Arihant Mathematics Cbse Class 12 Term 2 WWW - Examsakha.in PDF

CBSE Term II
2022
Mathematics
Class XII
CBSE Term II
2022
Mathematics
Class XII
Complete Theory Covering NCERT
Case Based Questions
Short/Long Answer Questions
3 Practice Papers
Authors
Raju Regar
Sagar Verma
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)
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CBSE Term II
2022
Contents
CHAPTER
Integrals -
CHAPTER
Application of Integrals -
CHAPTER
Differential Equations -
CHAPTER
Vector Algebra
The -
CHAPTER
Three Dimensional Geometry
and -
CHAPTER Block
Eleme
Probability -
Practice Papers - -
nts
d
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Syllabus
CBSE Term II Class XII
One Paper Max Marks:

No. Units Marks
III. Calculus
IV. Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry
V. Probability
Total
Internal Assessment
Total
UNIT-III CALCULUS
. Integrals
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by
substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following
types and problems based on them.
dx dx dx dx dx
ò x ±a ò x ±a ò a -x ò ax + bx+c ò ax + bx+c
px+q px+q
ò ax + bx + c dx, ò ax + bx + c
dx,
ò a ± x dx ò x - a dx
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus without proof .Basic properties of definite integrals and
evaluation of definite integrals.
. Applications of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, parabolas; area of
circles ellipses in standard form only the region should be clearly identifiable.
CBSE Term II
2022
. Differential Equations
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Solution
of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous
dy
differential equations of first order and first degree of the type: =¦ y x . Solutions of linear
differential equation of the type: dx
dy
+ py = q, where p and q are functions of x or constant.
dx
UNIT-IV VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

. Vectors
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios
of a vector. Types of vectors equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors , position vector of a
point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a
vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition,
Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar dot product of vectors, vector
cross product of vectors.
. Three - dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector
equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and
vector equation of a plane. Distance of a point from a plane.
UNIT-VI PROBABILITY
. Probability
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total
probability, Bayes theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution.
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Periodic Test 5 Marks

Mathematics Activities: Activity file record +Term end assessment of
one activity & Viva 5 Marks
CBSE Term II
2022
CBSE Circular
Acad - 51/2021, 05 July 2021
Exam Scheme Term I & II
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(f'k{kk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj ds v/khu ,d Lok;r laxBu)
Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

(An Autonomous Organisation under the Ministryof Education, Govt. of India)
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CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
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To cover this
situation, we
have given
both MCQs and
Subjective
Questions in
each Chapter.
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CBSE Term II Mathematics XII 1
CHAPTER 01
Integrals
In this Chapter...
l Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation
l Integration by Substitution
l Integration by Partial Fraction
l Integration by Parts
l Definite Integral
l Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
l Evaluation of Definite Integral by Substitution
Indefinite integrals
Integration as an Inverse Derivatives
(Anti-derivatives)
Process of Differentiation d
2.
dx
( x) = 1 ò dx = x + C
Let F( x) and f ( x) be two functions connected together such
d
that F( x) = f ( x), then F( x) is called integral of f ( x) or 3.
d
(sin x ) = cos x ò cos x dx = sin x + C
dx dx
indefinite integral or anti-derivative.
d
If
d
F( x) = f ( x), then for any arbitrary constant C,
4.
dx
( - cos x ) = sin x ò sin x dx = - cos x + C
dx
d
d
ò sec x dx = tan x + C
2
[ F( x) + C ] = f ( x). 5. (tan x ) = sec 2 x
dx dx
Thus, F( x) + C is also an anti-derivative of f ( x). Actually, there d
ò cosec x dx = - cot x + C
2
6. ( - cot x ) = cosec 2 x
exist infinitely many anti-derivative of a function which can dx
be obtained by choosing C arbitrarily from the set of real d
numbers. 7.
dx
(sec x ) = sec x × tan x ò sec x × tan x dx = sec x + C
Hence, ò f ( x) dx = F( x) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant
d
(also called constant of integration) and symbol ‘ò ’ indicates 8.
dx
( - cosec x ) = cosec x × cot x ò cosec x × cot x dx = - cosec x + C
the sign of integration. d 1 dx
9. (sin -1 x ) = ò 1 - x2
= sin -1 x + C
Some Standard Formulae
dx 1 - x2
d 1 dx
Derivatives
Indefinite integrals 10. ( - cos -1 x ) = ò 1 - x2
= - cos -1 x + C
(Anti-derivatives)
dx 1 - x2
d æ x n +1 ö d 1 dx
x n +1 ò 1 + x2
-1
ç ÷ = x n, n ¹ -1 11. dx (tan x ) = = tan -1 x + C
ò x dx = + C , n ¹ -1
n
1.
dx çè n + 1 ÷ø 1 + x2
n+1
2 CBSE Term II Mathematics XII
Indefinite integrals Some Standard Formulae

Derivatives
(Anti-derivatives) Some standard formulae for integrals involving trigonometric
d 1 dx functions are given below. These formulae are obtained by
ò 1 + x 2 = - cot x + C
-1 -1
12. dx ( - cot x ) = using substitution technique.
1 + x2
d 1 dx
(i) ò tan x dx = - log|cos x| + C = log|sec x| + C
òx
-1
13. dx (sec x ) = = sec -1 x + C
x x2 - 1 x -1
2
(ii) ò cot x dx = log|sin x| + C
dx
d -1
14. dx ( - cosec x ) =
1
òx = - cosec -1 x + C (iii) ò sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C
x x2 - 1 x2 - 1
(iv) ò cosec x dx = log|cosec x - cot x| + C
d x
ò e dx = e + C
x x
15. ( e ) = ex
dx
Some Important Deductions
d 1 1
16. (log|x|) = ò x dx = log|x| + C ( ax + b) n +1
dx x (i) ò ( ax+b) n dx = + C, n ¹ -1 and n is a rational
a ( n + 1)
d æ ax ö ax
ç ÷ = ax, a > 0, a ¹ 1 ò a dx = + C, a > 0, a ¹ 1 number.
x
17.
dx çè log a ÷ø log a - cos ( ax + b)
(ii) ò sin ( ax + b) dx = +C
a
Note While solving an integral, constant of integration should be
sin ( ax + b)
written, otherwise answer would be wrong.
(iii) ò cos ( ax + b) dx = +C
a
Properties of Indefinite Integrals 1
(iv) ò tan ( ax + b)dx = - log |cos ( ax + b)|+ C
(i) The process of differentiation and integration are inverse a
of each other. 1
= log |sec ( ax + b)|+ C
d
dx ò
i.e. f ( x)dx = f ( x) and ò f ¢( x)dx = f ( x) + C a
1
(v) ò cot ( ax + b) dx = log |sin ( ax + b)|+ C
where, C is any arbitrary constant. a
(ii) Two indefinite integrals with the same derivative lead to 1
(vi) ò sec ( ax + b) dx = log |sec( ax + b) + tan ( ax + b)| + C
the same family of curves and so they are equivalent. a
(iii) ò { f ( x) ± g ( x)} dx = ò f ( x) dx ± ò g ( x) dx 1
(vii) ò cosec ( ax + b) dx = log |cosec ( ax + b)
a
(iv) ò k × f ( x) dx = k × ò f ( x) dx where k is any non-zero real - cot ( ax + b)|+ C
number. 1
(viii) ò sec ( ax + b) tan ( ax + b) dx = sec ( ax + b) + C
(v) Properties (iii) and (iv) can be generalised to a finite a
number of function, i.e. if f 1 , f 2 , ..., f n are functions and (ix) ò cosec ( ax + b) cot ( ax + b) dx
k1 , k 2 , ..., k n are non-zero real numbers, then
1
= - cosec( ax + b) + C
ò [ k1 f 1 ( x) + k 2 f 2 ( x) + ... + k n f n ( x)] dx a
= k1 ò f 1 ( x)dx + k 2 ò f 2 ( x) dx + ... + k n ò f n ( x)dx (x) ò sec 2 ( ax + b) dx =
1
tan ( ax + b) + C
a
Note If more than one constant of integration is used while solving the
1
integral, then at the end of the solution write only one constant of (xi) ò cosec 2 ( ax + b) dx = - cot ( ax + b) + C
integration. a
( ax + b ) e ( ax + b)
Integration by Substitution (xii) ò e dx = +C
a
The method of reducing a given integral into one of the a mx + b
standard integrals by a proper substitution is called method of (xiii) ò a mx + b dx = +C
m log e a
substitution.
To evaluate an integral of the type ò f {g ( x)} × g ¢( x) dx, we Note Above integral can be derived by substituting ax + b = t and
1
substitute g( x) = t, so that dx = dt .
a
g ¢ ( x) dx = dt.
Some Standard Integrals and Methods to Evaluate it dx 1 x-a

(i) ò = log +C
x -a
2 2 2a x+a
Integral Methods
p
To evaluate, we express sin x (or cos x ) p dx 1 a+x
(ii) ò = log +C
in terms of sines and cosines of multiples a -x
2 2 2a a -x
of x. For which we use the following
dx 1 x
trigonometrical identities. (iii) ò = tan - 1 + C
ò sin x dx 1 - cos 2x x +a
p 2 2 a a
(i) sin 2 x =
or ò cos p x dx 2 dx
1 + cos 2x (iv) ò = log|x + x 2 - a 2 | + C
(ii) cos x =
2
where, p £ 3 2 x -a2 2
3sin x - sin 3x
(iii) sin x =
3
dx x
4 (v) ò = sin - 1 + C
cos 3x + 3 cos x a -x2 2 a
(iv) cos x =
3
4
dx
(vi) ò = log|x + x 2 + a 2 | + C
To evaluate these type of integral, firstly
multiply and divide by 2 and then use
x +a2 2
ò sin px cos qx dx, the following trigonometrical identities

ò sin px sin qx dx, 2 sin A cos B = sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A - B )
Some Standard Substitutions which are Useful in
2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B ) - sin ( A - B ) Evaluating Integrals
ò cos px cos qx dx 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B ) + cos( A - B )
Expression Substitution
2 sin A sin B = cos ( A - B ) - cos( A + B )
1. a2 - x 2 or a2 - x 2 x = asin q or a cos q
To evaluate these type of integral, firstly
ò tan x sec x dx (or
p 2q
write the given integral as 2. a2 + x 2 or a2 + x 2 x = a tan q or a cot q
ò tan x (sec x )
q -1
×sec x dx (or
ò cot x cosec x dx)
p 2q p 2 2
3. x 2 - a2 or x 2 - a2 x = asec q or a cosec q
ò cot x ( cosec 2 x ) q - 1 × cosec 2 x dx) and
p
where, p and q Î N
then put tan x = t (or cot x = t) a+ x a-x
4. or x = a cos 2 q
To evaluate these type of integral, firstly a-x a+ x
ò tan x sec x dx or write the given integral as
2p + 1 2q + 1
x-a
ò cot x cosec x dx, ò (tan 2 x ) p (sec 2 x ) q sec x tan x dx
2p + 1 2q + 1 or
5. b-x x = a cos 2 q + b sin 2 q
where p and q are (or ò (cot 2 x ) p (cosec 2 x ) q cot x cosec x dx ) ( x - a )( x - b )
non-negative integers.
and put sec x = t (or cosec x = t) x a-x
6. or x = a sin 2 q or x = a cos 2 q
To evaluate it, use the following a-x x
If p is odd, then put cos x = t
x a+ x
If q is odd, then put sin x = t 7. or x = a tan 2 q or x = a cot 2 q
a+ x x
ò sin
p
x cos q x dx where, If p and q both are odd, then put either
sin x = t or cos x = t. dx
p, q Î N
If p and q both are even, then express Integral of the Type ò ax + bx + c
2
sin p x cos q x in terms of sines and
cosines of multiples of x by using dx
Suppose given integral is of the form ò , then
trigonometric results. ax + bx + c 2
To evaluate it, change the integrand take a common from denominator to make coefficient of x 2
ò sin x cos x where, sin p x cos q x in terms of tan x and sec 2 x
p q
dx
unity, i.e. I = ò .
p, q Î Q and p + q is a by dividing numerator and denominator æ 2 b cö
negative even integer. by cos k x, where k = - ( p + q ) and then aç x + x + ÷
substitute tan x = t.
è a aø
2
æ b ö
Some Special Integrals Add and subtract çç ÷÷ from denominator and try to write
è 2a ø
Here, we discussed some standard formulae with their proof denominator in the form X 2 ± k 2 or k 2 - X 2
and the methods to solve some other standard integrals with
the help of these formulae. æ b ö
2
æ c b2 ö
where, X 2 = ç x ± ÷ and k 2 = ç m 2 ÷.
è 2a ø ç a 4a ÷
è ø
b
Now, substitute x ± = t and reduce the integral obtained in Integral Substitution
2a
1 dt 1 dt Put a = r cos q and b = r sin q, where
step II into one of the form ò 2 or ò 2 2 . dx
a t ±k 2 a k -t ò asin x + b cos x æbö
r = a2 + b 2 and q = tan -1 ç ÷
è aø
dx
Integral of the Type ò ax 2 + bx + c
dx
ò a + b sin 2 x ,
dx
To evaluate such integrals, we do same steps as previous ò a + b cos2 x , (i) Divide numerator and denominator
integral. The only difference is that, here reduced integral by cos 2 x.
dx
1
(obtained after step II) will be of the form ò
dt
or ò a cos2 x + b sin 2 x , (ii) Reduce sec 2 x in denominator
a t2 ± k2 as 1 + tan 2 x.
dx
1 dt ò ( asin x + b cos x ) 2 and (iii) Put tan x = t and proceed for perfect
a ò , which can be integrated by using suitable square.
k -t2
2
dx
formulae. ò a + b sin 2 x + c cos2 x
px + q (i) Write a sin x + b cos x
Integral of the Types ò ax 2 + bx +c dx and d
= A ( c sin x + d cos x )
px + q dx
ò ax 2 + bx +c
dx a sin x + b cos x
ò c sin x + d cos x dx
+ B ( c sin x + d cos x )
(ii) Obtain the values of A and B by
equating the coefficients of sin x
To evaluate such integrals, we firstly write the numerator as and cos x on both sides.
ìd ü (iii) Put the value of a sin x + b cos x in
px + q = Aí ( ax 2 + bx + c)ý + B = A( 2ax + b) + B
î dx þ the given integral and integrate it.
Then, find A and B by comparing the coefficients of like (i) Write a sin x + b cos x + c
powers of x from both sides. Now, put the resultant value of d
( px + q) in given integral and then given integral is reduced =A ( p sin x + q cos x + r )
dx
to one of the known forms which can be integrated easily. a sin x + b cos x + c
ò p sin x + q cos x + r dx + B ( p sin x + q cos x + r ) + C
Some Standard Integrals and Substitutions for Them (ii) Obtain the values of A, B and C by
equating the coefficients of sin x,
Integral Substitution cos x and constant term.
x (iii) Put the value of a sin x + b cos x + c
1 - tan 2
dx 2 , then put tan x = t
ò a ± b cos x Put cos x =
2 x 2
in the given integral and integrate it.
1 + tan Divide numerator and denominator by
2
x 2 and make a perfect square as
x 2
x2 ± 1 æ 1ö
dx
2 tan
2 , then put tan x = t ò x 4 + lx 2 + 1 dx, l Î R çè x m x ÷ø in denominator and substitute
ò a ± b sin x Put sin x =
x 2 1
1 + tan 2 x m = t.
2 x
x dx
2 tan If the given integral is of the form ò 4 , l Î R, then first
(i) Put sin x = 2 x + l x2 + 1
x
1 + tan 2 write the given integral as ò 4
dx
= ò
1 2 dx
2
x + l x2 + 1 2 x4 + l x2 + 1
2 x
1 - tan
dx 1 ( x2 + 1 ) - ( x2 - 1 ) 1ì ( x2 + 1 )
ò a sin x + b cos x , and cos x = 2
2 x
=
2 ò x 4 + lx 2 + 1
dx =
2 îò x 4 + l x 2 + 1
í dx
1 + tan
dx 2 ü
ò a sin x + b cos x + c x -ò 4
x2 - 1
dx ý, further integrate easily.
(ii) Replace 1 + tan 2 in the numerator x + lx + 1 þ
2
2
x dx
by sec 2 .
2 ò ( ax + b ) px + q ,
x dx Put px + q = t
(iii) Put tan = t and integrate it.
2 ò ( ax 2 + bx + c ) px + q
Integral Substitution integrand P( x) and decompose it into suitable partial fraction

