Hydro Power Plant Updated

E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Training Equipment, Research, Material Testing & Industrial Solutions.
Note:
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this manual is
accurate; however no labiality is accepted for errors. Should an error be discovered please
inform the company in writing, giving full details. Any experimental results given are for
guidance only and are not guaranteed as exact answers that can be obtained for a given
apparatus; due to the complex variables applicable to most experiments.
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EDIDAC LLC, 4572 OAK SHORES DRIVE, PLANO, TEXAS, 75024, USA. Email: info@edidacllc.com
E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Warning:
This unit has been designed to be safe for users during operation. As with any other sophisticated
piece of equipment, danger exist if equipment is mishandled or not maintained properly. Presence of
competent personnel during the operation of equipment is advised.
It is the user’s responsibility to exercise safe practices during the operation of this unit.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Table of Contents
Parameters:..................................................................................................................................4
Introduction:................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Electric Control Panel:................................................................................................7
1.2 Inclined Tube Manometer:..........................................................................................8
1.3 Generator and Torque assembly:.................................................................................9
1.4 Cross flow hydro turbine:............................................................................................9
1.5 Water Storage tank:...................................................................................................10
1.6 Water level:...............................................................................................................10
1.7 Gate valve:.................................................................................................................11
1.8 Water Pump:..............................................................................................................11
1.9 Battery:......................................................................................................................12
1.10 Frame:....................................................................................................................12
Experiments No: 1.....................................................................................................................13
Experiments No: 2.....................................................................................................................16
Experiments No: 3.....................................................................................................................20
Experiments No: 4.....................................................................................................................24
Experiments No: 5.....................................................................................................................27
Experiments No: 6.....................................................................................................................31
Experiments No: 7.....................................................................................................................33
Experiments No: 8.....................................................................................................................35
Experiments No: 9.....................................................................................................................37
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Parameters:
Constant Parameters
Moment Arm 100 mm
Inclination of manometer column 45°
Outer Diameter of Orifice 64 mm
Inner Diameter of Orifice 32 mm
Density of water 1000 kg/m3
Acceleration due to gravity 9.8 m/s2
Minimum water in tank 400 liters
Minimum RPM for generation 1000 rev/min
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Introduction:
Hydro Energy Power Plant EDHYD_30 is demonstration unit of hydro power
plant. It is mainly based on the working of hydro plant and define its mainly
used components using in power plant. The main components of Hydro Energy
Power Plant EDHYD_30 are listed below
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2
3
9 8 7 6
11 10
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
1. Electric Control Panel.

2. Manometer.
3. Generator.
4. Torque assembly.
5. Cross flow hydro turbine.
6. Water Storage tank.
7. Water level.
8. Gate valve.
9. Water Pump.
10. Battery.
11. Frame.
12.
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1.1 Electric Control Panel:
The main components of electric control panel are
 Main Power On/Off switch for panel power on/off.

 Led indicator for power on apparatus.
 Resistive load bulbs.
 Charge Controller.
 Communication port.
 Toggle for switching lcd and communication port of controller for
programming mode.
 Touch lcd for display and control. RPM shows the generator RPM and
button for water pump on/off.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
1.2 Inclined Tube Manometer:

To measure flow rate of water.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
1.3 Generator and Torque assembly:

 The shaft of generator coupled with the cross flow turbine and its
produced dc power for load when the turbine rotates.
 When load apply on the generator than the generator produced torque
which is observe on the weight scale hanging on the torque assembly.
1.4 Cross flow hydro turbine:

The crossflow turbine provides shaft power from the kinetic energy of a moving
fluid.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
1.5 Water Storage tank:

It is a reservoir for the power plant.
1.6 Water level:

Indicate the water level of tank.
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1.7 Gate valve:

It is use to control the flow of water.
1.8 Water Pump:

