EE3706 - Chapter 3 - Methods of Analysis

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Part 1: DC CIRCUITS
Chapter 3: Methods of analysis
I. Introduction.
II. Nodal analysis.
III. Mesh analysis.
VI. Nodal versus mesh analysis.
1
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013
I. Introduction
 In chapter 2, we have studied the fundamental laws of circuit theory (Ohm’s law
and Kirchhoff’s laws).
 This chapter will apply these laws to develop 02 powerful techniques for circuit
analysis:
 Nodal analysis: Base on KCL
 Mesh analysis: Base on KVL
 With the 02 techniques, we can analyze almost any circuit by obtaining a set of
simultaneous equations that are the solved to obtain the required values of
current or voltage (power, energy)
2
II. Nodal analysis

 Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node
voltage as the circuit variables  known as the node – voltage method.
 Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages is convenient and reduces

the number of equations.
II.1. Nodal analysis without voltage sources

 Assuming that circuits with n nodes do not contain voltage sources
 Select a node as the reference node (ground, v = 0).
Assign voltages v1, v2, … vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes.
All voltages are referenced to the reference node.
 Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes. Use Ohm’s law to
express the branch currents in terms of node voltages.
 Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node

voltages.
3
I2
Ex 1: Find the currents in this circuit. i2
v1 R2 v2
 Choose node 0 as a reference node (v0 = 0). Assign
R1 R3
voltage of node 1 and node 2 with v1 and v2, respectively. i3
I1 i1
0
 Applying KCL to each non-reference node:
 Add i1, i2, and i3 as the currents on R1, R2, R3
 Applying KCL for node 1 and 2 gives: 

I1  I 2  i1  i2

 I 2  i 2  i3
 Applying Ohm’s law to express the currents in term of node voltages:
v1  v0 v1  v2 v2  v0
i1   G1v1 i2   G2 (v1  v2 ) i3   G3v2
R1 R2 R3
 I1  I 2  G1v1  G2 (v1  v2 ) ( G1  G2 )v1  G2v2  I1  I 2
 
 I 2  G2 (v1  v2 )  G3v2   G2v1  ( G2  G3 )v2  I 2
4
Ex 1: Find the currents in this circuit.
( G1  G2 )v1  G2v2  I1  I 2  G1  G2  G2   v1   I1  I 2 
  
  G2v1  ( G2  G3 )v2  I 2   G2 G2  G3  v2   I 2 
  
 We can obtain the node voltages v1, v2 using any standard method (substitution
method, elimination method, Cramer’s rule, matrix inversion) with software such
as Matlab, Mathcad, Maple, Quattro Pro. I2
i2
 After obtaining the node voltages, we can calculate the v1 R2 v2
currents in circuit. R1 R3
v v v v I1 i1 i3
i1  1 i2  1 2 i3  2 0
R1 R2 R3
5
II.1. Nodal analysis without voltage sources 1 v1 R2 6Ω v2 2

1A 4A
i1 R1 i2 i3 R3
Ex 2: Find the currents in this circuit. 2Ω 7Ω
I1 0 I2
 Choose node 0 ~ reference node, node 1 ~ v1,
node 2 ~ v2.
 I1  i1  i2
 Applying KCL to each non-reference node: 
i2  i3  I 2
v1 v v v
 Applying Ohm’s law: i1  =G1v1 ; i 2  1 2 =G2 (v1-v2 ) ; i3  2  G3v2
R1 R2 R3
 ( G1  G2 )v1  G2v2  I1  0,667v1  0,167v2  1  v1  2V
  
 G2v1  ( G2  G3 )v2   I 2 0,167v1  0,31v2  4 v2  14V
v1 v1  v2 v2
 The currents in circuit: i1  =-1A ; i2  =2A ; i3   2 A
R1 R2 R3
6
R4 2Ω
i4
Ex 3: Find the voltages at the three non-reference
nodes in the circuit. 4ix
1 v1 R1 3Ω 2 v2 3
 Choose node 0 ~ reference node, node 1 ~ v1, ix v3
i1
i3
node 2 ~ v2, node 3 ~ v3. R2 R3
10A 4Ω 6Ω
 i1  i 4  I1 I1

 Applying KCL: i  4i  i
0
1 x x
i  4i  i
4 x 3
 Applying Ohm’s law: i1  G1(v1-v2 ) ; i x  G2v2 ; i3  G3v3 ; i 4  G4 (v1  v3 )

5 1 1
 6 1 3 2 2 v3  10
v  v 
 ( G1  G4 )v1  G1v2  G4v3  I1   v1  80V
  1 5 
  G1v1  ( G1  3G2 )v2  0    v1  v2  0  v2  64V
 G v  4G v  ( G  G )v  0  3 12  v  156V
 41 2 2 3 4 3
 1 2  3
  2 v1  v2  3 v3  0
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013  7
II.2. Nodal analysis with voltage sources R4 4Ω

i4
 We consider the following two possibilities:
5V
 Voltage source connects between reference v1 R1 2Ω v2
v3
node and non-reference node i1
10V R2 R3
Voltage of non-reference node = voltage source 8Ω 6Ω
i2 i3
 Voltage source connects between 2 non-

reference nodes  form a super-node.
Super-node is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage

source connected between two non-reference nodes and any elements
connected in parallel with it.
Using the same three steps, except the super-node:

v1  v2 v1  v3 v2 v3
i1  i 4  i2  i3     v2  v3  5V
R1 R4 R2 R3
8
R4 4Ω
II.2. Nodal analysis with voltage sources
i4
 We have a set of equations: 5V
R1 2Ω v2
 v1 v3
 v1  10V  v1  10V
i1
  10V R2 R3
 v2  v3  5V  v2  9,2V i2
8Ω
i3
6Ω
5 5 v  4,2V
 v2  v3  7,5  3
8 12
 Note that:
 The voltage source inside the super-node provides a constraint equation

needed to solve for the node voltages.
 A super-node has no voltage of its own.
 A super-node requires the application of both KCL and KVL.
9
R3
II.2. Nodal analysis with voltage sources
10Ω
Ex 1: Find the voltage node in this circuit using nodal v1
2V
v2
analysis. i1 i2
2A
R1 R2
 Super-node includes the 2-V source, node 1, 2Ω 4Ω
7A
node 2 and R3
 Applying KCL to the super-node gives:

v1 v2
2  i1  i2  7  2    7  2v1  v2  20
R1 R2
 Applying KVL to the super-node gives: v2  v1  2
 v1  7.33V
 Solving the set of equations gives: 
v2  5,33V
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II.2. Nodal analysis with voltage sources 3V

v1 R1 v2 v3
Ex 2: Find the voltage nodes and the currents in i1 4Ω i2 i3 i4
this circuit using nodal analysis. 7V R2 R3 R4
3Ω 2Ω 6Ω
 Super-node includes the 3-V source, node 2,
node 3.
 Applying the KVL and KCL to the super-node gives a set of equations:
 v1  v2 v2 v3 v3 7 2 7
 R R R R 12 v2  3 v3  4
 1 2 3 4  v1  7V
 
 v1  7V  v1  7V  v2  0,2V
 v3  v2  3  v  v 3  v  2,8V
  3 2  3
  v1  v2 v3
i1   1,8A i3   1,4A
 Applying Ohm’s law gives the currents:
R1 R3
v v
i2  2  0,067A i 4  3  0,467A
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits – Viet Son Nguyen - 2013 R2 R4 11

i5 + vx -
Ex 3: Find the voltage nodes in this circuit
20V 3vx
using nodal analysis. v2 R2 6Ω v3
+ - v4
v1 i2 i3
 1st super-node: Node 1 + node 2
R1 R3 R4
2Ω 4Ω 1Ω
i1  i5  i2  10 i1 10A i4
v1 v1  v4 v3  v2
   10
2 3 6
5v1  v2  v3  2v4  60 v1  20  v2
v1  v4 v3  v2 v3
 2nd super-node: Node 3 + node 4: i 5  i 2  i3  i 4     v4
3 6 4
4v1  2v2  5v3  16v4  0 v3  3vx  v4  3(v1  v4 )  v4  3v1  v3  2v4  0
12

Ex 3: Find the voltage nodes in this circuit i5 + vx -
using nodal analysis. 20V
v2 R2 6Ω v3 3vx
 We have a set of equations: + -
v1 i3 v4
i2
 3v1  v3  2v4  0 R1 R3 R4
 2Ω 4Ω 1Ω
 6v1  v3  2v4  80 i1 10A i4
6v  5v  16v  40
 1 3 4
 Using Cramer’s rule: 0 1 2

 The voltages gives:
3 1 1  80 1 2  480
2 1
v1   26,67V
  6 1 2  18 40 5 16 
6 5 16 3
v3   173.33V
3 0 2 3 1 0 

3  6 80 2  3120  4  6 1 80  840 v4  4  46,67V

6 40 16 6 5 40 v2  v1  20  6,67V13
Ex 4: Find the voltage nodes and the i4

10V 5i1
v1 v2 v3
current branches in this circuit using - +
i1 i2 i3
nodal analysis.
R1 R2 R3
2Ω 4Ω 3Ω
 1st super-node contains: 10-V source, 5i1
dependent source, and R4
v1 v2 v3
i1  i2  i3  0     0 v1
2 4 3 i1 
 1,522 A
v 1  v2  10 R1
v
i2  2  1,739A
v3  5i1  v2  5v1  2v2  2v3  0 R2
 v1  3,043V
 v3
 Solving the set of equations gives: v2  6,956V 3 R  0,217A
i 
 v  0,652V 3
v1  v3
 3 i4   0,399A
R4 14
II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection

 In general, if a circuit (with only independent current sources) has N non-
reference nodes, the node-voltage equations can be written in terms of the
conductances as:
 G11 G12 ... G1N   v1   i1 
G G ... G  v  i 
 21 22 2N   2 
 2  Gv  i
          
    
where: G
 N1 GN2 ... GNN   vN  iN 
 Gkk : Sum of the conductances connected to node k.
 Gkj = Gjk : Negative of the sum of the conductances directly connecting
nodes k and j, k ≠ j.
 vk : Unknown voltage at node k.
 ik : Sum of all independent current sources directly connected to node k,

with currents entering the node treated as positive.
15
II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection 2A
Ex 5: Write the node voltage matrix equations R7 1Ω
for this circuit. v1 R2 5Ω v2 R3 8Ω R5 8Ω

v3 v4
 There are 4 non-reference nodes
R1 R4 R6
10Ω 4Ω 2Ω
 G11 G12 G13 G14   v1   i1  3A 1A 4A
G G G23 G24  v2  i2 
 21 22

 G31 G32 G33 G34   v3   i3  GND
    
 G41 G42 G43 G44  v4  i4 
1 1 1 1 1
G11    0,3S G22     1,325S
R1 R2 R2 R3 R7
1 1 1 1 1 1
G33     0,5S G44     1,625S
R3 R4 R5 R5 R6 R7
16
Ex 5: Write the node voltage matrix equations R7 1Ω

v3 v4
R1 R4 R6
10Ω 4Ω 2Ω
 G11 G12 G13 G14   v1   i1  3A 1A 4A
G G G23 G24  v2  i2 
 21 22

 G31 G32 G33 G34   v3   i3  GND
    
 G41 G42 G43 G44  v4  i4 
1 1
G12  G21    0,2S G34  G43    0,125S
R2 1 R5
G23  G32    0,125S
G13  G31  0 R3
1
G14  G41  0 G24  G42    1S
R7
17
Ex 3.5: Write the node voltage matrix equations R7 1Ω

v3 v4
R1 R4 R6
10Ω 4Ω 2Ω
 G11 G12 G13 G14   v1   i1  3A 1A 4A
G G G23 G24  v2  i2 
 21 22

 G31 G32 G33 G34   v3   i3  GND
    
 G41 G42 G43 G44  v4  i4 
i1  3A  0,3 0,2 0 0   v1   3 
 0,2 1,325 0,125 1  v   3
i2  1  2  3A   2   
 
i3  0A  0 0,125 0,5 0,125  v3   0 
    
i4  2  4  6A  0 1 0,125 1,625  v4   6 
18
II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection R3 1Ω v3 R4 4Ω v4
Ex 3.6: Write the node voltage matrix equations for

1A
this circuit.
v1 R2 5Ω R5
 There are 4 non-reference nodes v2
2Ω
3A
R1
 G11 G12 G13 G14   v1   i1  10Ω
2A
G G G23 G24   v2  i2 
 21 22

 G31 G32 G33 G34   v3   i3 
    
 G41 G42 G43 G44   v4  i 4 
1 1 1 1
G11     1,3S G22   0,2S
R1 R2 R3 R2
1 1 1 1
G33    1,25S G44    0,75S
R3 R4 R4 R5
19

1A
this circuit.
v1 R2 5Ω R5
2Ω
3A
R1
 G11 G12 G13 G14   v1   i1  10Ω
2A
G G G23 G24   v2  i2 
 21 22

 G31 G32 G33 G34   v3   i3 
    
 G41 G42 G43 G44   v4  i 4 
1 1
G12  G21    0,2S G23  G32  0 G34  G43    0,25S
R2 R4
1
G13  G31    1S G24  G42  0
R3
G14  G41  0
20

1A
this circuit.
v1 R2 5Ω R5
2Ω
3A
R1
 G11 G12 G13 G14   v1   i1  10Ω
2A
G G G23 G24   v2  i2 
 21 22

 G31 G32 G33 G34   v3   i3 
    
 G41 G42 G43 G44   v4  i 4 
i1  0  1,3 0,2 1 0   v1   0 
 0,2 0,2 0 0  v   3 
i2  1  2  3A   2   
 
i3  1A  1 0 1,25 0,25  v3   1
    
i 4  3A  0 0 0,25 0,75  v4   3 
21
III. Mesh analysis
 Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analyzing circuits, using
mesh current as the circuit variables (known as loop analysis or the mesh
current method).
 Using mesh current as the circuit variables is convenient and reduces the
number of equations.
 A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop within it.
 Mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents, and it is only applicable to
a planar circuit.
22
III.1. Mesh analysis without current sources I1 R1 b I2 R2

a I3 c
 In this circuit, there are two meshes: abefa, and
bcdeb (abcdefa is not a mesh) V1 R3 V2
i1 i2
 The current through a mesh is known as mesh f e d
current.
 Steps to determine mesh currents:

 Assign mesh current i1, i2, …, in to the n meshes.
 Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages
in terms of the mesh currents.
 Solve the resulting n equations to get the mesh currents.
23
III.1. Mesh analysis without current sources I1 R1 b I2 R2

a I3 c
 A mesh current may be assigned to each mesh
V1 R3 V2
(clockwise or counterclockwise) i1 i2
 Applying KVL to mesh I, II gives: f e d

 Mesh I: ( R1  R3 )i1  Ri
3 2  V1
 R1  R3  R3   i1   V1 
 
  R3 R2  R3  i2    V2 
  
 Mesh II:  Ri
31  ( R2  R )i
3 2   V2
 After solving, we calculate the current elements: I1  i1 ; I 2  i2 ; I 3  i1  i2

 Notes:
 A circuit: n nodes, b branches, and l independent loops (mesh)
l  b  n 1
 The branch currents are different from the mesh currents unless the mesh is
isolated.
24
R1 5Ω R3 6Ω
III.1. Mesh analysis without current sources
I1 I3 I2
Ex 1: Find the branch current I1, I2, I3 using mesh
R3
analysis in this circuit. 10Ω
15V i1 R4
i2
 Applying KVL gives: 4Ω
10V
 Mesh I: 15  5i1  10(i1  i2 )  10  0
 Mesh II: 6i2  4i2  10(i 2  i1 )  10  0
 3i1  2i2  1  i1  1A
 
i1  2i2  1 i2  1A
 The current elements are:
I1  i1  1A ; I 2  i2  1A ; I 3  i1  i 2  0
25
III.1. Mesh analysis without current sources i1 i0 i2
Ex 2: Find the current i0 in this circuit using mesh analysis. R1 i2 R4

10Ω 24Ω
 Applying KVL gives:
24V
15V R3 4Ω
 Mesh I: 24  10(i1  i2 )  12(i1  i3 )  0 i1
11i1  5i2  6i3  12 R2

i3 +
-
12Ω
4i0
 Mesh II: 24i2  4(i 2  i3 )  10(i2  i1 )  0
5i1  19i2  2i3  0
 Mesh III: 4i0  12(i3  i1 )  4(i3  i2 )  0 
  i1  i2  2i3  0
i0  i1  i2 
11i1  5i2  6i3  12 i1  2,25A
 Then: 
5i1  19i 2  2i3  0

 i2  0,75A  i0  i1  i2  1,5A
 i  i  2i  0  i  1,5A
 1 2 3  3 26
R4 6Ω
III.1. Mesh analysis without current sources
Ex 3: Find the current i0 in this circuit using mesh analysis. i3
i0 R1 4Ω R3 8Ω
 Applying KVL gives:
 Mesh I: 20  4(i1  i3 )  2(i1  i2 )  0 20V R2 -

i1 i2 +
2Ω
6i1  2i 2  4i3  20 10i0
 Mesh II: 2(i2  i1)  8(i2  i3 )  10i0  0

 2i1  10i2  18i3  0
i0  i3
 Mesh III: 4(i3  i1 )  8(i3  i 2 )  6i3  0  4i1  8i2  18i3  0
 6i1  2i2  4i3  20  i1  3,21A

 Set of equations: 
2i1  10i 2  18i3  0  i2  9,64 A  i0  5A
 4i  8i  18i  0  i  5A
 1 2 3  3
27
III.2. Mesh analysis with current sources R1 4Ω R3 3Ω
 In general, the presence of the current sources

10V R2
reduces the number of equations in the mesh i1 i
6Ω 2
analysis. 5A
 Consider two cases:
 A current source exists only in one mesh  mesh current = current source
4i1  6(i1  i2 )  10 i1  2 A

 
 i2  5A i2  5A
 A current source exists between two meshes  create a super-mesh by
excluding the current source and any elements connected in series with it
A super-mesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or independent)

current source in common.
28
R1 6Ω R3 10Ω
III.2. Mesh analysis with current sources
Ex 1: Find the branch currents using mesh analysis.
R2
 There is a current source 6-A between two mesh. 2Ω
20V i2 R3
 Create a super-mesh. i1 4Ω
6A
 Applying KVL to the super-mesh gives:
20  6i1  10i2  4i2  0  6i1  14i2  20

i1 0 i2
 Applying KCL to the node in the current source branch :
i2  i1  6 R1 6Ω R3 10Ω
 Note that:
 The current source in the super-mesh provides
the constraint equation to solve for the mesh
currents 20V i i2 R3
1 4Ω
 A super-mesh has no current of its own
 A super-mesh requires the using of both KVL
and KCL
29
III.2. Mesh analysis with current sources R2 2Ω

Ex 2: Find i1, i4 using mesh analysis.
i1
i1
 There are two super-meshes 5A R3 4Ω R5 2Ω
P
 Two super-meshes intersect  form a i2 i0
3i0
larger super-mesh R1 i2 i3 R4 i4 10V
6Ω 8Ω
 Applying KVL to the larger super-
mesh: i2 Q i3
2i1  4i3  8(i3  i 4 )  6i 2  0  These equations give:
 i1  3i2  6i3  4i4  0 i1  7.5A i2  2.5A
 Applying KCL to the node P: i2  i1  5 i3  3,93A i 4  2.14 A
 Applying KCL to the node Q: i 2  i3  3i0 

i0  i 4
 i2  i3  3i 4
 Applying KVL in mesh 4: 2i 4  8(i 4  i3 )  10  0  5i 4  4i3  5

30
III.2. Mesh analysis with current sources

Ex 3.3: Find i1, i2, i3 using mesh analysis. R2 i3 R4
2Ω 2Ω
 Applying KVL to super-mesh:
R3 4Ω
6  2(i1  i3 )  4(i2  i3 )  8i2  0 i1
6V 3A
 2i1  12i2  6i3  6
i2
R5
 Applying KCL to node A gives: i1  i 2 3
8Ω
R1
 Applying KVL to the mesh III: 1Ω
2(i3  i1 )  4(i3  i 2 )  2i3  0  2i1  4i2  8i3  0 A
 2i1  12i 2  6i3  6  i1  3,47A

 We have a set of equations:    

 i1 i 2 3 i2  0,47A
2i  4i  8i  0  i  1,11A
 1 2 3 3
31
III.3. Mesh analysis by inspection

 In general, if a circuit (with only independent voltage sources) has N meshes,
the mesh current equations can be expressed in terms of the resistances as:
 R11 R12 ... R1N   i1   v1 

R R22 ... R2N   i2   v2 
 21   Ri  v
          
    
 RN 1 RN 2 ... RNN  iN  vN 
where:
 Rkk : Sum of the resistances in mesh k.
 Rkj = Rjk : Negative of the sum of the resistances in common with meshes k
and j, k ≠ j.
 ik : Unknown mesh current for mesh k in the clockwise direction.
 vk : Sum taken clockwise of all independent voltage sources in mesh k, with

voltage rise treated as positive.
32
R10 5Ω
i1
Ex 3.4: Write the mesh current equations. 4V
R6 2Ω R8 2Ω
 There are 5 meshes
 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15   i1   v1  R5

2Ω
R R22 R23 R24 R25  i2  v2 
i2 R7 R9
 21 10V
4Ω 3Ω
i3
 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35  i3    v3 
     R2 1Ω R4 1Ω
 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45  i 4  v4  12V
 R51 R52 R53 R54 R55  i 5   v5  R1 R3 6V
i4 i5
4Ω 3Ω
R11  R6  R8  R10  9
R22  R2  R4  R5  R6  R7  10
R33  R7  R8  R9  9 R44  R1  R2  R3  8 R55  R3  R4  4
33
R10 5Ω
i1
R6 2Ω R8 2Ω
 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15   i1   v1  R5

2Ω
R R22 R23 R24 R25  i2  v2 
i2 R7 R9
 21 10V
4Ω 3Ω
i3
 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35  i3    v3 
     R2 1Ω R4 1Ω
 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45  i 4  v4  12V
 R51 R52 R53 R54 R55  i 5   v5  R1 R3 6V
i4 i5
4Ω 3Ω
R12  R21   R6  2
R13  R31   R8  2 R23  R32   R7  4 R34  R43  0
R14  R41  0 R24  R42   R2  1 R35  R53  0
R15  R51  0 R25  R52   R4  1 R45  R54   R3  3
34
R10 5Ω
i1
R6 2Ω R8 2Ω
 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15   i1   v1  R5

2Ω
R R22 R23 R24 R25  i2  v2 
i2 R7 R9
 21 10V
4Ω 3Ω
i3
 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35  i3    v3 
     R2 1Ω R4 1Ω
 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45  i 4  v4  12V
 R51 R52 R53 R54 R55  i 5   v5  R1 R3 6V
i4 i5
4Ω 3Ω
9 2 2 0 0   i1   4 
 2  
 10 4 1 1 i2   6 
v1  4V v4  0
  2 4 9 0 0  i3    6
     v2  10  4  6V v5  6V
0 1 0 8 3 i 4   0 
 0 1 0 3 4  i5   6 v3  6  12  6V
35
III.3. Mesh analysis by inspection 12V

R1 40Ω
Ex 3.5: Write the mesh current equations.
 There are 5 meshes R7 i2 R2 i3
50Ω 30Ω
 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15   i1   v1  R3 10Ω R4 20Ω
R R22 R23 R24 R25  i2  v2 
i1
 21
i4 i5
 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35  i3    v3  24V 10V
    
 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45  i 4  v4  R5 80Ω R6 60Ω
 R51 R52 R53 R54 R55  i 5   v5 
R11  R1  R5  R7  170
R22  R1  R2  R3  80
R33  R2  R4  50 R44  R3  R5  90 R55  R4  R6  80
36

R1 40Ω
50Ω 30Ω
 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15   i1   v1  R3 10Ω R4 20Ω
R R22 R23 R24 R25  i2  v2 
i1
 21
i4 i5
 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35  i3    v3  24V 10V
    
 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45  i 4  v4  R5 80Ω R6 60Ω
 R51 R52 R53 R54 R55  i 5   v5 
R12  R21   R1  40
R13  R31  0 R23  R32   R2  30 R34  R43  0
R14  R41   R5  80 R24  R42   R3  10 R35  R53   R4  20
R15  R51  0 R25  R52  0 R45  R54  0
37

R1 40Ω
50Ω 30Ω
 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15   i1   v1  R3 10Ω R4 20Ω
R R22 R23 R24 R25  i2  v2 
i1
 21
i4 i5
 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35  i3    v3  24V 10V
    
 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45  i 4  v4  R5 80Ω R6 60Ω
 R51 R52 R53 R54 R55  i 5   v5 
170 40 0 80 0   i1   24 
 40 80 30 10 0  i   0  v1  24V v4  10V
   2  
  0 30 50 0 20  i3    12 v2  0 v5  10V
    
 80 10 0 90 0  i 4   10  v3  12V
 0 0 20 0 80  i5   10
38
IV. Nodal versus Mesh analysis

 Nodal and mesh analyses provide a systematic way of analyzing a complex
network.
 Question: Given a network, which method is better or more efficient ?
 Select method that results in the smaller number of equations

 Mesh analysis  many series-connected elements, voltage sources, or
super-meshes; nodal analysis  parallel-connected elements, current
sources, or super-nodes.
 Circuits have n < l  nodal analysis; but l < n  mesh analysis.
 Information required:
 Node voltages are required  nodal analysis.
 Branch or mesh currents are required  mesh analysis.

 Particular problems: Analyzing transistor , op amp circuits, or non-planar
circuit.
39

EE3706 - Chapter 3 - Methods of Analysis

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EE3706 - Chapter 3 - Methods of Analysis

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FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Chapter 3: Methods of analysis

II. Nodal analysis.

III. Mesh analysis.

VI. Nodal versus mesh analysis.

 Nodal analysis: Base on KCL

 Mesh analysis: Base on KVL

II. Nodal analysis

 Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages is convenient and reduces

II.1. Nodal analysis without voltage sources

 Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node

 Applying KCL for node 1 and 2 gives: 

II.1. Nodal analysis without voltage sources

Ex 1: Find the currents in this circuit.

II.1. Nodal analysis without voltage sources 1 v1 R2 6Ω v2 2

 Applying Ohm’s law: i1  G1(v1-v2 ) ; i x  G2v2 ; i3  G3v3 ; i 4  G4 (v1  v3 )

II.2. Nodal analysis with voltage sources R4 4Ω

 Voltage source connects between 2 non-

Super-node is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage

Using the same three steps, except the super-node:

 The voltage source inside the super-node provides a constraint equation

 A super-node has no voltage of its own.

 A super-node requires the application of both KCL and KVL.

 Applying KCL to the super-node gives:

 Applying KVL to the super-node gives: v2  v1  2

II.2. Nodal analysis with voltage sources 3V

II.2. Nodal analysis with voltage sources R5 3Ω

II.2. Nodal analysis with voltage sources R5 3Ω

 Using Cramer’s rule: 0 1 2

II.2. Nodal analysis with voltage sources R4 6Ω

Ex 4: Find the voltage nodes and the i4

II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection

 ik : Sum of all independent current sources directly connected to node k,

II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection 2A

Ex 5: Write the node voltage matrix equations R7 1Ω

for this circuit. v1 R2 5Ω v2 R3 8Ω R5 8Ω

II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection 2A

Ex 5: Write the node voltage matrix equations R7 1Ω

for this circuit. v1 R2 5Ω v2 R3 8Ω R5 8Ω

II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection 2A

Ex 3.5: Write the node voltage matrix equations R7 1Ω

for this circuit. v1 R2 5Ω v2 R3 8Ω R5 8Ω

II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection R3 1Ω v3 R4 4Ω v4

Ex 3.6: Write the node voltage matrix equations for

II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection R3 1Ω v3 R4 4Ω v4

Ex 3.6: Write the node voltage matrix equations for

II.3. Nodal analysis by inspection R3 1Ω v3 R4 4Ω v4

Ex 3.6: Write the node voltage matrix equations for

III. Mesh analysis

III.1. Mesh analysis without current sources I1 R1 b I2 R2

 The current through a mesh is known as mesh f e d

 Steps to determine mesh currents:

 Solve the resulting n equations to get the mesh currents.

III.1. Mesh analysis without current sources I1 R1 b I2 R2

 Applying KVL to mesh I, II gives: f e d

 After solving, we calculate the current elements: I1  i1 ; I 2  i2 ; I 3  i1  i2

 Mesh II: 6i2  4i2  10(i 2  i1 )  10  0

 The current elements are:

III.1. Mesh analysis without current sources i1 i0 i2

Ex 2: Find the current i0 in this circuit using mesh analysis. R1 i2 R4

11i1  5i2  6i3  12 R2

 Mesh I: 20  4(i1  i3 )  2(i1  i2 )  0 20V R2 -

 Mesh II: 2(i2  i1)  8(i2  i3 )  10i0  0

 Mesh III: 4(i3  i1 )  8(i3  i 2 )  6i3  0  4i1  8i2  18i3  0