Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ICS 79.020
BS 1186-2:1988
© BSI 02-1999
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
0 Introduction 1
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Moisture content 1
4 Joints permitting movement 1
5 Adhesives for all framed glued joints, finger joints
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 14-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
© BSI 02-1999 i
BS 1186-2:1988
Foreword
This Part of BS 1186 has been prepared under the direction of the Timber
Standards committee and supersedes BS 1186-2:1971, which is withdrawn.
The other Part of BS 1186 is Part 3 Specification for wood trim and its fixing.
Part 1 Specification for timber, is superseded by BS EN 942:1996 Timber in
joinery — General classification of timber quality.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
ii © BSI 02-1999
BS 1186-2:1988
supplies of timber, and to promote greater NOTE 1 Except where required otherwise by a design, the
consistency of production and economy of products following recommendations apply in the case of plywood panels
of improved stability. Laminating, finger jointing fitted into grooves.
and edge to edge jointing are not detrimental to the a) The grooves should be not less than 9 mm deep.
joinery item and are likely to confer additional b) The face of the panel should fit closely to the sides of the
grooves, subject to a total tolerance of – 0.5 mm.
dimensional stability. c) The panel should be smaller in length and width, to a
maximum of 3 mm, than the distance between the bottoms of
1 Scope the grooves.
The recommendations in items b) and c) also apply when other
This Part of BS 1186 specifies requirements for the wood based panel products are fitted, except where required
fit of parts in various details of joinery, and otherwise by a design.
indicates a degree of care to be exercised in the When a wood based panel product (other than
forming of joints and the application of adhesives. plywood) is to be jointed, guidance shall be obtained
The suitability and selection of joints for specific from the manufacturer in respect of the moisture
applications are not included in this Part of related movement that can be expected, in order
BS 1186. that the correct depth of groove required can be
provided to ensure that there is provision for any
This Part of BS 1186 does not apply to wood trim.
expansion or contraction that may arise.
Guidance on machined surfaces and their treatment
NOTE 2 The degree of moisture related movement varies
and on timber movement are given in Appendix A according to the type of panel product used, particularly when the
and Appendix B respectively. Methods of test for the panel is treated by, for example, impregnation with a flame
assessment of finger joint strength are given retardant.
in Appendix C. 4.2 Solid timber panels fitted into grooves
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this Part of When a solid timber panel is fitted into grooves, the
BS 1186 are listed on the inside back cover.
following requirements apply.
2 Definitions a) The grooves shall be not less than 9 mm deep,
appropriate to the anticipated extent of moisture
For the purposes of this Part of BS 1186, the related movement (see Appendix B) and having
definitions given in BS 6100-4 and in BS EN 942 regard to the properties of the timber and the
apply, together with the following. dimensions of the parts.
2.1 b) The faces of the panel shall fit closely to the
flush panel sides of the grooves.
assembly in which one or both faces are flush with c) In the direction of the grain, the panel shall be
the framework a maximum of 3 mm shorter than the distance
2.2 between the bottoms of the grooves.
push fit d) Across the grain, the panel shall be less than
fit requiring pressure that can be applied manually the distance between the bottoms of the grooves
to provide for any expansion or contraction that
2.3 may arise due to changes in the moisture content
tight fit
of the material used (see Appendix B).
fit requiring pressure that needs to be mechanically e) The panel shall not be fixed in any way that
applied will prevent its free expansion and contraction.
© BSI 02-1999 1
BS 1186-2:1988
The following additional requirements apply to any On the face of the work, the end of the one member
flush panel. shall be in close contact with the edge of the other
1) The face of the panel shall be flush with that of throughout the length of the shoulder, except that
the surrounding framing, subject to a tolerance defects caused by slight tearing of the end grain
–0 mm.
of +1 shall be permitted to an extent not exceeding 1 mm
in depth, 3 mm across the grain and 3 mm along the
2) Any moulded tongue of a panel shall not exceed
grain, unless restricted or excluded by the specifier.
two-fifths of the panel thickness and shall be not
less than 5 mm. 6.1.2 Dowelled joint. Dowels shall be grooved for
adhesive, shall be a tight fit into the dowel holes and
3) When the joint between the edge of the panel
2 © BSI 02-1999
BS 1186-2:1988
© BSI 02-1999 3
BS 1186-2:1988
If the joint is stopped, the shoulder of the inserted 8.3 End joints
member shall fit closely against both faces of the 8.3.1 Laminations that appear on surfaces intended
rebated joint. to be exposed to the weather shall not be joined by
The depth of the rebate shall not exceed two-thirds heading joints other than finger joints. If
of the thickness of the rebated member. laminations are not intended to be exposed to the
6.2.4 Tongued and grooved joint between members weather, heading joints shall be permitted. In both
meeting at an angle (see 4.3). The thickness of the cases no two such joints shall be less than 300 mm
tongue shall not exceed two-fifths of the thickness of apart in the same or adjacent laminations.
the member on which it is formed and shall be not 8.3.2 Finger joints shall comply with 9.
4 © BSI 02-1999
BS 1186-2:1988
9.3.5 The recommendations of the adhesive Table 1 — Guide to the efficiency in bending of
manufacturer shall be followed with respect to: some softwood finger jointed profiles
a) end use conditions (including moisture Length, Pitch, Tip width, Efficiency in
content); l p tw bending
b) mixing; mm mm mm %
c) the use of fillers; 55 12.5 1.5 75
d) preheating of the timber (by radio frequency, 50 12.0 2.0 75
infra-red or other methods); 40 9.0 1.0 65
e) application; 32 6.2 0.5 75
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 14-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
30 6.5 1.5 55
f) open and closed assembly times; 30 11.0 2.7 50
g) temperature of the air and the timber before 25 10.0 2.0 35a
and during curing; 20 6.2 1.0 65
h) curing. 20 8.0 2.0 30a
9.3.6 The recommendations of the manufacturer of 15 3.8 0.5 75
the finger jointing machinery shall be followed with 12.5 4.0 0.7 65
respect to the required end pressure. Adhesive shall 12.5 3.0 0.5 65
be uniformly applied to the fingers to ensure some 10 3.7 0.6 65
surplus adhesive is squeezed out when end pressure 10 3.8 0.6 65
is applied. The end pressure shall not cause 7.5 2.5 0.2 65
splitting of the timber, except as permitted in 9.6. a
See 9.4.
NOTE 1 The end pressure required depends on the joint profile,
species and size of the timber. For softwoods, end pressures of 9.5 Knots
approximately 1.5 N/mm2 are recommended for finger joints
over 20 mm long, while for shorter joints end pressures
The maximum dimension of knots within the length
of 5.0 N/mm2 to 15.0 N/mm2 are recommended. There is of the fingers shall not be greater than 5 mm or one
insufficient data to make recommendations for hardwoods. half the pitch of the fingers, whichever is smaller.
NOTE 2 Short term application of pressure is generally Fingers shall not contain zones of localized grain
sufficient to allow the jointed timber to be moved with reasonable
care prior to storage or subsequent machining.
disturbance associated with knots. Outside the
length of the fingers for a distance of 36 mm, the size
Machining shall only be carried out after curing of
of the knots shall not exceed 12 mm or the specified
the adhesive.
class limit as defined in BS EN 942 whichever is
9.4 Efficiency in bending less. (See Figure 5.)
Finger jointed material used for joinery items shall 9.6 Fissures
have a joint of not less than 40 % efficiency in
After assembly of the joint, fissures originating from
bending when tested in accordance with
the finger roots shall not exceed 1.5 mm in width
Appendix C. In addition, the requirements of 9.5
and/or 10 mm in length and shall not penetrate
and 9.6 shall apply.
through the thickness of the piece of timber.
NOTE 1 When finger jointed material is used as core material
in flush doors, infillings and blockings, there are no strength
requirements. 10 Adhesives
NOTE 2 Guide efficiencies in bending for some finger joints in 10.1 Types
softwood are given in Table 1.
NOTE 3 For joinery components that can have a structural Adhesives shall be compatible with wood
function, e.g. curtain walling, specifiers should refer to BS 5291 preservatives to be applied and with the intended
with regard to structural softwood finger joints. There is no
standard for finger joints in hardwood. end use of the timber. Adhesives used for joinery
shall be one of the following:
a) animal glue complying with BS 745;
b) synthetic resin gap filling adhesives (phenolic
and aminoplastic) complying with BS 1204-1 and
BS 1204-2;
c) one part polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesives
complying with BS 4071;
d) two part polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesives
in accordance with the recommendations of
DD 74;
© BSI 02-1999 5
BS 1186-2:1988
e) other adhesives that are in accordance with the NOTE 1 Reference should be made to BRE Digest 314 “Gluing
appropriate performance recommendations of Wood Successfully”1).
NOTE 2 Joint lines may become more pronounced with the use
DD 74. of certain adhesives, e.g. resorcinol compounds.
