Wind Power Plant Updated

E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Training Equipment, Research, Material Testing & Industrial Solutions.
Note:
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this manual is
accurate; however, no labiality is accepted for errors. Should an error be discovered please
inform the company in writing, giving full details. Any experimental results given are for
guidance only and are not guaranteed as exact answers that can be obtained for a given
apparatus; due to the complex variables applicable to most experiments.
1
EDIDAC LLC, 4572 OAK SHORES DRIVE, PLANO, TEXAS, 75024, USA. Email: info@edidacllc.com
E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Warning:
This unit has been designed to be safe for users during operation. As with any other sophisticated
piece of equipment, danger exist if equipment is mishandled or not maintained properly. Presence of
competent personnel during the operation of equipment is advised.
It is the user’s responsibility to exercise safe practices during the operation of this unit.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Contents
Parameters:..................................................................................................................................4
Introduction:................................................................................................................................5
Wind turbine................................................................................................................................6
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs)...................................................................................6
Experiments No: 2.....................................................................................................................10
Experiments No: 4.....................................................................................................................14
Experiments No: 5.....................................................................................................................16
Experiments No: 6.....................................................................................................................18
Experiments No: 7.....................................................................................................................20
Experiments No: 8.....................................................................................................................22
Experiments No: 9.....................................................................................................................24
Experiments No: 10...................................................................................................................26
Experiments No: 11...................................................................................................................29
Experiments No: 12...................................................................................................................31
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Parameters:
Constant Parameters
Fan Diameter (For swept area) 580 mm
Pitch 600 mm
Moment Arm (for torque) 140 mm
Duct length 1230 mm
Height of Anemometer pillar 470 mm
Distance from Fan to Anemometer 945 mm
Density of Air 1.2 kg/m3
Yaw angle (3 blade Turbine) 0 = 160o

100 = 200o
0 = 180o
Yaw angle (5 blade Turbine)
100 = 200o
Note: Yaw angle is with respect to turbine shaft
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Introduction:
The yield of a wind power plant depends on the prevailing wind velocities and
the usability of the electricity generated. In order to study the operation of a
wind power plant under real weather conditions. Wind power plant consists of
an engine room, also called a nacelle, mounted on a pivoting mast with a stable
base and supports. Our trainers can be used in real weather conditions and also
they can be used in simulated mode using wind tunnel.
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1 2 3
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
1. Fan.
2. Duck.
3. Electric Control Panel.
4. Wind Turbine.
5. Battery.
Wind turbine
A wind turbine, or wind energy converter, is a device that converts the wind's kinetic
energy into electrical energy.
Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axes. The smallest
turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats
or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Larger turbines can be used for making
contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility
supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming
an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many
countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. One assessment claimed
that, as of 2009, wind had the "lowest relative greenhouse gas emissions, the least water
consumption demands and the most favorable social impacts" compared to photovoltaic,
hydro, geothermal, coal and gas.
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs)
HAWTs are the most common wind machine designs in use today. HAWTs utilize
aerodynamic blades (i.e. airfoils) fitted to a rotor, which can be positioned either upwind or
downwind. HAWTs are typically either two- or three-bladed and operate at high blade tip
speeds. Machines with upwind rotors require a yaw, or tail vane, to help them orient into the
wind while downwind rotors have blades that are coned allowing the turbine to orient on its
own. One drawback identified with downwind rotors, however, is that they have been known
to ‘walk’ around when trying to line up with winds during low speed conditions, diminishing
low wind speed energy production.
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Modern HAWTs use the aerodynamic lift force to turn each rotor blade, in a manner similar
to the way an airplane flies. The lift force generally works as follows. When exposed to
winds, air flows around both the upper and lower portions of a blade. As a result of the
blade’s curvature, however, air passes over the top of the blade more quickly (owing to a
longer fetch length) than the lower portion, producing a low-pressure area on the topside. The
pressure
difference created between the top and bottom sides of the blade produces a force in the
direction of the top of the blade.
As shown in Figure, the lift force acts perpendicular to the ‘relative wind’ acting on the wind
turbine blade. The force of the lift is actually stronger than the force of the wind against the
blade, or the drag, which acts in parallel with the airflows. This allows turbine blades to turn
at speeds greater than could be achieved relying on drag forces alone. Although some wind
turbines also use the drag force to produce energy, most HAWTs are designed to minimize
drag while maximizing lift.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 1
Objective:
Function and design of a stand-alone system with a wind power plant
Basic Description Basic:
In this experiments we will study about the basic principle of wind turbine. The effect of
wind speed on the wind turbine. Measure the wind speed and RPM of the turbine. Also see
the required amount of wind speed for the rotation of wind generator.
Required Components:
Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus.
Procedure:
1. Power up the apparatus.

