Module Ethics Midterms PDF

QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & COMPUTING SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Office Admiistration
….hastening advancement
Midterm
Topic 1 Ethical Perspectives
Objectives 1. Know and define the different ethical perspectives;
2. Describe the various major theories about ethics in human
decision making;
3. Differentiate different ethical perspectives from one another;
and
4. Apply various ethical perspectives in understanding one’s
acts and viewing a problem.
Discussion An ethical perspective is the lens an individual uses to view
a problem. Each person has such a perspective, whether or not
they realize it.
There are two major perspectives that ethicists are using in
understanding one’s acts, viewing problems, and formulating
ethical decisions.
These are the following:

1. Ethical Relativism is the theory that holds that
morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. That is,
whether an action is right or wrong depends on
the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. The
same action may be morally right in one society but be morally
wrong in another.
Types of Ethical Relativism (Brannigan& Boss, 2001)

A. Ethical Subjectivism
- Is the idea that our moral opinions are based on our
feelings and nothing more. On this view, there is no
such thing as "objective" right or wrong. It is a fact
that some people are homosexual and some are
heterosexual; but it is not a fact that one is good and
the other bad.
- It is believed that individuals create their own
morality (and that) there are no objective moral
truths—only individual opinions.
For instance,
When you state "It isn't right to sell one's organs" you are
stating, generally, "In Canada, it isn't the custom to sell
one's organs". This view is an improvement over
straightforward subjectivism. It obliges the possibility
that ethical cases are valid or bogus, and that we can
have moral convictions and good information.
- It can be defined as ethnocentrism can lead to negative

judgments of the behaviours of groups or societies. It
can also lead to discrimination against people who are
different.
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For instance,
In many countries, religious minorities (religions that are
not the dominant religion) often face discrimination.
- Ethnocentrism can create loyalty among the same
social group or people in the same society. National pride
is also part of this lens.
For instance,
During the World Cup or Olympics, you may tend to
root for your own country and believe that the players or
teams representing your country are much better.
B. Cultural relativism
- Is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms
and not to make judgments using the standards of
one’s own culture.
- The goal of this is promote understanding of cultural
practices that are not typically part of one’s own
culture. Using the perspective of cultural relativism
leads to the view that no one culture is superior than
another culture when compared to systems of
morality, law, politics, etc.
- It is a concept that cultural norms and values derive
their meaning within a specific social context. This is
also based on the idea that there is no absolute
standard of good or evil, therefore every decision and
judgment of what is right and wrong is individually
decided in each society.
- The concept of cultural relativism also means that
any opinion on ethics is subject to the perspective of
each person within their particular culture. Overall,
there is no right or wrong ethical system. In a holistic
understanding of the term cultural relativism, it tries
to promote the understanding of cultural practices
that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating
insects, genocides or genital cutting.
- It also refers to not judging a culture to our own
standards of what is right or wrong, strange or
normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural
practices of other groups in its own cultural context.
For example,
Instead of thinking, “Fried crickets are
disgusting!” one should instead ask, “Why do some
cultures eat fried insects?”. You may learn that fried
crickets or grasshoppers are full of protein and in
Mexico, it is famous Oaxaca regional cuisine and have
been eaten for thousands of years as a healthy food
source!
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Two categories of Cultural Relativism:

a. Absolute
- Everything that happens within a culture must and
should not be questioned by outsiders.
For example,
The Nazi party’s point of view justifying the Holocaust.
b. Critical
- Creates questions about cultural practices in terms of
who is accepting them and why. Critical cultural
relativism also recognizes power relationships.
C. Ethical Objectivism
is the belief that universal or objective moral principles exist.
Many philosophers and healthcare ethicist hold this view, at least
to some degree, because they strictly or loosely adhere to a specific
approach in determining what is good.
Types of Ethical Objectivism