dx Q( x )
ò ( px + q )( ax 2 + bx + c ) Put px + q =
1
form by above method and then integrate each term by using
t suitable method to get the required answer.
dx
ò ( px 2 + q ) ax 2 + b
Put x =
1
and then put a + bt 2 = u Integration by Parts
t
Let u and v be two differentiable functions of a single variable
x, then the integral of the product of these two functions
Integration by Partial Fraction = Ist function ´ Integral of the IInd function
P( x) -Integral of [Derivatives of Ist function
Sometimes, an integral of the form ò dx, where P( x) and
Q( x ) ´ Integral of the IInd function]
Q( x) are polynomials in x and Q( x) ¹ 0, also Q( x) has only æ d ö
linear and quadratic factors given to us, if we cannot integrate i.e. ò u × v dx = uò v dx - ò ç ( u)ò v dx ÷ dx
it directly or by previous methods, then we use the partial I II è dx ø
fractions. For this, firstly we have to know partial fraction If in the product, two functions are of different types, then
decomposition which is given below take that function as first function (i.e. u) which comes first in
word ILATE, where
Partial Fraction Decomposition I : Inverse trigonometric function. e.g. sin -1 x
According to nature of factors of Q( x), corresponding form of L : Logarithmic function. e.g. log x
the partial fraction is given below. A : Algebraic function. e.g. 1, x, x 2
T : Trigonometric function. e.g. sin x, cos x
Form of the rational Form of the partial E : Exponential function. e.g. e x
S.No.
function fraction
Note
px ± q A B
1. ,a¹b + (i) If the integrand contains a logarithmic or an inverse trigonometric
( x ± a) ( x ± b ) x±a x±b function and the second function is not given, we take second
function as 1. e.g. In the integral of ò sin-1 x dx, we take second
px ± q A B function as unity (i.e. 1).
2. +
( x ± a) 2 ( x ± a) ( x ± a) 2 (ii) Integration by parts is not applicable in all cases. For instance, the
method does not work for ò x sin x dx. The reason is that there does
px ± qx ± r
2 A B C
3. + + not exist any function whose derivative is x sin x.
( x ± a) ( x ± b ) ( x ± c ) ( x ± a) ( x ± b ) ( x ± c )
Some More Special Types of Integrals
px 2 ± qx ± r A B C
4. + + Here, we will discuss some more special types of integrals,
( x ± a) ( x ± b ) 2 ( x ± a) ( x ± b ) ( x ± b ) 2 which can be proved by using integration by parts and
directly used to evaluate the given integrals.
px 2 ± qx ± r A B C
5. + + x a2
( x ± a) 2 ( x ± b ) ( x ± a) ( x ± a) 2 ( x ± b ) (i) ò x 2 - a 2 dx = x2 - a 2 - log|x + x 2 - a 2 | + C
2 2
px 2 ± qx ± r A B C x a2
6. + + (ii) ò x 2 + a 2 dx = x2 + a 2 + log|x + x 2 + a 2 | + C
( x ± a) 3 ( x ± a) ( x ± a) 2 ( x ± a) 3 2 2
Bx + C x a2 x
A
+ where, (iii) ò a 2 - x 2 dx = a 2 - x2 + sin - 1 + C
px 2 ± qx ± r ( x ± a) x 2 ± bx ± c 2 2 a
7.
( x ± a) ( x 2 ± bx ± c ) x 2 ± bx ± c cannot be
òe [ f( x ) + f ¢( x )] dx
x
factorised further.
Integral of the Type
In this type of integral, integrand is the product of two
Method of Solving Integral by Partial Fractions functions. One is in exponential form and second function is
P( x) the sum of two functions in which one is derivative of other
Suppose given integral is of the form ò dx, where P( x) function. Then, to evaluate such integrals, we directly use the
Q( x )
following formula
and Q( x) are polynomials in x and Q( x) ¹ 0. Then, to evaluate
ò e [ f ( x) + f ¢ ( x)] dx = e f ( x) + C
x x
such integrals by partial fraction, we firstly take the given
Fundamental Theorem Properties of Definite Integrals

of Integral Calculus Some important properties which will be useful in evaluating
the definite integrals are given below
First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus b b
(i) ò f ( x) dx = ò f ( t ) dt
Let f be a continuous function defined on the closed interval a a
[ a, b] and A( x) be the area of function, This property shows that, the value of a definite integral
x does not change if the variable is changed.
i.e. A( x) = ò f ( x)dx.
a b a
(ii) ò f ( x) dx = - ò f ( x) dx
Then, A¢( x) = f ( x), for all x Î[ a, b] . a b
This property shows that, when we interchange the

Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus limits, then it changes by negative sign.
a
Let f be a continuous function defined on the closed interval Special case ò f ( x) dx = 0.
a
[ a, b] and F be an anti-derivative of f .
b c b
b (iii) ò f ( x) dx = ò f ( x) dx + ò f ( x)dx , where a < c < b.
Then, ò f ( x) dx = [ F( x)] ba = F( b) - F( a ) a a c
a
b
Special case If a < c1 < c 2 < ... < c n < b, then
In other words, ò f ( x) dx = Value of the anti-derivative F of f b c1 c2 c3
a
òa f ( x) dx =ò f ( x) dx + ò
a c1
f ( x) dx + ò
c2
f ( x) dx
at the upper limit b - Value of the same anti-derivative at the b
lower limit a. + ... + ò f ( x) dx.
b b cn
(iv) ò f ( x) dx = ò f ( a + b - x) dx
Evaluation of Definite Integral a
a
a
a
by Substitution (v) ò f ( x) dx = ò f ( a - x) dx
0 0
There are several methods for finding the definite integral. [it is a particular case of property (iv)]
2a a a
One of the important methods for finding the definite integral (vi) ò f ( x) dx = ò f ( x) dx + ò f ( 2a - x) dx
b 0 0 0
is the method of substitution. To evaluate òa f ( x)dx by
ì 2 a f ( x) dx, if f ( 2a - x) = f ( x)
(vii) ò f ( x) dx =í ò0
2a ï
substitution, we use the following steps
0
I. Consider, the given integral without limits, i.e. ò f ( x) dx ïî 0, if f ( 2a - x) = - f ( x)
Special case
and substitute some part of integrand as another variable
ìï 2 a / 2 f ( x) dx, if f ( a - x) = f ( x) üï
í ò0
(say t), such that its differentiation exist in the integral, so a
that the given integral reduces to a known form. ò0 f ( x ) dx =

ïî 0,
ý
if f ( a - x) = - f ( x)ïþ
II. Integrate the new integral with respect to the new a
variable without mentioning the constant of integration. (viii) ò f ( x) dx
-a
ì 2 a f ( x) dx, if f is an even function,
III. Replace the new variable by the original variable in the ï ò0
answer obtained in step II. ï i. e. f ( – x) = f ( x)
=í
IV. Find the difference of the values of the answer, obtained ï 0, if f is an odd function,
in step III, at the upper and lower limits. ï
î i. e. f ( - x) = - f ( x)
Solved Examples
tan 4 x sec 2 x
Example 1. Evaluate the integral ò a5 loga x dx. Sol. Let I = ò dx
x
Sol. Let I = ò a5 log a xdx Now, put tan x = t Þ sec 2 x ×
1
dx = dt
5 2 x
= ò alog a x dx sec 2 x
Þ dx = 2dt
= ò x dx 5
[Q a log a x
= x] x
t5 2
x6 \ I = ò t 4 ( 2dt ) = 2ò t 4 dt = 2 × + C = tan5 x +C
= +C 5 5
6 [Q t = tan x ]
(1 + x ) 2
Example 2. Evaluate ò dx. Example 5. Evaluate ò 2 2
2x x
2 2 2 x dx.
x
2x
(1 + x)2 ( 1 + x 2 + 2x ) Sol. Let I = ò 22
x
22 2x dx
Sol. Let I = ò dx = ò dx
x x 2x
1 x2 x Now, put 22 =t
=ò dx + ò dx + 2ò dx 22
x
2x
x x x Þ 2 × 2 × 2x ×(log 2) 3 dx = dt
1 1 1
- 2- 1- dt 1
=òx 2 dx + òx 2 dx + 2ò x 2 dx \ I= ò = t+C
(log 2) 3 (log 2) 3
= ò x –1/ 2 dx + òx
3/ 2
dx + 2ò x1/ 2 dx 2x
22 é 22 ù
x
-
1
+1
3
+1
1
+1
= +C êQ t = 2 ú
x 2 x2 2x 2 é xn + 1 ù (log 2) 3 ë û
= + + +C êQ ò x dx =
n
ú sin( x - a )
1 3 1 n + 1û
-+1 +1 +1 ë Example 6. Find ò dx.
2 2 2 sin ( x + a ) [CBSE 2019]
x1/ 2 x5 / 2 2x 3/ 2 sin( x - a)
= + + +C Sol. Let I=ò dx
1 / 2 5 / 2 3/ 2 sin( x + a)
2 4
= 2x1/ 2 + x5 / 2 + x 3/ 2 + C sin( x - a + a - a)
5 3 =ò dx
sin( x + a)
2 5 / 2 4 3/ 2
=2 x + x + x +C sin{( x + a) - 2a}
5 3 =ò dx
sin( x + a)
where, C is a constant of integration.
sin( x + a) cos 2a - cos( x + a)sin 2a
Example 3. Evaluate ò cos 6x 1 + sin 6x dx. =ò dx
[NCERT] sin( x + a)
Sol. Let I = ò cos 6x 1 + sin 6x dx [Q sin( A - B ) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B ]
= ò cos 2adx - sin 2aò cot ( x + a) dx
Now, put 1 + sin 6x = t
dt = cos 2aò 1 dx - sin 2aò cot ( x + a) dx
Þ cos 6x × 6 dx = dt Þ cos 6x dx =
6
= x cos 2a - sin 2a log|sin( x + a)| + C
1 1 t1/ 2 + 1
\ I=
6 ò t dt =
6 1 +1
+C
Example 7. Evaluate ò
(cos 5 x + cos 4x )
dx.
2 1 - 2 cos 3x [NCERT Exemplar]
1 t 3/ 2 1 2 9x x
= × + C = ´ t 3/ 2 + C 2 cos × cos
6 3 6 3 cos 5 x + cos 4x
Sol. Let I = ò dx = ò 2 2 dx
2 1 - 2 cos 3x æ 3x ö
1 1 - 2 ç 2 cos 2 - 1÷
= ( 1 + sin 6x )3/ 2 + C [Q t = 1 + sin 6x] è 2 ø
9
é C+D C - Dù
Example 4. Integrate the following function w.r.t. x. êQ cos C + cos D = 2 cos 2 cos 2 ú
ê ú
tan 4 x sec 2 x. ê and cos q = 2 cos 2 æç q ö÷ - 1 ú
êë è 2ø úû
x [NCERT]
9x x 9x
× cos
x æ tan p - tan x ö
2 cos
. cos 2 cos ç ÷
Þ I=ò 2 2 dx = - ò 2 2 4
dx =ò tan ç -1
÷ dx
3 - 4 cos 2
3x
4 cos 2
3x
-3 çç 1 + tan p × tan x ÷÷
2 2 è 4 ø
9x x 3x é æ p ö ù
2 cos × cos × cos =ò tan -1 ê tan ç - x ÷ ú dx
=-ò 2 2 2 dx ë è4 øû
3x 3x
4 cos 3 - 3 cos é tan A - tan B ù
2 2 êQ tan( A - B ) = ú
é 3x ù ë 1 + tan A tan B û
êë multiply and divide by cos 2 úû æp ö
= ò ç - x ÷ dx [Q tan -1(tan q) = q]
9x x 3x è4 ø
2 cos × cos × cos
=-ò 2 2 2 dx p x 2
æ 3x ö = x- +C
cos 3 × ç ÷ 4 2
è 2ø 1
[Q cos 3 q = 4 cos 3 q - 3 cos q] Example 9. Evaluate ò dx.
1 - cot x
3x x
= - ò 2 cos × cos dx Sol. Let I = ò
1
dx
2 2 1 - cot x
ì æ 3x x ö æ 3x x ö ü 1
= - ò ícos ç + ÷ + cos ç - ÷ ý dx =ò dx
î è 2 2 ø è 2 2ø þ cos x
1-
[Q 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A - B )] sin x
= - ò (cos 2x + cos x ) dx =ò
sin x
dx ...(i)
sin x - cos x
é sin 2x ù 1
=-ê + sin x ú + C = - sin 2x - sin x + C d
Let sin x = A (sin x - cos x ) + B (sin x - cos x )
ë 2 û 2 dx
Example 8. Evaluate Þ sin x = A(cos x + sin x ) + B (sin x - cos x ) ...(ii)
-1
é 1 + cos 2x + 1 - cos 2x ù On equating the coefficients of like terms sin x and cos x from
ò cot ê ú dx.
êë 1 + cos 2x - 1 - cos 2x úû
both sides, we get
A + B =1 …(iii)
æ 1 + cos 2x + 1 - cos 2x ö and A-B = 0 …(iv)
Sol. Let I = ò cot -1 ç ÷ dx On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
ç 1 + cos 2x - 1 - cos 2x ÷
è ø 1
2A = 1 Þ A =
æ 2 cos 2 x + 2sin 2 x ö 2
= ò cot -1 ç ÷ dx
On putting the value of A in Eq. (iv), we get
ç 2 ÷
è 2 cos x - 2sin x ø
2
1 1
-B = 0 Þ B =
é 1 + cos 2 q 1 - cos 2 q ù 2 2
êëQ cos q = and sin 2 q =
2
2 2 úû
Now, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
æ cos x + sin x ö
= ò cot -1 çç ÷÷ dx 1 d 1
(sin x - cos x ) + (sin x - cos x )
è cos x - sin x ø I=ò 2 dx 2 dx
é ù sin x - cos x
ê ú 1 1
1 é -1 1 ù (cos x + sin x ) + (sin x - cos x )
=ò tan -1 ê ú dx -1
êëQ cot q = tan q úû
ê æ cos x + sin x ö ú Þ I=ò 2 2 dx
ê çç ÷÷ ú sin x - cos x
ë è cos x - sin x ø û
1 cos x + sin x 1 sin x - cos x
2 ò sin x - cos x
= dx + ò dx
-1 æ
cos x - sin x ö 2 sin x - cos x
=ò tan çç ÷÷ dx
è cos x + sin x ø Put sin x - cos x = t in first integral.
æ cos x - sin x ö Then, (cos x + sin x ) dx = dt
ç ÷
cos x cos x ÷
=ò tan -1 ç dx \ I= ò
1 dt 1
+ ò dx
çç cos x + sin x ÷÷ 2 t 2
è cos x cos x ø 1 1
[dividing numerator and denominator by cos x] = log| t | + x + C
2 2
æ 1 - tan x ö
= ò tan -1 çç ÷÷ dx =
1 1
log|sin x - cos x | + x + C [Qt = sin x - cos x]
è 1 + tan x ø 2 2
( 3 sin x - 2) cos x \ From Eq. (ii), we get

