTS DURING AN 13

EMERGENCY INVOLVINGRADIOACTIVE SOURCE

B9.0 BASIC RADIATION SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 13

B10.0 REPORTING PROCEDURES 14

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B1. INTRODUCTION FOR RADIATION PROTECTION OFFICER

(FOR RPO)

When receiving any message regarding an incident involving radioactive isotope

which you are required to deal with, you must first ascertain :

a) Personnel involved have taken all the required safety precautions.

b) Type of incident.
c) Source type and activity.
d) Type of container involved.
e) Location of incident.
f) Client’s Representatives have been informed.

From this you will know what equipment and additional personnel are required to
remedy the situation.

NOTE :
Ensure that individuals do not receive excessive dosage.
Always make sure that you have enough personnel available.

All radiographers on site area to be familiar with these procedures it is the project
coordinator RPO’s responsibility to ensure this.

B2. PRECAUTIONARY ACTIONS WHEN ON SITE (FOR RPO)

Never approach an isotope, shielded or not, in an emergency situation without :

a) A radiation survey meter (switched on)

b) A personal monitoring film badge.
c) A pocket dosemeter and charger (optional)

Never under any circumstances handle a radioactive source or a collimator or guide

tube known to contain a source with bare hand. Always use long tong. Always use
radiation survey meter to establish a radiation controlled area around a source, stay
outside that area except when the isotope has to be approached for recovery. Discuss
and decide outside this area.
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Always follow instructions in para B3.0 and B4.0

Always follow the reporting procedure given in para B10.0

B3. TO LOCATE AND RECOVER AN UNSHIELDED SOURCE (ON SITE)

When an emergency situation with an unshielded source is established :

B3.1 Precaution Actions

a) First establish a barrier around the general area in which the unshielded source is
located
b) Use radiation survey meter to ensure that the dose rate at the perimeter does not
exceed 7.5 uSv/hr (0.75mR/hr)
c) One person of the radiographic team shall go and inform the client’s
representative on-site regarding the situation followed by informing the client’s
safety officer, company’s RPO/competent person and relevant authority, if
necessary.
d) The other member (s) of the radiographic team shall stay on site, outside the
barricaded area and as far as practically possible away from the source. Ensure
that no person, including classified workers enter this area. Stop all works in this
area and those in the vicinity wait until the competent person or recovery team
arrived.
e) Ensure that anyone who was within the controlled area before the erections of
the barrier supplies:

1. Their names and addresses.

2. Details of where they were (on a sketch ) before the incident was
discovered and for how long. This is in order so that any radiation dosage
may assessed. Send him for special medical examination if necessary.

B3.2 Data Required

Before the recovery team arrival, the following data must be made available and
given to the competent person/RPO on his arrival.
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a) Serial number and activity of source.

b) Nature of source Ir 192, Co-60 etc.
c) The suspected location of the source and the cause (s) of the emergency. The
competent person/RPO needs to know the actual cause (s). Always discuss, plan
and decide outside the controlled area.
d) Safety equipment you have on site.
e) Name of person (s) who is/are suspected of over exposure to the radiation.

B3.3 Safety Equipment

Made available on the site the following equipment:

a) Emergency container or regular projector as appropriate

b) Handling (long) tong.
c) Preferably one radiation survey meters, calibrated and working.
d) Standard emergency kit for dealing with the source when located (See para 8.0).
e) 4 markers flashing lamps, beacons etc.
f) Standby or back up personnel.
g) The persons who is to locate the source must be wearing personal film badge
and pocket dose meter.
h) Pocket dosemeter charger.

B3.4 To pin point the location of and to shielded the source.

a) A fairly small are should now be contained within the container and the guide
tube, it is time to pin point the exact location of the source and shielded it.
b) Using lead shot bag, lead sheet or other handly and effective material, cover the
area where the source is expected to be.
c) If the source is shielded, the reading on the radiation survey meter, monitor by
another person, will drop sharply. Otherwise repeat step (b) above by
ANOTHER PERSON until the source is shielded.
d) It is very important to carry out step (b) in the fastest possible way. Exposure
will be furthered reduced if they take turn to do the job.
e) The dosage a person may receive when he is approaching the source (e.g Ir –
192 ) can be estimated if the dose rate at different distances from the source and
the time he spent are known.
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The following data will used for computation.
Dose rate for one curie of unshielded Ir – 192 :
5.0 mSv/hr (0.5 R/hr) at one meter.
Use inverse square – law and time spent to compute the dosage received
(averaged)
NOTE: The dose – rate shown on the radiation survey meter is the dose rate you are
receiving. If the radiation survey meter is placed behind some object, the
actual dosage is higher than that shown on the radiation survey meter.