A. Deontology
- It considers all humans as equal, not in the physical,
social, or economic sense, but equal before God,
whether they are male, female, Pygmy, Eskimoan,
Islamic, Christian, gay, straight, healthy, sick, young,
or old.
- A deontologist like Kant is likely to believe that ethical
action arises from doing one’s duty and that duties
are defined by rational thought. Duties, according to
Kant, are not specific to particular kinds of human
beings but are owed universally to all human beings.
Kant therefore uses “universalizing “as a form of
rational thought that assumes the inherent equality
of all human beings.
- For Kantian thinkers, this basic principle of equality
means that we should be able to universalize any
particular law or action to determine whether it is
ethical.
For example,
If you were to consider misrepresenting yourself on a
resume for a particular job you really wanted and you
were convinced that doing so would get you that job,
you might be very tempted to do so. (What harm
would it be? you might ask yourself. When I have the
job, I can prove that I was perfect for it, and no one is
hurt, while both the employer and I are clearly better
off as a result!) Kantian ethicists would answer that
your chosen course of action should be a universal
one—a course of action that would be good for all
persons at all times.
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Two Requirements for a Rule of Action to be Universal
a. Reversibility
- if you make a decision as though you didn’t know what

role or position you would have after the decision, you
would more likely make an impartial one—you would
more likely choose a course of action that would be most
fair to all concerned, not just you.
Again, deontology requires that we put duty first, act
rationally, and give moral weight to the inherent equality
of all human beings.
- In considering whether to lie on your resume, reversibility
requires you to actively imagine both that you were the
employer in this situation and that you were another
well-qualified applicant who lost the job because
someone else padded his resume with false
accomplishments. If the consequences of such an
exercise of the imagination are not appealing to you, your
action is probably not ethical.
b. Consistency
- This is more abstract.
- A deontologist would say that since you know you are
telling a lie, you must be willing to say that lying, as a
general, universal phenomenon, is acceptable. But if
everyone lied, then there would be no point to lying, since
no one would believe anyone. It is only because honesty
works well for society as a whole and is generally
practiced that lying even becomes possible! That is, lying
cannot be universalized, for it depends on the pre-
existence of honesty.
B. Utilitarianism
- Is a prominent perspective on ethics, one that is well
aligned with economics and the free-market outlook
that has come to dominate much current thinking
about business, management, and economics.
- It emphasizes results not rules.
- An action (or set of actions) is generally deemed good
or right if it maximizes happiness or pleasure
throughout society.
C. Natural Law Theory

- It says that human beings possess intrinsic values
that govern our reasoning and behaviour.
- It maintains that these rules of right and wrong are
inherent in people and are not created by society or
court judges.
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Topic 2 Culture and its Role in Moral Behaviour

Objectives 1. Know different factors affecting one's act;
2. Understand how culture shapes the moral behaviour of a
certain person; and
3. Create good logical reasoning about how culture defines
one's act.
Discussion • Culture
- It refers to the outlook, attitudes, values, goals, and
practices shared by a group, organization, or society.
- It describes a collective way of life, or way of doing
things. It is the sum of attitudes, values, goals, and
practices shared by individuals in a group,
organization, or society. Cultures vary over time
periods, between countries and geographic regions,
and among groups and organizations.
- It reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards
that speak to how people should behave and interact
with others.
How does culture intersect ethics?

- Since interpretations of what is moral are influenced
by cultural norms, the possibility exists that what is
ethical to one group will not be considered so by
someone living in a different culture. According to
cultural relativists this means that there is no
singular truth on which to base ethical or moral
behaviour for all time and geographic space, as our
interpretations of truths are influenced by our own
culture. This approach is in contrast to universalism,
which holds the position that moral values are the
same for everyone. Cultural relativists consider this
to be an ethnocentric view, as the universal set of
values proposed by universalists are based on their
set of values. Cultural relativism is also considered
more tolerant than universalism because, if there is
no basis for making moral judgments between
cultures, then cultures have to be tolerant of each
other.
For instance,
The French and Americans have different views on whistle-
blowing. Compared to the French, American companies consider
it to be a natural part of business. So natural, in fact, that they
set up anonymous hotlines. The French, on the other hand, tend
to view whistle-blowing as undermining solidarity among co-
workers.
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• Norms
- rules or laws that govern a group’s or a society’s
behaviours.
• Social Norms
- are the laws that govern society’s behaviours.
Examples:
A. Social Norms Regarding Public Behavior
1. Say "please" when asking for something and say
"thank you" when someone does something for
you.
2. Don't interrupt someone while they are talking.
Wait for them to finish and then take your turn.
3. If you hit or bump into someone by accident, say
"I'm sorry."
4. Do not pick your nose in public and if you must
burp or fart say "excuse me."
5. Do not stand close enough to a stranger to touch
arms or hips. Don't invade someone's personal
space.
B. Social Norms While Using the Phone
1. Say hello when answering and goodbye before you