It is used to provide K.E to turbine by pumping of water.
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1.9 Battery:
It is used to energies charge controller and storage of power as a backup.
1.10 Frame:
It is the base of apparatus to holding the installed equipment’s.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 1
Objective:
Determination of the operative characteristics of a Cross Flow Turbine.
Basic Description Basic:
 The cross-flow turbine has a great potential for small hydroelectric power
development of both developed and undeveloped countries. Amongst renewable
energy resources, the cross-flow turbine is the most reliable and cost effective with a
very simple structure.
 The nozzle and the runner are made by processing steel plate and the blades are made
by processing steel pipe giving it a simple design and manufacture. Therefore, it can
save more manufacturing cost and maintenance cost.
 In cross flow turbine water flows after passing through the guide vanes to the rotor on
the blades at the top of the rotor. It then flows across the turbine from the center of the
turbine and creates a torque on the blades of the lower part and then through the rotor
a second time before exiting the turbine at ambient pressure. Then the cross-flow
turbine converts the flow and pressure of the water to mechanical energy. This action
results in very little pressure drop across the turbines blades thereby increasing its
efficiency.
 Due to the angular momentum of the water flowing across the turbine rotor blades,
the kinetic energy of the water is converted to a torque at the output shaft which in
a small scale hydropower system can be used to drive an electrical generator.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
 Figure1 shows the schematic view of the cross-flow turbine model.
 As shown in Fig. 1, there is an air suction hole. The air hole is installed on the top of
the draft tube. The guide vane angle ranges from 0 degree to 30 degree, which means
the turbine give maximum RPM at 30 degree which is mid-point and it decreases
gradually while moving in clockwise as well as anti-clockwise direction from mid-
point, respectively.
Required Components:
 Hydro Energy Power Plant
Procedure:
 Power on the apparatus.

 Touch the pump icon on the LCD to start the pump.
 When pump is On, open the gate valve and note the reading of RPM from LCD.
 Also calculate the flow rate of water by measuring the differential pressure from
inclined manometer.
 Take reading on different values and observe the result.
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Readings:
Sr. No Flow RPM
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Experiments No: 2
Objective:
To measure the flow rate with the help inclined tube manometer.
Basic Description:
The Cross-Flow Hydraulic Turbine is operated at different flow rates to determine output
power at the desired flow rates. The flow rate can be controlled with the help of gate valve
installed just after the water pump output. Here in the apparatus under experimentation, the
flow rate is calculated with the help of Inclined Tube Manometer.
Inclined Tube Manometer:
Manometer is an instrument for measuring the pressure acting on a column of fluid,

consisting of a U-shaped tube of liquid in which a difference in the pressures acting in the
two arms of the tube causes the liquid to reach different heights in the two arms. In an
Inclined Tube Manometer on of the arms of the tube is held vertical while the other is tilted at
an angle. This helps to measure even small changes in the pressure.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Flow rate of the Pump can be calculated from the following equation:
Q=β Ao
√ 2 ΔP
ρ
Here,
Do
β=
Di
And,
2
Ao = Area of Orifice=π r i
And,
ΔP=ρgd .sin θ
Where,
Q = Flow rate in m3/s
ρ=Density of Fluid(Water) = 1000kg/m3
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Do = Outer Diameter of Orifice = 64mm
Di = Inner Diameter of Orifice = 32mm
ri = Inner Radius of Orifice
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m/s2
d = Change in length of the inclined manometer tube column
θ=Inclination of manometer column = 45o
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the Water Tank has sufficient amount of water and electric supply is
properly connected.
2. Turn the Apparatus ON.
3. Note down the initial values of water columns heights of Inclined Tube Manometer.
4. Turn ON centrifugal water pump from the LCD.
5. Change flow rate with the help of Gate Valve.
6. Note down water level in inclined column of manometer at various flow rates.
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7. Calculate the values of flow rates (m3/s) with the help of Equation mentioned above.
8. Convert value of flow rate form m3/s to Liter Per Minute (LPM) as follows:
Qlpm = 16.666(Qm3/s)
9. Turn the apparatus OFF after experimentation and unplug the Electric Supply.
Readings:
Initial water level in inclined manometer column = di
Final water level in inclined manometer column = df
Change in Water level in Flow rate