B3.5 Source recovery

Having shielded the source, the following steps should be followed:

a) if the source is connected to the winding cable, disconnect it before

removing the shielding material
b) Remove the shielding material. Using the handling tong, ‘pour’ out the
source from the guide tube on the ground preferable on a piece of plywood
or the sort to ensure that the source pig – tail can be easily seen. Shield the
source with the material leaving connecting end of the pig – tail exposed.
This is a two man operation.
c) Using another persons, connect the winding cable to the source pig-tail and
retract the source into the container immediately, the shielding material is
removed; otherwise. Use the handling tong at arm length, secure the exposed
end of the pig-tail and load the source either back into its own container or
into the emergency container when the shielding material is reduced.
d) Secure the container with source hosed and return it to the storage-pit. Take
remedy action as necessary.

B3.6 Post Operation Actions.

Remove all barricades and warning signs.
Inform client’s representative on site
Return all safety gears to its intended positions.
Obtain full detail from all personnel involved and prepare a comprehensive
report complete with sketches and dosage calculation.
Clear the site to ensure that nothing is left behind.
Report to company, client and BAPETEN as given in para B10.0

B3.7 Area Contamination

In an unlikely event of a source capsule being damaged, refer to procedure as
detailed in para b 5.0.
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B4.1 VARIOUS EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

Detail below are action to be taken under various emergency situations.

B4.1 Source stolen from site or vehicle

At no time should a source be left unattended unless in a lock storage pit or

a locked vehicle.
If it seen that a source has been stolen from a vehicle or storage area, the
following steps must be taken at once.

a) Inform the Radiation Protection Officer and Project Coordinator giving the
following information:

i) Could the source be exposed or is it safety locked ?

ii) Could the source be exposed or it is safety locked?
iii) Have any accessories (wind-out gear etc) been stolen ?
iv) When was the source last checked or seen ?
v) Site and time of loss.

b) Inform the site safety and security officers.

c) Organize a search of the site and the vicinity.
d) Inform the police if the source is not found within an hour.
e) Inform BAPETEN if the source is not found within 24 hour (RPO
responsibility)
f) If the container is recovered, carefully check a radiation survey meter for
radiation leakage and examine the container and source holder for any
mechanical damage.
g) Inform the project coordinator, RPO, police, BAPETEN and any other
relevant authority regarding the recovery.
h) Make up a detailed report and sent to the head office.

B4.2 Vehicle containing source was stolen.

a) Immediately advise the local police and also site security if applicable.
b) Advice RPO and the Project Coordinator.
c) Advice head office in Jakarta.
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d) Have available for the police a full description of the vehicle, the
isotope container and any warning displayed.
e) If the source is not recovered within 24 hours advised BAPETEN ( RPO
responsibility)
f) If the source container is recovered, carefully check with a radiation
survey meter for radiation.
g) Inform then project coordinator, RPO, Police, BAPETEN and any other
relevant authority regarding the recovery.
h) Make up a report to the head office.

B4.3 In the Event of a fire or collapse of structures where source is being used or
stored.

a) Bring emergency kit to the scene when at the scene :

b) Liaise with the rescue personnel, inform them that there are radioactive
substances on the premises, detail of approximate location, expected dose
rate it the shielding is damaged.
c) Remember that is more important to get injured personnel to the medical
center, and this has priority over recovering the source, but ensures that
you do not leave the structure unattended unless you have created signs
and flashing lights to warn personnel involved in the rescue operation and
to keep out all others.
d) Once all the rescue personnel are clear and the area is declared structurally
safe to enter, proceed with the recovery as normal.
e) Refer to the relevant section regarding the finding and recovery of the
source, which applies to the source’s condition. Work out approximately
dosage received by rescued and injured personnel. If you suspect that any
personnel have received excessive dosage send them for a medical
examination.

B4.4 Fire or Accident Involving a carrying source

a) In the event of a fire or accident where radio – isotope are involved, advise
safety / security officer of the hazard.
b) Advise the RPO and arrange for emergency equipmentto be brought to the
scene in order to detect any radiation and deal with any damaged container
or exposed isotope.
c) If the container is damaged and the source is no longer adequately shielded
either
1) Unload the source into a safe container, or
2) Provided extra shielding with lead sheet or a lead lined box etc.
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d) Expect to rescue a trapped or injured person, ensure no one approaches
the container until it has been made sure that there is no radiation risk
present.
e) Check for any leak of radio active material due to damaged source capsule .
f) Make out a full report of the incident and inform the head office.