hang up.
2. Don't take a phone call during dinner, either in
public or at home.
3. Put your phone on silent if you are in a meeting, at
church, in a theater, or in a public setting where
phones are not to be used.
4. Do not lie or hang up if someone has the wrong
number. Inform them of their mistake.
5. Don't text while on a date or engage in a
conversation with another person.
C. Social Norms When Dining Out
1. Do not talk with food in your mouth.
2. Do not eat off another person's plate without asking.
3. Chew with your mouth closed and avoid making loud
sounds while chewing.
4. Do not be loud or vulgar or disturb other diners.
D. Social Norms in the Classroom and School
1. Do not use a cellphone during class. Texting and
making calls are not appropriate in class time.
2. Ask the teacher if you can be excused during class to
use the restroom. Never just get up and leave.
3. Come to class prepared with book, paper, pen, etc.
4. Never read other material during class.
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5. Do not listen to music with headphones.

E. Social Norms in the Workplace
1. Be on time and follow the schedule that you are given.
2. Be professional and contribute your skills as needed.
3. If you need to leave early, notify your boss and make
proper arrangements.
4. Be respectful of your coworkers.
5. Dress neatly and appropriately for the job.
•Personal values
- provide an internal reference for what is good,
beneficial, important, useful, beautiful, desirable,
and constructive.
Personal values are developed in many different ways:
✓ The most important influence on our values comes from the
families we grow up with. The family is responsible for
teaching children what is right and wrong long before there
are other influences. It is thus said that a child is a
reflection of his or her parents.
✓ Teachers and classmates help shape the values of children
during the school years.
✓ Religion (or a lack thereof) also plays a role in teaching
children values.
• Religion
- is a social-cultural system of
designated behaviours andpractices, morals, worldvi
ews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics,
or organizations, that relates humanity to
supernatural, transcendental or spiritual elements.
Some teachings of Religion (Gellman & Hartman)
6. The golden rule: A universal principle
7. Compassion
8. Humility
9. Hope
Teachings of some Religions:
1. The Eightfold Path of Buddhism
The Eightfold Path of Buddhism, also called the Middle Path or

Middle Way, is the system of following these eight divisions of the
path to achieve spiritual enlightenment and cease suffering:
• Right understanding: Understanding that the Four Noble
Truths are noble and true.
• Right thought: Determining and resolving to practice
Buddhist faith.
• Right speech: Avoiding slander, gossip, lying, and all forms
of untrue and abusive speech.
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• Right conduct: Adhering to the idea of nonviolence

(ahimsa), as well as refraining from any form of stealing or
sexual impropriety.
• Right means of making a living: Not slaughtering animals
or working at jobs that force you to violate others.
• Right mental attitude or effort: Avoiding negative
thoughts and emotions, such as anger and jealousy.
• Right mindfulness: Having a clear sense of one’s mental
state and bodily health and feelings.
• Right concentration: Using meditation to reach the
highest level of enlightenment.
2. Islam’s Five Pillars of Worship
The Five Pillars of worship provide the foundations and basic

support of Islam. These fundamental acts of worship and rituals
are obligations for every practicing Muslim with the hope that each
pillar is a passage into deeper spirituality and understanding:
• The First Pillar: The Shahada — Recite the shahadah
correctly and deliberately: There is no god but God, and
Muhammad is his prophet.
• The Second Pillar: Salat — Pray five times a day: Pray at
rising, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and before retiring,
according to the proscribed ritual.
• The Third Pillar: Zakat — Give alms: Each Muslim donates
2 1/2 percent of their money to others.
• The Fourth Pillar: Saum — Observe Ramadan: This
month-long fast brings the faithful closer to God and
purifies earthly desires.
• The Fifth Pillar: Hajj — Make a pilgrimage to Mecca: All
Muslims should try to make this pilgrimage, or hajj, at least
once in a lifetime.
3. Four Affirmations of Shinto
Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan, emphasizes living with

