inpleesset in nqhine olemeaG

o:
upon maine
exernal ora aing
t sdained a om
Pa s (alled lond
reg Londs
seody Jood
Sfalic load Dead
Vajasl lood
Oynarae yod
uve
e sheck loods
Suddony oppliod
Inpat oad
G)
C) Slahc oad In magnite.
doeg not Uayin mag ya
a
a ya
load which dees no
L dabtned Sfah
Sfahc lo
aadd

to tme
is calfed
Codfed
uk pet
dicediechom
chon membez and
to a
is rddual Ppad
Thaylood
Temuns Consfamt Foa
ne'sG applie
me

2) Dynamic l a d :
dlreion
in
Vame in magni tuda time
fime
The load whith
ukregped- ffo
l k Tesped
and direchom
in bok5 magntude
(olle Dynamic load
4pued Shock load
Suddonl appued
y
appuao
Suddeny
Suddeny
Compoment
mackine
n k
The oad

colle Suddery applied load

Trnpo Suddery to a membe
y apelutd
The sod wyh
yelacy S Calleo impack lucd.
ahig high

Fov
Time
 Cclic o ad
which n q makne Componant
The locd uy apeu ed
Uanico in magnitde in a Teehhive mamne i
Cempice eversing Sel fson fenion o Compreren
Osullan about meam Vale .

reypet
In ty t Plfen r tlucad Vdmaden uK
tkouondy
time is epcaed agun and again f r
too fime
T

yeles
Foste

ime
Eaampleg s h e load-
O Dead iqhE macines
oad en bolG arnd faslenes
Tightening-P sally.
Load aing em
C
Presue
preuure ves Sukjecked to Cons ten
Ceuey ef a

C
ycic load-
Eameles d
nduced n gea eeh
Fosce
Loads induced n qreing Shabt
Compvestjon ping
(3 Fero) adin On

Valye TC Cnne
Tmpad Loa

funh Pre

Rivet u

Fahgue load magntude durechn

hh Uamy
wad
The
The da chango
bt magnrfade and direch*
Fahzue c e .
cole
 Foa

Time

yr Fahgue Loocls:
Compleely reveSed o d

ernaing load

Flucuaing load
Repeahe load
a mane

COmpleleby reyersed lua

-

y
athng
hich
locad Conhinuqug

t load
The mag nitude direchion
e
ad
elementE Sane, bu
buf reuersed

Called
Co mp elelb + P te-P
+me i
changy k Tensio

Compremca

sh exs

min Skess Y mon nin

Time
anplitak nom

9eneuing loacd Con nuouly

dire chen
te loceo and
The nag nituole llenating oac

called + do°/2|
chansy u k ime
non
Shsc + men (in
min
Time

Flutuahng lundy bu
b d i rdireshcn
etjc
which ony magntude hang
The
The locad un oad.
is Caleflutucnng
Consfant
Ua load
+ + +

AAA Fno min

Samc s e
in
Lbok ae

he +e-e)
Repceakd londs:
direcim
The o od in
n only magir tacde cAonge bu
which
e mn
oad Con slon b magnifude
(oa tatfo

n=o nu+n
1 bolk are
Same diseion

Range in
sfahc ead
meam shoy mean min
Vanccble Shcs ) nam- min Varn ae l o

Shcsraio R) min
mam
Ameutude a o

OsFehc lond

ma

rgeGn -

R 2

m
2-
a fo
faicload
In i looding S e the s Tem
f o
nd he Vamal load
oad alledsSFhc loo.

Cornpleley eve3ac

mon +
Vale
 Cyeqa fo zero
In ty the s tahc )meom &tes
a fo o Thereyoc
nd the Vaiable a d
Called Conplelel, reuexsed oa

Faalure
macne
achane whh u
Component in a
The
he eleme Calle
allad
doe nof Peskorm btundhon sehshadriy
Falun e
Fvachure - al eent
the
COmponenl in a mane t Compenont
The ele men
Pecoj R baulu
which SPu wmfo tw
yCled fsackure haf dds
dhovend
from
due fo 6uckuaing lo ady y
Falure
due fo stahe yod due
falure frachure
frockure dune to
fo ydic
i n i k t he
Loca dis conh nujej u it de in
pla uitl
Popeshy
eJsadunga
aclng and mam
mamy