Flow rate
inclined manometer column
Q2
Sr. No. Q1
d = df - di
(LPM)
(m3/s)
(mm)
Learning Outcomes:
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 3
Objective:
To measure the Turbine torque and plot graph between torque vs speed at various heads and
flow rates.
Torque:
Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force which is the measure of the force that
can cause an object to rotate about an axis.
In the Hydro Power Plant Apparatus water turbine is used to run a DC Generator in order
to produce Electric Power P (W). An RPM sensor gives the value of rotational speed N (rpm)
on the LCD. Here, we can find torque of the turbine by noting value from gauge and
converting it into force and multiply it with radius.
For flow rate use following equation:
Q=β Ao
√ 2 ΔP
ρ
Where,
Do
β=
Di
And,
2
Where,
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ΔP=ρgd .sin θ
Where,
Head:
Head is the height to which a pump can raise water straight up. Water creates pressure or
resistance, at predictable rates, so we can calculate head as the differential pressure that a
pump has to overcome in order to raise the water.
As described above, water flowing across the orifice causes drop in pressure resulting in
variation of water columns height at the Inclined Tube Manometer. Head can be calculated
by using the following equation:
ΔP
Head=H=
ρg
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Procedure:
properly connected.
5. Note down values of Turbine Speed N, Voltage V, Current I and levels of water
columns from Inclined Tube Manometer.
6. Calculate Turbine Torque, Head and Flow Rate as mentioned above.
7. Plot graph between Turbine Torque T and Speed N at various heads and flow rates.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Change in
inclined
Turbine Flow
manomete Torque Head
Speed ΔP rate
Sr. r column H
water level T
No. N (Pa) Q
(Nm) (mm)
(RPM) d (LPM)
(m)
Learning Outcomes:
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 4
Objective:
To measure Mechanical power output and plot a graph between Mechanical power output vs
speed for various heads and flow rates.
Mechanical Power is simply work done per unit time expressed in SI units of Watt (W) or
energy transferred from one system to another in unit time. The cross-flow water turbine used
in the apparatus is a source of mechanical power to run DC generator in order to produce
electric power. Mechanical power of the turbine, when applied by electric load in the form of
electric bulbs, can be found with the help of following equation:
2 πNT
P=
60
Where,
N = RPM of Turbine
T = Torque of Turbine
And,
ΔP=ρgd .sin θ
Where,
Q=β Ao
√ 2 ΔP
ρ
Here,
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Do
β=
Di
And,
2
Where,
ΔP
Head =
ρg
Procedure:
properly connected.
5. Note down initial and final water levels from the inclined tube manometer, speed of
turbine N and value from weight scale attached to turbine in terms of Force F.
6. Calculate required values as mentioned above.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Change in
inclined
Turbine Flow
manometer Power Head
Sr. Speed ΔP rate
column H
No water level P
N (Pa) Q
. (mm)
d (W)
(RPM) (LPM)
(m)
Learning Outcomes:
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 5
Objective:
To measure Mechanical efficiency and plot a graph between Mechanical efficiency vs speed
for a given head and flow rate.
Mechanical Efficiency:
Mechanical Efficiency is a unitless number which describes the effectiveness of a machine

in transferring input power to another system.
Mechanical devices are designed to have maximum possible efficiency i.e. to convert
input power to maximum possible output useable form of energy. Scientists and Designers
put efforts to minimize energy losses caused by a number of factors while transferring input
energy to output power.
Mechanical efficiency of the system can be found as follows:
Mechanical Power
Mechanical Efficiency=ɳ m= × 100
Electrical Power
Electrical Power=V . I
Where,
V = Output Voltage (V)
I = Output Current (Amp)
And,
2 πNT
Mechanical Power=P=
60
Where,
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N = RPM of Turbine
And,
Q=Flow Rate=β A o
√ 2 ΔP
ρ
Here,
Do
β=
Di
And,
Ao = Areaof Orifice=π r i2
Where,
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Hydro Energy Power Plant
Procedure:
properly connected.

5. Note down change in water level in inclined water column from the inclined tube
manometer, speed of turbine N and value from weight scale attached to turbine in
terms of Force F.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. Change
No. in water
level in
Mechani Electri Mecha
Speed of inclined Flow
Head cal Voltage Current cal nical
Turbine column Rate
ΔP Power Power Efficie
of H V I
N Manome Q ncy
(Pa) Pm Pe
ter (m) (V) (Amp)
(RPM) (LPM)
(W) (W)
ɳm
d
(m)
Learning Outcomes:
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 6
Objective:
Electrical power output at various heads and flow rates.
To check the behavior of various heads and flow rates to generate the electrical power.
Electric power is directly proportion to the flow of water and variance occurs with various
heads of the turbine sides. By increasing the flow rate the rpm of the turbines also increases.
So, the electricity production is also increases.
Procedure:
properly connected.
5. Change the head by the turbine gate valve.
6. Note down change in current, voltage and rpm on different flow rates without
applying load
8. Repeat this experiment with applying load.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr.
Flow rate RPM Voltage (V) Current (I)
No
Learning Outcomes:
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 7
Objective:
Overall power plant efficiency at various electrical loads.
Overall efficiency of plant is ratio of mechanical power to hydraulic power
To calculate the hydroelectric power plant efficiency, you have to know the hydraulic power,
which depends on the flow rate.
The hydraulic output power is equal to gravity times flow times density times the height
difference
Hydraulic Power=ρgdQ
Where,
ρ=Density of Fluid (Water) = 1000kg/m3
g = Acceleration Due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2
And,
2 πNT
Mechanical Power=P=
60
Where,
N = RPM of Turbine
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
P mech
Overall efficiency= η =
P hyd
Hydro Energy Power Plant.
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the Water Tank has sufficient amount of water and electric supply
is properly connected.
5. Note down change in water level in inclined water column from the inclined tube
manometer, speed of turbine N and value from weight scale attached to turbine in
terms of Force F.
Readings:
Change in
Speed water level
Flow Mechanic Hydraulic
of in inclined Head
ΔP Rate al Power Power
Sr. Turbine column of
Manometer H Efficiency
No.
(Pa) Q Pm Ph
N
d (m) η
(LPM) (W) (W)
(RPM)
(m)
Learning
Outcomes:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
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------------------
Experiments No: 8
Objective:
Energy consumption with isolated loads.
To calculate the energy consumption you have the voltage and current of the load.
P=VI
P is the power
V is the load voltage
I is the load current
Hydro Energy Power Plant.
Procedure:
properly connected.
5. Note down change in current and voltage by applying different load mounted on the
panel.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. Power (W)