sincerity and virtue, possible only by an awareness of the divine.
The fundamental beliefs in Shinto are the Four Affirmations
(affirmations are positive declarations):
• Tradition and the family: Understanding that family is the
foundation for preserving traditions
• Love of nature: Holding nature sacred
• Ritual purity: Ritual bathing to spiritually and physically
cleanse yourselves before entering a shrine to worship the
kami. (In addition, festivals are held twice a year to drive out
pollutants or impurities.)
• Matsuri: Worshipping and honoring gods and ancestral
spirits.
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Topic 3 Freedom and Ethical Responsibility

Objectives 1. Define freedom and ethical responsibility;
2. Explores various types of freedom and levels of ethical
responsibility; and
3. Reflect the students’ acts regarding freedom and
responsibility.
Discussion
Freedom
- It does mean the right to do as one pleases—to think,
believe, speak, worship (or not worship), move about,
gather, and generally act as you choose—but only
until your choices start to infringe on another
person’s freedom.
- It stands for something greater than just the right to
act however I choose—it also stands for securing to
everyone an equal opportunity for life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness.
Three types of Freedom
1. Freedom from
- A freedom from the constraints of society.
- When we wake up and realize we are more valuable than
society’s values or our conditioning.
2. Freedom to
- A freedom to do what we want to do.
- It emerges after we’ve achieved “freedom from” society’s
values and begin creating our own.
3. Freedom to be
- A freedom, not just to do what we want, but a freedom
to be who we were meant to be.
- It emerges when we develop more consciousness. We
need to move beyond an egoistic approach to life, and how
we’re motivated.
Freedom of Choice (Human Will)

- Refers to the human capacity to actively decide what
to do instead of reacting automatically to stimuli.
Although we sometimes act impulsively and without
reflection, we have the ability to select different
courses of action after rational deliberation, to
choose one action from among two or more
alternatives.
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Ethical Responsibility
- It is the ability to recognize, interpret and act upon
multiple principles and values according to the
standards within a given field and/or context.
Examples:
• collaborations, partnerships, teamwork

• service learning
• volunteerism
• social/political action activities, community advocacy,
social advocacy
• leadership roles
• ethical training certificates
• teaching others, conducting trainings, leading workshops
• development of policies, practices, standards, criteria,
organizational mission
• examples of ethical dilemmas and solutions
Lower-Level Ethical Responsibility
• demonstrates an understanding of a range of principles,

standards and values involved in making ethical decisions
and the application of knowledge
• engages in decision making according to the standards of
practice and ethics of the field
• communicates situations, information and outcomes to
others accurately and based on ethical standards of the field
• reflects upon one's own actions and implications in
situations and takes responsibility for actions while working
with others and/or solving problems.
Upper-Level Ethical Responsibility
• recognizes different perspectives and analyzes situations to

provide best solutions under particular circumstances
according to the standards of practice and ethics of the
field
• develops an ethical framework based on the field’s
standards of practice and takes responsibilities for
decision making and actions based on this framework in
various and unpredictable contexts
• participates in the formation of mission, vision and values
in a field or organization
• assesses the impact of different activities on the
environment, society and the field and develops a sense of
social responsibility while making judgments and
decisions on these activities.
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Topic 4 Conscience
Objectives 1. Define conscience its role in decision making;
2. Differentiate ideas of the conscience; and
3. Create moral decisions using conscience in complex
situations.
Discussion Conscience
It is a faculty of the mind that motivates us to act morally—or
at least according to our most deeply held values. Most say it is
a form of intuition and uses emotion, although others have
argued that it should be shaped by reason. It is a private
experience, and a form of self-knowledge; from one’s conscience
one can learn one’s own values and morals. This is the root of
the word, from the latin con-scientia, perhaps translatable as
“together-with-knowing” – to be together with one’s knowledge
(of morality).
Yet, conscience has been thought by many to be informed by an
objective morality, with divine, transcendental, or natural
sources. Even in our society, where we ostensibly recognize the
cultural and personal relativity of morality, conscience is
granted a special status, with laws protecting the rights of
doctors and others not to violate their consciences. So,
conscience is private, subjective, and culturally relative, but
carries legal and political weight.
There are many different ideas about conscience—religious,
philosophical, scientific, legal, and popular:
▪ Religious: in most religions, the morality that informs

