Proceduer of Radiation Safety - Rev. 21

RADIATION SAFETY PROCEDURE
Table of Contents
Chapter Title Page
1 Introduction. 3
2 Scope. 3
3 Applicable Documents. 4
4 Risk Assessments. 4
5 Personnel. 4
6 Crew Requirements. 6
7 Permits 6
8 Radioactive Source Storage Facilities 7
9 Radioactive Exposure Device 7
10 Radiation Monitoring Device 7
11 Personnel Dosimeter 11
12 Permissible Doses 13
13 Restricted Access To Radiation Areas 14
14 Records 16
15 Record Responsibility 17
16 Handling of Radioactive Materials 18
17 Transportation of Radioactive Materials 22
18 Issue & Receiving of Radioactive Sources 24
19 Handling of Sealed Sources 24
20 Operational Procedure 25
21 Prevention of Radiation Accidents & 29
Minimizing the receiving Dose
22 Violations and Incidents- Administrative 31
Response
23 Definition of terminology 31
Tables, Forms & Figures
Appendix 1 HVL & TVL value for Material 34
Appendix 2 Radiation shipping label 35
Appendix 3 Personal radiation exposure record 36
Appendix 4 Radiation incidents preliminary report 37
Appendix 5 Daily Radiation Exposure Report 38
Appendix 6 Radiation incident report 39
Appendix 7 Radioactive source daily issuance form 40
Appendix 8 S.A. temporary radioactive source 41
storage pit
Appendix 9 Requests for Temporary Radioactive 42
Source Storage Permit
Appendix 10 GTC-NDT Unit Emergency Contact 43
2 of 43 GTC/NDT/PROC/002 - Rev - 21
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
Present-day radiographic exposure device are designed reliably and

shielded as far as safety of radiographer, the general public and
environment are concerned. However, proper attitude and understanding of
radiation safety are essential to obtain safer performance of radiography.
This procedure shall serve as a guide to all GTC's radiographic testing
personnel.
This procedure is designed to meet the requirements for use, storage,

transport & safe handling while using of radioactive materials and X-ray
machines or other ionizing producing equipment and materials used in
industrial radiography to ensure that it does not harm any individual.
At present time no radiation dose, other than zero, is accepted as having no

biological effect. So, it is vitally important that every individual should make
every reasonable effort to maintain radiation exposures as low as
reasonably achievable (ALARA) or lower than the amount this procedure
requires. Personnel involved in ionizing radiation must give absolute
attention as far as safety is concerned, especially with regards to TIME,
DISTANCE and SHIELDING.
2.0 SCOPE:
2.1 This procedure provides mandatory safety requirements and guidelines for
shipment, storage and use of radioactive material or x-ray generating
equipment and full compliance is required when used for contracts in which
the use of radioactive material or X-ray Machine is applicable. The
procedure complies with requirements of GI-150.003.
2.2 The requirements contained in this procedure are subject to changes based
on revision issued by NRRC & Saudi Aramco standard SAEP 1141
appropriate revision. Any deviation from this procedure shall be requested
to Manager Inspection Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.
2.3 The rules and regulations employed on this procedure shall govern the
safety and responsibility of all radiographic testing personnel and full
compliance of users is required.
2.4 This procedure shall be used as a reference for safe working by GTC
personnel involved in ionizing radiation.
2.5 All GTC’s radiographic crew shall have a copy of this procedure in their
vehicle or works at all times.
3.0 Applicable Documents.
1. NRRC regulations.
2. GTC Emergency NO.GTC/NDT - 007.
3. SAEP 1141 Latest Revision.
4. GI- 150-003 Saudi Aramco ionizing radiation protection specification.
4.0 RISK ASSESSMENTS
Assessments of the RISK involved on all exposures in the application of

industrial radiography are the responsibility of GTC RSO, Authorized Designee
and/or Site-in charge. Risk Factors should be minimized by strict compliance of
both GTC’s and Client’s Safety Requirements by design of equipment & safety
requirements contained there-in the principles of ALARA, Radiation Protection
and by the design of work executions. The risk of over exposure is directly
attributed to failure to follow safety procedures, malfunctioning of equipment
and its misuse.
A risk assessment shall be prepared for all industrial radiographic work
Activities that includes;
a) Source Identification
b) Source Activity
c) Calculated Radiation Level at I meter and/or 1 foot from the source.
d) Safe distance required for 7.5µSv/hr (0.75mR/hr) for an unshielded source.
e) In cases where job includes techniques not normally encountered by the
radiographers, instructions and information should be provided that pertains
to the possible risks.
4.1 On-site Risk Assessments are required for radiographic assignments

that involved additional risks
a) Elevated Locations
b) Confined spaces.
c) Occupied areas.
d) Source Strength/Type Requirements. (During use of high energy
radiation such Cobalt-60 or Linear accelerator)
e) Other locations that are not evaluated as typical routine assignments
by the coordinator.
5.0 PERSONNEL
5.1 Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) can also be referred to as RPO
1) Radiation Safety Officer shall be appointed to supervise the use of

radioactive material. The person designated as RSO shall have the
following qualification.
a) Possession of a current RSO license issued by Nuclear and

Radiological Regulatory Commission (NRRC).
b) At least five years’ experience in radiographic testing and certified as

RT Level II as per GTC NDTPROC006 (Personnel Qualification).
c) Formal training to deal with radiation emergency situations and

retrieval of isotopes utilized in industrial radiography. Currently
organized source retrieval training includes programmes conducted
by Saudi Arabian Society of ASNT, AEA Technologies (USA) and
NRPB (UK). All registered RSO personnel shall have completed such
training.
d) Formal training in maintenance of radiographic exposure devices.

When company has more than one RSO, at least one must have
completed maintenance training
2) GTC’s Radiation Safety Officer shall be responsible for personnel

qualification, monitoring all radiographic personnel dose, keep records
of personnel dose and sealed source information, issue and collect
personnel dosimeter, monitor radioactive materials and x-ray generating
equipment movement, safety audits and calibration of radiation
monitors.
3) GTC’s RSO shall be responsible for emergency procedure whenever

potential radiation hazard is reported. He shall assume control as soon
as possible ensuring that necessary precaution is implemented.
5.2 Radiographer
Are those individuals who have been authorized to use, handle, transport or
store ionizing radiation producing equipment and radioactive sources.
1) Personnel appointed as Radiographer shall be certified as RT Level II

as per GTCNDT002 Personnel Qualification Procedure.
2) Radiographer shall be required to demonstrate the use of radiographic

exposure devices, sealed source, related handling tools and radiation
monitoring devices.
3) Radiographer and assistant radiographer shall be responsible for
compliance with all applicable safety regulation. They shall be
responsible for daily check of radiographic exposure device, monitoring
of personal dosage, securing and controlling the restricted area and
notifying GTC RSO without delay in case of any incident.
5.3 Assistant Radiographer

1) Personnel appointed as Assistant Radiographer shall be certified as RT.
Level II as per GTCNDT002 Personnel Qualification Procedure.
2) Assistant Radiographer shall be required to demonstrate to use
radiographic exposure devices, sealed source, handling tools, and
radiation monitoring devices.
5.4 Level I Radiographer
Level I Radiographer shall be certified to RT Level-I as per GTC/NDT/002

Personnel Qualification Procedure and shall work under direct supervision
of current certified RT Level-II individual.
6.0 CREW REQUIREMENTS
For radiography work with all sources other than Cobalt-60, minimum 2
radiographers shall be used. The above applies to X-rays upto 350Kv. Minimum
4radiographers would however be needed for work involving Co-60 or X-ray
above 350Kv.
Note: “For all Saudi Aramco Projects and Operation facilities, all radiographic work on pipe racks,
vessels, tanks, heaters, congested and confined spaces required minimum of three men per crew
with valid Radiation Protection Permit (RPP).”
7.0 PERMITS
7.1 Radiation Work Permit.
A Project Radiation Work Permit is a permission issued by the Inspection

Department to a contractor on a project basis. This permission is required for
all radiographic work which involves the utilization of either x-ray or gamma-
ray sources by NDT Service Providers working on Saudi Aramco property.
The permit is issued on a project basis and valid for only 6 month.
7.2 Temporary Radioactive Source Storage Pit Permit
1) The GTC shall maintain a utilization log with format approved by the ID-
RSO as part of the review and approval of the Radiation Safety
Procedure. The Log shall be kept at the storage pit and shall as a
minimum provide date, time , and who a source was issued to, where it
is located at all times, and when returned and by who.
2) GTC shall be held accountable for all activities involved, conditions and
circumstances associated with the storage facility regardless of who
installed it.
3) Permits for temporary storage facilities are issued for a period of 6

months subject to renewal and must be posted along with the approved
safety procedure on the surrounding fence.
4) Temporary storage pit removal is the responsibility of GTC. The

temporary storage pit shall be removed and the area restored to pre-
installation condition on or before expiration of the permit.
5) Temporary storage pit is necessary if the jobsite is more 100 km from a

permanent storage facility. This distance allows radiographers to travel to a
jobsite complete a reasonable amount of work and return safely to their
base on the same day. Any project work outside of this radius requires an
approved pit to be provided at site for safe overnight
8.0 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE STORAGE FACILITIES
The design of all radioactive storage facilities (permanent) must be approved by

NRRC.
a) The location of permanently installed facilities must be pre-approved

by NRRC .When a standardized storage pit is used, GTC must
comply without exception to the RPU pre-approved design. Any
temporary or permanent storage pit not meeting the requirements of
the standard pre-approved design shall be considered as unique and
requires specific approval of Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory
Commission.(NRRC).
9.0 RADIOACTIVE EXPOSURE DEVICE
9.1 Exposure device and accessories shall be maintained by trained personnel

in a regular frequency or whenever it is reported malfunctioning.
10.0 RADIATION MONITORING DEVICE:
Each individual radiation workers shall have in his possession and in use:
o TLD.
o Electronic Pocket Dosimeter or Alarm Rate Meter (Chirper).
o Quartz Fiber Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter (May be omitted if an
approved Electronic Pocket Dosimeter with dose displayed is in use.
o Calibrated Survey Meter.
TLDs, and Electronic Pocket Dosimeters (or Alarm Rate Meters with Quartz
Fiber Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter) shall be worn on the trunk of the body
(preferably at chest level)
10.1 TLD
10.1.1 All GTC personnel associated with radiation sources as described

above must wear an approved personnel dosimeter
(Thermolumeniscence Dosimeter (TLD). The TLD shall be worn at
chest level and care shall be taken that it is correctly positioned so
that the front of the TLD is facing out.
10.1.2 A TLD shall be assigned to any individual where a potential dose in

excess of 10% of the annual limit for radiation workers exists.
10.1.3 For the purpose of access to facilities or location where radioactive

material is stored, in use, or transported, any individual not in
possession of a TLD shall be classified as “General Public” with the
limits thereof applicable.
10.1.4 When not in use, TLD badges shall be stored in a radiation free
location
10.1.5 Anytime there is reason to believe that the TLD has been exposed
to radiation other than normal usage (e.g. accidentally dropped in
an exposure area), all work will cease immediately, equipment
secured and returned to storage. The TLD along with a report
detailing the circumstances of the abnormal dose shall be
submitted immediately to the RSO.
10.2 Personal Radiation Alarm
Personal Radiation Alarm shall have in their possession and use an

Electronic Pocket Dosimeters (EPD) having radiation dose and dose rate
alarms, data logging, and displayed radiation dose compatible with the
Inspection Department Dose Monitoring System.
10.2.1 When Rate Alarm Meters are used, individual shall also have Direct
Read Pocket dosimeters having a range of 0 to 2 mSv, 0 to 2000
µSv (0- 200 mRem). Pocket dosimeters must be zeroed at the
beginning of each day.
10.2.2 Pocket dosimeters shall undergo performance assessment at 12-

month intervals in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommended procedure. Acceptable dosimeters must read within
+/- 20% of calibration levels. Records of the performance
assessment shall be maintained by the RSO.
10.2.3 Alarming or malfunctioning Personal Radiation Alarms and/or Direct

Read Pocket Dosimeters.
10.2.4 If an individual’s Electronic Pocket Dosimeter displays a dose

greater than the investigation level dose produces a continuous
alarm or appears to be malfunctioning, or if a Direct Read Pocket
Dosimeter is used, the dosimeter is off scale, all production work
will cease immediately. An immediate radiation survey of the area
and equipment shall be performed.
10.2.5 Exposed TLD badge(s) will be processed as soon as possible. All

GTC personnel associated with the radiation incident shall not be
allowed to return to work until the results of the TLD badge
evaluation are received.
10.2.6 If the total reported results of the TLD badge are not in excess of
the allowable limits, individuals involved in the radiation incident
may return to active work assignments without exceeding the
annual limits.
10.3 Radiation Dose Monitoring System
10.3.1 Each Company Facility where Industrial Radiography radiation

sources are stored shall be equipped with at least one Electronic
Alarming Dosimeter reader station connected to the Company
Intranet and configured to interface with the Inspection Department
Radiation Dose Monitoring System.
10.4 Approved Sealed Radioactive Sources
Sealed Radioactive sources used for Industrial Radiography shall be Ir-

192.For Saudi Aramco Project Radiation Sources shall be of a double
encapsulation design, be in compliance with ISO 2919, have Special Form
certification issued by the respective country Competent Authority and
registered with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and/or
have a United Nation (UN) registration. Single encapsulation designs with
crimped retention or threaded outer capsule, otherwise meeting the
requirements of this paragraph, may be used with specific approval by the
ID-RPO.
10.5 Radiographic Equipment
Only radioactive sources contained in approved Type B (U) radiographic

projectors may be transported used, and with specific approval, stored on
Saudi Aramco property. Approved projectors include AEA Technologies
(Techops, Amersham, Amertest, QSA) 660B, and 880 Delta or Sigma
radiographic projectors. Projectors (radiographic exposure devices),
controls, and guide/extension tubes shall be inspected and maintained by
third party (manufactures or his representative /(suppler).Complete Service

in accordance with the manufactures recommendations "Radiographic
Exposure Device Maintenance" shall be performed at intervals not exceeding
12 months or 6 months interval for using inside Saudi Aramco facility.
Exposure device with the source in shielded position should have no

radiation level in excess of 200 mRem/hr (2 mSv/hr) at the surface or 10
mRem/hr (0.1 mSv) at 1 meter from the surface except in the front area when
front plug is removed.
10.5.1 Projectors (radiographic exposure devices), controls, and

guide/extension tubes shall be inspected and maintained by third
party (manufactures or his representative / suppler).
10.5.2 Complete Service in accordance with the manufactures
recommendations "Radiographic Exposure Device
Maintenance" shall be performed at intervals not exceeding 6
months.
10.5.3.1 Equipment exposed to harsh conditions.
10.5.3.2 Determined during daily inspections to be functioning

improperly such that could lead to unsafe conditions.
10.5.3.3 Determined at the time of Quarterly Inspection to require

complete service due to physical condition of the
equipment.
10.5.3.4 Immediately following a radiation safety/protection incident

involving the equipment.
10.5.4 Personnel responsible for inspection and servicing of Projectors,

controls, and guide/extension tubes shall be specifically trained
and qualified for the work.
10.6 Radiation Survey meter

10.6.1 Radiation survey meters shall be Geiger mueller type and each
radiation worker shall have a calibrated and operable survey meter
with them for every operation of radiographic testing or any work that
involves radioactive material.
10.6.2 Survey meter shall have a range such that 2 µSv/hr (0.2 mRem/hr)
through 10 mSv/hr (1.0 Rem/hr) can be measured.
10.6.3 Radiation Survey Meters shall have an Electronic LED or Backlit LCD
and shall be provided with a hand free carrying strap.
10.6.4 Survey meter shall be calibrated at intervals not to exceed 6 months

or after each instrument's repair. The radiation safety officer shall
maintain all records and shall be responsible for calibration of survey
meters. Each survey meter shall carry a tag showing the calibration
and expiration dates. Calibration shall be performed by an approved,
independent agency
10.6.5 Calibrated survey meter shall be checked for operation prior to use.
Check all on/off switches, checked scales, check batteries and allow
the unit to warm up for two or three minutes, prior to above check.
10.6.6
In the case where all survey meters are inoperable or considered to be
malfunctioning, the area shall be considered as a radiation incident, and the
Controlled Area maintained until a working survey meter can be obtained and
used to verify the radiation condition.
11.0 PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY
11.1 TLD and Pocket Dosimeter
1) Each individual shall have at least one electronic pocket dosimeter and
a TLD (Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter) with them at all times when
transporting, handling and using radioactive material or x-ray equipment.
Pocket dosimeter shall have a range from 0 to 200 mRem (0 to 2 mSv).
2) One TLD shall be assigned and worn only by individual to whom it was
issued. Radiographic Testing shall not be performed without a TLD
badge.
3) TLD shall be sent to authorize agency Approved by NRRC for reading

after a month of used and record shall be kept on file.
4) Electronic Pocket Dosimeter shall be zeroed at the beginning of each

day’s work and shall be read frequently during radiographic testing
operation.
5) Electronic Pocket Dosimeter shall be recorded at the end of each shift

on daily radiation exposure report (see Appendix 5)
6) Electronic pocket dosimeters shall undergo performance assessment at 12-
month intervals in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended
procedure. Acceptable dosimeters must read within ± 20% of calibration
levels. Records of the performance assessment shall be maintained by the
user's RPO.
7) When not in use, TLD and Electronic Pocket Dosimeter shall be kept in
a place free from radiation exposure.
8) Electronic Pocket Dosimeter is intended for Dose monitoring only and

under no circumstance to be used in replacement of survey meters.
11.2 Quartz Fiber Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter
1) Each individual shall have one direct read pocket dosimeter with them
at all times when transporting, handling and using radioactive material
or x-ray equipment. Direct read pocket dosimeter shall have a range
from 0 to 200 mRem (0 to 2 mSv).
2) Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter shall be recharged at the beginning of

each day’s work and shall be read frequently during radiographic testing
operation.
3) Direct Read Pocket dosimeter shall be checked its accuracy at least

once a year by sending it to authorized agency for calibration.
4) Dosimeter readings shall be recorded at the end each shift on daily
radiation exposure report (see Appendix 5). When used with EPD, the
dose readings of the EPD shall be recorded on the daily radiation
exposure report.
5) When not in use, Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter shall be kept in a place
free from radiation exposure.
11.3 Malfunctioning Electronic Pocket Dosimeter and/or Quartz Fiber

Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter
Any individual whose pocket dosimeter indicates an exposure of 100

mRem (1 mSv) or goes off scale shall be immediately stop the
radiography job and make a complete radiation survey of the area,
making certain that no additional exposure is received. After the survey
is completed, the following steps should be followed:
1) If the source is in the shielded position or the x-ray machine is off and
your survey instrument continues to indicate a dose rate, immediately
secure the area and notify the Radiation Safety Officer, immediate
supervisor and the area NDT coordinator.
2) If the radiation source cannot be returned in a shielded position, secure

the area from the access of unauthorized personnel and notify the
Radiation Safety Officer of your situation.
3) Exposed TLD Badge(s) will send immediate for processing. All

personnel associated with the radiation incident will not be allowed to
return to work until the results of the TLD badge evaluation are received.
4) If the total reported results of the TLD badge are not in excess of the
allowable limit, individuals involved in the radiation incident may return
to active work assignment.
5) If the total reported results of the TLD badge are in excess of the
allowable limits, the individuals involved in the radiation incident will be
given non-radiation work assignments until such period of time related
to exposure limit is compensated.
11.4 Audible Alarms
1) These are devices that emit sounds when predetermined amount of

radiation is received. When preferred to use audible alarm or area
monitor, in addition to instruments mentioned above, radiographer shall
ensure that the device is in operable and good condition.
2) This instrument shall be used to provide immediate audible warning only

and under no circumstances shall be used as replacement for survey
meter.
12.0 PERMISSIBLE DOSES:
The exposure dose limits listed to be set as standard limits and must not be
exceeded except under certain condition. Right now, the only safest radiation
exposure is zero; therefore, exposure to ionizing radiation shall be kept as low
as reasonably achievable (ALARA).Exposure can be reduced through
providing the necessary training, following protection, proper use of monitoring
devices and equipment.
12.1 Occupational or Radiation Workers
12.1.1 Annual Limit
Whole Body: 20 mSv (2 Rem)

Hands, forearms, feet and ankles 500 mSv(50
Rem)
Annual Whole Body limit may be increased to 50 mSv (5Rem) per

year provided the exposure during 5 consecutive years does not
exceed 100 mSv (10 Rem).
12.1.2 Investigation Level Dose
The GTC RSO/RPO, Area Radiation Safety Representative, or

designated representative shall conduct an investigation by
interview or other appropriate means of any individual’s daily dose
exceeding 500 µSv (50 mRem) or monthly dose exceeding 1000
µSv (100 mRem) The affected individual shall be counseled on
methods and procedures of dose reduction and a report forwarded to
the ID-RPO.
12.2 Non Occupational (General Public)
12.2.1 Annual Limit
Whole Body: 1 mSv (100 mRem)
The maximum permissible dose limit for Non-occupational

exposures to radiation shall, when required, be determined by
calculation taking into consideration utilization factors for the
exposure device and occupancy factors. As an alternative, an area
TLD may be used and processed.
12.2.2 Ionizing radiation producing material or equipment shall not be

used, stored or transported in any way that could result in levels
which, if a non-radiation worker were continuously present in the
area, would result in a dose in excess of 1 mSv (100 mRem) in one
year. In special circumstances, specifically authorized, a higher
dose could be permitted provided that the 5 year average does not
exceed 1 mSv (100 mRem) per year.
13.0 RESTRICTED ACESS TO RADIATION AREAS
13.1 Controlled Area
13.1.1 Radiation levels at the Controlled Area boundary shall not

exceed a measured 7.5 µSv/hr (0.75 mRem/hr)
13.1.2 When there is insufficient area to permit a boundary extending to

a measured 7.5 µSv/hr (0.75 m Rem/hr) , the Area RPO , may
permit a smaller boundary area provided the calculated average
dose in any one hour does not exceed 7.5 µSv (0.75 mRem).
13.2 Supervised (Observed) Area
Estimated distance where the dose level averaged over one hour will not
exceed 2.5 µSv/hr (0.25 mRem/hr). Though it is not required to establish
a barrier at this limit, it is the responsibility of the radiation worker to

maintain observation of this area to assure that workers do not enter the
controlled area.
13.3 Controlled Area Warning Signs and Barrier Tape or Rope
The Controlled Area must be clearly identified to provide adequate

notification to the General Public (Non-radiation workers) of the presence
of work involving ionizing radiation by radiation warning signs and
barricade with approved radiation warning barrier tape or orange rope
with radiation warning pennants.
13.3.1 Warning Signs

A minimum of four (4) free-standing radiation warning signs shall
be posted at the Controlled Area boundary. Additional signs shall
be used so that warning is provided for all directions and point of
entry to the controlled area.
When the radiographic exposure device is elevated such as on
a platform, in a confined space, or in a ditch, an additional sign
shall be placed at the point of entry.
Signs shall have a minimum height of 1 meter. Radiation warning

shall be in both Arabic and English and have the international
radiation trefoil symbol. Signs used in subdued lighting
conditions shall be reflective.
13.3.2 Barricade Tape/Rope
Barricade consisting of barrier tape or rope shall be extended for

the full perimeter of the Controlled Area. In remote areas where
there is a limited or no presence of personnel other than the
radiographic crew, such as pipeline work, barrier tape or rope is
not required.
Where radiography is being conducted in “multi-story”
applications and access to the level (and above) where the work
is conducted, additional barricades shall be established at each
accessible level.
13.3.2.1 Barrier Tape
Barrier Tape, if used, shall include wording in Arabic

and English and the trefoil radiation symbol
continually printed long the length of the tape.
13.3.2.2 Barrier Rope
Barrier Rope, if used, shall be bright orange in color

and shall have approved radiation warning
pennants spaced every 3 meters or less.
13.3.2.3 Pennants
If barrier rope is used, Radiation warning Pennants

(hanging signs) shall be attached to the rope.
Pennants shall have a yellow background with
radiation warning printing and the trefoil symbol
printed on both sides in black to provide stark
contrast. Radiation symbol shall be printed in black.
13.3.3 Controlled Area Lighting
In situations where radiographic operations are conducted at

night, floodlights shall be provided to illuminate the Controlled
Area to aid observation by the radiographers. In remote areas
(e.g., pipelines) where there the area is open and there is either
no or limited opportunity of approach by members of the general
public, high intensity spotlights can be used.
.
13.3.4 Radiation Survey of Controlled Area
13.3.4.1 A radiation survey shall be conducted as soon as the

source is exposed. The radiographer shall keep the
area under constant surveillance to protect against
unauthorized or accidental entry.
13.3.4.2 The radiographer must complete a radiation survey at

each Radiographic exposure.
13.3.4.3 If any unauthorized person enters the radiation area the

source will be retracted and no exposures made until
the area is cleared.
14.0 RECORDS:
14.1 Radiographer shall records his accumulated dose each day after he
perform radiographic testing by reading his dosimeter and reading shall
be recorded in daily radiation exposure records. (See Appendix 5)
14.2 GTC shall maintain records regarding radioactive materials and records
showing the radiation exposure of all radiographic personnel.
14.3 GTC shall preserve the records of personnel monitoring for at least two
years or as long as the employee is employed with GTC.
14.4 The following records shall be maintained and secured in such a manner
to rule out alteration, omissions or additions. The records shall be
entered in the format, contain the data and maintained for the duration
specified by the Saudi Government regulatory authority (NRRC). These
records are:
 Record of Equipment producing ionizing radiation, sealed and

unsealed radioactive sources
 Record of employees' personal radiation doses (including daily
dose logs)
 Record of employees' physical fitness examinations
 Record of employees' training
 Record of work location radiation surveys
 Record of radioactive waste disposal
 Record of instruments' calibration and testing
 Records of leak testing of sealed sources and devices containing
depleted uranium
 Records of inspection and maintenance of radiographic exposure
devices, transport and storage containers, associated equipment,
source changers, and survey instruments
 Records of receipt and transfer of sealed sources
 Records showing the receipts and transfers of sealed sources
and devices using DU for shielding shall be maintained and
retained for 10 years after it is made.
Records must include the date, the name of the individual making
the record, radionuclide, activity Bq. (or Ci) or mass (for DU), and
manufacturer, model, and serial number of each sealed source
and/or device, as appropriate.
15.0 Record Responsibility:
The following defines the responsibility and retention for maintaining records.
While subject to change from time to time, the general rule for record
retention is:
Dose Data: 30 years
Summary Data: 30 years
Equipment Data: 10 years

Calibration Data: 10 years
(Refer to NRRC Regulations for details) Records are to be kept in active

files (not archived) in a manner that will assure ready access, security from
loss, fire, and mishap, and clearly identifiable.
GTC shall maintain relevant records as defined above for technicians and for
all equipment and sources.
As radiation workers must maintain relevant records defined above. This shall
include, but not necessarily limited to, receipt, return and daily utilization of
sources, daily dosimetry records, instruments and calibration data for survey
instruments and radiation surveys of work location.
The Daily Utilization Log to be forwarded to GTC head office no later than the
15th of each month following the month of activity.
16.0 HANDLING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS:

16.1. Receiving
GTC shall make an arrangement to receive a transport package containing
radioactive material when it is offered for delivery or if the package is to be
picked up at the carrier’s terminal.
GTC RSO or authorized personnel shall pick up the package immediately
upon the receipt of notification of its arrival and proceed with following
instructions;
1) Upon the receipt of radioactive materials, check the shipping papers and
the shipper’s certification if it is the right documents,
2) Inspect the package for damage, and monitor the external radiation level
of the container and check limits and controls on the total transport index.
Radiation level should not exceed 2 mSv/hr (200 mR/hr) at the surface
of the package nor 100 Sv/hr (10 mR/hr) at a distance of 1 meter from
the surface.
3) In the event that the radiation level does not meet the requirements
above, notify RSO, Regulatory authority, the sender, and the final
delivering carrier and do not proceed with the opening of the package.
4) If the radiation levels are found to be in allowable limit, proceed with the
opening of the package and record the isotope activity, model number,
and serial number.
16.2 Source Storage:
1) Permanent Storage facilities
a) Radioactive material shall be stored in an isotope storage facility

approved by regulatory authority when not in used.
b) Projectors must be lock (with keys removed) and front plug inserted.
c) The storage compartment and storage door must be secured and

equipped with lock to prevent entrance by unauthorized personnel or
any risk of tampering with or unauthorized removal of the equipment.
d) The door and side's wall must have visible warning signs with
radioactive trefoil symbol.
e) Radiation level at the outside walls of the radioactive permanent
storage must be within limits for general public.
16.3 Isotope Temporary Storage:
a) Temporary storage shall only be used with the approval of Saudi Aramco
Radiation Protection Committee or other clients.
b) The storage must be secured and lock to prevent entrance by

unauthorized personnel or any risk of tampering with or unauthorized
removal of the equipment.
c) The door and side's walls must have visible warning signs with
radioactive trefoil symbol.
d) Radiation level at the outside walls of the radioactive permanent storage

must be within limits for general public.
16.4 Packaging and Disposal:
a) Radioactive material that has been decay or no longer suitable for its
purpose shall be sent to its original manufacturer directly by GTC or
utilizing authorized carrier. Export license shall be secured from
Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Commission.(NRRC).
1) Radioactive projector or source changer shall be used for shipment.
2) Any outer packaging or crate that may used must be strong enough to
withstand the normal condition of transport. This crate must have
sufficient blocking to prevent the movement of source projector or source
changer during transport.
3) Perform a radiation survey at the surface of the package to ensure that

radiation level is within approved limit {200 mRem/hr (2 mSv) at the
surface or 10 mRem (100 µSv) at one meter from the surface} and to
determine the proper labels to be applied in the package. The choose of
label according to its category are shown in (Appendix 2)
4) If radiation level of the package is more than 200 mRem/hr (2 mSv) at

the surface or 10 mRem (100 µSv) at one meter from the surface, do not
ship by common carrier and notify RSO.
5) Shipping information and shipping labels shall be attached on four sides