Example 10. Evaluate ò dx.
13 - cos x - 7 sin x
2 ( 3sin x - 2) cos x
( 3sin x - 2) cos x ò 13 - cos2 x - 7 sin x dx
Sol. Let I = ò dx
13 - cos 2 x - 7 sin x 3 17 sin x - 4
( 3sin x - 2) cos x = log|sin 2 x - 7 sin x + 12| + log +C
=ò dx 2 2 sin x - 3
13 - ( 1 - sin 2 x ) - 7 sin x
dx
( 3sin x - 2) cos x Example 11. Evaluate ò .
=ò dx x (x 3 + 8)
12 + sin 2 x - 7sin x
Put sin x = t Þ cos x dx = dt dx x2
Sol. Let I = ò =ò 3 3 dx
( 3t - 2) 3t - 2 x( x + 8)
3
x ( x + 8)
Then, I = ò dt = ò 2 dt
12 + t 2 - 7t t - 7t + 12 [multiply numerator and denominator by x 2 ]
d 2 Now, put x + 8 = t
3
Let 3 t - 2 = A ( t - 7t + 12) + B
dt Þ 3x 2 dx = dt
Þ 3 t - 2 = A ( 2 t - 7) + B …(i) dt
Þ 3 t - 2 = 2 At - 7 A + B Þ x 2 dx =
3
On equating the coefficient of t and constant term from both 1 dt 1 dt
I= ò
3 ( t - 8) t 3 ò t 2 - 8 t
sides, we get \ =
3
2A = 3 Þ A = 1 dt
2 = ò 2
and - 7A + B = - 2 3 t - 8 t + ( 4) 2 - ( 4) 2
3 [adding and subtracting by ( 4) 2 from denominator]
Þ - 7 ´ + B =- 2
2 1 dt
21 21 - 4 17 = ò
Þ B= -2= = 3 ( t - 4) 2 - ( 4) 2
2 2 2
3 17 1 1 t -4-4
\ 3 t - 2 = ( 2t - 7) + [from Eq. (i)] = ´ log +C
2 2 3 2´4 t -4+ 4
3t - 2 1 t-8
\ I=ò 2 dt = log +C
t - 7t + 12 24 t
3 1 x3
( 2 t - 7) = log 3 +C [Q t = x 3 + 8]
17 / 2
= ò 22 dt + ò 2 dt 24 x +8
t - 7t + 12 t - 7t + 12
3 2t - 7 17 1 Example 12. Find ò sec 3 x dx.
= ò 2
2 ò t 2 - 7t + 12
dt + dt [CBSE 2020]
2 t - 7t + 12
Sol. Let I = ò sec 3xdx = ò sec x × sec 2 x dx
= I1 + I2 …(ii) I II
3 2t - 7 é d ù
where, I1 = ò 2 dt = sec x ò sec 2 x dx - ò ê sec x ò sec 2 x dx ú dx
2 t - 7t + 12 ë dx û
Put t 2 - 7t + 12 = t1 Þ ( 2 t - 7) dt = dt1 [using integration by parts]
3 dt 3 = sec x tan x - ò sec x tan x × tan x dx
Then, I1 = ò 1 = log|t1| + C1
2 t1 2
= sec x tan x - ò sec x tan 2 x dx
3
= log|t - 7t + 12| + C1
2
= sec x tan x - ò sec x (sec 2 x - 1 ) dx
2
3 = sec x tan x - ò sec 3x dx + ò sec x dx
= log|sin 2 x - 7sin x + 12| + C1
2
17 1 = sec x tan x - I + ò sec x dx
2 ò t 2 - 7t + 12
and I2 = dt
2I = sec x tan x + ò sec x dx
17 1
= ò dt
2 ( t - 3)( t - 4) 2I = sec x tan x + ln|sec x + tan x| + C
17 sec x tan x 1
= [log ( t - 4) - log ( t - 3)] Þ I= + ln|sec x + tan x| + C
2 2 2
17 t - 4 17 sin x - 4 1 1
= log = log + C2 I = sec x tan x + ln|sec x + tan x| + C
2 t-3 2 sin x - 3 2 2
[Q t = sin x ]
x -5
Example 13. Evaluate Example 15. Find ò e x dx.
( x - 3) 3
[CBSE 2019]
x 2 + 1 [ log ( x 2 + 1 ) - 2 log ( x )]
ò x4
dx.
[NCERT]
Sol. Let I = ò
(x - 5 ) x
× e dx = ò
(x - 3 - 2 ) x
× e dx
( x - 3 )3 ( x - 3 )3
x 2 + 1 [log ( x 2 + 1 ) - 2 log ( x )] ì (x - 3 ) ü
Sol. Let I = ò dx = ò ex í -
2
3ý
dx
x4
î( x - 3 ) (x - 3 ) þ
3
æ x2 + 1 ö
x 2 + 1 log çç ÷
÷
ì 1 2 ü
è x ø
2 = ò ex í - 3ý
dx
=ò î( x - 3 ) (x - 3 ) þ
2
dx
x4
1
é mù = ò e x { f ( x ) + f ¢( x )} dx, where f ( x ) =
êëQ n log m = log m and log m - log n = log n úû
n
( x - 3 )2
= ex f ( x) + C [Q ò e x[ f ( x ) + f ¢( x )] dx = e x f ( x ) + C ]
1 æ 1 ö
x 1 + 2 log ç1 + 2 ÷ ex é 1 ù
x è x ø = +C
=ò dx êQ f ( x ) = ú
x4 ( x - 3) 2 ë ( x - 3) 2 û
p/4
1 æ 1 ö Example 16. Evaluate ò sec 2 x dx.
1+ log ç1 + 2 ÷ -p / 4
x 2
è x ø [CBSE 2020]
=ò dx p
x3 p/ 4
Sol. Let ò sec 2 x dx = [tan x ] 4
1 -2 dx dt - p/ 4 -
p
Now, put 1 + 2 = t Þ 3 dx = dt Þ 3 = - 4
x x x 2
æ pö æ æ pöö
\
1
I = - ò t log t dt = ç tan ÷ - ç tan ç - ÷ ÷
2 II I è 4ø è è 4øø
p æ pö
1 é t 3/ 2 1 t 3/ 2 ù = tan - ç - tan ÷ [Q tan( - q) = - tan q]
=- ê log t ´ -ò ´ dt ú 4 è 4ø
2 ë 3 / 2 t 3 / 2 û p p
= tan + tan
[using integration by parts] 4 4
1 3/ 2 p
=- [t log t - ò t dt ] = 2 tan
3 4
1 é t 3/ 2 ù = 2 ´1 = 2 [Q tan p / 4 = 1 ]
= - ê t 3/ 2 log t - ú+C
3ë 3 / 2û p/2
Example 17. Evaluate ò sin f cos 5 f df .
0
1 é 2ù
= - t 3/ 2 ê log t - ú + C p/ 2
3 ë 3û Sol. Let I=ò sin f cos5 f df
0
3/ 2
1 æ 1 ö é æ 1 ö 2ù
=ò
p/ 2
sin f cos 4 f cos f df
=- ç1 + 2 ÷ ê log ç1 + x 2 ÷ - 3 ú + C
3è x ø ë è ø û
0
p/ 2
é 1 ù =ò sin f ( 1 - sin 2 f) 2 cos f df
êëQ t = 1 + x 2 úû
0
Now, put sin f = t Þ cos f df = dt
Example 14. Find ò 4 - ( x + 1) dx. 2 Lower limit When f = 0, then t = 0
[CBSE 2019] p
Upper limit When f = , then t = 1
Sol. Let I = ò 4 - ( x + 1 ) dx 2
2
1 1
Now, I = ò t ( 1 - t ) dt = ò t ( 1 + t 4 - 2 t 2 ) dt
2 2
= ò 22 - ( x + 1 ) 2 dx 0 0
1
Now, put x + 1 = t Þ dx = dt = ò (t 1/ 2
+t 9/ 2
- 2t 5/2
) dt
0
\ I = ò 2 - t dt
2 2
1
é t 3/ 2 t11/ 2 2t 7/ 2 ù
1é æ t öù =ê + - ú
= ê t 22 - t 2 + 22 sin -1 ç ÷ ú + C ë 3 / 2 11 / 2 7 / 2 û 0
2ë è 2ø û
1
é 1æ -1 x ö ù é2 2 11/ 2 4 7 / 2 ù
= ê t 3/ 2 + - t ú
êQ ò a - x dx = 2 ç x a - x + a sin a ÷ + C ú
2 2 2 2 2 t
ë è ø û ë3 11 7 û0
1é -1 æ x + 1 ö ù 2 2 4 154 + 42 - 132 64
= ê( x + 1 ) 4 - ( x + 1 ) + 4sin ç
2
÷ú + C = + - = =
2ë è 2 øû 3 11 7 11 ´ 3 ´ 7 231
[Q t = x + 1 ]
p /4 dx p ( 1 - sin x ) dx
Example 18. Evaluate ò . = pò
0 3
cos x 2 sin 2x
0 cos 2 x
p
Sol. Let I = ò
p/ 4 dx = p ò (sec 2 x - tan x × sec x ) dx
0
0 cos 3 x 2 sin 2x p p
p/ 4
= p ò sec 2 x dx - p ò sec x x × tan x dx
dx 0
=ò
0
= p[tan x ] p0 - p[sec x ] p0
0 3
cos x 2 ( 2sin x cos x )
[Qsin 2q = 2sin q cos q] = p[tan x - sec x ] p0
1 p/ 4 dx
= ò = p [tan p - sec p - tan 0 + sec 0]
2 0 cos x cos1/ 2 x sin1/ 2 x
3
Þ 2I = p[ 0 + 1 - 0 + 1 ]
1 p/ 4 dx
=
2 ò0 cos x sin1/ 2 x
7/ 2 Þ 2I = 2p
\ I=p
1 p/ 4 sec 4 x
= ò
2 0 cos - 4 x sin1/ 2 x
7 / 2
dx
Example 20. Evaluate ò
p x tan x
dx.
0 sec x + tan x
[dividing numerator and denominator by cos 4 x] p
x tan x
1 p/ 4 sec 4 x Sol. Let I = ò dx ...(i)
= ò -
dx sec x + tan x
0
2 0 cos / 2 x sin1/ 2 x
1
p ( p - x ) tan ( p - x )
1 p/ 4 sec 2 x( 1 + tan 2 x ) \ I=ò dx
0 sec ( p - x ) + tan ( p - x )
2 ò0
= dx [Qsec 2 q - tan 2 q = 1]
tan1/ 2 x éQ a f ( x ) dx = a f ( a - x ) dx ù
Now, put tan x = t Þ sec 2 x dx = dt ëê ò0 ò0 úû
Lower limit When x = 0, then t = tan 0 = 0 - ( p - x ) tan x
p
=ò dx
p p 0- sec x - tan x
Upper limit When x = , then t = tan = 1
4 4 p ( p - x ) tan x
Þ I=ò dx ...(ii)
0 sec x + tan x
1 1 æ1 + t2 ö 1 1 -1/ 2
\ I = ò çç 1/ 2 ÷÷ dt = ò ( t + t 2 ) dt
3/
2 0è t ø 2 0 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 p tan x
1 é 1/ 2 2 5 / 2 ù 2I = p ò dx
= 2t + t ú x + tan x
2 êë
0 sec
5 û0
p tan x (sec x - tan x )
1 5/2
= (1 ) + (1 )
1/ 2 1 6
- 0=1 + = =pò dx
5 5 5
0 (sec x + tan x ) (sec x - tan x )
p x p tan x × sec x - tan 2 x
Example 19. Evaluate ò . =pò dx
0 1 + sin x
0 sec 2 x - tan 2 x
[NCERT Exemplar]
p p
xp = p é ò sec x × tan x dx - ò tan 2 x dx ù
Sol. Let I = ò dx ...(i) ëê 0 0 úû
0 1 + sin x
p
p p-x p p - x = p é(sec x ) p0 - ò (sec 2 x - 1 ) dx ù
and I = ò dx = ò dx ...(ii) ëê 0 ûú
0 1 + sin( p - x ) 0 1 + sin x
= p [(sec p - sec 0) - (tan x - x ) p0 ]
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
p 1 = p [( - 1 - 1 ) - {(tan p - p ) - (tan 0 - 0)}]
2I = p ò dx
0 1 + sin x = p [ - 2 - {( - p ) - 0}] = p ( p - 2)
p ( 1 - sin x ) dx p
= pò Þ I = ( p - 2)
0 ( 1 + sin x )( 1 - sin x ) 2
Chapter
Practice
7. The value of integral ò sin 3x cos 4x dx is
PART 1
cos 7x cos x - cos 7x cos x
(a) + +C (b) + +C
Objective Questions 14 2
cos 7x cos x
14 2
- cos 7x cos x
(c) - +C (d) - +C
14 2 14 2
l
Multiple Choice Questions 2x
8. The value of integral ò dx is
1. The value of integral ò 1 + sin 2x dx is 1 + x2
(a) sin x + cos x + C (b) sin x - cos x + C (a) log|1 + x 2 | + C (b) log|1 - x 2 | + C
(c) cos x - sin x + C (d) - sin x - cos x + C 1 1
(c) log|1 + x 2 | + C (d) log|1 - x 2 | + C
2 2 2
æ 1 ö -1
2. Find the value of integral ò çç x - ÷÷ dx from the e tan x
è x ø 9. The value of integral ò dx is
1 + x2
following. -1 -1
(a) e - tan x
+C (b) e tan x
+C
1 x2 1
(a) x + 2x + + C
2
(b) -x+ 2 +C (c) - e tan -1 x
+C (d) - e - tan -1 x
+C
x 2 x
x2 x2 x ( x + 1)( x + log x ) 2
(c) - 2x + log x + C (d) - - log x + C 10. The value of integral ò dx is
2 2 2 x
æ 1 ö ( x + log x ) 3 ( x + log x ) 2
3. The anti-derivative of çç x + ÷÷ equals (a) +C (b) +C
3 3
è xø
( x + log x ) ( x + log x ) 3
1 3
1 1 2
2 3 1 2 (c) +C (d) +C
(a) x + 2x 2 + C (b) x + x +C 3 2
3 3 2 1
3 1 3 1 11. The value of integral ò dx is
2
(c) x 2 + 2x 2 + C
3 1
(d) x 2 + x 2 + C x + x log x
3 2 2 (a) log|1 + log x|+ C (b) log|1 - log x|+ C
4. The value of integral ò sin -1 (cos x ) dx is (c) - log|1 + log x|+ C (d) - log|1 - log x|+ C
cos x
p
x+
x2
+C
p x
x+ +C
12. The value of ò dx is
(a)
2 2
(b)
2 2 (1 + sin x ) ( 2 + sin x ) [NCERT]
p x2 p 1 + sin x 1 + sin x
(c) x - +C
x
(d) x - + C (a) log +C (b) log +C
2 2 2 2 2 - sin x 2 + sin x
cos 2x + 2 sin 2 x 2 + sin x 2 + sin x

5. The value of integral ò dx is (c) log +C (d) log +C
1 - sin x 1 + sin x
cos 2 x
dx
(a) - tan x + C
(c) cot x + C
(b) tan x + C
(d) - cot x + C
13. ò x ( x 2 + 1) equals
[NCERT]
- cos x ö 1
-1 æ 1 (a) log|x| - log( x 2 + 1 ) + C
6. The value of integral ò tan ç ÷dx is 2
è sin x ø 1
(b) log|x| + log( x 2 + 1 ) + C
x2 x2 2
(a) +C (b) +C
4 2 1
(c) - log|x| + log( x 2 + 1 ) + C
x x3 2
(c) +C (d) +C 1
4 4 (d) log|x| + log( x 2 + 1 ) + C
2
x dx 1 x
14. The value of integral ò equals 24. The value of integral ò dx is equal to
( x - 1) ( x - 2) 0
1 + x2
½( x - 1 ) 2½ ½( x - 2) 2½ (a) 2+1 (b) - 2 - 1
(a) log½ ½+ C (b) log½ ½+ C
½ x-2 ½ ½ x -1 ½ (c) 2 -1 (d) - 2 + 1
½æ x - 1 ö 2½ 1
(c) log½çç ÷ ½+ C (d) log| ( x - 1 ) ( x - 2) | + C 25. The value of integral ò 5 x 4 x 5 + 1 dx is
è x - 2 ÷ø -1
½ ½ 4 2
(a)
15. The value of integral ò xe x dx is 3
4 2
(a) - xe x - e x + C (b) - xe x + e x + C (b) -
(c) xe x - e x + C (d) xe x + e x + C 3
4
16. The value of integral ò x log x dx is (c)
3
x2 x2 x2 x2 (d) 4 2
(a) log x - +C (b) log x + +C
2 4 2 4 p/2
x2
(c) - log x -
x2
+C (d)
x2
log x +
x
+C
26. ò0 cos x esin x dx is equal to
[NCERT Exemplar]
2 4 2 4 (a) e + 1 (b) e - 1
17. If ò x sin x dx = - x cos x + a, then a is equal to (c) e (d) - e
(a) sin x + C (b) cos x + C 3 1
27. The value of integral ò dx is
(c) - sin x + C (d) None of these 1 x(1 + log x )
18. The value of integral ò e x (sin x + cos x ) dx is (a) log|1 - log 3| (b) log|1 + log 3|
(a) - e x sin x + C (b) e x sin x + C (c) log|1 - log 2| (d) log|1 + log 2|
1
(c) - e x cos x + C (d) e x cos x + C 28. ò0 tan(sin -1 x ) dx equals
[CBSE 2020]
òe sec x (1 + tan x ) dx equals
x
19. (a) 2 (b) 0
(a) e x cos x + C (b) e x sec x + C (c) -1 (d) 1
p/4
(c) e sin x + C
x
(d) e x tan x + C 29. The value of ò tan x dx is
0
4
20. The value of ò ( x + e ) dx is 2x
(a) log 2 (b)
1
log 2
0
2
15 + e 8 15 - e 8
(a) (b) (c) log2 - 2 (d) None of these
2 2
2/ 3 1
(c)
e 8 - 15
(d)
- e 8 - 15 30. ò0 4 + 9x 2
dx is equal to
2 2 [NCERT]
2
21. The value of ò ( 4x - 5 x + 6x + 9) dx equal to
3 2 p p
(a) (b)
1 6 12
64
(a) (b) 64 p p
3 (c) (d)
132 24 4
(c) (d) 132 p/2
3 31. The value of integral ò cos 2 x dx is
0
1 e 2x
+e 4x
p p
22. The value of integral ò dx is (a) - (b)
0
e 3x 4 4
e2 - 1 e2 + 1 p p
(a) (b) (c) (d) -
e e 2 2
2p
-e 2 - 1 -e 2 + 1 32. The value of integral ò cos 5 x dx is
(c) (d) 0
e e
4 (a) 0 (b) 1
23. Find the value of ò |x - 5|dx is (c) -1 (d) 2
1 [CBSE 2020]
p
(a)
15
(b) -
15 33. The value of ò sin 3 x cos 2 x dx is
2 2 -p [NCERT Exemplar]
33 33 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) (d) -
2 2 (c) -1 (d) 2
l
Case Based MCQs 35. In Angrish Academy School, class teacher of XIIth
class teaches the topic of definite integration.
34. Following Paragraph given to student by the
teacher.
The given integral ò f ( x ) dx can be transformed into
another form by changing the independent variable Definite Integration
x to t by substituting x = g ( t ).
Consider I = ò f ( x ) dx
dx
Put x = g ( t ) so that = g ¢( t )
dt
We write dx = g ¢( t ) dt
Thus, I = ò f ( x ) dx = ò f ( g( t )) g ¢( t ) dt
This change of variable formula is one of the
important tools available to us in the name of
integration by substitution. If f ( x ) is the continuous function, integral of f ( x )
b
On the basis of above information, answer the over the interval [ a, b ] is denoted by ò f ( x ) dx
a
following questions.
b
(i) Evaluate ò 2x sin ( x 2 + 1 ) dx. òa f ( x ) dx = [ F( x )] ba = [ F( b ) - F( a )]
(a) - sin( x 2 + 1 ) + C (b) - cos( x 2 + 1 ) + C On the basis of above information, answer the
(c) sin( x + 1 ) + C
2
(d) None of these following questions.
7
ò4 x
x 2
(ii) Evaluate ò dx. (i) dx is equal to
32 - x 2
7 278
(a) (b)
(a) - 32 - x 2 + C (b) 32 + x 2 + C 3 3
(c) 64 - x 2 + C (d) 32 - x 2 + C 407
(c) 93 (d)
-1 3
sin ( 2 tan x)
(iii) Evaluate ò dx. 3 1
(1 + x 2 ) (ii) ò1 1 + x2
dx is equal to
sin 2(tan -1 x ) cos 2(tan -1 x ) p 2p
(a) - +C (b) - +C (a) (b)
2 2 3 3
cos 2(tan -1 x ) sin 2(tan -1 x ) p p
(c) +C (d) +C (c) (d)
2 2 12 6
1
(iv) Solve ò
1 + x2
dx.
(iii) ò-1 ( x + 3) dx is equal to
x4 (a) 2 (b) 6
3/ 2 3/ 2
1æ 1 ö 1æ 1 ö (c) -1 (d) -6
(a) - ç1 + 2 ÷ +C (b) ç1 + 2 ÷ +C
3è x ø 3è x ø 6
ò4 e
x
1/ 2 (iv) dx equals to
1æ 1 ö
(c) ç1 + 2 ÷ +C (d) None of these
3è x ø (a) 1 (b) e 6 - e 4
cos -1 x (c) e - 15
(d) e5 - e 3
(v) Evaluate ò dx 31
1 - x2 (v) ò2 x dx equals to
(sin -1 x ) 2 ( - sin -1 x ) 2
(a) +C (b) +C 2
2 2 (a) log (b) log3
3
- (cos -1 x ) 2 (tan -1 x ) 2 3
(c) +C (d) +C (c) log (d) log2
2 2 2
p
36. If f ( x ) is a continuous function defined on [ 0, a ], (iii) If g( x) = x sin x, then ò x sin x dx is
a a -p
then ò f ( x ) dx = ò f ( a - x ) dx. (a) p (b) 2p
0 0
(c) 3p (d) 4p
Using the above information, answer the following p/ 2
questions. (iv) ò-p / 2|sin x| dx is equal to
a f ( x) dx
(i) ò is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1
0 f ( x) + f ( a - x) (c) 2 (d) 3
a p/ 2
ò-p / 2 sin
7
(a) a (b) (v) x dx is equal to
2
-a (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) (d) 2a
2 (c) 2 (d) p
sin x - cos x æp ö
(ii) If f ( x) = , then f ç - x ÷ is equal to
1 + sin x cos x è2 ø
(a) f ( x ) (b) - f ( x ) PART 2
1
(c)
f ( x)
(d) 2 f ( x )
Subjective Questions
p
(iii) ò0
2 f ( x) dx is equal to l
Short Answer Type Questions
p p 2x - 1
(a)
2
(b)
4 1. Verify ò dx = x - log|( 2x + 3) 2| + C.
2x + 3
(c) 0 (d) None [NCERT Exemplar]
æp ö æ 2a b ö
(iv) If g( x) = log(1 + tan x), then gç - x ÷ is equal to 2. Evaluate ò çç -
3
+ 3c x 2 ÷÷ dx.
è4 ø 2
è x x ø
1
(a) log 2 - g( x ) (b) g( x ) -
2
log 2 3. Evaluate ò ( e x log a + e a log x + e a log a ) dx.
1
(c) g( x ) - log 2 (d) log 2 + g( x ) dx
2 4. Evaluate ò .
p
x+a + x+b
(v) ò4
0
g( x) dx is equal to
sin 3 x + cos 3 x
p p 5. Find ò dx.
(a)
4
log 2 (b)
8
log 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x [CBSE 2019]
p p 2 + 3 cos x
(c) - log 2
4
(d) - log 2
8
6. Evaluate ò dx.
sin 2 x
37. For a function f ( x ), if f ( - x ) = f ( x ), then f ( x ) is an p p
even function and f ( - x ) = - f ( x ), then f ( x ) is a odd 7. Find ò 1 - sin 2x dx, < x < .
4 2 [CBSE 2019]
function. Again, we have
1 + cos x
ì a 8. Evaluate ò tan -1 dx.
1 - cos x
ò f ( x ) dx = í ò0
a
ï 2 f ( x )dx, if f (x)is even
ï cos x - cos 2x
-a
î 0, if f ( x ) is odd 9. Evaluate ò dx.
1 - cos x [NCERT Exemplar]
Using the above information, answer the following 2x
questions. 10. Find ò dx.
(i) f ( x) = x 2 sin x is a x +1
3 2
[CBSE 2020]
(a) even (b) odd tan x
(c) Neither even nor odd (d) None of these
11. Evaluate ò dx.
sin x cos x [NCERT]
p
(ii) ò-p f ( x) dx is equal to (x 4 - x)
1/ 4
p
12. Evaluate ò dx.
(a) (b) 2p x5 [NCERT]
4
sin x - x cos x
(c)
p
(d) 0 13. Evaluate ò dx.
2 x ( x + sin x )
sin 2x cos 2x ex
14. Solve ò dx. 34. Evaluate ò [1 + ( x + 1) log ( x + 1)] dx.
9 - cos 4 ( 2x ) [NCERT]
x +1 [CBSE 2020]
x sin -1 ( x 2 ) 2 + sin 2x x
15. Evaluate ò dx. 35. Evaluate ò e dx.
1 - x4 1 + cos 2x [NCERT]
[CBSE 2020]
x-3 x
sin x 36. Find ò e dx.
16. Evaluate the integral ò dx. ( x - 1) 3
sin ( x + a ) [CBSE 2019]
x xe x
17. Evaluate ò dx. 37. Evaluate ò dx.
x +1 [NCERT Exemplar] (1 + x ) 2 [NCERT]
sin x - cos x 3
18. Find ò dx, 0 < x < p/ 2. 38. Evaluate ò |2x - 1|dx.
1 + sin 2x [CBSE 2019]
1 [CBSE 2020]
x
dx 39. If g( x ) = ò cos 4t dt, then prove that
19. Evaluate ò , b > a. 0
( x - a )( b - x ) g ( x ) = g ( x + p).
4 p
20. Evaluate ò
x
dx. 40. Evaluate ò x sin x cos 2 x dx.
0 [NCERT Exemplar]
x2 +1 2p 1
dx 41. Evaluate the integral ò dx.
21. Find ò . 0
1 + esin x
9 - 4x 2 [CBSE 2020] p /2
42. Evaluate the integral ò sin 2 x dx.
1 - p /2
22. Evaluate ò dx.
9x 2 + 6x + 5 l
Long Answer Type Questions
x
e cos 8 x + 1
23. Evaluate ò dx. 43. If ò dx = l cos 8 x + C, then find the
5 - 4e - e x 2x
tan 2x - cot 2x
dt value of l. [CBSE 2020]
24. Evaluate ò .
3t - 2t2 44. Evaluate ò cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x dx.
[NCERT Exemplar] [NCERT]
dx 1
25. Evaluate ò . 45. Evaluate ò dx.
3 - x + x2 cos ( x - a ) cos ( x - b)
1
dx 46. Evaluate ò dx.
26. Evaluate ò .
a sin x + b 2 cos 2 x
2 2 sin x sin ( x + a)
3
[NCERT]
dx x -1
2
27. Evaluate ò . 47. Evaluate ò dx.
x ax - x 2 x + x2 +1
4
[NCERT]
x +1 48. Evaluate ò tan x dx.
28. Find ò dx. [NCERT Exemplar]
x ( 1 - 2x ) [CBSE 2020] 2x + 1
49. Find ò dx.
2x æ
1 - sin 2x ö 3 + 2x - x 2
29. Evaluate ò e çç ÷÷ dx. [CBSE 2020]
è 1 - cos 2x ø x
50. Find ò dx.
( 2x - 5 ) e 2 x x 2 + 3x + 2
30. Evaluate ò dx. [CBSE 2020]
( 2x - 3 ) 3
x+2
51. Evaluate ò 2 dx.
( x 2 + 1) e x 2x + 6x + 5
31. Evaluate ò dx.
(x + 1 )2 52. Evaluate ò
1
dx.
32. Find ò (log x ) 2 dx. cos x + sin 4 x
4
[CBSE 2019]
4 sin x + 5 cos x
33. Find ò x log x dx.
4 53. Evaluate ò dx.
[CBSE 2020] 5 sin x + 4 cos x
54. Find ò
x
dx. ò f ( x ) g( x ) dx = f ( x )ò g( x ) dx
( x - 1) ( x + 2)
2
[CBSE 2020] éd ù
-ò ê f ( x ) × ò g( x ) dx ú dx
x + x +1
2
ë dx û
55. Find ò dx.
( x + 2) ( x 2 + 1) [CBSE 2019] if f ( x ) = u and g( x ) = v, then
2 cos x é du ù
56. Find ò (1 - sin x ) ( 2 - cos 2 x )
dx. ò uv dx = u ò v dx - ò êë dx × ò v dx úû dx
[CBSE 2019]
sin 2x On the basis of the above information, the following
57. Find ò dx. questions given to the student to solve them.
(sin x + 1)(sin x + 3)
2 2
[CBSE 2019] 1
æ 1ö x+
x (i) Evaluate ò ç 1 + x - ÷e x dx.
58. Evaluate ò sin -1 dx. è xø
a+x
(ii) Find ò sin -1 ( 2 x) dx.
[CBSE 2019]
59. Evaluate ò e -3x cos 3 x dx.
[NCERT Exemplar] -1 æ 1 + x + x2 ö
(iii) Find ò e tan x ç ÷ dx.
60. Evaluate ò tan -1 ç 1 + x2 ÷
x dx.
[NCERT] è ø [NCERT Exemplar]
p/3 sin x + cos x 66. The Mathematics teacher teaches the following
61. Evaluate ò dx. type of integration.
p/6
sin 2x [CBSE 2020]
p/2 dx In this type of integral, integrand is the product of
62. Evaluate ò . two functions. One is in exponential form and
0
( a 2 cos 2 x + b 2 sin 2 x ) 2 second function is the sum of two functions in
[NCERT Exemplar]
which one is derivative of other function. Then, to
p/2 x
63. Evaluate ò dx. evaluate such integrals, we directly use the
0 sin x + cos x [CBSE 2019] following formula
ò e [ f ( x ) + f ¢ ( x )] dx = e f ( x ) + C
1 x x
64. Evaluate ò x log(1 + 2x ) dx.
0 [NCERT Exemplar]
Students are suppose to do following questions on
l
Case Based Questions the basis of above information.
65. Mr. Mahesh Padra of Pride and Honour school is (i) Evaluate ò e x (sin x + cos x) dx.
teaching the partial integration to his student in the
(ii) Evaluate ò sin(log x) + cos(log x) dx.
classroom. [NCERT]
x-3
Let f ( x ) and g( x ) be the differentiable function, (iii) Evaluate ò x
e dx.
then ( x - 1) 3
SOLUTIONS
Objective Questions 2x
8. (a) Let I = ò dx
1. (b) Let I = ò 1 + sin 2x dx 1 + x2
Let 1 + x2 = t
= ò (cos x + sin x ) 2 dx
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
= ò (cos x + sin x ) dx 2x dx = dt Þ dx =
dt
2x
= sin x - cos x + C I=ò
2x dt 1
t 2x ò t
2
\ = dt = log|t| + C
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
2. (c) Let I = ò ç x - ÷ dx = ò ç x + - 2÷ dx = log|1 + x 2|+ C
è xø è x ø
-1
x2 e tan x
= + log x - 2x + C 9. (b) Let I = ò dx
2 1 + x2
æ 1 ö 1 Here, integrand has differentiation of tan -1 x, so we
3. (c) Let I = ò ç x + ÷ dx = ò x dx + ò dx
è xø x substitute for tan -1 x.
= ò x1/ 2 dx + ò x -1/ 2 dx Now, put tan -1 x = t
1
x 3/ 2 x1/ 2 2 Þ dx = dt [differentiating both sides w.r.t. x]
= + + C = x 3/ 2 + 2x1/ 2 + C 1 + x2
3/ 2 1 / 2 3
Now, I = ò e t dt
ìp ü
4. (c) Let I = ò sin (cos x ) dx = ò í - cos -1 (cos x ) ý dx
-1
î2 þ Thus, I = ò e t dt = e t + C
é -1 -1 p ù On putting t = tan -1 x, we get
êëQ sin t + cos t = 2 for |t| £ 1 úû -1
I = e tan x
+C
æp p 2
ö x
= ò ç - x ÷ dx = x - +C ( x + 1 ) ( x + log x ) 2 æ x+ 1ö
è 2 ø 2 2 10. (a) Let I = ò dx = ò ( x + log x ) 2 ç ÷ dx
x è x ø
cos 2x + 2sin 2 x 1 - 2sin 2 x + 2sin 2 x
5. (b) Let I = ò 2
dx = ò dx æ 1ö
= ò ( x + log x ) 2 ç1 + ÷ dx
cos x cos 2 x è xø
[Qcos 2 q = 1 - 2sin 2 q]
æ 1 ö
1 Let x + log x = t Þ ç1 + ÷ dx = dt
=ò dx = ò sec 2 x dx = tan x + C è xø
cos 2 x [differentiating both sides w.r.t. x]
æ 2 x ö
ç 2sin ÷ æ 1ö t3
-1 æ 1 - cos x ö \ ò ç1 + ÷ ( x + log x ) 2 dx = ò t 2 dt = +C
6. (a) Let I = ò tan ç ÷ dx = ò tan ç
-1 2 ÷ dx è xø 3
è sin x ø çç 2sin x cos x ÷÷
è 2 2ø ( x + log x ) 3
= +C
é 1 - cos 2 q q qù 3
êëQ sin q = and sin q = 2sin cos ú
2
1
2 2 2û 11. (a) Let I = ò dx
x ( 1 + log x )
-1 æ xö x
= ò tan ç tan ÷ dx = ò dx -1
[Q tan (tan q) = q]
è 2ø 2 Put 1 + logx = t
x2
x 2 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
= +C = +C 1
2× 2 4 × dx = dt Þ dx = x dt
1 x
7. (b) Let I = ò sin 3x cos 4x dx =
2ò
2 sin 3x cos 4x dx 1 1
\ I = ò x dt = ò dt = log|t| + C = log|1 + log x| + C
1 xt t
2ò
= {sin ( 3x + 4x ) + sin ( 3x - 4x )} dx cos x
12. (b) Let I = ò dx
[Q 2 sin A cos B = sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A - B )] ( 1 + sin x ) ( 2 + sin x )
1 Put 1 + sin x = t Þ cos x dx = dt
= ò {sin 7x - sin x )} dx [Q sin( - q) = - sin q]
2 dt é1 1 ù
I=ò
t( 1 + t ) ò ë t 1 +
\ = ê - ú dt
1 æ - cos 7x ö é - cos aq ù
= ç + cos x ÷ + C êQ ò sin aq dx = tû
2è 7 ø ë a úû
[using partial fractions]
- cos 7x cos x dt dt
= + +C =ò -ò = log|t| - log|1 + t| + C
14 2 t 1+t
t é mù 18. (b) Let I = ò e x (sin x + cos x ) dx