conscience does or should come from either God, or an
enlightened mind. Religions differ as to whether conscience
is thought of mainly as a punisher (e.g. Catholic) or as a
virtue to be cultivated (e.g. Protestant, Buddhist).
▪ Philosophical: many philosophers have written that a truly
moral conscience requires the exercise of reason; others have
claimed that it is an intuition of objective moral truth. Pre-
modern philosophers tended to believe in a natural and
objective morality informing conscience—something like a
truly moral instinct. Modern philosophers tend to recognize
the cultural and individual relativity of morality, and many
present arguments based on scientific theories about mind,
evolution, and society.
▪ Scientific: such as theories in evolutionary psychology,
cognitive science, and sociology.
▪ Legal: Our society seems to recognize “freedom of
conscience” – that we should be free to obey our consciences
– within limits. Considering that we don’t have a clear or
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unified philosophy of conscience, this raises legal, political,

and social issues.
▪ Popular: Our everyday notions of conscience are
philosophically interesting. Consider that conscience is a
part of us opposing actions that we ourselves apparently
already consider immoral, but are in danger of doing
anyway. It seems a little paradoxical. Why do we need a
conscience? Evolutionary theory most likely has the answer
(see “History” section)
Thought about conscience is so diverse and complex that a
comprehensive treatment is not possible. This seems another
paradox about conscience; we know it most intimately in
ourselves, but there is no consensus about where it comes from,
or how much it should be respected.
Moral Conscience
It is a person's judgment about a given action's ordering to man's
ultimate end based on the person's knowledge of the action, its
end, and circumstances.
Ethical Awareness
This is our ability to recognise ethical values and principles.
The medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas believed our

conscience emerged from synderesis [sin-dee-ree-sis] – the ‘spark
of conscience’. He literally meant the human mind’s ability to
understand the world in moral terms. Conscience was the process
by which a person brought the principles of synderesis into a
practical situation through our decisions.
Conscientious Objection
In politics, much of the debate around conscience concerns

the right to conscientious objection. Should pro-life doctors be
required to perform abortions or refer patients to doctors who will?
Must priests break the confessional seal and report sex offenders
who confess to them? Can pacifists be excused from conscription
because of their opposition to war?
For a long time, Western nations, informed by the Catholic

intellectual tradition, believed in the “primacy of conscience” – the
idea that a person should never be forced to do something they
believe is against their most deeply held values and principles.
In recent times, particularly in medicine, this has come to be

questioned. Australian bioethicist Julian Savulescu believes
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doctors working in the public system should be banned from

objecting to procedures because it compromises patient care.
This debate sees a clash between two worldviews – one where

people’s foremost responsibility is to their own personal beliefs
about what is good and right and another where this duty is
balanced against the needs of the common good.
Philosopher Michael Walzer believes there are situations where

you have a duty to ‘get your hands dirty’ – even if the price is your
own sense of goodness. In response, Aristotle might have said,
“no person wishes to possess the world if they must first become
someone else”. That is, we can’t change who we are or what we
believe in for any price.
Topic 5 Filipino Moral Behaviours: Strengths and Weaknesses