2. Power on the fan by toggle switch on panel.
3. Control the speed of Fan.
4. Take reading of wind speed on lcd.
5. Take reading RPM of turbine on lcd.
6. Measure the values according to the above procedure.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. Wind Speed (m/s) RPM

No.
Learning Outcomes:
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Experiments No: 2
Objective
Conversion of kinetic wind energy into electrical energy.
To measure the kinetic wind energy we use formula
1 2
K . E= m v
2
Where
M is mass of air.
V is the velocity of air.
Now the mass of air can be calculated by the following formula
m=ρv
Where
ρ is the density of air which is 1.2 kg/m3
v is volume flow rate m3/s.
To calculate electric power we use formula
KE
EE=
t
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Procedure:

Readings:
Sr. Volume Velocity of air ( K.E(J) E.E(W)
No. Flow m/s )

2
1 KE
K . E= m v 2 EE=
2 t
Rate (
m /s )
3
Learning Outcomes:
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 3
Objective:
Determining the power coefficient as a function of speed ratio.
Power coefficient is calculated by
Electric Power
Cp=
Wind power
Where
1
Wind power= ρA v3
2
A is swept area = π r 2
V is velocity
Electric power =v ×i
V is voltage
I is current
Procedure:

5. Take reading of voltage and current on charge controller.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. Velocity of Wind Power Voltage Current Electric Power
air (m/s
2
) Power Coefficient
No. 1 3 v i
℘= ρA v
2 EP=v × i Ep
Cp=
℘
Learning Outcomes:
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 4
Objective:
Determining the efficiency of a wind power plant.
Efficiency of wind power plant is calculated by
Electric Power
η= ×100
Wind power
Where
1 3
Wind power= ρA v
2
V is velocity
V is voltage
I is current
Procedure:

15
E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. Velocity of Wind Power Voltage Current Electric Efficiency
air (m/s
2
) Power
No. 1 3 v i Ep
℘= ρA v ɳ= × 100
2 EP=v × i ℘
Learning Outcomes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 5
Objective:
Wind energy measurement.
Wind energy is calculated by
1
Wind power= ρA v3
2
V is velocity
Procedure:

17
E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. No. Velocity of air (m/ s

2
) Wind Power
1 3
℘= ρA v
2
Learning Outcomes:
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 6
Objective:
Characteristic curve of wind generator at constant wind speed.
In this experiments we draw a graph between electric power and speed of wind by making speed of
wind constant. For this purpose take electric power on the y-axis while wind speed or velocity on x-
axis.
Procedure:

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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. No Velocity of air ( Voltage(V) Current (I) Electric

m/s 2) Power
P=VI
Learning Outcomes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 7
Objective:
Characteristic curve of wind generator at constant axial fan speed.
In this experiments we draw a graph between electric power and speed of wind turbine by making
speed of wind constant. For this purpose take electric power on the y-axis while rpm of turbine on x-
axis.
Procedure:

4. Take reading of rpm on lcd.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. No Turbine Speed Voltage(V) Current (I) Electric

RPM Power
P=VI
Learning Outcomes:
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 8
Objective:
Wind generator power characteristics using different number of blades.
Albert Betz formulated the law in 1919 that an ideal rotor can extract a maximum of 59% of the
energy from the wind. If you get more energy out of the wind, the wind slows down further, that
reduces the supply of wind to the turbine. An ideal rotor has endlessly infinitely narrow turbine
blades, but according to a document that Siemens drew up in 2007 in which, it is stated that modern
three-bladed wind turbines come to 80% of the Betz limit thanks to a smart blade design and a well-
chosen rotation speed; a two-bladed turbine would achieve 5% less efficiency, but will have a higher
return on investment because of the lower costs.
The rotor with increased blade twist angle has higher power coefficient at lower wind speeds and the
blades with optimum selected twist behave oppositely. This can lead to the conclusion that an
increased twist should be used for lower wind potential, even though the variation of Cp with the
wind speed is within 10% on whole normal operating wind speed range.
Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus
Procedure:
1. Make sure the turbine blade hub with 3 blades.

4. Control the speed of Fan and fix the wind speed.
7. Now change the turbine blade hub with 5 blades.
8. On the same wind speed as above take reading again.
9. Analysis the effect of blades.
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Readings:
Sr. No No. of Blades Wind Speed(m/s) RPM of turbine
1 3
2 5
Learning Outcomes:
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 9
Objective:
Wind speed relation to the output power.
Wind speed largely determines the amount of electricity generated by a turbine. Higher wind speeds
generate more power because stronger winds allow the blades to rotate faster. Faster rotation
translates to more mechanical power and more electrical power from the generator. The relationship
between wind speed and power for a typical wind turbine is shown in Figure.
Turbines are designed to operate within a specific range of wind speeds. The limits of the range are
known as the cut-in speed and cut-out speed. The cut-in speed is the point at which the wind turbine is
able to generate power. Between the cut-in speed and the rated speed, where the maximum output is
reached, the power output will increase cubically with wind speed
Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Procedure:

12. On different wind speed measure, the RPM of wind generator.
13. Analysis the results gather.
Readings:
Sr. No Wind Speed (m/s) RPM
Learning Outcomes:
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 10
Objective:
Study of DC load.
Electricity is a form of energy that results from the existence and movement of charged
particles called electrons. When the accumulation of electrons creates a difference in electric
potential energy between two points, we have a voltage, denoted by V.
If these two points are connected by a conductive material, electrons will naturally move
from the lower voltage to the higher voltage; this movement is called electric current, denoted
by I.
Let’s look at the simple case of a battery powering two light bulbs of unequal resistance.
When current is flowing through the light bulb, the resistance of the filament causes a loss of voltage
that is proportional to the resistance and the amount of current. We refer to this as the voltage
across the bulb or as the bulb’s voltage drop.
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
To calculate the power dissipated by each light bulb, we insert the measure values into the formula
given below
By Ohm Law
P=VI
Now
For bulb 1
p 1=2 V∗1 A
p 1=2 W
For bulb 2
p 2=1 V∗1 A
p 2=1 W
Total Power
P=¿p1+p2
P=2+1
P=3 W
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Procedure:

16. Fix the speed of Fan by speed control.
17. Connect the battery point of the panel.
18. On the load with toggle.
19. Measure the voltage and current by charge controller.
20. Only one load on to study alone.
Readings:
Sr.
No Load Voltage Current
1 L1
2 L2
3 L3
4 L4
5 L5
Learning Outcomes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 11
Objective:
Study of DC voltage, current and power under different DC loads.
Procedure:

3. Fix the speed of Fan by speed control.
4. Connect the battery point of the panel.
5. On the load with toggle.
6. Measure the voltage and current by charge controller.
7. Add load respectively and measure the current and voltage.
Readings:
Sr. No Load Voltage (Total) Current (Total)
1 L1
2 L2
3 L3
4 L4
5 L5
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E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Learning Outcomes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31
E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Experiments No: 12
Objective:
Experimental efficiency.
Experimental efficiency of wind power plant is calculated by
Electric Power
η= ×100
Wind power
Where
1 3
Wind power= ρA v
2
V is velocity
V is voltage
I is current
Procedure:

32
E-DIDAC LLC USA.
Readings:
Sr. Velocity of Wind Power Voltage Current Electric Efficiency
air (m/s
2
) Power
No. 1 3 v i Ep
℘= ρA v ɳ= × 100
2 EP=v × i ℘
Learning Outcomes:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33

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E-DIDAC LLC USA.

Training Equipment, Research, Material Testing & Industrial Solutions.

Moment Arm (for torque) 140 mm

Duct length 1230 mm

Height of Anemometer pillar 470 mm

Distance from Fan to Anemometer 945 mm

Density of Air 1.2 kg/m3

Yaw angle (3 blade Turbine) 0 = 160o

Note: Yaw angle is with respect to turbine shaft

Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs)

Function and design of a stand-alone system with a wind power plant

Basic Description Basic:

Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus.

1. Power up the apparatus.

Sr. Wind Speed (m/s) RPM

Conversion of kinetic wind energy into electrical energy.

Basic Description Basic:

To measure the kinetic wind energy we use formula

V is the velocity of air.

Now the mass of air can be calculated by the following formula

ρ is the density of air which is 1.2 kg/m3

v is volume flow rate m3/s.

To calculate electric power we use formula

Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus.

1. Power up the apparatus.

Sr. Volume Velocity of air ( K.E(J) E.E(W)

No. Flow m/s )

Determining the power coefficient as a function of speed ratio.

Basic Description Basic:

Power coefficient is calculated by

Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus.

1. Power up the apparatus.

Sr. Velocity of Wind Power Voltage Current Electric Power

Determining the efficiency of a wind power plant.

Basic Description Basic:

Efficiency of wind power plant is calculated by

Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus.

1. Power up the apparatus.

Sr. Velocity of Wind Power Voltage Current Electric Efficiency

Wind energy measurement.

Wind energy is calculated by

Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus.

1. Power up the apparatus.

Sr. No. Velocity of air (m/ s

Characteristic curve of wind generator at constant wind speed.

Basic Description Basic:

Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus.

1. Power up the apparatus.

Sr. No Velocity of air ( Voltage(V) Current (I) Electric

Characteristic curve of wind generator at constant axial fan speed.

Basic Description Basic:

Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus.

1. Power up the apparatus.

Sr. No Turbine Speed Voltage(V) Current (I) Electric

Wind generator power characteristics using different number of blades.

Basic Description Basic:

Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus

1. Make sure the turbine blade hub with 3 blades.

Sr. No No. of Blades Wind Speed(m/s) RPM of turbine

Wind speed relation to the output power.

Basic Description Basic:

Wind Energy Power Plant EDWND-20 Apparatus

7. Power up the apparatus.