of the package. Shipping labels shall indicate the source type, source
activity, and transport index.
6) Remove old shipping labels to avoid confusion in the transport cycles
16.5 Source Changes
GTC’s Radiation Safety Officer or other authorized radiographer appointed

by Radiation Safety Officer shall be responsible for conducting radioactive
source changes. Changing source shall be conducted as follows;
Projector to Changer:
1) Survey the projector to ensure that the source is in proper shielded

position. The dose rate should be less than 2 mSv/hr (200 mR/hr).
2) Position the changer and projector close together so that one section of
source guide tube will connect them with no sharp bends. The bend
radius of the guide tube should never be less than 20 inches.
3) Remove the shipping plug of the projector and attach one end to the
source guide tube and the other end to the source changer. Connect the
drive cable to the projector.
4) Crank the source rapidly from the projector fully into the source changer.
5) During the above process, the survey meter reading should increase as
the source is being crank to the source changer then drop to background
when the source is in the source changer.
6) Approach the source changer with the survey meter to ensure that the
source is fully within the changer. The dose rate at the surface should
be less than 2 mSv/hr (200 mRrem/hr)
7) Disconnect the drive cable and source-guide tube and lock the source in
place.
Changer to Projector:
1) Connect the source guide tube to the fitting above the channel of the
changer containing the new source and couple the drive cable to the new
source.
2) Return to the controls and retract the new source rapidly into the
projector. During the above process, the survey meter reading should
increase as the source is being crank to the source projector then drop
to background when the source is in the source projector.
3) Survey the projector to ensure that the transfer has been completely
completed; the dose rate at the surface should be less than 2 mSv/hr
(200 mRrem/hr).
4) Rotate the projector ring to the lock position
5) Disconnect the guide tube from the changer and projector. Disconnect
the control unit from the projector and replace the shipping plug.
6) LOCK the source.
7) Fix the new source identification plate firmly to the projector.
16.6 Leak Testing
Requirements
1) All radiographic exposure devices containing depleted Uranium (DU)

shall undergo a wipe test for detection of possible removable
contamination and shall not exceed 1 year.
2) The leak test shall be capable of detecting the presence of 0.005

microcurie of removable contamination on the sealed source. The
leakage measured shall not exceed 0.005µCi.
Procedure
Leak testing shall be conducted as follows:
1) Prepare a data indicating the equipment identification, date, location,

and source identification etc.
2) Dissolve dry detergent in a small amount of water.
3) Dampen a cotton swab in the prepared liquid.
4) Insert the cotton the front opening of projector and wipe it back in forth.
5) Removed the cotton swab and placed it in the plastic bag. Sealed and
label the plastic bag indicating the location where you the wiping.
6) Repeat the same procedure for wind out cable and source tube. Make
sure that 6-inches from the end is covered by wiping.
17.0 TRANSPORTATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
17.1 Vehicle Transportation
The maximum permissible speed of vehicle to transport of radiographic

projectors or shipping containers of radioactive source is 90 km/hr or
the posted speed limit whichever is less
17.1.1. Vehicle storage compartment used for industrial radiography

exposure device(s) SHALL provide shielding such that the
maximum Transport Index does not exceed the requirements of
Yellow Label II which is 0.5 mSv/hr (50 mRem/hr) at the surface
and 0.01 mSv/hr (1 mRem/hr) at one meter. Further, the dose
level at any occupant position or exterior surface of the vehicle
shall not exceed 7.5 µSv/hr (0.75 mRem/hr). ALARA principals
shall be applied to reduce radiation levels in the occupant portion
of the vehicle. The storage compartment SHALL be securely
affixed to the vehicle by bolts, welding, or industrial cargo straps*
to retain the contents in the event of a vehicle accident and shall
be equipped with lock(s) to prevent unauthorized removal of the
contents or the box.
17.1.2. GTC vehicles used for industrial radiography shall be open bed
pick-up trucks ¼ ton or greater. Transport boxes to be mounted
towards the rear of the vehicle furthest from the passenger
compartment.
17.1.3. “Danger Radiation” signs subject to approval by the ID-RSO shall be

securely affixed to the front and rear of the vehicle transporting
radioactive sources. (ADD)When vehicle is not being used for the
transport of radioactive materials, the "Danger Radiation" signs
affixed on the front and rear of the vehicle shall be temporarily
removed or be reversed or covered, indicating that there is no
radioactive material loaded on the vehicle.
17.1.4. Emergency Contact information both in English and Arabic shall be

prominently displayed within the passenger compartment of the
vehicle clearly identifying that in the event of an emergency, who is
to be contacted. Also, the emergency procedure to be followed
should be available in the passenger compartment.
17.1.5. GTC personnel being transported in a vehicle equipped to transport

radioactive material including technicians, drivers, helpers, etc.
must have received training in Radiation Safety and be prepared to
respond to emergency situations. All personnel must have in use
required personal dosimetry and survey instrumentation at all times
when radioactive materials are stored or transported in the vehicle.
17.2 Bulk Radioactive Source Transport
Bulk Radioactive Source Transport applies to radioactive source shipments

from the port of entry to the distribution site and for depleted radioactive
material, from the distribution site to the port of export.
17.2.1 Transport must be in an approved and licensed Type B Transport

Container and shall not exceed the permissible Transport Index dose
limits of Yellow Label-III.
17.2.2 Transport containers must be secured by ratchet nylon or wire rope

shipping straps secured to the truck bed by anchor bolts.
17.3 Traveling by Road
1. When traveling by road with radioactive material, the vehicle must be in

good operating condition and with an approved container located at the
rear end. This container is designed so that moving of radioactive
projector must be prevented.
2. Driver must wear his TLD Badge and Dosimeter, be preferred for any
emergency, and carry the following safety equipment;'
a) Survey meter
b) Flashlight
c) Radiation Warning Signs

d) Barricading Ropes
e) Spare Wheels
f) Reflective Triangles
g) Fire extinguisher
h) First Aid Kit
3. GTC's complete address and contact number shall be written (both

Arabic & English) in both front door and rear end of the vehicle.
4. Exposure device shall be locked and placed in container with radiation

warning signs indicating “DANGER” or “CAUTION RADIOACTIVE
MATERIAL”
5. Radiation signs indicating “Warning Radioactive Material shall be

attached at the end and front-side of the vehicle.
6. Survey the radiation level at the storage compartment, radiation levels

should not exceed 2 mR (20 Sv) per hour on the surface. And
7. DRIVE SAFELY.
18.0 ISSUE & RECEIVING OF RADIOACTOVE SOURCES
If transfer occurs between shifts, the Area Radiation Safety Representative

must perform and document the required “Daily Inspection”
At the time of issue, an index survey of the projector shall be conducted to

determine the radiation level at 12” from the right side of the projector. The
resulting value shall be recorded on the Safety Data Check List and used
throughout the radiographic assignment to assure that the radioactive material
is stored properly in the projector.
If the measured radiation level at the index point (12” from the right side of the
projector) exceeds the ± 20% of the index level at the time of issue, during the
radiographic assignment of a projector, all work is to be stopped.
At the time of return, an index survey of the projector shall be conducted to

confirm that the radiation level is within ± 20% of the index level at the time of
issue.
19.0 HANDLING OF SEALED SOURCES
Under no circumstances should the levels of radiation for the surveys noted
above exceed the following limits:
When a radioactive source is in its shielded position inside the radiographic