Propagahng he orack
Fluduahng Vamasl shrese Glucksahing Joody
uckuaing Joody
due to
sessey produced f
fo dr
ad uerg
e..
The
The
Dhechonicafahgu
Calle
Calge mos he

Fahgue falure at a shes

Shes
tuahing sheSie
sretiey
uchaaing
u
feulure due fo
II
stahc Shength
disconhnuis
ditcorhnuik
much belaw ulely
S a t ot
Sfaatj ot
mali
Con Canbraßen
Conbrahn
The CYak
due to Shuy Con
in Maenay,
dahed
 The madine dengn are
bumdaennequahons in

skess Erg y

TOsis jm I s Then
oakm3
shea sses

Pending equehon

Tn Sencing sht
n a t ne cla
Thc Clo eloendat eqah cru
hony The
Thes qsal on are based o numb d CUKumP T
dus COmhaus
mn me asuhon is here
hthere no
n CYOSS Sehon dthe Com pcnent
ma u
adua Compone»l in engtneenng
Bu Cre SS(echoy

dearqn disconhnuhe and abruptf e achangy

lure Campcoens

Gmaundablee cle o alaun

SCre hseacb
Spuneg
ol hele OOveg key
and jee Yhu
SCoatcke h ofe
hotthe 4e
ht e sess

be wned
Thero (a Dof
1he adune Cemponent S bo m

s he lenmenJa
Onde
donofPw e ed esult
i

Ab wo (roSS Scco

tengle fcse eblea) ane

Cea
 Flo amaloyy

P P

Fr
Gneg. Therele
Called bra A
The
Ho Ao ine a
in ie u niern
umiarmG
Coss-SeJion the tlas
baukavmn
dg
Space uu t aa
noteh
hde

ba and
nd
When a Yedangular aay
u
C o o s s - F c c h e n

a
we Connde2
n o rm a dsmbuhon
a CXCaner ene noma
a
dsem J osteh+he l a uney
Stoex

Fore fHlow u n u

a
the nofh , Tky
appo a t u

The HuO uney a acktesas vegtoced oenng

The
Tetided opening
bent inrda fo pas aeugh t uealoning e*
ealoning
Ho ne indicahn9
indicahing
bendung f o r e
bending is popomenal fo
f
propornenel
naemal ConCenhrahon
is
tek ske
Thexaoc
heree
Jane
&Ao ung to
to
a
o ni
o
the
the bendung tidnes Sis Suhjeted
sukjeted
ttdnes
miorm Caoss dechn

6tat plat
Suddon chongk Locaused

Hensla kx and Noxm shses

Sha

Sechn X-X

Palallel ond
ong
fAos lny
Jney ave
ae
fore flod
for
Frorn
rom
bok endy Dnd Jatt end
sty diho buion u
sh

Sechcn haut highax mopnitude

Side is g
map nisJe K
n
d e 4 u
end
Sedion
Jat
Bu alt ncs ma
Secicn JT Shes di ttobuhaa
 when {8sQ flo uny flouds At idek
Sechcq to e iaht ido Secken arnd jsTn
SechonX-x
bent andA
AF Sechn x -x, b r ce ordUme ane

ndicahing wakening maen

s
The
he slsesey a l e t jde e Sechn x -x omd
Cleo J
Side sehoX-x
noma shesey and JR shsene at
Called focaiscd hee we Je al7upt ana

Cyoss- Sechn.
Locelused shene
Novma see
away Jstm The Shune e JloCa
skesse) a
These
abxupt choaGseGto he comeenent, Suh a
the disConhnu, 3
madine a he Seckon ds conhnug
coass-Cechn amu
Sechon change t
ComeooRnt the
Cass echem,
clalermineo
The shrete a daler mned b The she oe uyusly
elemenay eaiong epeurenta mekodh Jule
Photo eashiu FEm
The Senes a Smal a af Jk viin
The shce
maníkde ue an sc mpniu
disconinulg
Craclc
n&c f o
a
ond a J1ves and

Thay
Ty Cate n a be P pagae
lead to falut by &sactue

Failue
w
localised shee
Shney
The
e 81m
Teen
nona slocy moe
Umerable fo fabsue

fail uc
localsah on
locausaion
Sress CGnCenrahon TH is dained a e
167ulamhey
asrupt chomge
chamge
of high sesse due fo
J CYoSS- Sedh on uy Cala4 skey Concems ahcq
 Ssess-ConCenhahey in cuthle
In sahc loading he
in duchk mokiels
maenal is nof So seusu becau,
hich reducoy te
ocal dahorm ahon yidding tadcay place,
Ssess Conten ahon
be appea
he cratky tmay
In br HHe maeialy
inerean
inreaK
sfse
sseki

uhich u l
loca Concentehn shses
CKoSS Sethon.
OVeS dudhle
d uchle
in
Shse Contenhsajcn
In cuycaic oading in
in 3aieoing
zuing
hteehe
effeche
Seuay T à n¢
Salua
aua ray
oracdy
Haws
he Comcemlahonm swess Cauged b
shasp dsenhnuy abote

in a memb be deuels
deklot
aPstnt
T theshe Cgack
Cgacle m
may
hemaerna
q
endurame u u omd
cmd
the repeakd lo acls
acda acin
fauluc e membe2
lead to pcpe
Yanahon
in mckmad
suhon- (0 natena
Sess- Concen
e
The Cause asumecd
hat
a
Uon ahm

üt is hexe
uy
matine dergn bu slre fo
eComponent,

o e and
Thrgks
homogeneguy emoto

i nmedhanicoPYOpeshy

t ollooina fachang
blgud holey
and flaws Jle
Taerna Crady,
Cauihe in weldu

A hole in see Comronmen

Load appucahcny ferCo)

amy
Componeny a Suljeded fo
The matine area
Smal
ovy q
Ond whith adg at a pnt
Conpoment
Confac between ga
Conac betdeen eCam ond follue
 Cantac behueen
beud eem hebally amd the racee of bal beaing .
Conad befweenm he chain hook and Cxane
xeulhna *n
These load ae appled ovu Sma aed
ssess concen oahn.
Hbrupl Charnge n sasS Sechon
Stseckay Pully, am
In orela o moumt aears,
sheps
buings on sans mi sSicn sha6F, fon anembl
on the Shett and shldes ae prauded

Considanahon sh
sh«bt ano
ama
Thee n r o s s Sechon
-
Change h sechon
hese
There a Sres -
Concensahen wo

in the Componen md
DiSCan hnuhe omc spune

Like oil hole @ o g rouue keguays CroSS Se thon

disconhnut nR
Screau thseadyrejuF i'n
he component in Vicing
Vicinng
Concenhrahon in
is skes
Therabre there
fhere disconh nuhe).
Wiakining Sxathej Inspechon
Jnspechen
ma
m ak
k

Scrakhy S a p makC o u Shcy Concorhebn,

mathining
aThining
hih
Sustae Yagulamhy
Concenlrabyen facfor-
Concenlrahn faco
Fem sress
Theorehco Value ackaa ses
value actsal
ske
the highest
T is cderined a

nomina
ske obfaunesl
shre abfauneo by
disconhinu to he
neas T dehinedb
b KE
Ke
lemontay ahg
naa shrer t disconinu - n a mo
kKe Higher Nanina S»ty av
veage
Ornd he maena.
Ond madena.
on geomey h e Past
Ke depend
c s daermín e
ay o a ont To
enenauy asaHny
 localised s e e at duscohnuhe
and an e

A B
FF
a AYac W-21E

av
F
WXE

Nofches -
Sress Concenkahon due fo hole and
cmg eXK
u

ellehcal hole - Considea ela

O Foy atensala a ad
and Sjeced to frorn e hde
ehcal hste
au

a he Pojnt induced
dusmbwheo be
he Shes
The Shes
Cmcdhe
namimum
nabo/m
hde.
a the edgk e

Sem m a o aMy

an
minos
Semi
b

factr
ConCenbeh
n
Theorehca Ste

Kt
au

Ke 2)

when 2
50
Then man
a

F when b
V
2c
man
 When n a n

F nofeh

Ake nufehodfenh mernbe

menbey
tenhn

the
The shos Concenakon in Jk and
ong
noteh
deplh a
he
inluenced bz kk
boHom he noteh.

nam (
C o n e nb s a h o n :

scess she
She
Meko ly eduung. i m i n a t the
he teck
t fe
Yeduce 1e
liminatt fo
to
Possible mtkody
TH
LE nof Seueroa

Contenrahion
bu
tec a
ona to bt z
propomon
propom
Shen Concenhakcn.
Concenbahon
oncenbahm
sis
Shqs
The bhed- & une
flo ine.
force flou Y e d u c e d by
reducadb
benduna Can
can
be
be

s ch c
S
C m c o n h r a h m

fexce
ferce
fto une
yney
The bending
bendung
ehe
fe Speic eoman Sh«pe
minmSing
Mininising
Thi achieuelb Prouidung
Prouidng
Thi
fo he ComponenG mernbe
hofe n on non nenbe
tn1On
-

and
nofhes
9ddhono s h o w in trg
tensi foce
sukjecefo
A FaF
elaki is
nofeh
n oeh regull n q
rejull in q hi high
obsevechat
a Single
Singe
T Sbery-
Concenhrahom.

dearee
 iS Yeduced by thTee
The SevemG Shey
Conenhaim

metko do
reduced by prauiding mulhele
The Shes
Shess Contenrahio0

nofehe insea Singa nofek

dillina addshono
adduhonod
reduce by dilling
Concenkrahon
The she
Shes

hd

TendU
ob

edyadby
The Shep Concenheicn
ndeisad matri.

maahay
alled
undeived
The metkd T m o uenouing
ing

he Prinuple membe
for
nofeh
and
Unda aulfing
Fllef Tadiu
in ben dunj h i c h uy
whidh
k shoulday
sholday
wlk
Cross-sechon
qrala
A ba
Sujejed fo bending momemt pulleys
Pulleys
bbaU bearings
bearinc
9ears,
For ProeeL qssembly hiy Shodde.
sholdel.
agauns thy
Seated
have to be
CassSehn accom Gime
in change 6 Cress-Sechn
Thy Shouldel resut
Shess Concenahm
 SKess (neenseh 9

These ae reduu he Ssess Conunhhon

Hsee
hree mekacly fo
(O Glle

Filef
he Should l fillet sodb y
Pybuicing diomet o
The eulGqsadual tsamsiio fson Smal
a damek dfo
(arge Posle inorda
The tlle dionesi ay
Fsnitaof to
T0
Skess Contenkahon. Bu
educe
e dce
Coonponent
eleign b nah9
unda
P

mb
unday utpor
radw is inueajed by undas uthry
The
he lle
Shoulda
U

n (
skes Concenhahon, bu ting a
A noeh reauly in
reduce she
Shc
fo
addhional nofeh stfeehe w
Csntegkahon.
Ovillingadolroov haley f s h « t
a
ay
Shaan 9 g
shabf k a ceyu
lkeywa
A anSmissjon discnhnu
discmhnu
cross- sechon y

Due fo ekeuay he Cornor A

Concenkahon
arnd re9 ully in Shsen
reducegfor Fion
Shea kengs
key
Kywy and
 wwidR 4 Kegway
h: delk k eyuay
d Shat dianea

empeaica ralahm HF: n00re for e

develed by
Taio of C toriono skenglk the
hawind
sh- hauin
ihat
Ceyeajwau ForgimaSkengtk Same 2ed

uhak Eeyay

C=I-02 (
Filleradiy (Y)
m

(U
2/
m2 re negigi
Cc)at
Shsesay
The TOris o n m a s h e a
Thetosioma

zeo
heoveshcely
qusa to
Sm all and emceggive
she Shsesse) at ni , 2 are
sedute Syrounding CYnexs
Contenhrahon Con e
The ShreS5
fllet rodiuy.
and 2 by proiding
Con
combhed
ihed
SSujeded f o
j ecedfo
when shalr
shat-
hen kE
hen KA = 33 wed
menSe
bendy nA Ondtoiional
hote

two Symmenal

anotke
maho d of dilling
There

On the sides Ceu

manimik

and
amd
f t r uny
ftrw une
he forca
forco
hsle pre ViscasG he kkayuog
yway
Thee
h f e

viscasG
he
bending
in the
heir
 Keduchen of Shess Concenbahon in thvcaded men bu b
tn
A hreadea men be u Shown
fote ftouny a
andand e cacda
Pse fscm shonk poxionfo C
conCenra
Fovten he Compnent Th Tsulg in Jhey-
inhe nsshcn plame.
Sma undesut taken

beween he shank and

f l e r a d i w

hr eade Pohen lompcnent and endg

he
undaaut Thy Yeduucy
Touudec o thy YecuCy hc
theforce ftou Gne and ConceendHy

ConCenhahn. reduce
y
to
mkod
The ideo t Shornk
Concenhahen
where
Skess made eg
reduted and
diamela, y In thy he
e read
T Core diamalia no
saight and 4here
r e ffou nes are
Shess Conenahon.
macne paug
Consicdered
whie deigning
Fackors be
Palure
o auond Fahguna should be
Conpoment
he
in the
Si2e of
vamahi
The
arodual as PoSSiblee. should be
ases
other
ofher shsess
Shsess
and
and
holenokehe
The Such f e shou
av oded concenlsaas

ssess de -
The pYo Pe
here vey neces
ded
be proui c
cYoo
SSiV
vee naspkoe
ahnaspone
profece4
cke fson
fso
should be Profe
The Pal he ConpUnent
tke Compunent
oule Sushace
d
h
frnih d
A Smoo

moseaR)
fahgue
 Shaud be
ssengk
The malena high fahgue
PYOud pasy
Pa
Compreýve
sksese) aver
The
OTh e reidua
ena
fahgue
Suskaa inceaje
fackey
Sess Conten hcehion
Fahgue to uc
is Subjeted ConConrahon

When a mackne
membei
Shre CnCarron
f oigue
fahgue
he
the Value
Value sk
S ee
s

faigue loadin.
Tague
loading h
heeo
o ro
re eh
oihcc
aas

Ccnsideved insead
Shal
Shall be
Concemahon fater Endurane i m thsut

Concenatiom

Concerhahen =
sess She
Faigue Enduonce uru k
fadr K4) C o n c e n h a h n

she SS

da
Nofeh Sensi hiv in pro
peshey

d redudiom
ag
T is dalined Ccncenhahon

&tsess
due to
maena
in s engs
Shengk & 9
radudion
in
he Concemhion.

meaSUKe
TH C soe sS
eas

psesemce

me Caed by he poin in
a
raise
a holeg notekey
Skess
will notekaj
where
holeg
noich. te
m a e r e d

are psesens Sen Contenkahbg

the shes Conteno

the
be Shsenaa-r d s a b u h d y.
unulrnly.
The
The marial djstabutes unijor
wal be
q fuint bu 'uE Ssess Concenkake
at Conenkre
Caust he skess
he
nofeh hofe force
BecauR
e caue amoumt o f
of
forCe

more and e a mom

Psint y w l be Jay
s
at aa
the maeria
malenia wl be
fo bre.ak
s6ess
Sessreqjured
nteh Jensidiv
GndKy y calle
Avea Shress
Shress
iS
Concensahon
hsfe.
Pa due do
S hee

Due to thy the

fa

Nokh Stnsi fiva fade laacny

s wed in yec
The nofth Sensihva fa cer (
he fahgue Sess Cokenkahon facer may be Obi
The
the follgaing velahm. C o n c e r d a a h m facl
Shess
=Fahgue Concenhah°9
Kf
Ks- heoveaica
stess

Ke-I
KE- KE
fackor

bendog
bendu7
k Ke-1 tensile anc
Fur
Fo
|Ks + Ke-1) skesse)

sheo Stscyie
Kfs + Kes-1) Fox

the e c noteh h ahole

te
An hanahion dk propeshes t
9
he fahgue
von ize and shape
Mcena is meauyedb

KE- bve
nsfeb Sun
to be fly
maleia S ane
A
Value
rroadke
he ao affsoathey

nof noleh S ens1hve

TH
I y

zero
 Design of fuchuahng locc

man

neon
2

ma- nin

adena wch
Tk
The vaui able Shes ()=o
Sutjecd fo sfnhe looding mly
ut

e
e

Permishsle
Induc

FS Fs

min ( -

meonn
+to-r
Tkrek
fo
not a
ble Shey ( ) euafe cd o a d
The Vam Coplele
dy
Scsjede o

fexmi shdt
nducd
y reisle
EL
F:S