B4.5 In the event of an accident involving a damaged container holding a shielded

source.

a) Follow first basic steps B3.1 to B3.7

b) Check container for any damage to the shielding by using a radiation survey
meter. F surface dose rate is to high, i.e. over 200 mR/hr (2mSv/hr), or the
radiation measured at one meter from the surface exceeds 10mR/hr
(100uSv/hr), provide additional shielding (lead sheet etc) to make the unit
safe to handle in order to return it to the isotope storage pit.
c) If there is no damage to the shielding, return to the isotope to an exposure
bay and carry out checks on the source pig – tail and operating mechanism, if
there is any damaged.
d) Do not the container – return it for repair.
e) Check area for any leakage of radioactive material from damaged source
capsule.
f) Make a full report and report to the head office.

B4.6 In the event of a source being exposed, unshielded due to a jammed wind –
out cable.

a) Equipment required:
1) Pair of snips
2) Pliers
3) Screwdriver
4) Long tongs
5) Lead shot bags.
6) Torch light
7) Pocket dose meter and charger
8) Spare container or pot
9) Radiation Survey Meter.

b) As soon as you arrive at the scene of the incident, check:

1) First basic steps as para B1.0 and B2.0
2) Has anybody tried to recover the source themselves
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Anybody that has tried to recover the source before your arrival and has failed,
should not be used in further recovery operations, as he may already have suffered
a high radiation dose.

c) Procedures

1) Take the radiation survey meter with you to the wind – out handled
assembly.
2) Check the radiation survey meter reading. From this you can determine how
long you are able to work there without receiving an excessive high dose.
3) Use the pliers and screwdriver to strip down handled assembly.
4) Attempt to pull the winding cable ( with the source attached) so that it will
retract into the container.

d) If this does not work, follow step B3.1 to B3.7.

e) Make sure that the source and the container are not used till checked and
repaired as necessary.
f) Replace all personal monitoring badges and submit a report with the returned
badges
g) Make out a full report of the incident, and inform the head office.

B4.7 In the event of an unshielded source becoming jammed in the guide tube.

a) Equipment Required:

1) Pliers
2) Lead shot bag
3) Radiation survey meter
4) Spare container
5) Snips
6) Long tongs
7) Torch light
8) Pocket dose meter
9) Hacksaw, axe

b) When arriving at the scene, check:

1) first basic steps as per B1.0 and B2.0

2) if anybody has tried to recover the source prior to your arrival. If they have,
they should not be involved in any further recovery operations.
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c) To recover the source, follow steps B3.1 to B3.7 incorporating the following steps
as necessary.

1) Use the lead shot to cover the source.

If the source is located away from the far end of the guide tube follow PART A. if
the guide tube is obviously crushed onto the source assembly or the source is stuck
at the snout – end of the guide tube follow PART B.

PART - A

1) using the tongs to hold the guide tube, cut the end off.
2) Locate the new container at the end of the guide tube.
3) Try not to wind the source assembly into the spare container (if this is not
possible. Use PART B)

PART – B

1) Disconnect the guide tube from the container.

2) Instruct somebody to wind cable out as you pull the container away from the
guide tube.
3) Snip the winding cable.
4) Lift the guide tube up, using the tongs, and place the part which contains the
source into the container.
5) Pack the container with lead shots or order shielding material until the activity
measures are reduced to a safe level.
6) Secure the container and transport to the isotope storage- pit. Mark the
container so that it will not be tampered with.

d) Make out a full report of the incident, and report it to the head office.

B4.8 In the event of a source becoming detached from the drive cable and remain
loose in the guide tube.

a) Equipment Required

1) Long tongs
2) Lead shot bags
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3) Radiation survey meter.

4) Torch light
5) Pocket dosimeter and charger
6) Space container or harrowed transit pit

b) When you arrive at the incident check

1) first basic steps per B1.0 and B2.0

2) when did the radiographers realize the source was detached?
3) Has any body tried to retrieve the source themselves ?

If the radiographers did not realize the source was detached and carried on
working normally till the malfunction was discovered, they will have already
received high dosage and should not be used in the recovery operation. This also
applies to any body who has tried to retrieve the source prior to your arrival. Get a
report on this to estimate the dosage.

c) To recover the source, Follow steps B3.1 to B3.7

B.5. IN THE EVENT OF SOURCE CAPSULE BEING DAMAGED

• If a source capsule is seen to be damaged, squashed, broken, bent etc. there is a

danger that the unsealed radioactive material may be released from the capsule.
Such damaged capsule should not be reloaded into an exposure container, but
should be put into a ‘pot’ type container where any material falling out of the
capsule cannot be lost.
• When the source capsule has been removed, the area where it was laying must be
carefully monitored. There is a danger of area contamination.
• If there is any indication of residual radioactivity after the damaged source capsule
has been removed, the following steps must be taken.

a) The area within which the source capsule lay should be marked off (to within
about one square meter if possible).
b) A box or some other protection should be placed over the area.
c) Perimeter barriers and warning must be left in position over the area.
d) No attempt should be made to pick up or recover unsealed radioactive
material.
e) Contact RPO or BAPETEN to arrange for specialist recovery of unsealed
radioactive material and removal of any contaminated materials.
f) Make up full report and report to the head office.
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B6. ACCIDENTIAL EXPOSURE OF PERSON TO IONISING RADIATION

In the event of the persons being subjected to an unplanned exposure of X or gamma

radiation, the following procedures should be followed.

a) Inform the RPO.

b) If the person wore any film badge and / or dosimeter, this must be checked and
processed and the recorded dosage made available as soon as possible.
c) An estimate of the dosage received must be calculated using the formula :

DOSAGE RATE AT POINT TIME PERSON WAS

(WHERE PERSON WAS X (EXPOSED = DOSAGE
EXPOSED) RADIATION)

d) Data required for dosage computation :

i) Source of radiation : Gamma Ray

ii) Activity of Radiation : Curies
iii) Exposure Details : Time of exposure and distance from the
source of radiation.

e) Medical examinations are required. This usually awaits receipt of dosimeter result. In
the event that a serious exposure is suspected, a chromosome aberration count may be
required.
f) Any skin rash, burns or other damage to the skin appearing subsequently should nosu
bleed etc.
g) Make up a full report for the head and report to BAPETEN.

B7. ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE OF MONITORING FILM BADGE

In the event of accidental exposureof a radiation monitoring film badge whilst not being
worn, the following action should be taken :

a) do not wear the badge again.

b) Send the badge in for processing at once, and get a replacement.
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c) Send the badge with a report giving details of what happened. E.g : Badge fell off
wearer in front of work piece and remained there during two minutes exposure of 30
curie Ir 192 about three feet away.
d) Make up a statement and report to the RPO.

B8. LIST OF NECESSARY EQUIPMENT REQUIRED DURING AN EMERGENCY

INVOLVING RADIOACTIVE SOURCE.

1) One meter tongs.

2) Junior hacksaw (optional)
3) Two kg bags of lead shot.
4) Pliers.
5) Screwdriver.
6) Pocket dosemeter and charger.
7) Spare container.
8) Snips or axe.
9) Torch light.
10) Radiation survey meter.
11) Barrier, signs and flashing beacons.
12) Adjustable spanner.

A set of the above shall be available at each site.

B9. BASIC RADIATION SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

There are three basic factors that affect the amount of dosage a person will receive.

B9.1 Distance

Radiation intensity follows the inverse square law which states that if the distance is
increased by double, the radiation intensity is decreased by four times :

I1 = (D2) 2 I1, I2=Initial and final intensities.

I2 = (D2) 2 D, D2= Initial distance and final distance.

Thus, it is advisable to stay as far away as possible from a radioactive source.

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B9.2 Time

It is for ward and simple to understand that the longer you stay in a radiation area,
the higher dosage you will receive.
Thus, NEVER stays at radiation are unnecessarily.

B9.3 Shielding

Matters absorbed by radiation. The amount of radiation absorbed by certain metals

are given in the table below :

Source MATERIAL HVT TVT

Ir 192 LEAD 5mm 13mm
Ir 192 STEEL 13mm 43mm
Ir 192 COBCRETE 43mm 140mm

HVT = Half Value Thickness where the initial radiation intensity is reduced to half
TVT = Tent Value Thickness where the initial radiation intensity is reduced to
one-tenth.
Thus, always stay behind some objects.

B9.4 Specified out – put for Ir – 192

The specific out – put for Ir – 192 is :

5 mSv/hr (0.5R/hr) at one meter for one curie of Ir 192.
This date is usedwhen computing the estimated dosage a person will receive.

B10. REPORTING PROCEDURES

In the unlikely event of an accident involving a radiation emitting source or

device, a report shall be made using the format attached here as Appendix C. the
report shall be submitted to the RPO after the accident has been settled. The RPO
shall submit the repot to the project coordinator who will in turn submit to the
management together with their findings and comments. Depending on the scale
and impact of the accident to human beings and the environment, the management
shall decide whether to inform BAPETEN or not.
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RADIATION INCIDENT REPORT

Type of container Type of survey meter

Container Serial No. Serial No
Source serial No. Test Certificate
Activity Expiry date
X-Ray Equipment Was equipment involved in
fire or a road accident ?
Type
Serial No.
Were Barriers in Place ? Name of senior Radiographer
Or Site Radiation Protection
Officer
Signs in Place ?
Lights in Place ?
Audible warnings
Functioning?
Names and addresses
Of persons who may have
been exposed to source.

COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF EVENTS LEADING TO INCIDENT:

Signed :
Radiographer (s) involved Site RPO/RT Level II
Date : Date :

Management comments
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ROUTINE RADIATION SURVEY REPORT

DATE : DAY : LOCATION :

PROJECTOR # : SOURCE S/N CURIE : AFDDSGGJHGKB
TYPE OF SURVEY METER : SERIAL NO :
CALIBRATION DATE : CALIBRATION DUE :

C A

LOADING
AREA 06.30 – 07.30 – 08.30 – 09.30 – 10.30 – 11.30 – 12.30 – 13.30 –
07.30 08.30 09.30 10.30 11.30 12.30 13.30 14.30
A
B
C
D

AREA 14.30 – 15.30 – 16.30 – 17.30 – 18.30 – 19.30 – 20.30 – 21.30 –

15.30 16.30 17.30 18.30 19.30 20.30 21.30 22.30
A
B
C
D

AREA 22.30 – 23.30 – 00.30 – 01.30 – 02.30 – 03.30 – 04.30 – 05.30 –

23.30 00.30 01.30 02.30 03.30 04.30 05.30 06.30
A
B
C
D
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DOSE RATE REFERENCE TABLES

TIME PERSONNEL WILL RECEIVE 1 REM (10 M/Sv)AT 1 METRE

SOURCE ACTIVITY DOSE PER HR TIME

Ir 192 1Ci 0.5 R/hr (5.0 mSv/hr) 120 min

Ir 192 2Ci 1R/hr (10 mSv/hr) 60 min

Ir 192 5Ci 2.5 R/hr (25 mSv/hr) 25 min

Ir 192 10Ci 5.0 R/hr (50 mSv/hr) 12 min

Ir 192 20Ci 10 R/hr (100 mSv/hr) 6 min

Ir 192 50Ci 25 R/hr (250 mSv/hr) 2 min

TO CALCULATE THE TIME A PERSON MAY SPEND NEAR A SOURCE

10 CURIE IRIDIUM 192 ONE METER

10 Ci x 0.5 = 5 REM ( 50 mSv/hr)

1 REM x 60 mins = 12 Menit

5 Rem
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS ( JSA )
Owner : Prepared By :
Client : Checked By :
Project Name : Approved By :
Scope : Endorsed By :
JSA Conducted By : Date :
Required or Recommended PPE JSA No. :
Sequence of basic job steps Potential Accidents or Hazards Recommended Safe Job Procedure
1. Transportation of Equipment Accidental exposure radiation leak from container - Lock radio isotope container prior to
transportation
- Prior to transportation check radio isotope
container for leaks using survey meter

Unlock storage area/expose to radiation - Lock the bomb pit

2. Storage of radio-isotope
3. Radiographic Examination
Radio isotope stock up inside the source tube
- Install radiation sign boards on the area
- check the bomb pit for radiation leak, using
survey meter. The leak shall not exposes 2.5
mr/h for radiation worker with non-radiation
worker shall not exceed 0.75 mr/hr.

- Prior to examination check source tube for

4. Handling of radio-isotope from
one location to another
Survey meter not calibrated
Entry of workers in the radiographic area
Radiographers over exposed to radiation
Radio isotope not property retracted into the camera
Or container casing personnel over exposure to
radiation
damage
- Check cranking cable for damage prior to use
- Apply Molecote to cranking cable prior to use
- Calibrate survey meter for correct radiation
reading
- Barricade the radiographic testing area using
barricading ropes, sign boards radiation signal
lamps.
- Radiographers shall wear film badge and
dosimeter to monitor their radiation exposure.
- Check the radiation area during the exposure
to avoid over expose.

- Retract the isotope property into the container

Improper handling of isotope container
after each exposure time
- Check the source tube and cranking cable for
damage before used.
- Damaged source tube and cranking cable
shall be discarded and change with good ones.
- Care should be taken during the handling of
isotope container to avoid accidental dropping.
- If doing radiographic examination on the pipe
rack position the container and secure tightly

Over expose to radiation due to incorrect meter - use calibrated survey meter to maintain
5. Radiation Monitoring personnel safe distance from the radiation area
reading
- Provide barricade, sign boards, radiation
signal lamps to the area of radiographic testing.