Load Voltage (V) Current (I)
No P=VI
1 L1
2 L2
3 L3
4 L4
5 L5
Learning Outcomes:
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 9
Objective:
Calculate the hydroelectric power plant efficiency
To calculate the hydroelectric power plant efficiency, you have to know the hydraulic power,
which depends on the flow rate.
The hydraulic output power is equal to gravity times flow times density times the height
difference
Hydraulic Power=ρgdQ
Where,
ρ=Density of Fluid (Water) = 1000kg/m3
g = Acceleration Due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2
And,
2 πNT
Mechanical Power=P=
60
Where,
N = RPM of Turbine
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
P mech
Hydroelectric power plant efficiency= η =
P hyd
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the Water Tank has sufficient amount of water and electric
supply is properly connected.
5. Note down change in water level in inclined water column from the inclined
tube manometer, speed of turbine N and value from weight scale attached to
turbine in terms of Force F.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. Change in
No. Speed water level
Flow Mechanic Hydraulic
of in inclined Head
ΔP Rate al Power Power
Turbine column of
Manometer H Efficiency
(Pa) Q Pm Ph
N
d (m) η
(LPM) (W) (W)
(RPM)
(m)
Learning Outcomes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.

Training Equipment, Research, Material Testing & Industrial Solutions.

Inclination of manometer column 45°

Outer Diameter of Orifice 64 mm

Inner Diameter of Orifice 32 mm

Density of water 1000 kg/m3

Acceleration due to gravity 9.8 m/s2

Minimum water in tank 400 liters

Minimum RPM for generation 1000 rev/min

1. Electric Control Panel.

1.1 Electric Control Panel:

The main components of electric control panel are

 Main Power On/Off switch for panel power on/off.

1.2 Inclined Tube Manometer:

1.3 Generator and Torque assembly:

1.4 Cross flow hydro turbine:

1.5 Water Storage tank:

1.6 Water level:

1.7 Gate valve:

1.8 Water Pump:

Determination of the operative characteristics of a Cross Flow Turbine.

Basic Description Basic:

 Figure1 shows the schematic view of the cross-flow turbine model.

 Hydro Energy Power Plant

 Power on the apparatus.

Sr. No Flow RPM

Inclined Tube Manometer:

Manometer is an instrument for measuring the pressure acting on a column of fluid,

Q = Flow rate in m3/s

ρ=Density of Fluid(Water) = 1000kg/m3

Do = Outer Diameter of Orifice = 64mm

Di = Inner Diameter of Orifice = 32mm

ri = Inner Radius of Orifice

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m/s2

d = Change in length of the inclined manometer tube column

θ=Inclination of manometer column = 45o

 Hydro Energy Power Plant

Initial water level in inclined manometer column = di

Final water level in inclined manometer column = df

Change in Water level in Flow rate

Basic Description Basic:

For flow rate use following equation:

Q = Flow rate in m3/s

Do = Outer Diameter of Orifice = 64mm

Di = Inner Diameter of Orifice = 32mm

ri = Inner Radius of Orifice

ρ=Density of Fluid(Water) = 1000kg/m3

d = Change in length of the inclined manometer tube column

θ=Inclination of manometer column = 45o

 Hydro Energy Power Plant

Basic Description Basic:

ρ=Density of Fluid(Water) = 1000kg/m3

d = Change in length of the inclined manometer tube column

θ=Inclination of manometer column = 45o

Q = Flow rate in m3/s

Do = Outer Diameter of Orifice = 64mm

Di = Inner Diameter of Orifice = 32mm

ri = Inner Radius of Orifice

 Hydro Energy Power Plant

Basic Description Basic:

Mechanical Efficiency is a unitless number which describes the effectiveness of a machine

Mechanical efficiency of the system can be found as follows: