Cooling Tower Gunt

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
CT-GUNT-Manual
Laboratory 3 (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)
StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|12238076
Experiment Instructions
WL 320 Wet Cooling Tower

lOMoARcPSD|12238076

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
DTP_13
08/2012
WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 08/2012
Experiment Instructions
Revision: December 2007, Dipl.-Ing. Frank Jebavy

Last modification by: August 2012, Dipl.-Ing. Peter
Please read and follow the safety regulations!
Version 1.3 DTP_13

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Aim of the experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Proper use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Description of the unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Water circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.2 Air circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Equipment layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Measured variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.1 Arrangement of sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Description of components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.1 Cooling column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.2 Flow meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.3 Combined temperature/humidity sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.4 Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.5 Spray nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.6 Moisture eliminator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.7 Heater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.8 Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Care/Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6.1 Filling / draining the water tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6.2 Assembling a cooling column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.3 Connecting the sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.4 Pressure loss measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6.5 Regulating the volumetric water flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ii

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
2.7 PC data acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.7.1 Software installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7.2 Description and operation of the WL 320 software . . . . . . 18
3 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Risk of death or injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2 Hazards to the unit and its function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Changes of state of humid air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.1 h,x graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 Characteristic variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.1 Nominal flow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.2 Cooling range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.3 Cooling limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3.4 Wet bulb approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3.5 Cooling coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3.6 Water loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3.7 Heat load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3.8 Specific rain flow density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3.9 Packing density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
iii

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2 Performing the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.3 Evaluation of the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.3.1 Recording the cooling process in the h,x graph . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3.2 Calculating the volumetric air flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.3.3 Calculating the cooling capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3.4 Calculating the heat load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.3.5 Calculating the wet bulb approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.3.6 Calculating the cooling coefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.3.7 Calculating the water loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.4 Calculating the characteristic variables with different cooling columns. 45
5.4.1 Performing the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.4.2 Evaluation of the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.4.3 Relationship between wet bulb approach and packing density . 48
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

6.2 h,x graph for humid air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.3 Worksheets for recording measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.4 Symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.5 Latent heat of evaporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.6 Items supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
iv

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

1 Introduction
Industrial cooling towers are used to remove sur-

plus heat from water. Cooling towers with open
and closed water circuits are available. Both types
function as heat exchangers based on the counter
flow principle.
In the WL 320 open Wet Cooling Tower, water is
sprayed into the tower from above and distributed
as widely as possible using baffles. Ambient air is

blown into the cooling tower in the opposite direc-
tion. This causes the water to give up its latent heat
of evaporation and the air is humidified. The evap-
orated water must be replaced.
The WL 320 Wet Cooling Tower is intended to

demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative func-
tioning and characteristic variables of a cooling
tower.
All of the required measured values are acquired

by sensors and shown on digital displays. A PC is
used to evaluate the results of the experiments.
1 Introduction 1

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

1.1 Aim of the experiments
The aim is to investigate and understand the influ-

ence of the
– Volumetric air flow
– Cooling water temperature
– Volumetric water flow
– Packing density
on the performance parameters of the cooling
tower. For this purpose the changes of state of the
humid air are shown in an h,x graph.
1.2 Proper use
The WL 320 is an experimental unit for use in edu-

cation and training and is specially designed for
practical experiments for small groups of students
working independently. The robust overall con-
struction and the ease of operation make it ideal for
this purpose.
2 1 Introduction

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2 Description of the unit
2.1 Function
2.1.1 Water circuit
The water to be cooled is drawn from a heated wa-

ter tank by a Diaphragm pump and pumped
around the circuit. The water flows regularly
through a water filter, which is installed in the direc-
tion of flow and filters particles out of the water.

The water filter is installed upstream of the flow
meter, thus preventing clogging of the nozzle
within the flow meter and also the nozzle at the
head of the column.
Once the water temperature has been measured

and the water evenly sprayed over the first stage of
the cooling column using a spray nozzle, it flows
over the surfaces in the lower section of the col-
umn. At the outlet from the column the water tem-
perature is measured and the water is finally fed
back into the water tank.
During this process a fan creates an air flow in the

opposite direction to the water flow. This brings the
fluids into contact with each other. The large sur-
face area of the cooling column extends the resi-
dence time for the water and air, thus supporting
the transfer of heat by exchange of material.
The quantity of water taken up by the air must be

compensated by topping up from the supply tank.
2 Description of the unit 3

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.1.2 Air circuit
The ambient air is drawn in by a fan and fed

through an air chamber into the cooling column.
Here the temperature and relative humidity of the
air are measured. The turbulence of the air inside
the air chamber creates an even distribution of air
over the entire cross-section of the cooling col-
umn. The volumetric air flow can be varied using a
butterfly valve at the fan outlet.
As the air flows through the cooling column, the hu-
midity content of the air increases and the temper-
ature of the water decreases.
Droplets of water carried along with the air flow are
separated out by a moisture eliminator located be-
fore the outlet aperture in the upper section of the
column, and fed back into the cooling column. This
reduces the water loss.
Sensors at the air outlet from the column measure
the humidity and temperature.
2.2 Equipment layout
The system overview below shows the arrange-

ment of the individual components.
4 2 Description of the unit

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
24 14
13
12
25 11
26
10
27 9
8
28
7
29
6
30
5
1 2 3 4
1 Radial fan V 16 Spray nozzle

2 Air chamber B1 17 Temperature/humidity sensors
3 Water tank B2 with heater 18 Temperature sensor for water
4 Drain valve for water tank 19 Hood
5 Pump P 20 Cooling column K
6 Bypass with ball valve 21 Connection for temp./humidity sensor (17)
7 Overflow pipe 22 Connection for temperature sensor (18)
8 Drain valve for supply tank 24 Digital displays
9 Regulator valve 25 Switch for heater
10 Temperature sensor 26 Main switch
11 Flow meter 27 Switch for fan
12 Supply tank B3 28 Switch for pump
13 Drain plug 29 Connection for pressure measurement
14 Connecting hose 30 Butterfly valve
15 Moisture eliminator

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.3 Measured variables
The following variables are measured on the ex-

perimental unit and displayed digitally:
• Temperature at air inlet [°C]
• Relative humidity at air inlet [%]
• Temperature at air outlet [°C]
• Relative humidity at air outlet [%]
• Temperature at water inlet [°C]
• Temperature at water outlet [°C]
• Differential pressure between cooling col-
umn inlet and outlet and across diaphragm at
air outlet [Pa]
• Volumetric water flow [l/h]
The experimental unit has PC-based data acquisi-

tion program to calculate the following variables:
• Air mass flow rate [kg/s]
• Cooling capacity of air [W]
• Cooling range [K]
• Heating capacity of water [W]
• Wet bulb approach [K]
• Cooling coefficient
• Water loss [kg/h]
• Volumetric air flow [m³/h]
• Differential pressure [Pa]
For experimental purposes the water inlet temper-

atures, the volumetric water flows, the cooling col-
umns and the volumetric air flows can be varied.

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.3.1 Arrangement of sensors
The arrangement of the sensors can most easily

be illustrated using a schematic diagram of the
system.
Fig. 2.1 Schematic diagram of sensor arrangement
T1 / M1 Combined temperature/humidity sensor (1)

T2 / M2 Combined temperature/humidity sensor (2)
Measuring connections for differential pressure sensor
PD1
across diaphragm and cooling column
T4 Water inlet temperature sensor
T5 Water outlet temperature sensor
T3 Supply tank temperature sensor
F Flow meter (mini-turbine) impeller

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.4 Description of components
2.4.1 Cooling column
The cooling column is mounted on the air cham-

ber. It is transparent, allowing the movement of the
water inside to be observed. The individual stages
in the cooling column are arranged at angles to
each other, to give the maximum possible resi-
dence time for the water.
The packing density of a cooling tower is the ratio
between the total surface area of all the stages and
the volume of the channel. The packing density of
the cooling column supplied with the experimental
unit (type 1) is 110 m²/m³.
The pressure loss across the column can be mea-
sured using a differential pressure sensor.
2.4.2 Flow meter
The flow is measured by passing the medium

through the flow housing, thus causing an impeller
to rate. This rotary motion is detected by a
non-contact opto-electronic sensor and converted
into a frequency signal. The frequency is propor-
tional to the flow velocity.

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.4.3 Combined temperature/humidity sensor
The relative humidity is detected using capacitive

1 2 humidity measuring elements in the upper and
lower sections of the column (see Fig 2.1). The
electrical capacitance changes as the relative hu-
midity of the ambient air changes. The down-
stream electronics convert this change in capaci-
tance into a standardised signal of 0....10 V DC.
The temperature is detected using a thin film mea-

suring element whose electrical resistance
Fig. 2.2 Temperature /
changes with the temperature of its surroundings.
Humidity sensor
This change is also converted into a standardised
signal of 0....10 V DC.
The sensor in the upper section of the column is
positioned centrally below the air outlet. The sen-
sor is secured with a screw (1).
The protective tube (2) is secured to the sensor
housing with six screws around the sensor. This
protects it against direct contact with droplets,
without preventing the air to be measured from
flowing over it.
2.4.4 Pump
The water to be cooled is pumped around the cir-

cuit by a diaphragm pump. The maximum flow rate
is determined by the pressure losses in the pipe
system (regulator valve, flow meter and nozzle).
The flow can be adjusted using a regulator valve.

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.4.5 Spray nozzle
The spray nozzle is installed at the water inlet into

the cooling tower. It generates a full cone spray
pattern with a square impact area. This ensures
that a fine spray of water is evenly applied to the
entire cross-section of the cooling column.
2.4.6 Moisture eliminator
The moisture eliminator at the cooling tower air

outlet consists of a kind of filter wool, which pre-
vents water droplets carried along with the air flow
from escaping at the top of the tower. The droplets
are trapped in the fibres and fall back. This mini-
mises the water loss.
2.4.7 Heater
The cooling load is generated by an electrical

heater, which is installed in the water tank. The
heater can be adjusted to 3 levels. These levels
yield the following heating capacities:
Level 1: 0.5 kW
Level 2: 1.0 kW
Level 3: 1.5 kW
The following times are required to heat the water
in the water tank (capacity 6 l) from 20°C to 40°C:
Level 1: Approx. 17 minutes
The temperature is regulated using a thermostat. If
the temperature exceeds 50°C the heater is turned
off.

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.4.8 Fan
A radial fan is used to generate the air flow. It is

flange mounted directly on the air chamber. The air
chamber is designed in such a way that the air
passes uniformly through the entire cross-section
of the column. The volumetric air flow can be regu-
lated using a butterfly valve between the radial fan
and the air chamber.

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.5 Care/Maintenance
The cooling tower is low maintenance and requires

only minimal care. The cooling tower can be oper-
ated either with demineralised water or with nor-
mal tap water. To prevent the formation of algae
and sludge when operating with tap water, the sys-
tem should be fully drained at regular intervals,
and refilled with fresh water.
If the unit will not be used for several days, it should
be drained.

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.6 Commissioning
Commissioning is described step by step below.
– Fill the water tank
– Fill the supply tank

– Assemble the cooling column
– Connect the sensors:

• Combined temperature/humidity
sensors
• Temperature sensors
– Connect the system to the mains electricity

supply
– Turn on the system at the main switch
– Turn on the PC
– Turn on the heater and select the heating

level
– Turn on the fan
– Adjust the air flow
– Turn on the pump
– Adjust the volumetric water flow

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.6.1 Filling / draining the water tanks
Filling:
• Fill the water tank with approx. 6 l water.

13
• Fill the supply tank with approx. 3 l water.
– Close the drain valve (8) between the
water tank and the supply tank.
– Open the drain plug (13), fill the supply
8 tank with water and then close it again.
– Before performing experiments, open
the drain valve (8) again.
Draining:
– Connect a plastic hose to the drain

valve (4) and place the other end in a
bucket.
– Open the drain valves (4) and (8) and
drain the water into the bucket.
– Clean the drained water tank with
sponge.
– Close the drain valves again.

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.6.2 Assembling a cooling column
The procedure for installing the cooling column is

as follows:
19
– Place the cooling column (2) on the air cham-
ber (1) and secure with screws.
– Place the hood (19) on the cooling column
(20) and secure with screws.
20
–
Fit the connecting hose between the hood

and the water supply pipe and secure it
against slipping with clamps.
2
2.6.3 Connecting the sensors
– Plug the temperature sensor (18) connector

into the socket (3-pin) on the front panel.
– Plug the combined temperature/humidity
sensor (17) connector into the socket (5-pin)
18 on the front panel.
17

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.6.4 Pressure loss measurement
The pressure can be measured at three pressure

tapping ports (1, 2, 3). The differential pressure
1 across the diaphragm at the air outlet is measured
as a basis for calculating the volumetric air flow. To
do this, connect the positive connection of the
2
pressure sensor (+) to the pressure tapping port
(1) on the hood. The negative connection of the
pressure sensor (-) remains unconnected, i.e. it
measures the ambient pressure. The pressure
loss across the column can be measured at the
3 pressure tapping ports 2 and 3. In each case, con-
+ -
nect the hose with the higher pressure to the posi-
29
tive connection (+) and the hose with the lower
pressure to the connection (29) marked minus (-).
2.6.5 Regulating the volumetric water flow
The water flow provided by the pump should be

monitored continuously and adjusted as neces-
sary. For this purpose, the setting is made using a
regulator valve (9).

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012

2.7 PC data acquisition
Connection to a PC is via a USB cable, which is

plugged into a sleeve on the right of the unit. The
other end is connected to the PC. When commis-
sioning the system with PC support, the following
actions must be carried out:
1. Turn on the system at the main switch.

2. Turn on the PC.

3. Start the software.
If the system is being operated without a PC, the

cabling to the PC must be disconnected, to pre-
vent possible external signals at the sensors.
2.7.1 Software installation
The following is needed for the installation:

– A fully operationalPCwithUSBport (for mini-
mum requirements see Chapter 6).
– G.U.N.T.-CD-ROM
All components necessary to install and run
the program are contained on the CD-ROM
delivered by G.U.N.T.
Note:
The trainer must not be connected to the PC's USB
port during the installation of the program. Only af-
ter the software has been installed can the trainer
be connected.

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
– Boot the PC.

– Load the G.U.N.T. CD-ROM.
– From the "Installer" folder, launch the
"Setup.exe" installation program.
– Follow the installation procedure onscreen.
– After starting, the installation runs automati-
cally.
During the course of the installation, various pro-
gram components are loaded onto the PC:
– Program for PC-data acquisition.
– Driver routines for the “LabJack®” USB
converter.
Reboot the PC after installation is finished.
2.7.2 Description and operation of the WL 320 software
– Select and start the program by choosing:

Start / All Programs / G.U.N.T. / WL 320.
– When the softwar is run for the first time after
installation, the language to be used for the
program is requested.
The language selected can subsequently be
changed at any time on the "Language" menu.
– Various pull-down menus are provided for
additional functions.
Stored measurement data can be imported into a

spreadsheet program (e.g. Microsoft Excel) for
further processing.
The menu item Start takes you to all sections of

the program:

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
– Charts
– h-x - graph
– System diagram
– Calculation diagramm
– Exit
The “Language” menu appears in all windows.

Four languages are available.
For detailed instructions on use of the program re-

fer to its Help function. This Help function is ac-
cessed by opening the pull-down menu „?” and
choosing „Help”.
• Exit
Quits the Program

lOMoARcPSD|12238076

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
3 Safety
The experimental instructions, in particular the

safety instructions, should be read carefully prior
to commissioning.
Prior to commissioning the system, the partici-
pants in the experiment should be briefed on the
correct use of the system.
In order to ensure hazard-free operation, the fol-
lowing must be observed:
3.1 Risk of death or injury
Danger of electric shock!

Caution when working on the electrical com-
ponents of the system!
There is a risk of electric shock. Disconnect the ex-
perimentation equipment from the mains before
working on it.
Have work performed only by suitably qualified
personnel.
DANGER!
Never operate the unit without a correctly in-
stalled earth wire.
Non-compliance with this requirement means that
the operator and the unit are no longer adequately
protected.
Have the earth wire by suitably qualified person-
nel.
3 Safety 21

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
3.2 Hazards to the unit and its function
DANGER!
Never operate heater when dry
If this is disregarded there is a risk of damage by
overheating.
DANGER!
Never switch on the pump when dry
If this is disregarded there is a risk of damage to
the pump by lack of cooling.
CAUTION!
Always store the system in a dry and frost-free
place.
CAUTION!
When cleaning, use only plastic cleaners and
water (no solvents).
If this is disregarded there is a risk of damage to
the plastic parts by aggressive solvents.
NOTE!
If demineralised water is used, no limescale will be
found.
CAUTION!
The humidity sensors at the air outlet are pro-
tected by a protective tube against water con-
densation on the measurement cell.
If this is disregarded the unit will display incorrect
measured values.
If this happens, allow the measurement cell to dry
in air.
22 3 Safety

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
4 Theory
4.1 General
In a cooling tower with open water circulation, heat

is removed from the water because of the material
and heat exchange between the water and the am-
bient air. The more intensive this air/water contact,
the more effective the heat exchange. The cooling
tower constitutes a special form of heat exchanger
because in addition to the heat exchange, a mate-

rial exchange also occurs as a result of
evaporation.
When a liquid evaporates into the gas phase of an-

other material because its vapour pressure in that
gas phase is less than the saturation vapour pres-
sure, this is called evaporation. This cools the liq-
uid by removing the latent heat of evaporation from
it. The capacity of air to take up water is a measure
of its cooling effect. At a relative humidity of 100%
the air has reached its maximum capacity to take
up water vapour; no further cooling by evaporation
can occur.
Convective heat transfer makes a further contribu-

tion to cooling. This is a pure heat transfer without
any kind of material exchange. The driving force in
this case is the temperature drop between water
and air.
4 Theory 23

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
4.2 Changes of state of humid air
In simplified terms, air without water vapour, i.e.

dry air L, can be regarded as an ideal gas in the
pressure and temperature ranges encountered in
ventilation and air conditioning.
As a result of its low partial pressure, the water
vapour D can also be regarded as an ideal gas.
The mixture of dry air and water vapour is de-
scribed as humid air.
The total pressure of the air p is composed of the
sum of the partial pressure of the dry air pL and the
partial pressure of the water vapour pD .
p pL pD (4.1)
Like the total pressure, the total mass of the air m is
composed of the sum of the partial mass of the dry
air mL and the partial mass of the water vapour mD .
m mL mD (4.2)
The states and changes of state of humid air can
be depicted in an h,x graph.
24 4 Theory

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
4.2.1 h,x graph
The following state variables appear in the h,x

graph:
T Air temperature [°C]
p Partial pressure of water vapour [mbar]
kJ
h Enthalpy
kg
g
x Absolute humidity
kg
mD
x (4.3)
mL
m 3
v Specific volume
kg
V
v
mL
mit (4.4)
V VL VD
(both gases occupy the entire volume)
For the density:
Density of dry air fraction:
mL 1
L (4.5)
V vL
Density of water vapour fraction:
mD
D (4.6)
V
Total density of humid air:
L D L (1 x )
(4.7)
4 Theory 25

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
The absolute water content has only a slight influ-

ence on the total density of the humid air as x is
generally less than 20 g/kg.
Nevertheless it is important to note that the density
of the humid air at constant pressure and tempera-
ture reduces as the absolute water content in-
creases (x increases, L decreases), i.e. the more
humid the air, the lighter it is.
The reason for this is that the mass of a water mol-
ecule is less than the mass of the nitrogen or oxy-
gen molecule that it displaces.
The ratio of the partial pressure of the water
vapour in the air pD to the saturation pressure of
the water vapour at air temperature T is the rela-
tive humidity in [%]
pD
(4.8)
pDS (T )
pDS (T ) Saturation pressure of water vapour at
air temperature T
The quantity of water molecules that the air can
take up in invisible form is strongly dependent on
the temperature. The higher the temperature the
greater the take-up. As the temperature increases,
the boiling pressure (saturation pressure) of the
water increases, and with it the ability of the air to
take up water.
pD pDS (T ).
We refer to unsaturated humid air 100%.
Saturated humid air =100% means that the par-
tial pressure of the water vapour in the air equals
the saturation pressure or the boiling pressure of
the water, so that:
pD pDS (T ).
26 4 Theory

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
If the air contains more water molecules than cor-

respond to the saturation pressure, water mole-
cules will condense at temperatures above 0°C.
We refer to supersaturated humid air; in the h,x
graph this is the area below the saturation line in
the mist area.
st .
con
h =

t.
o ns
=c

.
v = co n onst
st. t=c m
is
ti
so
th
er
m
e
(t
=
h
co
=
co
ns
ns
t.)
t.
nst.
t = co
saturation curve
= 100%
t = 0°C
0
h
=
help axis
co
ns
t.
h
=
0
Fig. 4.1 Extract from h,x graph
4 Theory 27

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
4.3 Characteristic variables
4.3.1 Nominal flow rate
The nominal flow rate is the water flow rate for

which the cooling tower is designed. This experi-
mental system is designed for a nominal flow rate
of 100 dm³/h. For the following calculations the
density of water can be taken to be 1000 kg/m³.
Water circuit
m& L 2 m& W 1
T2 T4
x2
m& L1 m& W 2
T1
x1 T5
Air circuit
Fig. 4.2 Energy balance and material balance in

WL 320 cooling tower
4.3.2 Cooling range
The cooling range z is the difference between the

warm water temperature T4 at the inlet to the cool-
ing tower and the cold water temperature T5 at the
outlet from the cooling tower.
z T4 T5 (4.9)
28 4 Theory

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
4.3.3 Cooling limit
The cooling limit is the lowest achievable cold wa-

ter temperature. This is the same as the wet bulb
temperature Tf of the ambient air.
Air can be humidified by evaporation of water until

a state of saturation is reached. If the water to be
evaporated is already at the same temperature as
the air, all it needs for evaporation is the supply of

latent heat, which is taken from the air by reduction
of evaporation cooling.
In this situation there is thus a change of state at

constant enthalpy, until the saturation pressure
(intersection with the saturation line) is reached.
The temperature of this intersection is known in air
conditioning technology as the “wet bulb tempera-
ture” or “cooling limit”.
In Fig. 4.3 this yields a wet bulb temperature of Tf =

11.2°C at a temperature T1 = 17°C and x = 6.2
g/kg.
In saturated air, the wet bulb temperature is the
same as the dry temperature.
4 Theory 29

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
1 60 70 80 90 h (kJ/kg)
50
0
50°
1 2 3 4 5 6
x7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 x (g/kg)
Qsens
1,00
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
0,75
0,70
0,65
0,60
0,55
0,50
1,10
Qtot
45°
40
40°
%
10
35°
1,15 r (kg/m³)
%
20
30
%
30
30°
%
40
25°
%
50
25° 17
%
60
% 16 70
20 70
%
1,20 80 20° 15
65
%
90
20° 0% ° 14 Höhe H
10 ) 20 60 über Meer
rH
% 13 Hateur au
j (
T1 15° 12
55
dessus du niveau
de mer · Height
above sea level
Altitudine · Boven zeenivo
15° 11 50 Höjd över havsnivå
Druck · Pression · Pressure P

10 10 45 Pressione · Druk · Tryck
10°
Tf 9
40
Faktor · Facteur · Factor · Fattore k
Faktor · Faktor
10° 1,25 8 Wasserdampfdruck · Pression de vapeur pD
d' eau · Water vapour pressure · Pression del
35
vapor d' acqua · Waterdampdruk · Vattenångans
7
mättningsstryck
Fig. 4.3 Representation of the wet-bulb temperature
4.3.4 Wet bulb approach
The wet bulb approach a is the difference between

the cold water temperature at the cooling tower
outlet T5 and the cooling limit or wet bulb tempera-
ture Tf1. Each cooling tower has its own wet bulb
approach. This characterises its functioning.
For example under certain climatic conditions the
minimum wet bulb approach for open cooling tow-
ers in industrial applications could be between 3 - 5
K.
a = T5 -Tf 1 (4.10)
30 4 Theory

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
The final temperature of the cooling water leaving

the cooling tower depends on the temperature of
the cooling medium (air) and the design of the
cooling tower.
4.3.5 Cooling coefficient
The cooling coefficient is influenced by the ratio

of the air/water mass flow rates (see Fig. 4.2). The
cooling limit temperature Tf1, the warm water tem-

perature at the cooling tower inlet T4 and the cold
water temperature at the cooling tower outlet T5
are required to calculate it. The cooling coefficient
is calculated as follows:
T4 T5
(4.11)
T4 Tf 1
4.3.6 Water loss
Cooling towers with open circuits lose a certain

amount of water due to material exchange. This
amount of water m & WV is given by the difference in
the absolute humidities at the cooling tower inlet
& L.
and outlet, multiplied by the air mass flow rate m
& WV x 2 x 1 m
m &L (4.12)
4.3.7 Heat load
The heat load Q& W is the product of the water flow

& w , the specific heat capacity of the water cpw
rate m
and the cooling range z.
Q& W m
& w c pw z (4.13)
4 Theory 31

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
4.3.8 Specific rain flow density
The specific flow rain density R is the water flow

rate m& w in relation to the area AR where rain has
fallen (horizontal cross-sectional area of the cool-
ing unit).
&W
m
R= (4.14)
AR
4.3.9 Packing density
The packing density AB of a cooling tower is the ra-

tio of the surfaces of all levels of the cooling column
As in relation to the volume of the cooling column
VK, in m²/m³.
AB =
åA S
(4.15)
VK
32 4 Theory

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
5 Experiments
5.1 Introduction
The following section describes experiments that

can be performed using this experimental unit. The
selection of experiments makes no claims of com-
pleteness but is intended to be used as a stimulus
for your own experiments.
The measured results listed should not be viewed

as reference or calibration values for all conditions.
Depending on the design of the individual compo-
nents, the individual’s experimental skills and the
ambient conditions, greater or lesser variations
may occur in your own experiments.
For satisfactory operation of the system it should
be maintained in good condition by the laboratory
manager or laboratory assistant.
5 Experiments 33

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
5.2 Performing the experiment
The experimental system is commissioned as de-

scribed in Chapter 2.6. The following experimental
settings are suggested:
– Cooling column: Type 1

Packing density AB 110 m²/m³
Specific rain flow density R:0.49 kg/s m2
– Heating capacity: 1.0 kW
To generate a heat load, all of the water in the
tank should be heated to approx. 30°C.
5.3 Evaluation of the experiment
Once a steady operating condition has been es-

tablished, read off the following measured values.
Tab. 5.1 Measuring results for cooling column type 1
AB [m²/m³] 110
T1 [°C] 22.5
1 [%] 32.4
T2 [°C] 20.0
2 [%] 74.8
T4 [°C] 32.3
T5 [°C] 18.9
Dp [Pa] 119
34 5 Experiments

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
5.3.1 Recording the cooling process in the h,x graph

60 70 80 90 h (kJ/kg)
50
x1 x
11 212
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16 17 18 x (g/kg)
h
50°
Qsens
1,00
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
0,75
0,70
0,65
0,60
0,55
0,50
1,10
Qtot
45°
40
h1
40°
%
10
35°
1,15 r (kg/m³)
%
20
30
%
30
30°
%
40
25°
%
50
25° 17
%
60
20
T1 70
% 16 70
%
1,20 80 20° 15
T2 %
65
90
20° 0% 0° 14 Höhe H
rH
(% 13 Hateur au
j dessus du niveau
55 de mer · Height
12
15° Tf2 above sea level

Tf1 9
10° 40 Faktor · Faktor
35
7
mättningsstryck
30 Enthalpie · Enthalpie · Enthalpy · Entalpia · Enthalpie · Enthalpi h
6
5° Feuchtkugel-Temperatur · Température du bulbe humide · Wet thyg
5° 25
bulb temperature · Temperatura bulbo umido · Natte-bol temperatuur
5
Våt temperatur
0 Trockenkugel-Temperatur · Température du bulbe sec · Dry bulb temperature tsic

1,25 Temperatura bulbo secco · Droge-bol temperatuur · Torr temperatur
Dichte · Densité · Density · Peso specifico · Dichtheid · Desitet r
0° Wassergehalt · Teneur en eau · Moisture content · Contenuto d' acqua x
0° Vochtinhoud · Vatteninnehåll
)
1,30
( °C
4 20 Relative Luftfeuchtigkeit · Humidité relative · Relative humidity · Umidità j

relativa · Relatieve vochtigheid · Relativ luftfuktighet
g
hy
t
3
15 H m 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000
Umrechnungsfaktor
Omrekeningsfaktor
Omvandlingsfaktor
Conversion factor
Correzione per
transformation
-5° -5° 2 kPa 101,3 98,9 96,6 94,3 92,1 89,9 84,2 79,5
Facteur de
altitudine
p
10
m bar 1013 989 966 943 921 899 842 795
1
-10 j 1 0,976 0,953 0,931 0,901 0,887 0,831 0,785
5 k
0 r 1 0,976 0,953 0,931 0,901 0,887 0,831 0,785
g)
l/k
-10° (k
ca 0 h-x Diagramm
h diagramme, chart, diagramma, diagram
g)
h (kJ/kg)
J/k
(k
h
p = 1013 m bar
tsic (°C)
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 pD (m bar)
pD1 p
D2
5 Experiments 35

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
The following values can then be read from the dia-

gram:
– Absolute humidity
g g
x1 = 5.56 x2 = 11.36
kg kg
– Enthalpy
kJ kJ
h11 x = 37.4 h 21 x = 49.0
kg kg
with index “(1+x)”
This index indicates that the value applies to
1 kg dry air and x kg water
– Wet bulb temperature

Tf1= 13.4°C Tf2= 17.5°C
– Partial vapour pressure

pD1 = 9.04 mbar pD2 = 18.21 mbar
– Specific volume
m3 m3
v1 = 0.84 v2 = 0.85
kg kg
When reading off the specific enthalpy in the h,x

graph, note that in the diagram the enthalpies for
the humid air relate to the mass of the dry air.
The values stated above are listed in the PC data

acquisition program in a table in the “h,x graph”
window. The index (1+x) is not used in the follow-
ing section.
36 5 Experiments

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
The variables calculated by the PC are listed in Ta-

ble 5.2. The characteristic variables are calculated
below.
Tab. 5.2 Calculated variables for cooling column type 1
&L
m [kg/s] 0.051
Q& L [W] 575.1
z [K] 13.4
Q& W [W] 615
a [K] 5.8
0.70
& WV
m [kg/h] 1.01
5.3.2 Calculating the volumetric air flow
The differential pressure measured across the dia-

phragm at the air outlet is used as the basis for cal-
culating the volumetric air flow. Index 1 relates to
the values at the channel cross-section and index
2 relates to the values at the diaphragm
cross-section.
The flow velocity w2 is given theoretically by the
Bernoulli equation

p1 w 12 p 2 w 2 2 (5.1)
2 2
and the continuity equation
5 Experiments 37

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
A2
A1 w 1 A2 w 2 where w 1 w 2 (5.2)
A1
gives
2 p p2
w2 1 (5.3)
A2 2

1
A12
Taking into account the equation for the air mass

flow rate,
& L w 2 A2
m (5.4)
after transposition gives:
2
2A2
&L
m p1 p 2 (5.5)
A2 2
1 2
A1
The channel cross-sections A1 and A2 are con-

stant.
A1 = a b = 150 150 = 22500 mm² = 0.0225 m²
A2 =
d2

80 mm = 5.0265 10 3 m² 2
4 4
38 5 Experiments

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
Because of this, the equation for the air mass flow

rate can be simplified using the constant c :
c
2A2
2

2 0.0050625m 2 7.3 10 3 m² (5.6)
2 2
A 0.0050625
1 22 1
A1 0.0225 2
After transposing the continuity equation (5.2), we

obtain the aperture ratio m, as follows:
w 1 A2
m (5.7)
w 2 A1
Using the aperture ratio m we can take the flow co-
efficient from the EN ISO standard 5167 and the
As the speed distribution across the
diaphragm can only be measured German version DIN 1952. The expansion coeffi-
with difficulty, you must rely on the cient , is assumed to be.
flow coefficient a as a dimensionless
correction factor. This records all of = 0.98
the flow effects and geometric sizes
when using diaphragms, that are not A2
where m = 0.22
covered by the theory. According to A1
EN ISO 5162, the air mass flow rate
can therefore be determined via the = 0.605
differential pressure at the
diaphragm, for example. With c = 0.0073 m², the following relationship ap-
plies for the actual air mass flow rate:
& L c
m p1 p 2 2 (5.8)
& L c p
m
v2
5 Experiments 39

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
N
119
m² kg
&L
m 0.605 0.98 0.0073 m 2 0.0512
m³ s
0.85
kg
The volumetric air flow is then calculated from the

product of the air mass flow rate and the specific
volume of the humid air as follows:
V&L m
& L v 2 (5.9)
kg m³ m³ m³
V&L 0.0512 0.85 0.0435 156.7
s kg s h
The actual flow velocity in the channel is then ob-

tained by neglecting the small differences in spe-
cific volumes:
m3
0.0435
V& s 193 m
w1 L . (5.10)
A1 0.0225 m² s
40 5 Experiments

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
5.3.3 Calculating the cooling capacity
The difference in enthalpy between the air inlet

and outlet multiplied by the air mass flow rate gives
the cooling capacity of the air.
Q& L h 2 h1 m
&L (5.11)
kJ kJ kg
Q& L 49 37.4 0.0512 594 W
kg kg s
The cooling capacity of the air is made up of the
component due to evaporation Q& v and the compo-
nent due to convection Q& . k
Q& L Q& V Q& k (5.12)
The cooling capacity component due to evapora-

tion is given by:
& L r x 2 x 1
Q& V m (5.13)
kJ
where r(30 C) = 2429.9
kg
kg kJ kg kg
Q& V = 0.0512 2429.9 (0.01136 - 0.00556 )
s kg kg kg
Q& V = 722 W
5 Experiments 41

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
The cooling capacity component due to convec-

tion is calculated as follows:
Q& k m
& L c pL T2 T1 (5.14)
where the specific heat capacity of the air
kJ
c pL 1004
.
kgK
kg kJ
Q& k 0.0512 1004
. 20.0 C 22.5 C 129 W
s kgK
This case shows a negative convective compo-

nent of the cooling capacity, because the dry inlet
air ( 1 32.4%) results in a high evaporation
capacity.
This gives the following total cooling capacity of

the air:
Q& L 722 W 129 W 593 W
5.3.4 Calculating the heat load
Because of heat losses, the actual heating load is

not quite equal to the selected level of the electrical
heater. Therefore the heat load is calculated from
the volumetric flow, the specific density and the
specific heat capacity of the water cpw, together
with the temperature difference between the water
inlet and outlet.
42 5 Experiments

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
Q& W m
& W c p T4 T5
W
(5.15)
& W R AR
m
AR 0.15 m 0.15 m 0.0225 m 2
& W 0.49 kg 0.0225 m 2 0.011kg

m
s m2 s
kg kJ
Q& W 0.011 4.198 32.3 C 18.9 C
s kgK
Q& W 619 W
The difference between the heat load and the cool-

ing capacity of the air arises due to convection.
The water that flows along the wall of the cooling
column heats up the outer casing of the cooling
tower. The air that cools the cooling tower casing
does not flow through the inner section of the
column.
However, because the calculation of the cooling
capacity only takes into account the air that passes
through the cooling tower to cool the water, there is
a difference that is evident when the energy bal-
ance is worked out.
Q& w Q& L Q& V Q& k (5.16)
& W c pw T4 T5 m

m & L r x 2 x 1 m
& L c pL T2 T1 (5.17)
5 Experiments 43

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
5.3.5 Calculating the wet bulb approach
The wet bulb approach a is the difference be-

tween the cold water temperature T5 and the cool-
ing limit temperature Tf1.
The cooling limit is the lowest achievable cold wa-

ter temperature (cooling limit temperature). It is the
same as the wet bulb temperature of the ambient
air.
a = T5 - Tf1= 18.9°C - 13.4°C = 5.5 K
5.3.6 Calculating the cooling coefficient
The cooling coefficient is the ratio of the cooling

range z to the difference between the warm water
temperature at the inlet to the cooling tower and
the wet bulb temperature Tf1
z T T
4 5
T4 Tf 1 T4 Tf 1
32.3 C 18.9 C
0.71
32.3 C 13.4 C
5.3.7 Calculating the water loss
The quantity of water removed by the air m& WV is

given by the difference between the absolute
humidities at the cooling tower inlet and outlet,
& L.
multiplied by the air mass flow rate m
& WV x 2 x 1 m
m &L
& WV = (11.36 -5.56) g 0.0512 kg = 0.297 g

m
kg s s
l
= 1.07
h
44 5 Experiments

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
5.4 Calculating the characteristic variables with different cooling columns
G.U.N.T also supplies accessories for the WL 320

experimental set-up comprising various cooling
columns with different packing densities.
These allow the influence of the different cooling
columns on the cooling tower characteristics to be
investigated in addition to the experiments and cal-
culations performed with the standard equipment.
5.4.1 Performing the experiment
The experimental system is commissioned as de-

scribed in Chapter 2.6. The following experimental
settings are suggested:
– Heating capacity: 1.0 kW
To generate a heat load, all of the water in the
tank should be heated to approx. 40°C.
– Specific rain flow density:
0.49 kg/sm2
– The differential pressure is kept at a constant
21 Pa using the butterfly valve.
Assemble the cooling column type 4

Packing density AB: 0 m²/m³
The cooling column type 4 is exchanged for type 2

The cooling column type 2 is exchanged for type 3

5 Experiments 45

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
5.4.2 Evaluation of the experiment
Once a steady operating condition has been es-

tablished, read off the following measured values.
Tab. 5.3 Measuring results for cooling column type 4
AB [m²/m³] 0
T1 [°C] 25.1
1 [%] 58.8
T2 [°C] 27.1
2 [%] 92.6
T4 [°C] 44.1
T5 [°C] 22.1
Dp [Pa] 21
Tab. 5.4 Calculated variables for cooling column type 4
&L
m [kg/s] 0.021
Q& L [W] 570
z [K] 23
Q& W [W] 1070.6
a [K] 2.7
0.89
& WV [kg/h]
m 0.74
46 5 Experiments

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
Tab. 5.5 Measuring results for cooling column

types 2 and 3
AB [m²/m³] 77 200
T1 [°C] 24.7 24.9
1 [%] 57.5 54.5
T2 [°C] 24.4 23.1

2 [%] 86.3 94.8
T4 [°C] 42.7 45.2
T5 [°C] 24.1 22.8
Dp [Pa] 21 21
Tab. 5.6 Calculated variables for cooling column

types 2 and 3
AB [m²/m³] 77 200
&L
m [kg/s] 0.021 0.021
Q& L [W] 288.8 294.5
z [K] 18.5 22.2
Q& W [W] 864.1 1041.6
a [K] 5.3 4.3
0.78 0.84
& WV [kg/h]
m 0.42 0.47
5 Experiments 47

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
5.4.3 Relationship between wet bulb approach and packing density
Tab. 5.7 Comparison of cooling column

types 1 and 4
AB [m²/m³] 110 0
Q& L [W] 575.1 570
z [K] 13.4 23
a [K] 5.8 2.7
0.70 0.89
The wet bulb approach for column type 4 without

baffles is considerably better than with baffles. It is
generally recognised that as the water droplet size
reduces, the total surface area of all droplets in-
creases markedly (e.g. one litre of water mist cov-
ers an area the size of a football pitch).
In contrast to type 1, 2 and 3 columns, type 4 col-
umns form no water film or large droplets, only a
spray.
The air can take up latent heat of evaporation from
a large surface area of the sprayed water droplets
by evaporation of the water. The packing density is
not known, but it is >200 m²/m³ .
Tab. 5.8 Comparison of cooling column

types 2, 3 and 4
AB [m²/m³] 77 200 0
a [K] 5.3 4.3 2.7
As the packing density increases, the wet bulb ap-

proach a decreases. In this case the water mist
used as packing must be considered to have a
very large packing density.
48 5 Experiments

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
6 Appendix
6.1 Technical data
Support
Housing: powder-coated, colour white Frame:
powder-coated, colour black
Width 1110 mm
Depth 470 mm
Height 1230 mm
Weight Approx. 115 kg
Power supply
230 V / 50 Hz, 16A
Optional alternatives, see rating plate
Heater
Power 1500 W
3 settings, adjustable 500W/1000W/1500W
Thermostat 50 °C, with shutoff
Fan
Power 0.25 kW
Max. differential pressure 430 Pa
Max. volumetric flow 13 m3/min
Pump
Power 0.66 kW
Max. head 70 m
Max. volumetric flow 1,7 l/min
6 Appendix 49

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
Cooling column
Diaphragm diameter 80 mm
Cross-section: 150 × 150 mm
WL 320: Cooling column type 1

Packing density 110 m2/m3
Flow cross-section: 150 150 mm
L W H: 210 210 630 mm
Weight: Approx. 5 kg
WL 320.01: Cooling column type 2

As for type 1
Packing density: 77 m²/m³
As for type 1
As for type 1, without baffles

Packing density: Variable
Number of distributor bases: 3
Temperature measuring range: 0 ... 50°C
L W H: 210 210 960 mm
Differential pressure transmitter

Measuring range 0 - 10 mbar
Output signal 0 - 10 V DC
Supply 24 V DC
50 6 Appendix

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
Flow meter with transmitter (water)

Measuring range 12 - 360 l/h
Supply 24 V DC
Combined temperature/humidity sensor

Measuring range, temperature 0 - 50 °C
Measuring range, relative humidity 10 - 100%
Accuracy at 20°C 5 %
Supply 24 V AC
Temperature sensor with transmitter

Measuring range -5 °C - 105 °C
Allowance DIN EN 60 751 Class B
Digital display
Measuring range 0 - 200 mV DC
Supply 5 V DC
6 Appendix 51

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
6.2 h,x graph for humid air
h,x graph for humid air

60 70 80 90 h (kJ/kg)
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 x (g/kg)
50°
Qsens
1,00
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
0,75
0,70
0,65
0,60
0,55
0,50
1,10
Qtot
45°
40
40°
%
10
35°
1,15 r (kg/m³)
%
20
30
%
30
30°
%
40
25°
%
50
25° 17
%
60
% 16 70
20 70
%
1,20 80 20° 15
65
%
90
20° 0% ° 14 Höhe H
rH
(% 13 Hateur au
j dessus du niveau
55 de mer · Height
12
15° above sea level

9
10° 40 Faktor · Faktor
35
7
mättningsstryck
30 Enthalpie · Enthalpie · Enthalpy · Entalpia · Enthalpie · Enthalpi h
6
5° Feuchtkugel-Temperatur · Température du bulbe humide · Wet thyg
5° 25
bulb temperature · Temperatura bulbo umido · Natte-bol temperatuur
5
Våt temperatur
0 Trockenkugel-Temperatur · Température du bulbe sec · Dry bulb temperature tsic

1,25 Temperatura bulbo secco · Droge-bol temperatuur · Torr temperatur
Dichte · Densité · Density · Peso specifico · Dichtheid · Desitet r
0° Wassergehalt · Teneur en eau · Moisture content · Contenuto d' acqua x
0° Vochtinhoud · Vatteninnehåll
)
1,30
( °C
4 20 Relative Luftfeuchtigkeit · Humidité relative · Relative humidity · Umidità j

relativa · Relatieve vochtigheid · Relativ luftfuktighet
g
hy
t
3
15 H m 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000
Umrechnungsfaktor
Omrekeningsfaktor
Omvandlingsfaktor
Conversion factor
Correzione per
transformation
-5° -5° 2 kPa 101,3 98,9 96,6 94,3 92,1 89,9 84,2 79,5
Facteur de
altitudine
p
10
m bar 1013 989 966 943 921 899 842 795
1
-10 j 1 0,976 0,953 0,931 0,901 0,887 0,831 0,785
5 k
0 r 1 0,976 0,953 0,931 0,901 0,887 0,831 0,785
g)
l/k
-10° (k
ca 0 h-x Diagramm
h diagramme, chart, diagramma, diagram
g)
h (kJ/kg)
J/k
(k
h
p = 1013 m bar
tsic (°C)
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 pD (m bar)
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 pD (kPa)
52 6 Appendix

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
6.3 Worksheets for recording measured values
Name: Date:
AB [m²/m³]
T1 [°C]
1 [%]
T2 [°C]
2 [%]
T4 [°C]
T5 [°C]
V& W [l/h]
&L
m [kg/s]
Q& L [W]
z [K]
Q& W [W]
a [K]
& WV [kg/h]
m
p [Pa]
V& L [m³/h]
6 Appendix 53

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
Name: Date:
Duration per Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3

experiment:___[min] Type _2_ 77 [m²/m³] Type _1_ 110 [m²/m³] Type _3_ 200 [m²/m³]
T1 [°C]
1 [%]
T2 [°C]
2 [%]
T4 [°C]
T5 [°C]
V& W [l/h]
&L
m [kg/s]
Q& L [W]
z [K]
Q& W [W]
a [K]
& WV [kg/h]
m
p [Pa]
V& L [m³/h]
54 6 Appendix

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
6.4 Symbols and units
m2
AB Packing density
m3
A1 Channel cross-section m²
A2 Diaphragm cross-section m²
a Wet bulb approach K
a Flow coefficient
b Diameter ratio d/D

C Flow rate coefficient
c Constant m²
kJ
cpL Specific heat capacity of air
kgK
kJ
cpW Specific heat capacity of water
kgK
D Large diameter mm
d Small diameter mm
e Expansion coefficient
h Cooling coefficient
k Constant
m Total mass of air kg
mL Mass of dry air kg
mD Mass of water vapour kg
&L kg
m Air mass flow rate
s
&W kg
m Water flow rate
s
& WV kg
m Water loss
h
m3
n Kinematic viscosity
kg
p Total pressure Pa
pL Pressure of dry air Pa
pD Pressure of water vapour Pa
6 Appendix 55

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
pDS(T) Saturation pressure of

water vapour at air temperature T Pa
p1 Inlet pressure Pa
p2 Outlet pressure Pa
Q& L Cooling capacity of air W
Q& V Cooling capacity by evaporation W
Q& K Cooling capacity by convection W
kJ
r Latent heat of evaporation
kg
kg
R Specific rain flow density
s m2
kg
Total density
m³
kg
L Density of dry air
m³
kg
D Density of water vapour
m³
TW1 Water inlet temperature K
Tw2 Water outlet temperature K
Tf1 Wet bulb temperature K
V Volume m³
m³
vL Specific volume of dry air
kg
m³
vD Specific volume of water vapour
kg
l
V&L Volumetric flow air
s
l
V&W Volumetric flow water
s
m
w1 Inlet speed
s
m
w2 Outlet speed
s
g
x Absolute humidity
kg
56 6 Appendix

lOMoARcPSD|12238076
08/2012
6.5 Latent heat of evaporation
Latent heat of evaporation

kJ kJ
t in °C r in t in °C r in
kg kg
6.98 2484.0 43.79 2397.1

17.51 2495.3 45.84 2392.2
24.10 2443.8 60.09 2357.6
28.98 2432.3 75.89 2318.3
32.90 2423.0 85.95 2292.5

36.19 2415.2 93.51 2272.7
39.03 2408.5 99.63 2256.5
41.54 2402.5
Excerpt from water vapour table:

Technische Wärmelehre, 8. überarbeitete Auflage 2001
Fritz Dietzel / Walter Wagner
6.6 Items supplied
1 Complete table-top unit with cooling

column type 1
1 Experiment Instructions
6 Appendix 57

Cooling Tower Gunt

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cooling Tower Gunt

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lOMoARcPSD|12238076

Laboratory 3 (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)

StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

WL 320 Wet Cooling Tower

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

Revision: December 2007, Dipl.-Ing. Frank Jebavy

Version 1.3 DTP_13

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

1.1 Aim of the experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Description of the unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

2.7 PC data acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.1 Risk of death or injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

6.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

Industrial cooling towers are used to remove sur-

as widely as possible using baffles. Ambient air is

The WL 320 Wet Cooling Tower is intended to

All of the required measured values are acquired

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

The aim is to investigate and understand the influ-

1.2 Proper use

The WL 320 is an experimental unit for use in edu-

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

2.1.1 Water circuit

The water to be cooled is drawn from a heated wa-

tion of flow and filters particles out of the water.

Once the water temperature has been measured

During this process a fan creates an air flow in the

The quantity of water taken up by the air must be

2 Description of the unit 3

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

The ambient air is drawn in by a fan and fed

2.2 Equipment layout

The system overview below shows the arrange-

4 2 Description of the unit

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

1 Radial fan V 16 Spray nozzle

2 Description of the unit 5

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

The following variables are measured on the ex-

The experimental unit has PC-based data acquisi-

For experimental purposes the water inlet temper-

6 2 Description of the unit

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER

The arrangement of the sensors can most easily

Fig. 2.1 Schematic diagram of sensor arrangement

T1 / M1 Combined temperature/humidity sensor (1)

2 Description of the unit 7

Downloaded by Alyan Yousaf (alyanyousaf007@gmail.com)

WL 320 WET COOLING TOWER