10.2 Adhesive application The application of adhesive shall be such that the
Each adhesive type shall be stored, mixed and required extent of surface area to be coated with
applied following the recommendations of the adhesive (see 6.1.2 to 6.1.5, 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.5,
adhesive manufacturer. clause 7 and 8.5) will be coated when the joint has
been assembled.
The fit of the parts and method of assembly shall
1)
Obtainable from The Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts WD2 7JR.
6 © BSI 02-1999
BS 1186-2:1988
The cutting angle should be chosen to suit the “move”, i.e. change in shape and dimension with
species and moisture content. changes in its moisture content. Not all species have
Machining should be carried out at a moisture the same amount of movement in response to
content related to the in-service moisture content changing moisture content (see BRE/PRL Technical
condition. Note No. 38 “The Movement of Timber”2), which
uses three categories, small, medium and large, to
If no sanding is to be employed, the number of cutter
characterize timbers). Fsp for most species is
marks per 25 mm should normally be between 12
about 30 % moisture content.
and 16.
With the vast majority of species longitudinal
A.2 Arrised edges
movement is so small that it can be ignored and only
Whenever the design permits, it is desirable that tangential and radial movements need to be
exposed arrises should be removed to avoid local considered.
reduction in the thickness of the paint film.
Tangential movement for most species is
A.3 Surface imperfections approximately twice that of radial movement but for
Any chipping or surface damage at or around knots most purposes the mean of tangential/radial may be
etc., which would spoil the final finish, should be used. However, where mostly flat sawn material is
sanded away or filled. The filler should comply with to be used the larger tangential movement figures
clause 6 of BS EN 942. should be used.
A.4 Surface finishes For most practical purposes the following guidelines
The surface of timber to be coated should be suitable should suffice.
for the application of the paint primer or base coat a) Timber does not shrink or swell along the
(varnish, stain or polish). Wood based panel grain.
products may require additional preparation b) Shrinkage starts as the timber dries
(e.g. filling) prior to the application of finishes. below 30 % moisture content.
The priming or base coat, which should be c) Timber shrinks and swells approximately twice
compatible with any wood preservative treatments, as much in tangential direction as it does radially
may be applied either at a factory or on site. (see Figure 6 and Figure 7).
Sufficient time should be allowed for solvent
d) Tangential shrinkage or swelling may be
evaporation if organic solvent wood preservatives
estimated for large movement timbers as 1%
are applied, before the application of finishes.
movement for every 3% moisture content change
It should be noted that all priming coats give limited in the wood, and for small movement timbers
protection against the ingress of moisture. The as 1 % of movement for every 5% moisture
degree of protection varies with the material used. content change.
Water-borne primers should comply with BS 5082.
Solvent-borne primers should comply with BS 5358.
Before applying any subsequent coats, it may be
necessary for sanding or de-nibbing to be carried
out.
NOTE Reference should also be made to BS 6150.
2)
Obtainable from The Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts WD2 7JR.
© BSI 02-1999 7
BS 1186-2:1988
8 © BSI 02-1999
BS 1186-2:1988
C.6 Number of jointed specimens to be taken C.8 Procedure for establishing the minimum
from normal production failure value for a finger joint requiring 40%
Jointed specimens shall be taken, at regular efficiency in species other than those in C.7
intervals, from each production batch in the Test, in accordance with C.1, 10 specimens of
numbers given in Table 2 and shall be tested in unjointed timber complying with C.4. Record the
accordance with C.1. If any jointed specimen fails at failure loads in newtons (F1, F2, etc.) and calculate
a load of less than the relevant Fu value, the the average value (Fa) (see Table 3).
production batch shall be deemed not to comply with Table 3 — Recording of failure loads for
this Part of BS 1186. unjointed timber
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 14-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
© BSI 02-1999 9
BS 1186-2:1988
10 © BSI 02-1999
BS 1186-2:1988
Publications referred to
BS 745, Specification for animal glue to wood (joiner’s glue) (dry glue; jelly or liquid glue).
BS 1186, Timber for and workmanship in joinery.
BS 1186-3, Specification for wood trim and its fixing.
BS 1204, Synthetic resin adhesives (phenolic and aminoplastic) for wood.
BS 1204-1, Specification for gap-filling adhesives.
BS 1204-2, Specification for close-contact adhesives.
BS 4071, Specification for polyvinyl acetate (PVA) emulsion adhesives for wood.
BS 5082, Specification for water-borne priming paints for woodwork.
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, ALSTOM, 14-Mar-01, Uncontrolled Copy. © BSI
© BSI 02-1999
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