projector, the maximum at any exterior surface, shall not exceed 2 mSv (200
mR) per hour, or shall not exceed 0.1 mSv (10mR) per hour at 1 meter from
any exterior surface.
Unlock the radiographic projector and turn the locking device to the correct
position, removing the cap, exposing the Source pigtail.
Connect the control cable to the pigtail.
Connect the wind-out cable to the projector and turn the locking device to the
lock position.
Remove the safety plug from the front of the radiographic projector and connect
the guide tube(s).
Place the guide tube at the exposure location making sure there are no 90
degrees bends in the tube keeping is as straight as possible.
When the radiographic projector setup is complete, turn the locking device to
“operate”.
When work is completed and a survey conducted; turn the locking device to the
locked position, disconnect the guide tube and replace the safety plug.
Source surveys should always be made before, during and after each exposure
and when loading and/or unloading a radiographic projector.
20.0 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE
20.1 Written Authorization
Before radiographer can carry out any radiographic work, he shall be issued
with a work assignment form by the operation manager. This form includes
issuance of radiographic equipment and accessories and safety equipment.
(See Appendix 7)
20.2 Personnel Monitoring Check and Survey meter Check
Prior to transportation and radiographic operation, each member of

radiographic testing crew shall;
1. Wear their own TLD badge and pin the holder to the outer clothing at
chest level at the front of the body.
2. Recharge Dosimeter to Zero or record the initial reading of dosimeter for

comparison at the end of work.
3. Pin the dosimeter at the upper part of the body or in the front pocket of your clothing.
4. Check the survey meter if battery is full, if not inform the RSO for
replacement. Check on and off switches, check each scale and allow the
instrument to warm up for at least three minutes prior to the above check.
20.3 Loading and Unloading of Exposure Device
1. Inform RSO and fill up exposure device issuance form (See Appendix 4)
before taking the source from the storage.
2. One member of RT crew shall be responsible for taking the exposure

device from the storage and the second technician will be in the vehicle
to receive the exposure device and place it to in to the storage
compartment of the vehicle and lock it
3. Prior to loading to the vehicle, survey radiation level of the entire surface
of the exposure device. Reading should not exceed 2 mSv/hr (200
mR/hr) at the surface or 100 Sv/hr (10 mR/hr) at 1 meter from the
surface. If the radiation level exceed the level mentioned above, do not
proceed and report to RSO immediately.
4. Check the exposure device for possible cuts, breaks, broken fittings,
loose screws and hardware, missing parts that may treat to the safety of
equipment and personnel. Report to RSO if any damage is found.
5. If no excess radiation level and damage are found, lock and put the
exposure device in the shipping container and proceed with the loading
to the vehicle and lock it.
6. Meet the requirement stated in paragraph 10.1 and DRIVE SAFELY.
7. Never leave the vehicle unattended.
8. When unloading from the vehicle, never put down and leave unattended
the exposure device, but taken directly to the work location or storage
location.
20.4 Control Restricted Area:
1. Permit from authorized person or client shall be secured prior to start of

work.
2. Restricted area where the pre-calculated radiation level is in excess of

7.5 Sv/hr (.75 mR/hr) shall be enclosed with barricading ropes and
posted with a minimum of four visible warning signs.
3. A radiation survey shall be conducted outside the enclosed area as soon

as the source is exposed. If the radiation level is more than as mention
above, the ropes shall be adjusted until the required radiation level is
met.
4. One member one the RT crew shall keep the area under constant
surveillance to restrict the entry of unauthorized personnel.
5. If any unauthorized person enters the restricted inspite of constant

surveillance and warning signs, the source shall be retracted and no
exposure shall be made until the area is cleared from unauthorized
personnel.
6. RT crew must survey after each every exposure to make sure that the
source is in shielded position.
7. The radiographer must complete the radiation survey in the work area
before transferring to other location.
20.5 Operational Procedure:
1. Prior to the beginning of each work, Check the exposure device and
accessories for possible cuts, breaks, broken fittings, loose hardware,
missing parts or other damage that may be a threat to the safety of the
equipment and personnel. If damage is found, do not start the work and
inform the RSO about the situation.
2. Check the radiation level at the surface of the exposure device, The
radiation level should not exceed 2 mSv/hr (200 mR/hr). This will verify
that the source is in shielded position. Verify if the survey meter is
working properly and provide baseline intensity in the vicinity of exposure
device for comparison with the future measurement.
3. Choose the position of exposure device and the path of source guide
tube to afford as much shielding as possible to the radiographers.
4. Lay out the source guide tube as straight as possible, the bend radius
should not be less than 20 inches. Never use more than 3 connected
source guide tube and use collimator whenever possible.
5. Lay out the cranking cable as straight as possible and choose a shielded
position to afford as much as possible shielding to the operator.
6. Before exposing, coordinate with another member of the crew to make

sure that no unauthorized person inside the restricted area.
7. When exposing the radioactive source, place the survey meter by the
control unit and rotate the cranking toward exposed position. Survey
meter reading should have a rapid increase.
8. Do not exert excessive force than necessary when the source is at end
stop, this may cause disconnection of source from drive cable, observe
the odometer reading that indicates the source position.
9. While the radioactive source is in exposed position, every member of the

RT crew must observed proper method of protection from ionizing
radiation. The following method is helpful to reduce the absorbed dose
at low as possible;
Less time in radiation area shall be given a reasonable effort to minimize

the absorbed dose of each individual. LESS TIME = LESS EXPOSURE.
Individual’s exposure is equal to the product of radiation intensity and
the amount of time spent in that intensity.
Greater distance shall also be maintained. If it is practical to stay on

greater distance when the source is in exposed position, radiographer
shall exert effort to do so. GREATER DISTANCE = LESS EXPOSURE.
The radiation intensity from the source is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance or can be expressed mathematically as I 1 D²1 =
I2 D²2.
Shielding can greatly reduce radiation exposure and any available

shielding shall be used. MORE SHIELDING = LESS EXPOSURE. The
list of materials and its Half Value / Tenth Value Layer are listed on Table
2 & 3.
10. At the end of each exposure rewind the source into the projector and
approach the projector while observing the survey meter.
11. Check survey meter reading on the entire circumference of radiographic

device and source tubes, to assure that the source is returned properly
in shielded position.
12. When Exposure device is to be transferred from one location to another,

lock the source and disconnect the drive cable and source tube from the
projector.
20.6 Securing of Source After Radiographic Operation:
1. Source shall be secured to shielded position and surveyed the entire

circumference of the exposure device upon completion of Radiographic
Testing. The exposure device shall be locked and control units be
removed.
2. The barricades shall be dismantled upon completion of radiographic

testing. The posted radiation signs shall be collected and no single piece
shall be left on the site. This is to avoid confusion to the other worker.
3. The exposure shall be returned and secured in the container and vehicle.
21.0 PREVENTION OF RADIATION INCIDENTS AND MINIMIZING THE RECEIVED

DOSE
21.1 Following simple steps will help prevent any undesirable radiation incidents
and ensure safety of the radiographer & general public.
1. Use survey meter at all times during every radiation work (Handling,
Transportation & Usage).
2. Never approach towards projector without survey meter.
3. Observe your pocket dosimeter at every stage for any increase in

dose.
4. Always use collimator except when not possible as during panoramic.
5. Don’t use the equipment you are not comfortable with.
6. Avoid guide tube extensions whenever possible.
7. Don’t use guide tubes with sharp bends, dents and kinks.
8. Check each retraction using survey meter that source has returned to
shielded position.
9. Secure exposure device while on high deviation.
10. Don’t keep exposure device too close to welding, gas cutting
equipment.
11. Try to keep guide tubes as straight as possible.
12. Don’t speed up work compromising on safety.
13. Always lock the projector upon completion of work.
14. Don’t let laziness increase unnecessary exposure.
15. Remember that safety of yourself and general public is first.
16. Seek professional help while in doubt instead of being over smart.
17. Periodically maintain your equipment according to procedure.
21.2. DO’S AND DONT’S
DO’S
1 Use survey meter at all times. (During usage, Handling, Transport and
All Radiation Activities).
2 Always use the collimator except when not possible as panoramic.
3 Check your dose with your dosimeter at every stage.
4 Alarms give you a warning.
5 Proceed only when it is clear.
6 Assess everyone’s risk.
7 Keep source guide tube as straight as possible.
8 Use the right equipments for the right job.
9 More distance, less intensity.
10 Ask whenever you are unsure.
DONT’S
1 Don’t approach the projector without doing survey.

2 Don’t compromise on safety with the speed of your job.
3 Don’t misuse your personal protective equipment (PPE)
4 Don’t be over confident, safety first.
5 Don’t expose in occupied areas.
6 Don’t proceed when the risk is high.
7 Don’t use guide tubes with sharp bends, dents or kinks.
8 Don’t use equipment you are not comfortable with.
9 Don’t let laziness give you over exposure.
10 Don’t be over smart; there is no harm in seeking professional opinion.
21.3. Monitoring Radiation During Radiography Using Calibrated Survey

Meters
1. All radiography work must be continuously monitored using minimum

two survey meters by each crew.
2. In the event the calibrated survey meters show a different reading
within a difference of 10% than the one showing the higher radiation be
used during monitoring and upon completion of work both these survey
meters must be sent for recalibration.
3. In the event the reading between survey meters is over 10% and if the
work location is close enough to GTC office, the work will be
temporarily stopped and both the previous survey meters must be sent
for recalibration.
4. In above instance when the reading difference is large and the area is
remote from GTC’s location than the work shall be completely stopped
and crew can restart the work by using new two calibrated survey
meters.
22.0. Violations and Incidents – Administrative Response
Administrative response and actions are required for all radiographic work
Safety violation and incident.
Implementation of quick response are required basing on the severity,

situations and conditions.
Fairness and constructive actions are needed to preserve the safety standards,
work outputs and the well being of both the radiographers and the members of
the general public.
23.0. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Absorbed Dose = The energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation per unit
mass of irradiated materials at the place of interest. The unit of absorbed dose
is Rad.
Activity = The number of nuclear occurring in a given quantity of material per

unit time.
ALARA = Radiation safety principle on receivable dose means As Low As

Reasonably Achievable
Collimator = A device for confining the element of a beam within the assigned
solid angle.
Curie = The unit of activity. One curie equals 3.7 x 10¹º nuclear transformations
per second or Bequerel (Bq). Abbreviated Ci.
Dosimeter = Instrument to detect and measure accumulated radiation

exposure. In common usage a pencil-size ionization chamber with a self
reading electrometer, used for personnel monitoring.
Exposure = A measure of ionization produced in air by x or gamma radiation.

It is the sum of the electrical charge on all ions of one sign produced in air when
all electrons liberated by photon in a volume element of air are completely
stopped in air, divided by the mass of air in the volume element. The special
unit for exposure is the Roentgen.
Film Badge = A pack of photographic film which measures radiation exposure

for personnel monitoring. The badge may contain two or three films of differing
sensitivity and filters to shield parts of the film from certain types of radiation.
Gamma Ray = Short wavelength electromagnetic radiation (range from 10 keV

to 9 MeV) emitted from the nucleus.
Half Value Layer = The thickness of specified substance which, when

introduced to radiation reduces the exposure rate by one-half.
Intensity = The amount of energy per unit time passing through a unit area
perpendicular to the line of propagation at the point of interest.
Ionization = The process by which a neutral atom or molecule acquires a

positive or negative charge.
Irradiation = Exposure to radiation.
Isotopes = Nuclides having the same number of protons in their nuclei and the
same atomic number but differ in the number of their neutrons and therefore in
the mass number. Almost identical chemical properties exist between isotopes
of a particular element.
Leak Test = A test on sealed sources to assure that the radioactive material is
not being released.
Monitoring = Periodic or continuous determination of the amount of radiation

in an occupied region.
Radioactive Decay = Disintegration of the nucleus of unstable nuclide by

spontaneous emissions of charged particles and/or photons.
Radioactive Half-life = Time required for radioactive substance to lose 50

percent of its activity by decay. Each radionuclide has a unique half-life.
Radiation The emission or propagation of energy through space or through a

material medium in the form of waves.
Radioactivity = The property of certain nuclides of spontaneously emitting

particles or gamma radiation or of emitting x-radiation following orbital electron
capture or of under spontaneous fission.
Radiographer = Any person who performs or personally supervise

radiographic operations and who is responsible for compliance with safety rules
and regulation set forth in this procedure.
Radiographic Testing = Examination of structure of materials by

nondestructive methods utilizing sealed source or electrically generated X-rays.
Rem = A special unit of dose equivalent. The dose equivalent is numerically

equal to the absorbed dose in rads (unit of absorbed dose) multiplied by the
quality factor, the distribution factor, and any other modifying factor.
Roentgen = The unit of exposure to ionizing radiation. It is the amount of

gamma or X-rays required to produce ions carrying 1 esu of charge in one cubic
centimeter of dry air under standard condition.
Sealed Source = A radioactive element sealed in a container which has

sufficient mechanical strength to prevent contact with and dispersion of
radioactive material under the condition of used.
Sievert = is a unit of measure for radiation dose equivalent to man as in rem. 1

Sievert is equal to 100 Rem
Survey meter = Radiation monitoring instrument that display the rate of

radiation exposure
TLD = Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter, a personnel dosimetry composed of

lithium flouride chips mounted on an aluminum card with various types of filter
for different kind of radiation.
Appendix 1
TABLE - 1
Shielding Equivalent:
Approximate Half Value Layer (HVL) and Tenth Value Layer (TVL)
For Lead and Concrete for Various X-ray Potentials
Peak Voltage Lead (mm) Concrete (mm)

(kV) HVL TVL HVL TVL
100 0.24 0.80 15.10 50.80
125 0.27 0.90 20.30 66.00
150 0.29 0.95 22.35 73.60
200 0.48 1.60 25.40 83.80
250 0.90 3.00 27.95 94.00
300 1.40 4.60 31.21 104.00
400 2.20 7.30 33.00 109.10
500 3.60 11.90 35.55 116.80
1000 7.90 26.00 44.45 147.10
2000 12.70 42.00 63.50 210.40
3000 14.50 48.50 73.60 241.20
TABLE - 2
Shielding Equivalent:
Approximate Half Value Layer (HVL) and Tenth Value Layer (TVL)
In Lead and Concrete for Several Gamma-Ray Sources
Lead (in) Concrete (in)

SOURCE
HVL TVL HVL TVL
Ra 226 0.65 2.2 2.7 9.2
Co 60 0.49 1.6 2.6 8.6
Cs 137 0.25 0.84 1.9 6.2
Ir 192 0.24 0.79 1.6 5.5
Au 198 0.13 0.43 1.6 5.5
Note: To convert to millimeter (mm) multiply to 25.4
Appendix 2
Shipping Labels
Radioactive White
Maximum Radiation Level

At Surface At 1 meter
5 µSv/hr Zero
0.5 mR/hr
Radioactive Yellow II
500 µSv/hr 10 µSv/hr

50 mR/hr 1 mR/hr
Radioactive Yellow III

2 mSv/hr 100 µSv/hr

200 mR/hr 10 mR/hr
Appendix 3
GEOTECHNICAL TESTING CENTER

NDT DIVISION
PERSONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE RECORD
NAME: IQAMA / NID: MONTH / YEAR: /
EPD NO.: 1) 2) EPD EXPIRY DATE: 1) 2)

TLD PRINCIPAL
DOSIMETER REVIEWED
BADGE CO-WORKER
DATE
DOSE REC’D
OUT IN COLOR NAME ID BY DATE
(µSV)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
TOTAL DOSE (µSv):
PREPARED BY: ID: DATE:
REVIEWED BY: ID: DATE:

Note: Investigation Level Dose (daily dose exceeding 500 µSv (50 mRem) or monthly dose exceeding 1000 µSv
(100 mRem)
Appendix 4
Radiation Incident Preliminary Report

Incident Date: Time: Area:
Type of Practice: Industrial Radiography Nuclear Gauges
Well Logging Medical
Other (Specify):
Incident Type: Personal Radiation Exposure Source Stuck (Hang-up)
Source Disconnect Malfunction
Damaged Exposure Device(Projector) Damaged Radiation Monitoring
Equipment
Lost Fire
Vehicle Accident while transporting a radioactive source
Source Data: Type: Activity: S/N Sealed Unsealed
Licensed To:
RPO in Charge Name: Phone:
SA Proponent Name: Phone:
Organization (If Contact: Fax:
different than Org Code:
owner)
Projector data: Type: S/N
Personnel Involved
Name: ID: Emp: Dose:
Contamination
Area (if occurs)
Brief Description
of Incident
Brief Description
of Action Taken
Notification by: Name: ID: Phone:

Employer/Org: Date/Time
Instructions: • Fax Report Within 2 Working Days to Environmental Protection Dep./RPU 873-2013
• Email rafat.nassar@aramco.com,ahmed.siari@aramco.com,omar.somali@aramco.com.
Appendix 5
Daily Radiation Exposure Report
Month of _________________ Radiographer ___________________
Date Dosimeter Dosimeter Total

Initial Final Exposure Co-Worker Remarks
Reading (µSv) Reading (µSv) (µSv)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Reviewed By _______________________________ Badge #: _______________ Date: __________
Appendix 6
Radiation Incident Report
Geotechnical Testing Center (GTC)

P.O.BOX # 9737 Dammam 31413, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Tel No. (013) 815 1769, Fax No. (013) 815 1753
INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY INCIDENT NOTIFICATION
Incident Date:-------------------------- Time:-------------------------- Area:--------------------------
Personnel Information:
1. Name: ----------------------------------------------------- Employee No. -------- Dose: ------
Source Details: Projector Details:

Type:-------------------------------- Type: -----------------------------
Activity: ----------------------------- Serial No.: ----------------------
Serial No.: -------------------------
Incident Location:
Details: Drawing:
-----------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
Incident Type:
Damaged Exposure Device (Projector) Lost. Personnel Radiation Exposure
Damaged Radiation Monitoring Equipment. Vehicle Accident Fire

.
Fire & Personnel Involved. Malfunction
Brief Description of Incident:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brief Description of Remedial Action:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notified by:
Name: ----------------------------------------- Employee No.: ---------------------------
Job Title: -------------------------------------- Date & Time: -----------------------------
Contact No.: ---------------------------------- Location: ----------------------------------

HMD
Appendix 7
RADIOACTIVE SOURCE DAILY ISSUANCE FORM
Appendix 8
Temporary Radioactive Source Storage Pit
Appendix 9
Request for Temporary radioactive Source Storage Permit
To: NDT Unit Supervisor Date: _________________

Inspection Department
Cc: Inspection Dept. Radiation safety Officer

Fax: 873-4288
Project Title: _____________________________________________
BI/JO: _____________________________________________
Project Location: _____________________________________________
Contact Name : _____________________________________________
Phone: ___________________Fax: ______________________
Expected duration: _____________________________________________
Prime Contractor: _____________________________________________

Contact Name: _____________________________________________
Phone: ___________________Fax: ______________________
Storage Location: _____________________________________________

NDT Contractor: _____________________________________________
Address: _____________________________________________
1st Emergency Contact____________________________________________
Phone: ____________________Alt: _____________________
2nd Emergency Contact____________________________________________
Phone: ____________________Alt: ______________________
Appendix 10
GTC – NDT UNIT EMERGENCY CONTACT

Proceduer of Radiation Safety - Rev. 21

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Proceduer of Radiation Safety - Rev. 21

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RADIATION SAFETY PROCEDURE

Present-day radiographic exposure device are designed reliably and

This procedure is designed to meet the requirements for use, storage,

At present time no radiation dose, other than zero, is accepted as having no

3.0 Applicable Documents.

4.0 RISK ASSESSMENTS

Assessments of the RISK involved on all exposures in the application of

4.1 On-site Risk Assessments are required for radiographic assignments

5.1 Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) can also be referred to as RPO

1) Radiation Safety Officer shall be appointed to supervise the use of

a) Possession of a current RSO license issued by Nuclear and

b) At least five years’ experience in radiographic testing and certified as

c) Formal training to deal with radiation emergency situations and

d) Formal training in maintenance of radiographic exposure devices.

2) GTC’s Radiation Safety Officer shall be responsible for personnel

3) GTC’s RSO shall be responsible for emergency procedure whenever

1) Personnel appointed as Radiographer shall be certified as RT Level II

2) Radiographer shall be required to demonstrate the use of radiographic

5.3 Assistant Radiographer

5.4 Level I Radiographer

Level I Radiographer shall be certified to RT Level-I as per GTC/NDT/002

6.0 CREW REQUIREMENTS

7.1 Radiation Work Permit.

A Project Radiation Work Permit is a permission issued by the Inspection

7.2 Temporary Radioactive Source Storage Pit Permit

3) Permits for temporary storage facilities are issued for a period of 6

4) Temporary storage pit removal is the responsibility of GTC. The

5) Temporary storage pit is necessary if the jobsite is more 100 km from a

8.0 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE STORAGE FACILITIES

The design of all radioactive storage facilities (permanent) must be approved by

a) The location of permanently installed facilities must be pre-approved

9.0 RADIOACTIVE EXPOSURE DEVICE

9.1 Exposure device and accessories shall be maintained by trained personnel

10.0 RADIATION MONITORING DEVICE:

10.1.1 All GTC personnel associated with radiation sources as described

10.1.2 A TLD shall be assigned to any individual where a potential dose in

10.1.3 For the purpose of access to facilities or location where radioactive

10.2 Personal Radiation Alarm

Personal Radiation Alarm shall have in their possession and use an

10.2.2 Pocket dosimeters shall undergo performance assessment at 12-

10.2.3 Alarming or malfunctioning Personal Radiation Alarms and/or Direct

10.2.4 If an individual’s Electronic Pocket Dosimeter displays a dose

10.2.5 Exposed TLD badge(s) will be processed as soon as possible. All

10.3 Radiation Dose Monitoring System

10.3.1 Each Company Facility where Industrial Radiography radiation

10.4 Approved Sealed Radioactive Sources

Sealed Radioactive sources used for Industrial Radiography shall be Ir-

10.5 Radiographic Equipment

Only radioactive sources contained in approved Type B (U) radiographic

third party (manufactures or his representative /(suppler).Complete Service

Exposure device with the source in shielded position should have no

10.5.1 Projectors (radiographic exposure devices), controls, and

10.5.3.1 Equipment exposed to harsh conditions.

10.5.3.2 Determined during daily inspections to be functioning

10.5.3.3 Determined at the time of Quarterly Inspection to require

10.5.3.4 Immediately following a radiation safety/protection incident

10.5.4 Personnel responsible for inspection and servicing of Projectors,

10.6 Radiation Survey meter

10.6.4 Survey meter shall be calibrated at intervals not to exceed 6 months

11.0 PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY

11.1 TLD and Pocket Dosimeter

3) TLD shall be sent to authorize agency Approved by NRRC for reading

4) Electronic Pocket Dosimeter shall be zeroed at the beginning of each