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Part 1: DC CIRCUITS
I. Introduction.
III. Superposition.
V. Thevenin’s theorem.
I. Introduction
Circuit theorems.
A linear circuit consists of only linear elements, linear dependent sources, and
independent sources.
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Methods of analysis
Because, this circuit is linear circuit applying the linearity property gives:
vS 24V i0 i 2 2.0,158 0,316A
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
III. Superposition
If circuit has two or more independent sources, there several ways to determine
the value of a specific variable (voltage, current):
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through)
an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or
currents though) that element due to each independent source acting alone.
III. Superposition
Step to apply superposition principle:
Turn off all independent sources except one source (dependent sources
are left intact):
Replace voltage source by short circuit
Replace current source by open circuit
Find the output (voltage or/and current) due to that active source (using
nodal or mesh analysis)
Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to
the independent sources.
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
R2 3Ω R4 5Ω
III. Superposition
Ex 4.2: Using the superposition theorem, find v0. +
v0 R1 20V
- 2Ω 8A
Since there are two sources, let: v0 v01 v02
To obtain v01, set the current source to zero
R2 3Ω R4 5Ω
Applying KVL to the loop gives:
+ R1 20V
(3 5 2)i 20 i 2A v01 2.2 4V v0
- 2Ω
To obtain v02, set the voltage source to zero
8
i R1 5 4 A v02 2.4 8V + R1
2 3 5 v0 8A
- 2Ω
Finally, we find: v0 v01 v02 8 4 12V
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
III. Superposition R4 2Ω
0 8
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
III. Superposition R4 2Ω
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
24V
III. Superposition R4 8Ω
24V
III. Superposition R4 8Ω
4 4 3 1 4 2
R1 4Ω v1 R2 4Ω v2
Solving the set of equations gives:
i3
v1 3V i3 1A
R3
3Ω
Thus: i i1 i 2 i3 2 1 1 2 A 3A
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
R2 2Ω
III. Superposition
R1 6Ω R3 8Ω
Ex 4.5: Using the superposition theorem, find i.
i
16V 12V
The circuit has three sources, let: i i1 i2 i3 4A
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
iS R
vS
b b
vS
R vS Ri S iS
a R a
+ iS R
- vS
b b
Notes:
The arrow of the current source is directed toward the positive terminal of
the voltage source.
R2 2Ω R4 3Ω
IV. Source transformation
Ex 4.6: Use source transformation to find v0 R1 + R3 12V
v0
R5 R2 4Ω 3A - 8Ω
vs1 R3 R6
is1
R7 R3 R6
12
vS1 3R1 12V i S1 4A is2 is1
; R4
R5 R1 4 R R 3
6 4 R7 R2 R5 6
vS1
+ R8 R7 / / R6 2 i S2 R 2 A
v0 R3 R8
7
- 8Ω
is3 i S3 i S1 i S2 2 A R8.R3 2.8
v0 i S3 2 3,2V
R3 R8 10
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
R4 1Ω
IV. Source transformation
5V i0
Ex 4.7: Use source transformation R1 R2 R3 R5
6Ω 3Ω 7Ω
to find i0 5A 3A 4Ω
R6 R1 / / R2 2 R7 R4 R5 5 5V R7
vS2
; R6 R3
vS1 5R6 10V vS2 3R7 15V
vS1
vS1 5
i S1 R 7,5A i S3 i S1 i S2 10,5A
6 R6 R3 R7
R6 R7
i vS2 3A 8 R R 1,43
R iS1 iS2
S2 R7 6 7
i0
R8 R3 R8
i0 i S3 1,78A
R8 R3 iS3
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
R3
IV. Source transformation 4Ω
0,25vx
R1 2Ω
Ex 4.8: Use source transformation to find vx
We transform: +
6V vx R2 18V
6 - 2Ω
6-V independent voltage source: 3A iS
2 R3
Dependent current source: vS1 0,25vx .R3 vx 4Ω
R1 R2
vS1
+
iS independent current source and R1, R2 2Ω 2Ω -
iS 18V
R4 R1 / / R2 1
R4 R3
vS2 i SR4 3V + 4Ω
vx
Applying KVL: vx +
-
vS2
18V
The largest loop: 3 5i vx
18 0 -
Loop containing vS2 and R4: 3 i vx 0 i 4,5A
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013 vx 7,5V 17
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
R2 5Ω
IV. Source transformation
ix
Ex 4.9: Use source transformation to find ix R1 -
+
4A 10Ω 2ix
We transform:
2i x
Dependent voltage source: iS 0,4i x
5
ix
Applying KCL gives: 4A iS
R1 R2
R2 4 0,4i x
i x 4 0,4i x 10Ω 5Ω
R1 R2 3 3
4
3,4i x i x 0,39A
3
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
V. Thevenin’s theorem a
Linear +
In practice, a particular element in a I
two-terminal V Load
circuit is variable (called load) while other circuit -
b
elements are fixed.
RTh a
Each time the variable element is changed, need +
I
to be analyzed all over again use Thevenin’s Load
VTh V
theorem to avoid this problem. -
Thevenin’s theorem: A linear two terminal circuit can b
V. Thevenin’s theorem a
Linear +
Finding VTh: VTh is the open-circuit voltage across two-terminal VTh VOC
the terminals. circuit -
b
a
Finding RTh: Linear circuit with
all independent
Network has no dependent sources. sources set equal to RTh Rin
zero
b
Network has dependent sources.
i0
a a
Linear circuit with Linear circuit with +
all independent all independent
v0 v0 i0
sources set equal to sources set equal to
zero zero -
b b
v0 v0
RTh RTh
i0 i0
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
V. Thevenin’s theorem
b b
VTh RL
IL VL RL I L VTh
RTh RL RTh RL
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
R1 4Ω R3 a
V. Thevenin’s theorem
1Ω
Ex 4.10: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the i
R2 2
i1
12Ω RL
circuit. Find the current through RL = 6, 16, 36Ω 32V 2A
b
R1R2
Calculating RTh: RTh R3 4
R1 R2
32 VTh VTh
Calculating VTh: Applying nodal analysis gives 2 VTh 30V
R1 12
VTh 30
The current through RL : I L
RTh RL 4 RL
30 30
When RL = 6Ω: IL 3A When RL = 36Ω: IL 0,75A
10 40
30
When RL = 16Ω: IL 1,5A
20
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
R1 6Ω R2 6Ω a
V. Thevenin’s theorem
i
Ex 4.11: Find i by using the Thevenin’s theorem R3 R4
4Ω 1Ω
12V 2A
Calculating RTh:
12.4 b
RTh ( R1 R2 ) / / R3 3
12 4
Calculating VTh: Applying nodal analysis gives:
12 V V V 15
2 V 15V VTh R3 .4 6V
6 10 R2 R3 6 4
The current through R4 :
VTh 6
i 1,5A
RTh R4 1 3
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
V. Thevenin’s theorem
a
Ex 4.12: Find the equivalent of the circuit ix
2ix
R1 R2
Since the circuit has no independent sources VTh = 0 4Ω 2Ω
b
In order to find RTh , apply a current source i0 at the terminal
v0
Applying nodal analysis gives: i0 i x 2i x v0 a
0 v0 v0 4 ix i0
Applying Ohm’s law: i x 2ix
R1 R2
2 2 4Ω 2Ω
From these two equations, we have:
v v v v v b
i0 i x 0 0 0 0 v0 4i0 RTh 0 4
4 2 4 4 i0
Note that:
The negative value of RTh means that the circuit is supplying power by the
dependent source.
This example shows how a dependent source and resistors could be used
to simulated negative resistance.
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
voc
VTh voc ; I N isc ; RTh RN
isc
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
R2
VI. Norton’s theorem 8Ω a
R1
Ex 4.13: Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit. 4Ω
R4
2A 5Ω
Finding RN in the same way RTh 12V
5(4 8 8) R3 8Ω b
RN ( R1 R2 R3 ) / / R4 4
5 4 8 8 R2
Ex 4.14: Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit. 15V R3
4A 6Ω
Finding RN b
6.6
RN ( R1 R2 ) / / R3 3
6 6 R1 3Ω R2 3Ω
15V R3
i1 4A 6Ω
Finding IN by shortening circuit terminals a and b i2
i1 4 A 27
6i2 27 i 2 isc I N 4,5A
3(i1 i 2 ) 3i2 15 0 6
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
5Ω a
Finding RN: set the independent voltage source equal to R1 10V
zero and connect a voltage source of v0 = 1V to a-b 4Ω
v b
ix 0 0, 2 A i0 i x 2i x 3i x 0,6 A
5
v0 1 2Ix
RN 1, 67 ix R2
i0 0, 6 5Ω i0
R1 1V
4Ω
Finding IN: Shorting – circuit terminals a and b
10 10
ix 2A 2Ix
R2 5 I N i SC 6 A ix R2
5Ω
i SC i x 2i x 2 4 6 A R1 10V iSC = IN
4Ω
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
Chapter 4: Circuit theorems
RTh R1 / / R2 R3 R4 9
a
Finding RTh:
12V i1 R2 2A
i2 RL
12Ω
Finding VTh: b
2
6i1 12(i1 i 2 ) 12 i1 A
3
i 2 2 A i2 2 A
Applying KVL around the outer loop to get VTh: 6i1 3i 2 VTh 12 VTh 22V
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013