1.

Define Fourier law of conduction

-the rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to the
temperature gradient across the layer and the heat transfer area of the layer.
- q= -k nabla T = -KA(dt/dx) = Q/A
q = local heat flux density
-k = material's conductivity
nabla T = temperature gradient
Q =heat rate

2. Why is the heat flux related to the -ve gradient of temperature

- Just the notion that the energy should flow from high to low temperature, is
given by the gradient, making the energy always traveling down the gradient,
trying to reach a more uniform state. To make it work out, some constant of
proportionality was introduced, which is most often a system (or material)
property.

3. What is the steady state conduction equation in 2(or 3) dimensions?

- in 2d with no heat we use d2T/dx2 + d2T/dy2 = 0 and heat flow in x and y
direction will be calculated using fourier equation i.e qx = -k Ax dT/dx

4. What is the temperature profile in steady state 1-d constant property systems?
-By steady we mean that temperatures are constant with time; as the result, the
heat flow is also constant with time. By one dimensional
we mean that temperature is a function of a single dimension

5. For a composite slab, what is the formula
If a thermal conductivity of one material is
effective thermal conductivity.
- Resistance = l/KA
for slab vertically composite = series = Req
for slab horizontally composite = parallel =
for effective thermal conductivity?
very low, what can you say about the
= R1 + R2 = l1+l2/Keq = l1/K1 + l2/K2
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2

6. What is the principle in determinin effective thermal conductivity?

- current V =IR
- conduction T1-T2 = (l/KA)H

7.What is the concept of critical radius?

- Rcr = 2K/H
- adding more insulation will decrease heat transfer thats why critical value
- that R < Rcr to decrease the resistance and increase the conductivity

8. What is the main non-dimensional number in unsteady conduction? What is its

significance?
- biot number = (H/K)L
- The Biot number is the ratio of the internal resistance of a body to heat
conduction to its external resistance to heat convection.

9.What is the condition for neglecting internal resistance in unsteady

conduction(lumped system)
- Lumped system analysis assumes a uniform temperature distribution throughout the
body, which implies that the conduction heat resistance is zero. Thus, the lumped
system
analysis is exact when Bi = 0.

10. fourier number and its significans?

- Fo = alpha*t/L2 alpha = thermal diffusivity = K/(density*specific heat)
- Fourier number at time t can be viewed as the ratio of the rate of heat conducted
to the rate of heat stored at that time.
11. What is the main drawback of the electrical analogy(resistance) method?
- The thermal resistance method cannot be extended to 2(or 3) dimensions. The
approach can be used only for 1-d problems