Objectives 1. Know the different behaviours of Filipinos;
2. Determine the Filipino moral behaviours;
3. Understand the strengths and weaknesses of Filipino moral
behaviours.
Discussion Filipinos
- According to Palatino (2010) in his article titled “Are
Filipinos Asian?”,Filipinos are categorized as Asians
and the Philippines as part of Southeast Asia. But
describing Filipinos as Pacific Islanders isn’t
necessarily wrong either. In fact, for a long time,
Filipinos were known as Pacific Islanders.
- The Philippines collectively are called Filipinos. The
ancestors of the vast majority of the population were
of Malay descent and came from the Southeast Asian
mainland as well as from what is now Indonesia.
- Filipinos of mixed ethnic origins are still referred to
today as mestizos. However, in common parlance,
mestizos are only used to refer to Filipinos
mixed with Spanish or any other European ancestry.
Moral
- It is the prevailing standards of behavior that enable
people to live cooperatively in groups.
- It refers to what societies sanction as right and
acceptable.
Morals tend to be driven by personal beliefs and values, there are
certainly some common morals that most people agree on, such as:
1. Always tell the truth.
2. Do not destroy property.
3. Have courage.
4. Keep your promises.
5. Do not cheat.
6. Treat others as you want to be treated.
7. Do not judge.
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8. Be dependable.
Behaviour
- The way in which one acts or conducts oneself,
especially towards others.
- The way in which an animal or person behaves in
response to a particular situation or stimulus.
- It is the range of actions and mannerisms made by
organisms, systems, or artificial entities in
conjunction with their environment, which includes
the other systems or organisms around as well as the
physical environment. It is the response of the system
or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether
internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt
or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
- The observable response a person makes to any
situation.
Moral Behaviour
- It refers to a physical action or attitude that aligns
with the principles of a specific ethical system.
- To act according to one’s moral values and
standards. Children demonstrate prosocial
and moral behavior when they share, help, co-
operate, communicate, sympathize or in otherwise
they demonstrate ability to care about others.
Filipino Moral Behaviours

- Filipino values are, for the most part, centered at
maintaining social harmony, motivated primarily by
the desire to be accepted within a group.
- It can be defined as characteristics or values of a
certain Filipino.
Some examples,
Strengths of Filipino Characteristics

1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao
- open fellow human to others and being feel one
withothersregard otherswith dignityand respectdeal
with themas fellowhuman beings.
- a fellow human
- Basic sense of justice andfairnessconcern for others.
- Ability to empathize withothers.
- Helpfulness and generosity in times of need
(pakikiramay); practice of bayanihanormutual
assistance, Filipino hospitality.
2. Sensitivity to people’s feelings (pakikiramdam)

- Pagtitiwala or trust
- Sense of gratitude or utangnaloob.
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- Very dependent on interpersonal relationships; gives

sense of security
- Camaraderie and a feeling of closeness to one
another.
- Pakikipagkapwa-tao is a foundation for unity as well
the sense of social.
3. Family Orientation
- Filipinos possess a genuine and deep love for family
- Source of personal identity, emotional and material
support and one’s main commitment and
responsibility.
- Honour and respect given to parents and elders; care
given to the children; the generosity toward skin in
need, and in great sacrifices one endures for the
welfare of the family.
4. Joy and Humor

- Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving approach to
life and its ups and downs…pleasant disposition, a
sense of humour anda propensity for happiness that
contribute not only to the Filipino charm but also to
the indomitability of the Filipino spirit.
- Laughing at ourselves and the mess we are in is
animportant coping mechanism. ..Playful, sometimes,
disrespectful, we laugh at those we love and at those
we hate and we make jokes about our good fortune
and bad.
5. Adaptability and Creativity

- The result is productivity, inno-vation,
- Creative, resourceful, quick entrepre- learners; can
improvise and make use of whatever is at neurship,
hand in order to create and equa-nimity produce; and
survival.
- Accepts change; adapts to life in any part of the world,
in the ability to make new things out of old scraps,
- Creative in cultural sphere
Weaknesses of Filipino Characters

1. Extreme Personalism
- Personal contacts are involved in any transaction and
these are difficult to turn down. Preference is usually
given to family and friends in hiring, delivery of
services and even in voting.
- Extreme personalism thus leads to the graft and
corruption evident in Philippine society.
- We tend to be uncomfortable with bureaucracy, with
rules and regulations and with standard procedures,
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all of which tend to be impersonal. We tend to ignore

them or we ask for exceptions.
2. Lack of Discipline
- It is manifests in a casual and relaxed attitude
towards time and space which manifests itself in lack
of precision and compulsiveness, in poor time
management and procrastination.
- An aversion for following strictly set of procedures
and these results in lack of standardization and
quality control.
- We are impatient and unable to delay gratification or
reward, resulting in the use of short-cuts, in skirting
the rules (the palusotsyndrome) and in foolhardiness.
- We are guilty of ningascogon, starting out projects
with full vigor and interest which abruptly die down
leaving things unfinished.
3. Extreme Family Centeredness

- Excessive concern for the family creates an in-group
to which the Filipino is fiercely loyal to the detriment
of concern for the larger community or for the
common good.
- Excessive concern for family manifests itself in the
use of one’s office and power as a means of
promoting the interest of the family, factionalism,
patronage and political dynasties, and in the
protection of erring family members.
- Family centeredness results to a lack ofconcern for
the common good and acts as a block to national
consciousness.
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative

- Filipinos tend to be complacent and there rarely is a
sense of urgency about any problem.
- There is high tolerance for inefficiency, poor service
and even violations of one’s basic rights.
- It can be said that the Filipino is too patient and long
suffering (matiisin).
5. “Kanya-Kanya” Syndrome
- It is also evident in the personal ambition and the
drive forpower and status that is completely
insensitive to the common good.
- Personal and in-group interests reign supreme.
- It results in the dampening of cooperative and
community spirit and in the trampling upon the
rights of others.
VISION MISSION

DIFFUN CAMPUS
Additional • The Human Will and Character by Mele and Canton

Readings (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137462619_9
(Last accessed #:~:text=Human%20will%20refers%20to%20the,of%20reacting%
25/ 08/ 2020) 20automatically%20to%20stimuli.)
• Concept of Individual Freedom by Sherman (2016)

(https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-28277-
0_6)
• Freedom and Responsibility by Seth

(https://seths.blog/2016/03/freedom-and-
responsibility/#:~:text=Freedom%20is%20the%20ability%20to,h
eld%20accountable%20for%20your%20actions.&text=Freedom%
20and%20responsibility%20aren't%20given%2C%20they're%20t
aken.)
VISION MISSION

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QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

These are the following:

Types of Ethical Relativism (Brannigan& Boss, 2001)

- It can be defined as ethnocentrism can lead to negative

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Two categories of Cultural Relativism:

Types of Ethical Objectivism

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Two Requirements for a Rule of Action to be Universal

- if you make a decision as though you didn’t know what

C. Natural Law Theory

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Topic 2 Culture and its Role in Moral Behaviour

How does culture intersect ethics?

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

B. Social Norms While Using the Phone

1. Say hello when answering and goodbye before you

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

5. Do not listen to music with headphones.

Teachings of some Religions:

1. The Eightfold Path of Buddhism

The Eightfold Path of Buddhism, also called the Middle Path or

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

• Right conduct: Adhering to the idea of nonviolence

2. Islam’s Five Pillars of Worship

The Five Pillars of worship provide the foundations and basic

3. Four Affirmations of Shinto

Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan, emphasizes living with

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Topic 3 Freedom and Ethical Responsibility

Three types of Freedom

Freedom of Choice (Human Will)

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

• collaborations, partnerships, teamwork

Lower-Level Ethical Responsibility

• demonstrates an understanding of a range of principles,

Upper-Level Ethical Responsibility

• recognizes different perspectives and analyzes situations to

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

▪ Religious: in most religions, the morality that informs

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

unified philosophy of conscience, this raises legal, political,

This is our ability to recognise ethical values and principles.

The medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas believed our

In politics, much of the debate around conscience concerns

For a long time, Western nations, informed by the Catholic

In recent times, particularly in medicine, this has come to be

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

doctors working in the public system should be banned from

This debate sees a clash between two worldviews – one where

Philosopher Michael Walzer believes there are situations where

Topic 5 Filipino Moral Behaviours: Strengths and Weaknesses

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Filipino Moral Behaviours

Strengths of Filipino Characteristics

2. Sensitivity to people’s feelings (pakikiramdam)

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

- Very dependent on interpersonal relationships; gives

4. Joy and Humor

5. Adaptability and Creativity

Weaknesses of Filipino Characters

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

all of which tend to be impersonal. We tend to ignore