Chua, John Albert B.

BS BA – HRM 2

1. What are types of Research Design?

 Action Research Design
Involves collecting information regarding current educational programs
and outcomes, analyzing the information, developing a plan to improve it,
collecting changes after a new plan is implemented, and developing conclusions
regarding the improvements.
 Case Study Design
used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex
issue in its real-life context. It is an established research design that is used
extensively in a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences.
 Causal Design
concerned with understanding the connection between the cause and the
effect. Casual research is often conducted through various controlled experiments
to allow for the testing of cause and effect.
 Cohort Design
is a type of nonexperimental or observational study design. In a cohort
study, the participants do not have the outcome of interest to begin with. They are
selected based on the exposure status of the individual. They are then followed
over time to evaluate for the occurrence of the outcome of interest.
 Cross-sectional Design
a type of research design in which you collect data from many different
individuals at a single point in time. In cross-sectional research, you observe
variables without influencing them.
 Descriptive Design
involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without
influencing it in any way.
 Experimental Design
the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion
so that precision is maximized, and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a
hypothesis statement. Generally, the purpose is to establish the effect that a factor
or independent variable has on a dependent variable.
 Exploratory Design
conducted for a research problem when the researcher has no past data or
only a few studies for reference. Sometimes this research is informal and
unstructured. It serves as a tool for initial research that provides a hypothetical or
theoretical idea of the research problem.
  Historical Design
is to collect, verify, and synthesize evidence from the past to establish
facts that defend or refute a hypothesis.
 Longitudinal Design
involves looking at variables over an extended period of time. This
research can take place over a period of weeks, months, or even years. In some
cases, longitudinal studies can last several decades.
 Observational Design
It is where the target respondent/subject is observed and analyzed in their
natural/real-world setting. Observational research is used when other data
collection procedures, such as surveys, questionnaires, etc. are not effective or
adequate.
 Philosophical Design
This approach uses the tools of argumentation derived from philosophical
traditions, concepts, models, and theories to critically explore and challenge, for
example, the relevance of logic and evidence in academic debates, to analyze
arguments about fundamental issues, or to discuss the root of existing discourse
about a research problem.
 Sequential Design
include elements of both longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs.
Similar to longitudinal designs, sequential research features participants who are
followed over time; similar to cross-sectional designs, sequential research
includes participants of different ages.

2. What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques?

Quantitative Qualitative
Key terms: testing, measurement, objectivity, Key terms: understanding, context,
and replicability complexity, and subjectivity
many respondents few respondents
Analyzed through math and statistical Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing, and
analysis interpreting
numbers, graphs, and tables words
testing theories and hypotheses exploring ideas and formulating a theory or
hypothesis
Closed (multiple choice) questions Open-ended questions
3. What are the multiple methods in the conduct of research?
 Experiments
 Surveys
 Questionnaires
 Interviews
 Case Studies
 Participant and non-participant observation
 Observational trials
 Studies using the Delphi method