= log +C êëQ log m - log n = log n úû
1+t and f ( x ) = sin x, then f ¢( x ) = cos x
1 + sin x So, the given integral is of the form
= log +C
2 + sin x ò e [ f ( x ) + f ¢( x )] dx
x
1 A Bx + C
13. (a) Let = + 2 …(i) We know that,
x( x + 1 )
2
x +1
ò e [ f ( x ) + f ¢ ( x )] dx = e f ( x ) + C
x x x
Þ 1 = A( x 2 + 1 ) + ( Bx + C ) x Þ A + B = 0, C = 0 and A = 1
\ I = e x sin x + C
On solving these equations, we get
19. (b) Let I = ò e x sec x ( 1 + tan x ) dx
A = 1, B = - 1 and C = 0
On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get = ò e x (sec x + sec x tan x ) dx
1 1 -x
\ = + Let f ( x ) = sec x
x( x 2 + 1 ) x x 2 + 1 \ f ¢( x ) = sec x tan x
On integrating both sides, we get \ I = e x sec x + C [Q ò e x ( f ( x ) + f ¢( x )) dx = e x f ( x ) + C ]
1 ì1 x ü
Þ ò x( x 2 + 1 ) dx = ò í x - x 2 + 1 dx ý 4 é x2 e2x ù
20. (a) Let I = ò ( x + e 2 x ) dx = ê +
4
î þ ú
ë 2 2 û0
0
1
= log|x| - log ( x 2 + 1 ) + C
2 æ e 8 ö æ 1 ö 15 + e 8
x A B = çç 8 + ÷÷ - ç ÷ =
14. (b) Let = + …(i) è 2 ø è 2ø 2
( x - 1 ) ( x - 2) ( x - 1 ) ( x - 2) 2
Þ x = A( x - 2) + B( x - 1 ) 21. (a) Let I = ò ( 4x 3 - 5 x 2 + 6x + 9) dx
1
On solving these equations, we get 2 2
é 4x 4 5 x 3 6x 2 ù é 5 x3 ù
A = - 1 and B = 2 =ê - + + 9x ú = ê x 4 - + 3x 2 + 9x ú
ë 4 3 2 û1 ë 3 û1
On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get
x 1 2 é 5 ( 2) 3 ù é 5 (1 )3 ù
\ =- + = ê 24 - + 3 ( 2) 2 + 9 ( 2) ú - ê ( 1 ) 4 - + 3( 1 ) 2 + 9( 1 ) ú
( x - 1 ) ( x - 2) ( x - 1 ) ( x - 2) ë 3 û ë 3 û
On integrating both sides, we get é 40 ù é 5 ù
x ( -1 ) 2 = ê16 - + 12 + 18ú - ê1 - + 3 + 9ú
\ò dx = ò dx + ò x - 2 dx ë 3 û ë 3 û
( x - 1 ) ( x - 2) x -1 é 40 ù é 5 ù é 138 - 40 ù é 39 - 5 ù 98 34 64
= ê 46 - ú - ê13 - ú = ê - = - =
= - log|x - 1| + 2 log|x - 2| + C ë 3û ë 3û ë 3 úû êë 3 úû 3 3 3
= - log|x - 1| + log|x - 2|2 + C
( x - 2) 2 1 e2x + e4x 1 æ e2x e4x ö
= log +C 22. (a) Let I = ò 3x
dx = ò ç ÷
ç e 3x + e 3x ÷ dx
x -1 0 e 0
è ø
é bù
êëQlog b - log a = log a úû
1
= ò ( e - x + e x ) dx = [ - e - x + e x ] 10
0
é d ù = [( - e - 1 + e ) - ( - e - 0 + e 0 )]
15. (c) Let I = ò x× e x dx = x ò e xdx - ò ê x ( ò e xdx ) ú dx
I II ë dx û
æ 1 ö
Using integration by parts, we have = ç - + e÷ - ( - 1 + 1 ) [Q e 0 = e -0 = 1 ]
= x × e x - ò 1 × e xdx = x × e x - e x + C è e ø
1 e2 - 1
16. (a) Let I = ò x × loge x dx =e- =
II I
e e
4
Using integration by parts, we have 23. (a) Let I = ò |x - 5| dx
x2 æ 1 x2 ö 1
I = log x × - ò çç × ÷÷ dx 4
2 =ò - ( x - 5 ) dx [Q|x - 5|= - ( x - 5 ), x < 5 ]
èx 2 ø 1
2 4
x 1 x2 x2 1 é x2 ù
= logx × - + C = logx × - x 2 + C = -ê - 5 x ú
2 2 2 2 4
ë 2 û1
17. (a) Let I = ò x sin x dx
I II é æ 16 ö æ1 öù
= - ê ç - 20÷ - ç - 5 ÷ ú
On integrating by parts, we have ë è 2 ø è 2 øû
= x × ( - cos x ) - ò 1 × ( - cos x ) dx é 9 ù 15
= - ê -12 + ú =
= - x cos x + ò cos x dx = - x cos x + sin x + C ë 2û 2
x p/4
29. (b) Let I = ò tan x dx = [ - log|cos x|] 0 p/ 4
1
24. (c) Let I = ò dx 0
0
1+x 2
p
Put 1 + x = t 2 Þ 2x dx = 2tdt Þ x dx = tdt
2 = - log cos - ( - log|cos 0|)
4
2 tdt
\ I=ò = [ t ]1 2 = 2 - 1 = - log
1 1
+ log1 = - log 2-1/ 2 + 0 = log 2
1 t 2 2
1
25. (a) Let I = ò 5 x 4 x5 + 1 dx 1
-1 = log 2 [Q log1 = 0 and log m n = n log m]
2
Put t = x5 + 1 Þ dt = 5 x 4 dx. 2/ 3 1 1 2/ 3 1
Lower limit When x = – 1, then t = 0 30. (c) Let I = ò dx = ò0
0 4 + 9x 2 9 2
æ 2ö
ç ÷ +x
2
Upper limit When x =1, then t = 2
è 3ø
Thus, as x varies from -1 to 1, t varies from 0 to 2 2/ 3
1 1 é -1 æ x ö ù
ê tan çç ÷÷ ú
1 2
Therefore, ò 5 x 4
x + 1 dx = ò
5
t dt = ×
-1 0 9 2/ 3 ë è 2/ 3 ø û 0
2
2é ù 2é
3ù
3 3
1 1 p p
= ê t 2 ú = ê 22 - 02 ú = [tan -1( 1 ) - tan -1( 0)] = ´ =
3ê ú 3ê úû 6 6 4 24
ë û0 ë p/ 2
31. (b) Let I = ò cos 2 x dx …(i)
2 4 2 0
= ( 2 2) =
3 3 p/ 2 æp ö
p/ 2
Þ I=ò cos 2 ç - x ÷ dx
0 è2 ø
26. (b) Let I = ò cos x e sin x
dx
0
éQ a f ( x ) dx = a f ( a - x ) dx ù
Put sin x = t Þ cos x dx = dt ëê ò 0 ò0 ûú
Lower limit When x = 0, then t = 0 p/ 2
Þ I=ò sin 2 x dx …(ii)
p 0
Upper limit When x = , then t =1 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2
p/ 2
1 2I = ò (sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) dx
\ I = ò e t dt = [ e t ] 10 = e1 - e 0 = e - 1 0
0
p/ 2
3 dx =ò 1 dx [Qsin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 ]
27. (b) Let I = ò 0
1 x( 1 + log x ) p
Þ 2I = [ x ] p0/ 2 = -0
1 2
Now, putting logx = t Þ dx = dt
x p
Þ I=
Lower limit When x = 1, then t = log1 Þ t = 0 4
2p p
Upper limit When x = 3, then t = log3 32. (a) Let I = ò cos 5 x dx = 2ò cos5 x dx
0 0
log 3 dt
Now, I = ò = [log| 1 + t |] log 3
éQ 2 a f ( x ) dx = 2 a f ( x ) dx, if f ( 2a - x ) = f ( x ), ù
ê ò0 ò0
0
0 (1 + t ) ú
= log| 1 + log 3| - log| 1 + 0| ê here cos5 ( 2p - x ) = cos5 x ú
ë û
= log| 1 + log 3| - log1 éQ f ( x ) = 0, if f ( 2a - x ) = - f ( x ), ù
2a
= log| 1 + log 3| - 0 [Q log 1 = 0] = 2 ´ 0 = 0 ê ò0 ú

ê here cos5 ( p - x ) = - cos5 x ú
= log| 1 + log 3| ë û
p
1 1 æ x ö÷ 33. (a) We have, I = ò sin 3 x cos 2 x dx
28. (d) Let I = ò tan(sin -1 x ) dx = ò tan tan -1 çç dx -p
0 0 2 ÷
è 1-x ø
f ( x ) = sin 3 x cos 2 x
é -1 -1 q ù
êQ sin q = tan ú f ( - x ) = sin 3 ( - x ) cos 2 ( - x ) = - f ( x )
ë 1 - q2 û
Since, f ( x ) is an odd function.
1 x
=ò [Q tan(tan -1( q)) = q] p
dx \ ò-psin x cos x dx = 0
3 2
0
1 - x2
-1 34. (i) (b) Let I = ò 2x sin( x 2 + 1 ) dx
Put 1 - x 2 = t Þ -2xdx = dt Þ xdx = dt
2 Put x 2 + 1 = v Þ 2x dx = dv
Lower limit When x = 0, then t = 1
[differentiating both sides w.r.t. x]
Upper limit When x = 1, then t = 0 Now, I = ò sin v dv
-1 0 dt 1
2 ò1 t
\ I= = - [ 2 t ]10 = - [ 0 - 1 ] = 1 = - cos v + c = - cos( x 2 + 1 ) + C
2
x 1
(ii) (a) Let I = ò dx (iii) (b) ò ( x + 3) dx
-1
32 - x 2
é x2 ù
1
= ê + 3x ú
Put 32 - x 2 = t Þ - 2x dx = dt ë 2 û -1
-1
Þ x dx = dt é1 ù é1 ù
2 = ê + 3ú - ê - 3ú = 6
ë 2 û ë 2 û
1 dt -1
Now, I=- ò = ×2 t + C 6
(iv) (b) ò e xdx
2 t 2 4
=- t +C = [ e x ] 64 = e 6 - e 4
= - 32 - x 2 + C 31
(v) (c) ò dx
sin( 2 tan -1 x )
2 x
(iii) (b) Let I = ò dx = [log x ] 32 = [log 3 - log 2]
1 + x2
1 3 é mù
Put tan -1 x = t Þ dx = dt = log êëQ log m - log n = log n úû
1 + x2 2
cos 2t a f ( x)
\ I = ò sin 2t dt = - 36. (i) (b) Let I = ò dx ...(i)
2 f ( x) + f ( a - x)
0
- [cos 2(tan -1 x )] a f ( a - x)
= +C I=ò dx
2 0 f ( a - x ) + f ( a - ( a - x ))
1 + x2 1 + x2 1 a f ( a - x)
(iv) (a) Let I = ò dx = ò × 3 dx I=ò dx ...(ii)
4 0 f ( a - x) + f ( x)
x x x
1 + x2 1 1 1 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=ò × 3 dx = ò 2 + 1 × 3 dx
x2 x x x a
2I = ò 1 dx = [ x ] a0 = a
0
1
Now, putting 1 + 2 = t 2 1
x \ I= a
-2 1 2
Þ 3
dx = 2 t dt Þ - 3 dx = t dt sin x - cos x
x x (ii) (b) We have, f ( x ) =
3 3/ 2 1 + sin x cos x
t 1æ 1 ö
\ I = ò - t 2 dt = - + C = - ç1 + 2 ÷ +C
3 3è x ø æp ö æp ö
sin ç - x ÷ - cos ç - x ÷
-1 æp ö è 2 ø è 2 ø
(v) (c) Let I = ò
cos x \ f ç - x÷ =
dx è2 ø 1 + sin æ p - x ö cos æ p - x ö
1-x 2 ç ÷ ç ÷
è2 ø è2 ø
Put cos -1 x = t
cos x - sin x
-1 =
Þ dx = dt 1 + cos x sin x
1 - x2
1 é sin x - cos x ù
Þ dx = - dt =-ê ú
1 - x2 ë 1 + sin x cos x û
\ I = ò t ( - dt ) = - ò t dt = - f ( x)
(iii) (c) From part (ii), we have
-t 2 - (cos -1 x ) 2
= +C = +C æp ö
2 2 f ç - x÷ = - f ( x)
7
è2 ø
35. (i) (c) ò x 2 dx æ p ö
4 f ç - x÷ + f ( x) = 0
é x3 ù
7
é ( 7) 3 ( 4) 3 ù è2 ø
=ê ú =ê - ú p/ 2
ë 3 û4 ë 3 3 û Now, I = ò f ( x ) dx
0
é 343 64 ù 279 p/ 2
=ê - ú= = 93 Þ I=ò f ( p / 2 - x ) dx
ë 3 3û 3 0
p/ 2
(ii) (c) ò
3 dx
= [tan -1 x ]1 3 \ 2I = ò ( f ( p / 2 - x ) + f ( x ) dx
0
1 1 + x2 p/ 2
= tan -1 3 - tan -1 1 =ò 0 dx = 0
0
p p p
= - = \ I=0
3 4 12
(iv) (a) We have, (v) (a) Let k( x ) = sin 7 x

g( x ) = log( 1 + tan x ) \ k( - x ) = sin 7 ( - x ) = (sin( - x )) 7 = ( - sin x ) 7
æp ö é æp öù = - sin 7 x = - k( x )
\ g ç - x ÷ = log ê1 + tan ç - x ÷ ú
è4 ø ë è 4 øû Q k( x ) is odd function.
é p ù p/ 2
\ ò-p/ 2 sin x dx = 0
7
ê tan - tan x ú
= log ê1 + 4
p ú
ê 1 + tan tan x ú Subjective Questions
ë 4 û 2x - 1
1. To verify ò dx = x - log|( 2x + 3) 2|+ C
é 1 - tan x ù 2x + 3
= log ê1 + ú
ë 1 + tan x û 2x - 1 2x + 3 - 3 - 1
LHS = ò dx = ò dx
é 2 ù 2x + 3 2x + 3
= log ê ú
ë 1 + tan x û = ò 1 dx - 4ò
1
dx = x - ò
4
dx
= log 2 - log ( 1 + tan x ) = log 2 - g( x ) 2x + 3 æ 3ö
2çx + ÷
(v) (b) From part (iv), we have è 2ø
æp ö æ 3ö ½æ 2x + 3 ö½
g ç - x ÷ = log 2 - g( x ) = x - 2 log ç x + ÷ + C ¢ = x - 2 log½ç ÷½ + C ¢
è4 ø è 2ø ½è 2 ø½
p/4 æ p ö p/4 p/4 = x - 2 log|( 2x + 3)| + 2 log 2 + C ¢
\ ò g ç - x ÷ dx = ò log 2 dx - ò g( x )
0 è 4 ø 0 0 é m ù
p/4 æp ö p/4 êëQ log n = log m - log n úû
Þ ò0 g( x ) dx = log 2 çè 4 - 0÷ø - ò0 g( x ) = x - log|( 2x + 3) 2| + C [Q C = 2 log 2 + C ¢]
p/4 p = RHS
Þ 2ò g( x ) dx = log 2
0 4 æ 2a b ö
p/ 4 p 2. Let I = ò ç - 2 + 3c 3 x 2 ÷ dx
Þ ò0 g( x ) dx = 8 log 2 è x x ø
2a b
37. (i) (b) We have, f ( x ) = x 2 sin x =ò dx - ò 2 dx + ò 3c 3 x 2 dx
x x
Þ f ( - x ) = ( - x ) 2 sin ( - x ) = - x 2 sin x = - f ( x ) = 2aò x -1/ 2 dx - b ò x -2 dx + 3c ò x 2 / 3 dx
\ f ( x ) is odd function.
p
é x ( -1/ 2 ) +1 ù é x -2 +1 ù é x ( 2 / 3) +1 ù
(ii) (d) Since, f ( x ) is odd function, then ò f ( x ) dx = 0. = 2a ê ú -bê ú + 3c ê ú +C
-p ë ( - 1 / 2) + 1 û ë -2 + 1 û ë ( 2 / 3) + 1 û
(iii) (b) We have, g( x ) = x sin x é x n+1 ù
êQ ò x dx =
n
\g( - x ) = ( - x ) sin( - x ) = x sin x = g( x ) ú
ë n +1û
\g( x ) is even function. é x1/ 2 ù é x -1 ù é x5 / 3 ù
p p
\ò x sin x dx = 2ò x sin x dx = 2a ê ú -bê ú + 3c ê ú +C
-p 0I II ë 1 / 2û ë ( -1 ) û ë 5 / 3û
a a b 9c 5 / 3
[Q ò f ( x ) dx = 2ò f ( x ) dx, if f ( x ) is an even function, = 4a x + + x +C
-a 0 x 5
here sin x is an even function] 3. Let I = ò ( e x log a + e a log x + e a log a ) dx
Using integration by parts, we have x a a
p = ò ( e log a + e log x + e log a ) dx [Q m log n = log n m ]
= 2 é[ x( - cos x )] p0 - ò ( - cos x ) × 1 dx ù
ëê 0 ûú
= ò ( ax + x a + aa ) dx [Q e log f ( x) = f ( x )]
= 2 [[ - x cos x ] p0 + [sin x ] p0 ]
ax x a+1
= 2 [ - p cos p ] = 2p = + + a ax + C
log a a + 1
(iv) (c) We have, h( x ) = |sin x |
dx
h( - x ) = |sin ( - x )| = | - sin x | =|sin x | = h( x ) 4. Let I = ò
x+a+ x+b
\ h( x ) is even function.
( x + a - x + b)
\ò
p/ 2
|sin x | dx = 2ò
p/ 2
|sin x | dx =ò dx
- p/ 2 0 ( x + a + x + b) ( x + a - x + b)
p/ 2
= 2ò sin x dx = 2 [ - cos x ] p0 / 2 [rationalising denominator]
0
x+a- x+b
é p ù =ò dx
= 2 ê - cos + cos 0ú = 2 ( x + a )2 - ( x + b )2
ë 2 û
( x + a - x + b) 3x
2sin × sin
x
=ò dx cos x - cos 2x
( x + a) - ( x + b ) 9. Let I = ò dx = ò 2 2 dx
1 1 - cos x 1 - 1 + 2sin 2 x
a-bò
= [( x + a)1/ 2 - ( x + b )1/ 2 ] dx 2
3x x 3x
1 é2 2 ù sin × sin sin
= ( x + a) 3/ 2 - ( x + b ) 3/ 2 ú + C
a - b êë 3 3 û = 2ò 2 2 dx =
ò 2 dx
x x
2 2sin 2 sin
= [( x + a) 3/ 2 - ( x + b ) 3/ 2 ] + C 2 2
3 ( a - b) x 3x
3sin - 4sin
æ sin 3 x + cos 3 x ö =ò 2 2 dx [Q sin 3 q = 3sin q - 4sin 3 q]
5. Let I = ò çç 2 2
÷ dx
÷ x
è sin x cos x ø sin
2
æ sin 3 x cos 3 x ö x 1 - cos x
= ò çç 2 2
+ 2
÷ dx
2 ÷ = 3ò dx - 4ò sin 2 dx = 3ò dx - 4ò dx
è sin x cos x sin x cos x ø 2 2
æ sin x cos x ö = 3ò dx - 2ò dx + 2ò cos x dx
=ò ç + ÷ dx
è cos 2 x sin 2 x ø = ò dx + 2ò cos x dx
= ò [(tan x sec x ) + (cot x cosec x )] dx
= x + 2sin x + C = 2sin x + x + C
= ò sec x tan x dx + ò cot x cosec x dx 2x
10. Let I = ò dx
3 x2 + 1
= sec x + ( - cosec x ) + C
= sec x - cosec x + C Let x 2 + 1 = t
2 + 3 cos x æ 2 3 cos x ö
6. Let I = ò dx = ò ç 2 + ÷ dx On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
sin 2 x è sin x sin 2 x ø 2x dx = dt
1 cos x -1
= 2ò dx + 3ò dx dt
2
sin x sin 2 x \ I=ò 1
= ò t 3 dt
æ cos x ö 1
= 2ò cosec 2 x dx + 3ò ç ÷× dx (t)3
è sin x ø sin x -1
+1
= 2ò cosec 2 x dx + 3ò cot x cosec x dx t3 é x n +1 ù
= +C êQ ò x dx = + Cú
n
-1 ë n+1 û
= 2( - cot x ) + 3( - cosec x ) + C +1
3
= - 2 cot x - 3 cosec x + C 2
2
7. Let I = ò 1 - sin 2x dx = ò sin 2 x + cos 2 x - 2 sin x cos x dx =
t3 3 3
+ C = t 3 + C = ( x2 + 1 )2/ 3 + C
2 2 2
[Qsin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 and 2 sin q cos q = sin 2 q]
3
=ò (sin x - cos x ) 2 dx tan x
11. Let I = ò dx
= ò (sin x - cos x ) dx sin x cos x
On multiplying numerator and denominator by tan x ,
é p p ù
êëQ in the interval 4 < x < 2 ,sin x > cos x úû we get
tan x tan x
= - cos x - sin x + C I=ò ´ dx
sin x cos x tan x
= - (cos x + sin x ) + C
tan x
x =ò dx
2 cos 2 sin x cos x tan x
1 + cos x
8. Let I = ò tan -1 dx = ò tan -1 2 dx
sin x / cos x
1 - cos x 2sin 2 x =ò dx
2 sin x cos x tan x
é 2 q 1 + cos q q 1 - cos q ù sec 2 x
êë Q cos 2 = and sin 2 = úû =ò dx
2 2 2 tan x
x x Now, put tan x = t Þ sec 2 x dx = dt
= ò tan -1 cot 2 dx = ò tan -1× cot dx
2 2 1
- +1
é æ p xöù é æp ö ù dt t 2 t1/ 2
= ò tan -1 ê tan ç - ÷ ú dx \ I=ò = ò t -1/ 2 dt = +C = +C
êQ tan ç 2 - q÷ = cot qú t 1 1/ 2
ë è 2 2ø û ë è ø û - +1
2
æ p xö p p
2 2
x x
= ò ç - ÷ dx = x - +C= x - +C = 2t1/ 2 + C
è 2 2ø 2 2× 2 2 4
= 2 tan x + C [Q t = tan x ]
é 4æ 1 öù
1/ 4 t 1
\ I=ò dt = ò t dt
( x - x)
4 1/ 4 ê x ç1 - x 3 ÷ ú 2 2
è øû
12. Let I = ò dx = ò ë dx 1 té 2ù é xn + 1 ù
x5 x5 = ê ú+C êQ ò x dx =
n
ú
[taking x 4 common from numerator] 2ë 2û ë n + 1û
1/ 4 1/ 4 1 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö = t +C
( x 4 )1/ 4 ç1 - 3 ÷ x ç1 - 3 ÷ 4
=ò è x ø
dx = ò è 5 ø
x
dx 1
x5 x = (sin -1 x 2 ) 2 + C
1/ 4 4
æ 1ö
ç1 - 3 ÷ 16. Let I = ò
sin x
dx
=ò è x ø dx sin ( x + a)
x4
1 3 Now, put x + a = t Þ dx = dt
Now, put 1 - 3 = t Þ 4 dx = dt sin ( t - a)
x x \ I=ò dt
dx 1 1 sin t
Þ = dt Þ I = ò t1/ 4 dt sin t cos a - cos t sin a
x4 3 3 =ò dt
1 t5 / 4 4 5/4 sin t
= +C= t +C
3 5/4 15 [Q sin ( A - B ) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B ]
4 æ 1ö
5/4 = cos a ò dt - sin a ò cot t dt
é 1ù
= ç1 - 3 ÷ +C êëQ t = 1 - x 3 úû
15 è x ø = (cos a) t - sin a log|sin t| + C1
sin x - x cos x = ( x + a) cos a - sin a log|sin ( x + a)| + C1
13. Let I = ò dx
x ( x + sin x ) [Q t = x + a]
(sin x + x ) - ( x cos x + x ) = x cos a - sin a log|sin ( x + a)| + C1 + a cos a
=ò dx
x ( x + sin x ) = x cos a - sin a log|sin ( x + a) + C
dx 1 + cos x where, C = C1 + a cos a
=ò -ò dx x
x x + sin x 17. Let I = ò dx
1 + cos x x +1
= log|x| - ò dx 1
x + sin x Put x = t Þ dx = dt
2 x
Put x + sin x = t Þ ( 1 + cos x ) dx = dt
dt Þ dx = 2 x dt
\ I = log|x| - ò = log|x| - log|t| + C
t æx xö t2 × t t3
\ I = 2ò çç ÷ dt = 2ò
÷ dt = 2ò dt
= log
x
+C èt + 1ø t+1 t+1
t
t3 + 1 - 1
x = 2ò dt
= log +C t+1
x + sin x
( t + 1) ( t 2 - t + 1) 1
sin 2x cos 2x sin 2x cos 2x = 2ò dt - 2ò dt
14. Let I = ò dx = ò dx t+1 t+1
9 - cos 4 ( 2x ) 32 - [cos 2 ( 2x )] 2 1
= 2ò ( t 2 - t + 1 ) dt - 2ò dt
Now, put cos 2 ( 2x ) = t t+1
Þ 2 cos ( 2x ) [ - sin ( 2x )] × 2 dx = dt é t3 t2 ù
= 2ê - + t - log|( t + 1 )|ú + C
dt 3 2
Þ sin 2x × cos 2x dx = - ë û
4
éx x x ù
1 dt 1 -1 æ t ö = 2ê - + x - log|( x + 1 )|ú + C
\ I=- ò = - sin ç ÷ + C
4 4 è 3ø ë 3 2 û
32 - t 2
sin x - cos x
1 æ cos 2 2x ö 18. Let I = ò dx
= - sin - 1 ç ÷ 1 + sin 2x
4 ç 3 ÷+C
è ø sin x - cos x
=ò dx
x sin -1( x 2 ) sin x + cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x
2
15. Let I = ò dx
1 - x4 sin x - cos x
-1
=ò dx
Put sin ( x ) = t
2
(sin x + cos x ) 2
Þ
1
( 2x ) dx = dt Þ
x
dx =
1 sin x - cos x
dt =ò dx
1 - x4 1-x 4 2 (sin x + cos x )
Let sin x + cos x = t 1 æ x ö é 1 x ù

= sin -1 çç ÷÷ + C êQ ò dx = sin -1 + C ú
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 2 è 3 / 2 ø a -x
2 2 a
ë û
(cos x - sin x ) dx = dt Þ - (sin x - cos x ) dx = dt 1 - 1 æ 2x ö
= sin ç ÷ + C
Þ (sin x - cos x ) dx = - dt 2 è 3ø
dt
\ I = -ò 22. Let I = ò 2
1
dx = ò
1 1
dx
t 9x + 6x + 5 9 2 5
x + x+
2
= - log( t ) + C = - log(sin x + cos x ) + C 3 9
dx [take 9 common from denominator]
19. Let I = ò
( x - a ) (b - x) 1 1
= ò 2 2
dx
Now, put x - a = t 2 Þ dx = 2t dt 9 2 1 æ1 ö 5 æ1 ö
x + 2× × x + ç ÷ + - ç ÷
2t dt 2t dt 3 è 3ø 9 è 3ø
\ I=ò =ò
t × ( b - ( t + a ))
2 2
t × (b - a ) - t 2 é
ê here a = 9 and b = 6, adding and subtracting
dt ë
= 2ò 2 2 2
(b - a ) - t 2 æ b ö æ 6 ö æ1 ö ù
ç ÷ =ç ÷ = ç ÷ from denominator ú
dt è 2a ø è 2 ´ 9 ø è 3 ø û
= 2ò , where k2 = b - a 1 1
k -t
2 2
= ò 2
dx
9 2 2 æ1 ö 5 1
ætö é dx æ xöù x + x+ç ÷ + -
= 2sin -1 ç ÷ + C êQ ò 2 = sin -1 ç ÷ ú 3 è 3ø 9 9
è kø ë a -x 2 è aøû 1 1
= ò 2 2
dx
9 æ 1ö æ 2ö
[Q k = b - a and t = x - a ] ç x + ÷ + ç ÷
è 3ø è 3ø
æ x-aö 1 æ 1 ö -1 æ x + 1 / 3 ö
= 2sin -1 çç ÷+C
÷ = ç ÷ tan ç ÷+C
è b- a ø 9 è 2 / 3ø è 2/ 3 ø
x4 x4 - 1 + 1 é dx 1 æ xö ù
20. Let I = ò 2 dx = ò dx êQ ò 2 = tan -1 ç ÷ + C ú
x +1 x2 + 1 ë a +x 2
a è ø
a û
x4 - 1 1 æ 3x + 1 ö
=ò
1 = tan -1 ç ÷ +C
x2 + 1
dx + ò x +12
dx 6 è 2 ø
ex
æ ( x 2 - 1 )( x 2 + 1 ) 1 ö 23. Let I = ò dx
=ò ç
ç + 2 ÷ dx 5 - 4e x - e 2 x
è x +1
2
x + 1 ÷ø
Now, put e x = t Þ e xdx = dt
[Q a4 - b 4 = ( a2 - b 2 )( a2 + b 2 )]
dt
1 \ I=ò
= ò ( x 2 - 1 ) dx + ò dx 5 - 4t - t 2
x2 + 1
dt
dx =ò
= ò x 2 dx - ò dx + ò - ( t + 4t - 5 )
2
x +1
2
dt
x3 =ò
= - x + tan -1 x + C - [( t + 2) 2 - 5 - 4]
3
1 æbö
2
æ 4 ö
2
21. Let I =ò dx [adding and subtracting ç ÷ = ç ÷ = ( 2)
2
9 - 4x 2 è ø
2 a è 2 ´1 ø
1 from denominator]
Then, I = ò dx dt dt
æ9
4ç - x ÷ 2ö =ò =ò
è4 ø 9 - ( t + 2) 2 ( 3) 2 - ( t + 2) 2
1 1 æ t + 2ö
= ò dx = sin -1 ç ÷+C
2 9 è 3 ø
- x2 é dx x ù
4 êQ ò = sin -1 + C ú
1 1 êë a2 - x 2 a úû
= ò dx
2 æ 3ö
2
æ ex + 2ö
ç ÷ -x
2
= sin -1 çç ÷ +C
÷ [Q t = e x ]
è 2ø è 3 ø
dt 1 dt
24. Let I = ò
2ò
= Now, put a tan x = t
3t - 2t 2
æ 3 ö dt
- çt2 - t÷ Þ a sec 2 x dx = dt Þ sec 2 x dx =
è 2 ø a
1 dt
2ò
= 1 dt
a ò t 2 + b2
\ I=
éæ 3ö æ 3ö
2
æ 3ö ù
2
- êçt2 - 2× t × ÷ + ç ÷ - ç ÷ ú
é ù
êë è 4ø è 4ø è 4 ø úû =
1 1 t
× tan -1 + C êQ ò 2
dx 1 x
= tan -1 + C ú
1 dt a b b ë x +a 2
a a û
2ò
= 1 t
éæ 3ö
2
æ 3ö ù
2
= tan -1 + C
-êçt - ÷ - ç ÷ ú ab b
êë è 4ø è 4 ø úû 1 -1 æ a tan x ö
= tan ç ÷+C [Q t = a tan x ]
1 dt ab è b ø
=
2 ò 2 2 dx
æ 3ö æ 3ö 27. Let I = ò
ç ÷ - çt - ÷
è 4ø è 4ø x ax - x 2
æ 3ö 1 1
çt - ÷ Now, put x = Þ dx = - 2 dt
=
1
sin -1 ç 4 ÷ + C = 1 sin -1 æç 4 t - 3 ö÷ + C t t
2 çç 3 ÷÷ 2 è 3 ø æ 1ö
è 4 ø ç - 2 ÷ dt
- dt - dt
\ I=ò è
t ø
dx dx =ò =ò
25. Let I = ò =ò 1 a 1 1 at - 1 at - 1
- t2 ×
3 - x + x2 x2 - x + 3 t t t2 t t
dx 1
=ò 1 - +1
2 2 - ( at - 1 ) 2
1 æ1 ö æ1 ö = - ò ( at - 1 ) 2 dt = - +C
x2 - 2 ´ x ´ + ç ÷ - ç ÷ + 3 æ 1 ö
2 è 2ø è 2ø a× ç - + 1÷
è 2 ø
é here a = 1, b = -1, adding and subtracting ù
1
ê 2 2 2 ú -2
ê æç b ö÷ = æç -1 ö÷ = æç 1 ö÷ from denominator ú = ( at - 1 ) 2 + C
êë è 2a ø úû a
è 2 ø è 2ø
2 1 é 1ù
=ò
dx
=ò
dx =- a× -1 + C êëQ t = x úû
2 2 a x
æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö 11
çx - ÷ + 3 - çx - ÷ + -2 a - x
è 2 ø 4 è 2 ø 4 = +C
1 a x
Now, put x - = t Þ dx = dt x+1
2 28. Let I = ò dx
2 x ( 1 - 2x )
dt æ 11 ö
\I=ò = log t + t + ç 2 ç ÷
÷ +C x+1 A B
2
è 2 ø Let = +
æ 11 ö x ( 1 - 2x ) x 1 - 2x
t + çç
2 ÷
÷
è 2 ø é ù Þ x + 1 = A ( 1 - 2x ) + Bx …(i)
dx
êQ ò = log|x + x 2 + a2| ú Putting x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
êë x +a
2 2
úû
1 = AÞ A = 1
2 1
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 11 ö 2
÷ + C éQ t = x - ù Putting x = in Eq. (i), we get
1
= log ç x - ÷ + ç x - ÷ + çç êë
÷ 2 úû
2
è 2ø è 2ø è 2 ø
3 1
= BÞ B = 3
æ 1ö 2 2
Hence, I = log ç x - ÷ + 3 - x + x 2 + C.
è 2ø x+1 1 3
\ = +
26. Let I = ò 2 2
dx x ( 1 - 2x ) x 1 - 2x
a sin x + b 2 cos 2 x x+1 æ1 3 ö
\ I=ò dx = ò çç + ÷ dx
On dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2 x, we get x ( 1 - 2x ) è x 1 - 2x ÷ø
æ 1 ö 1 1
ç ÷ = ò dx + 3 ò dx
cos 2 x ø
I = ò 2 2è dx x 1 - 2x
æ a sin x b 2 cos 2 x ö
ç ÷ -2
ç cos 2 x + cos 2 x ÷
1 3
= ò dx - ò dx
è ø x 2 1 - 2x
sec 2 x sec 2 x 3
=ò 2 dx = ò ( a tan x ) 2 + b 2 dx = log|x| - log|1 - 2x| + C
a tan 2 x + b 2 2
æ 1 - sin 2x ö ì 1 1 dx ü
29. Let I = ò e 2 x çç ÷÷ dx ï ex + ò ex ×
è 1 - cos 2x ø ï
Þ I = e x - 2í
x+1 ( x + 1 ) 2 ïï + C
1 ý
æ 1 - 2sin x cos x ö ï- ò e x × dx ï
= ò e 2 x çç ÷ dx
÷
ïî ( x + 1) 2 ïþ
è 2 sin 2 x ø x
e
[Q 1 - cos 2 q = 2sin 2 q and sin 2 q = 2sin q cos q] Þ I = ex - 2 +C
x+1
1
= ò e 2 x( cosec 2 x - 2 cot x ) dx 32. Let I = ò (log x ) 2 dx
2
1 2x = ò 1 × (log x ) 2 dx
= ò e cosec 2 x dx - ò e 2 x cot x dx
2 I II
II I
[using integration by parts] æ d ö
= (log x ) ò 1 dx - ò çè dx (log x ) ò 1 dx ÷ø dx
2 2
1
= [ - e cot x + ò 2 e cot x dx ] - ò e 2 x cot x dx
2x 2x
2 1
= x × (log x ) 2 - 2ò (log x ) × × x dx
e2x x
=- cot x + ò e 2 x cot x dx - ò e 2 x cot x dx + C
2 [using integration by parts]
e2x = x (log x ) 2 - 2 ò 1 × log x dx
=- cot x + C
2 II I
( 2x - 5 ) e 2 x ( 2x - 3 - 2) e 2 x é æ1 öù
30. Let I = ò = x (log x ) - 2 ê x log x - ò ç ´ x dx ÷ ú
2
( 2x - 3) 3
dx = ò ( 2x - 3) 3 dx ë èx øû
[again integration by parts]
e2x e2x
=ò dx - 2 ò ( 2x - 3) 3 dx = x (log x ) 2 - 2[ x × log x - x ] + C
( 2x - 3) 2
= ò e 2 x( 2x - 3) - 2 dx - 2 ò e 2 x ( 2x - 3) - 3 dx = x(log x ) 2 - 2 [ x log x - x ] + C
II I
é = x[(log x ) 2 - 2 log x + 2] + C
ìd ü ù
= ê( 2x - 3) - 2 ò e 2 xdx - ò í ( 2x - 3) -2 ò e 2 x dx ý dx ú
ë î dx þ û 33. Let I = ò x 4 log x dx
- 2 ò e ( 2x - 3)
2x -3
dx II I
é d ù
[using integration by parts] = log x ò x 4 dx - ò ê (log x ) ò ( x 4 dx ) ú dx
ë dx û
e2x e2x
= ( 2x - 3) - 2 - ò - 2 ( 2x - 3) - 3 ´ 2 ´ dx [Q using integration by parts]
2 2
- 2 ò e ( 2x - 3) - 3 dx
2x
x5 æ 1 x5 ö é xn + 1 ù
-2
= log x × - ò çç . ÷÷ dx êQ ò x dx =
n
+ Cú
e ( 2x - 3)
2x
5 èx 5 ø ë n+1 û
= + 2 ò e 2 x ( 2x - 3) - 3 dx
2 logx × x 5
1 4 5
x log x 1 x 5
- 2 ò e 2 x ( 2x - 3) - 3 dx = - ò x dx = - . +C
e ( 2x - 3)
2x -2 5 5 5 5 5
= +C x5 æ 1ö
2 = ç log x - ÷ + C
( x2 + 1 ) 5 è 5ø
31. Let I = ò e x dx ex
( x + 1 )2 34. Let I = ò [ 1 + ( x + 1 ) log( x + 1 )] dx
x+1
æ 2x ö x
Þ I = ò e x çç1 - ÷ dx = ò e x dx - 2ò e x dx é 1 ù
è ( x + 1 ) 2÷
ø ( x + 1 )2 = ò ex ê + log( x + 1 ) ú dx
ë x + 1 û
x + 1 -1
Þ I = e x - 2ò e x dx xæ 1 ö
( x + 1 )2 = ò e çç ÷÷ dx + ò e log( x + 1 ) dx
x
èx + 1ø
ì 1 -1 ü
II I
Þ I = e x - 2ò e x í + 2ý
dx æ 1 ö
îx + 1 ( x + 1) þ = ò ex ç ÷ dx + [ log( x + 1 ) ò e dx
x
èx +1ø
ì ü
ï ï æ d ö ù
Þ I = e x - 2íò e x×
1
dx - ò e x
1
dx ý - ò ç (log( x + 1 )) ò e xdx ÷ dx ú
II x + 1 ( x + 1 ) 2 è dx ø û
ï ï
î I þ [using integration by parts]
ì 1 1 1 ü ex ex
Þ I = e - 2í
x
e -ò-
x
e dx - ò e
x x
dx ý =ò dx + e log( x + 1 ) - ò
x
dx
î x + 1 ( x + 1 ) 2
( x + 1 ) 2
þ x+1 x+1
[using integration by part] = e x log( x + 1 ) + C
2 + sin 2x x 3
35. Let I = ò e dx \ I = ò ( 2x - 1 ) dx
1 + cos 2x 1
3
é 2 sin 2x ù x é æ x2 ö ù
= òê + = ê 2 çç ÷÷ - x ú = [ x 2 - x ]13
ú e dx
ë 1 + cos 2 x 1 + cos 2x û êë è 2 ø úû1
é 2 2sin x cos x ù x = ( 3 2 - 3) - ( 1 2 - 1 ) = 9 - 3 - 0 = 6
= òê + × e dx
2
ë 2 cos x 2 cos 2 x úû x
39. Given, g( x ) = ò cos 4t dt
0
[Q1 + cos 2 q = 2 cos 2 q and sin 2 q = 2 sin q cos q] x+ p
Now, g( x + p) = ò cos 4t dt
æ 1 ö
= òç
0
+ tan x ÷ e x dx x+ p
è cos 2 x ø x
= ò cos 4t dt +
0 òx cos 4t dt
= ò ( tan x + sec 2 x ) e xdx
= g( x ) + I1 (say) ...(i)
x+ p
Let f ( x ) = tan x x+ p é sin 4t ù
Now, I1 = ò cos 4t dt = ê
Þ f ¢( x ) = sec 2 x x ë 4 úû x
\ I = tan x e x + C [Q ò [ f ( x ) + f ¢( x )] e x dx = e x f ( x ) + C] sin 4( x + p ) sin 4x
= -
4 4
(x - 3 ) x e x( x - 1 - 2 ) sin( 4p + 4x ) sin 4x
36. Let I = ò e dx = ò dx = -
( x - 1 )3 ( x - 1 )3 4 4
ì ( x - 1) 2 ü =
sin 4x sin 4x
- =0
= ò ex í - ý dx 4 4
î( x - 1 ) ( x - 1 )3 þ
3
Then, Eq. (i) becomes g( x + p ) = g( x ). Hence proved.

ì 1 2 ü
= ò ex í - ý dx p
( - 1 ) 2
( - 1 )3 þ 40. Let I = ò x sin x cos x dx 2
…(i)
î x x 0
p
= ò e x × { f ( x ) + f ¢( x )} dx , and I = ò ( p - x )sin( p - x ) cos 2 ( p - x ) dx
0
é 1 -2 ù p
ê where f ( x ) = and f ¢( x ) = ú Þ I = ò ( p - x )sin x cos 2 x dx …(ii)
ë (x - 1) 2
( x - 1 )3 û 0
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= ex × f ( x) + C p
2I = ò p sin x cos 2 x dx
1 ex 0
= ex × + C = +C
( x - 1 )2 ( x - 1 )2 Put cos x = t Þ - sin x dx = dt
Lower limit When x = 0, then t = 1
xex
( x + 1 - 1 )e x
37. Let I = ò dx = ò dx Upper limit When x = p, then t = -1
(1 + x) 2
(1 + x)2 -1
-1 2 é t3 ù
é 1+x 1 ù x \ 2I = - p ò t dt Þ 2I = - p ê ú
=òê - ú e dx ë 3 û1
1
ë (1 + x) (1 + x)2 û
2
é 1 1 ù p 2p
Þ I = ò ex ê - dx Þ 2I = - [ - 1 - 1 ] Þ 2I =
2ú 3 3
ë (1 + x) (1 + x) û
p
Let f ( x ) =
1
. Then, f ¢( x ) = -
1 \ I=
1+x (1 + x)2 3
2p 1
\ Given integral is of the form 41. Let I = ò dx
0 1 + e sin x
1
I = ò e x[ f ( x ) + f ¢( x )], where f ( x ) = pé ù
1+x \ I=ò ê
1
+
1
sin ( 2 p - x ) ú
dx
We know that, ò e x[ f ( x ) + f ¢( x )] dx = e x f ( x ) + C 0 1 + e sin x
ë 1+e û
2a a
1 [Q ò f ( x ) dx = ò { f ( x ) + f ( 2a - x )} dx ]
\ I = ex f ( x) + C = ex × +C 0 0
(1 + x) pé 1 1 ù
ex =ò ê + - sin x ú
dx
0 1 + e sin x 1+e
Þ I= +C ë û
(1 + x) [Q sin ( 2p - q) = - sin q]
3
38. Let I = ò | 2x - 1| dx pé 1 e sin x ù
1 =ò ê + sin x ú dx
0 1 + e sin x + 1û
ì 1 ë e
ï-( 2x - 1 ) when 2x - 1 < 0, i.e. x < 2 p1 + e
sin x
p
Clearly,| 2x - 1| = í =ò dx = ò 1 dx = [ x ] p0 = [ p - 0] = p
1 0 1 + e sin x
ï ( 2x - 1 ) when 2x - 1 ³ 0, i.e. x ³ 0
î 2
p/2
42. Let I = ò sin 2 x dx 44. Let I = ò cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x dx
- p/2
1
2ò
Here, f ( x ) = sin 2 x = ( 2 cos 4x cos 2x ) cos 6x dx
Now, f ( - x ) = sin 2 ( - x ) = [sin( - x )] 2 1
= ò [cos ( 4x + 2x ) + cos( 4x - 2x )] cos 6x dx
= ( - sin x ) 2 [Q sin ( - q) = - sin q] 2
= sin 2 x = f ( x ) [Q 2cos A cos B = cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A - B )]
1
So, f ( x ) is an even function. = ò (cos 6x + cos 2x ) cos 6x dx
p/2 p/2 2
\ I=ò sin 2 x dx = 2ò sin 2 x dx 1
- p/2 0 = ò (cos 2 6x + cos 6x cos 2x ) dx
éQ a f ( x ) dx = 2 a f ( x ) dx, if f ( x ) is an even function, ù 2
ê ò- a ò0 ú 1
= ò ( 2 cos 2 6x + 2 cos 6x cos 2x ) dx
ê 2 ú 4
ë here sin x is an even function. û 1
p / 2 é 1 - cos 2x ù = ò ( 1 + cos 12x + cos 8x + cos 4x ) dx
= 2ò ê úû dx [Q cos 2 q = 1 - 2 sin q]
2
4
0 ë 2 é 1 + cos 2 q ù
êQ cos q =
2
p/2 and ú
=ò ( 1 - cos 2x ) dx 2
0 ê ú
p/2 ë 2cos x cos y = cos ( x + y) + cos ( x - y) û
é sin 2x ù
= êx - 1æ sin 12x sin 8x sin 4x ö
ë 2 úû 0 = çx + + + ÷+C
4è 12 8 4 ø
é p sin p ù p p
=ê - - [ 0 - 0] = - 0 = é 1 ù
ë2 2 úû 2 2 êëQ ò cos ax dx = a sin ax + C úû
cos 8x + 1
43. Let I = ò dx x 1 1 1
tan 2x - cot 2x = + sin 12x + sin 8x + sin 4x + C
4 48 32 16
2 cos 2 4x
=ò dx 45. Let I = ò
1
dx
æ sin 2x cos 2x ö cos( x - a) cos ( x - b)
ç - ÷
è cos 2x sin 2x ø 1 sin ( b - a )
=ò ´ dx
cos ( x - a ) cos ( x - b ) sin ( b - a )
é sin q cos q ù
êëQ 1 + cos 2q = 2 cos q, tan q = cos q , cot q = sin q úû
2
[multiply numerator and denominator by sin ( b - a )]
2 cos 2 4x 1 sin [( x - a) - ( x - b)]

=ò dx =
sin ( b - a ) ò cos ( x - a ) cos ( x - b) dx
æ sin 2 2x - cos 2 2x ö
ç ÷
ç cos 2x sin 2x ÷ [adding and subtracting x from numerator]
è ø
1
2 cos 2 4x (sin 2x cos 2x ) =
=ò dx sin (b - a)
- (cos 2 2x - sin 2 2x )
sin( x - a) cos ( x - b) - cos ( x - a) sin ( x - b )
æ1 ö
2 cos 2 4x ç sin 4x ÷ ò cos ( x - a ) cos ( x - b)
dx
=ò è 2 ø dx
- cos 4x [Qsin ( A - B ) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B]
[Qsin 2q = 2sin q cos q, cos 2q = cos 2 q - sin 2 q] 1
=
sin( b - a )
= - ò sin 4x cos 4x dx
é sin( x - a ) cos ( x - b ) cos ( x - a ) sin ( x - b) ù
1 ò êë cos( x - a ) cos( x - b) - cos ( x - a ) cos( x - b) úû dx
2ò
=- sin 8x dx [Q sin 2q = 2sin q cos q]
1 - cos 8x 1
sin ( b - a ) ò
=- ´ +C = [tan ( x - a ) - tan ( x - b )] dx
2 8
é 1 ù
êëQ ò sin( ax + b ) dx = - a cos( ax + b ) + C úû
1
= [ - log cos ( x - a) + log cos ( x - b ) ] + C
sin( b - a )
1
= cos 8x + C [Q ò tan x dx = - log|cos x|+ C ]
16
It is given that, 1 cos ( x - b )
cos 8x + 1 = log +C
sin( b - a ) cos ( x - a )
ò tan 2x - cot 2x dx = l cos 8x + C
é mù
1 1 êëQ log m - log n = log n úû
\ l= =
16 16
1 1
46. Let I = ò dx x + -1
sin x sin ( x + a)
3 1 x 1 x2 + 1 - x
Þ I = log + C = log 2 +C
1
2 1
x+ +1 2 x +1+x
=ò dx x
sin 3 x (sin x cos a + cos x sin a ) é 1ù
êëQ t = x + x úû
[Q sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B ]
1 48. Let I = ò tan x dx
=ò dx
sin 4 x (cos a + cot x sin a ) Put tan x = t 2 Þ sec 2 x dx = 2t dt
2t t2
1 \ I = òt× dt = 2ò dt
=ò dx 2
sec x 1 + t4
sin 2 x cos a + cot x sin a
( t 2 + 1 ) + ( t 2 - 1)
cosec 2 x =ò dt
=ò dx (1 + t 4 )
cos a + cot x sin a
t2 + 1 t2 - 1
Now, putting cos a + cot x sin a = t =ò dt + ò dt
1+t 4
1 + t4
Þ - cosec 2 x sin a dx = dt 1 1
- dt 1+ 2 1- 2
Þ cosec 2 x dx = =ò t dt + ò t dt
sin a 1 1
t2 + 2 t2 + 2
-1 dt -1 t t
sin a ò t sin a
\ I= = [2 t ] + C
æ 1ö æ 1ö
1 - ç - 2 ÷ dt 1 + ç- 2 ÷
-1 =ò è t ø
+ò è t ø dt
= [ 2 cos a + cot x sin a] + C 2 2
sin a æ 1ö æ 1ö
çt - ÷ + 2 çt + ÷ - 2
-2 cos x sin a è tø è tø
= cos a + +C
sin a sin x 1 æ 1ö
Put u = t - Þ du = ç1 + 2 ÷ dt
-2 sin x cos a + cos x sin a
t è t ø
= +C 1 æ 1 ö
sin a sin x and v = t + Þ dv = ç1 - 2 ÷ dt
t è t ø
2 sin ( x + a)
=- +C du dv
sin a sin x \I =ò 2 +ò 2
u + ( 2 )2 v - ( 2 )2
[Q sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B ]
1 u 1 ½v- 2½
x -1 2 = tan -1 + log½ ½+ C
47. Let I = ò dx 2 2 2 2 ½v+ 2½
x4 + x2 + 1
æ tan x - 1 ö
1 =
1
tan -1 ç ÷ + 1 log½
½
tan x - 2 tan x + 1½
½+ C
1- 2 ç ÷
Þ I=ò x dx
2 è 2 tan x ø 2 2 ½ tan x + 2 tan x + 1½
x2 + 1 + 2
1 2x + 1
49. Let I = ò dx
x 3 + 2x - x 2
[dividing numerator and denominator by x 2 ]
d
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö Now, let 2x + 1 = l ( 3 + 2x - x 2 ) + m .
ç1 - 2 ÷ ç1 - 2 ÷ dx dx
=ò è x ø dx = ò è x ø
Then, 2x + 1 = l( 2 - 2x ) + m …(i)
æ 2 1 ö æ 2 1 ö
çx + 2 ÷ + 1 ç x + 2 + 2÷ + 1 - 2 Þ 2x + 1 = 2l - 2l x + m
è x ø è x ø
Þ 2x + 1 = - 2l x + ( 2l + m )
[adding and subtracting 2 from denominator]
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we get
æ 1 ö -2l = 2 and 2l + m = 1
ç1 - 2 ÷ dx
=ò è
x ø \ l = - 1 and m = 3
2
æ 1ö \ 2x + 1 = - ( 2 - 2x ) + 3 [from Eq. (i)]
çx + ÷ - 1
è xø - ( 2 - 2x ) + 3
\ I=ò dx
1 æ 1 ö 3 + 2x - x 2
Now, put x + = t Þ ç1 - 2 ÷ dx = dt
x è x ø ( 2 - 2x ) 1
I =- ò dx + 3ò dx
dt 1 t -1 3 + 2x - x 2
3 + 2x - x 2
\ I= ò 2 = log +C
t - 12 2 t+1
1 1
= -ò dt + 3ò dx
é dx 1 x-a ù
êQ ò x 2 - a2 = 2a log x + a + C ú ( 2) - ( x - 1 ) 2
t 2
ë û
where, t = 3 + 2x - x 2
æ x -1 ö 1 3
\ I = - 2 t + 3sin -1 ç ÷ +C Þ A= and B = 2 -
è 2 ø 4 2
1 x 1 1
[Q ò dx = sin -1 + C] Þ A = and B =
4 2
a2 - x 2 a
\ From Eq. (i), we get
æ x -1 ö
= - 2 3 + 2x - x 2 + 3sin -1 ç ÷ +C 1
( x + 2) = ( 4x + 6) +
1
è 2 ø 4 2
x
50. Let I = ò 2 dx Now, the given integral can be written as
x + 3x + 2 1 1
( 4x + 6) +
d ( x + 2)
Again, let x = A ( x 2 + 3x + 2) + B I=ò 2 =ò 4 2 dx
dx 2x + 6x + 5 2x 2 + 6x + 5
Þ x = ( 2x + 3) A + B 1 4x + 6 1 dx
Þ x = 2 Ax + ( 3 A + B ) = ò 2 dx + ò 2
4 2x + 6x + 5 2 2x + 6x + 5
On comparing coefficient of x and constant term both the 1 1
sides, we get Þ I = I1 + I2 …(ii)
4 2
2 A = 1 and 3 A + B = 0 4x + 6 dx
1 3 where, I1 = ò 2 dx and I2 = ò 2
Þ A = and B = - 2x + 6x + 5 2x + 6x + 5
2 2
4x + 6
1 ( 2x + 3) dx 3 dx 1 3 Now, consider I1 = ò 2 dx
I= ò 2
2 x + 3x + 2 2 ò x 2 + 3x + 2
\ - Þ I = I1 - I2 2x + 6x + 5
2 2
Now, put 2x 2 + 6x + 5 = t Þ ( 4x + 6) dx = dt
2x + 3 dx
Where I1 = ò 2 dx and I2 = ò 2 dt
x + 3x + 2 x + 3x + 2 \ I1 = ò = log|t| + C1 = log 2x 2 + 6x + 5 + C1
t
2x + 3
Now, I1 = ò 2 dx dx 1 dx
x + 3x + 2 and I2 = ò 2 = ò
2x + 6x + 5 2 x + 3x +
2 5
Put x 2 + 3x + 2 = t Þ ( 2x + 3) dx = dt 2
dt 1
\ I1 = ò = log|t|+ C1 = log|x 2 + 3x + 2|+ C1 = ò
dx
t 2 2 3 æ 3ö
2
æ 3ö
2
5
dx dx x + 2× × x + ç ÷ - ç ÷ +
and I2 = ò 2 =ò 2 è 2ø è 2ø 2
x + 3x + 2 æ 3ö
2
9
çx + ÷ + 2 - é æ3ö
2 ù
è 2ø 4 êadding and subtracting ç ÷ from denominator ú
dx êë è 2ø úû
=ò
æ 3ö
2
æ1 ö
2 æ 3ö
çx + ÷ - ç ÷ 1 dx 1 1 çx + ÷
è 2ø è 2ø = ò 2
= × -1
tan ç 2÷ + C
2
2 æ 3ö
2
æ1 ö 2 æ1 ö çç 1 ÷÷
3 1 çx + ÷ + ç ÷ ç ÷
x+ - è 2ø è 2ø è 2ø è 2 ø
=
1
log 2 2 + C = log x + 1 + C
1 3 1 x+2
2
é dx 1 æ xö ù
2´ x+ + êQ ò 2 = tan - 1 ç ÷ + C ú
2 2 2 ë x + a 2
a è a ø û
1 1 3 x+1 3 1
\ I = log|x + 3x + 2|+ C1 - log
2
- C2 = × 2 tan - 1 ( 2x + 3) + C 2 = tan - 1 ( 2x + 3) + C 2
2 2 2 x+2 2 2
1 3 x+1 Now, substitute the value of I1 and I2 in Eq. (ii). Then, the
= log|x 2 + 3x + 2|- log + C,
2 2 x+2 given integral becomes
1 3 1 1 1 1
where C = C1 - C 2 I = log|2x 2 + 6x + 5| + tan - 1 ( 2x + 3) + C1 + C 2
2 2 4 2 4 2
x+2 1 1 -1
51. Let I = ò 2 = log 2x + 6x + 5 + tan ( 2x + 3) + C
2
dx
2x + 6x + 5 4 2
d 1 1
Now, let ( x + 2) = A ( 2x 2 + 6x + 5 ) + B where, C = C1 + C 2 .
dx 4 2
Þ ( x + 2) = A( 4x + 6) + B 1
…(i) 52. Let I = ò dx
Þ ( x + 2) = 4 Ax + ( 6 A + B ) cos 4 x + sin 4 x
On equating the coefficients of x and constant term from On dividing numerator and denominator by cos 4 x, we get
both sides, we get 1 = 4 Aand 6 A + B = 2 sec 4 x (sec 2 x ) ( sec2 x )
1 1 I=ò dx Þ I = ò dx
Þ A = and 6 × + B = 2 1 + tan x
4
1 + tan 4 x
4 4
sec 2 x ( 1 + tan 2 x ) 54. Let I = ò

x
Þ I=ò dx [Q 1 + tan 2 q = sec 2 q] dx
1 + tan 4 x ( x - 1 ) ( x + 2)
2
Now, put tan x = t Þ sec 2 x dx = dt x A B C

Now, let = + +
( x - 1 ) 2 ( x + 2) x - 1 ( x - 1 ) 2 ( x + 2)
1 + t2
\ I=ò dt [by partial fraction]
1 + t4
2 Þ x = A ( x - 1 ) ( x + 2) + B ( x + 2) + C ( x - 1 ) 2 …(i)
Again, dividing numerator and denominator by t , we get
1 1 On putting x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
1+ 2 1+ 2 1
I=ò t dt = ò t dt 1 = B( 1 + 2) Þ B =
1 2 3
t2 + 2 + 2 - 2 æ 1ö
t çt - ÷ + 2 On putting x = - 2 in Eq. (i), we get
è tø
2
[adding and subtracting 2 from denominator] -2 = c( -2 - 1 ) 2 Þ -2 = 9c Þ c = -
9
1 æ 1ö
Again, putting t - = u Þ ç1 + 2 ÷ dt = du, we get On putting x = 0 in Eq (i) we get
t è t ø
0 = A ( 0 - 1 ) ( 0 + 2) + B ( 0 + 2) + C ( 0 - 1 ) 2
du 1 æ u ö
I=ò 2 ÞI= tan - 1 ç ÷+C Þ 0 = - 2 A + 2B + C
u + ( 2) 2
2 è 2ø
Þ 2 A = 2B + C
é dx 1 -1 æ x ö ù æ1 ö 2 é - 2ù
êQ ò a2 + x 2 = a tan ç a ÷ + C ú
1
Þ 2 A = 2ç ÷ - êQ B = and C =
ë è ø û è ø
3 9 ë 3 9 úû
æ 1ö 2 2 6-2 4
çt - ÷ Þ 2A = - Þ 2A = =
1 -1 t÷+C é 1ù
Þ I= tan ç êëQ u = t - t úû
3 9 9 9
2 çç 2 ÷÷ 2
è ø Þ A=
9
1 æ t 2
- 1 ö x 2 1 2
Þ I= tan -1 çç ÷+C
÷
\ = + -
2 è 2 t ø ( x - 1 ) 2 ( x + 2) 9( x - 1 ) 3( x - 1 ) 2 9( x + 2)
æ tan x - 1 ö
2 x
Þ I=
1
tan - 1 çç ÷+C [Q t = tan x ] \ I=ò dx
2 ÷ ( x - 1 ) 2 ( x + 2)
è 2 tan x ø
4 sin x + 5 cos x é 2 1 2 ù
53. Let I = ò dx Þ I = òê + - ú dx
5 sin x + 4 cos x ë 9 ( x - 1 ) 3 ( x - 1 ) 2
9 ( x + 2) û
Now, let 4 sin x + 5 cos x 2 1 1 1 2 1
= ò dx + ò dx - ò dx
d 9 x -1 3 ( x - 1 )2 9 x+2
= A ( 5 sin x + 4 cos x ) + B ( 5 sin x + 4 cos x )
dx 2 1 æ -1 ö 2
= log|x - 1| + ç ÷ - log|x + 2| + C
= A( 5 cos x - 4 sin x ) + B ( 5 sin x + 4 cos x ) 9 3 è x -1 ø 9
Þ 4 sin x + 5 cos x = ( 5 A + 4B ) cos x + ( 5 B - 4 A ) sin x é 1 1 ù
On comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x, we get êQ ò ax + b dx = a log|ax + b| + C ú
ê ú
5 A + 4B = 5 and 5 B - 4 A = 4 êand 1 -1 ú
On solving these two equations, we get ëê
ò ( ax + b ) 2 dx =
a( ax + b )
+ C
úû
9 40
A= and B = 2 x -1 1
41 41 = log - +C
9 x + 2 3( x - 1 )
æ 9 40 ö
ç ( 5 cos x - 4 sin x ) + ÷ é æ aöù
ç
ç
41 41 ÷ êQ log a - log b = logç b ÷ ú
è ( 5 sin x + 4 cos x ) ÷ø ë è øû
\ I=ò dx 55. Let I = ò
x2 + x + 1
dx
( 5 sin x + 4 cos x )
( x + 2 ) ( x2 + 1 )
9 5 cos x - 4 sin x 40
41 ò 5 sin x + 4 cos x 41 ò
= dx + dx By partial fraction,
x2 + x + 1 A Bx + C
Now, put 5 sin x + 4 cos x = t = + 2
( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )
2
x +1
Þ ( 5 cos x - 4 sin x ) dx = dt
9 dt 40 9 40 Þ x 2 + x + 1 = A( x 2 + 1 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x + 2 )
\ I= ò
41 t
+
41
x + C1 =
41
log t +
41
x + C1 + C 2
Putting x = - 2 ,
3
40 9 4 - 2 + 1 = A( 5 ) + 0 Þ 5 A = 3 Þ A =
= x+ log 5 sin x + 4 cos x + C 5
41 41 Putting x = 0,
[Q t = 5 sin x + 4 cos x and C = C1 + C 2 ] 0 + 0 + 1 = A( 0 + 1 ) + ( 0 + C ) ( 0 + 2 )
Þ 1 = A + 2C 1
= - log ( 1 - t ) + log ( 1 + t 2 ) + tan -1 t + C
3 2
Þ 1 = + 2C 1
5 = - log ( 1 - sin x ) + log ( 1 + sin 2 x )
2 1 2
Þ 2C = Þ C = + tan -1 (sin x ) + C
5 5
and putting x = 1, sin 2x
57. Let I = ò dx
1 + 1 + 1 = 2A + ( B + C) ( 3 ) (sin 2 x + 1 ) (sin 2 x + 3)
Þ 3 = 2A + 3 ( B + C) Put sin 2 x = t Þ 2sin x cos xdx = dt Þ sin 2x dx = dt
æ 3ö æ 1ö dt
Þ 3 = 2 ç ÷ + 3 çB + ÷ \ I=ò
è5 ø è 5ø ( t + 1 ) ( t + 3)
6 æ 1ö 1 A B
Þ 3 - = 3 çB + ÷ Put = + [by partial fraction]
5 è 5ø ( t + 1 ) ( t + 3) t + 1 t + 3
9 æ 1 ö 3 1 2 Þ 1 = A ( t + 3) + B ( t + 1 ) …(i)
Þ = 3 çB + ÷ Þ - = B Þ B =
5 è 5ø 5 5 5 Put t = - 1 in Eq. (i), wet get
æ2 1ö 1 = A( -1 + 3) Þ1 = 2 A Þ A = 1 / 2
ç x+ ÷
x2 + x + 1 3 è5 5ø Put t = - 3 in Eq. (i), we get
Thus, = +
( x + 2 ) ( x2 + 1 ) 5 ( x + 2 ) ( x2 + 1 ) 1 = B ( - 3 + 1 ) Þ 1 = - 2B Þ B = - 1 / 2
x2 + x + 1 3 1 1 1
Now, ò dx = ò dx \ = -
( x + 2 ) ( x2 + 1 ) 5(x + 2 ) ( t + 1 ) ( t + 3) 2 ( t + 1 ) 2 ( t + 3)
dt
1
+ ò 2
2x 1
dx + ò 2
dx Now, I=ò
5 x +1 5 x +1 ( t + 1 ) ( t + 3)
3 1 1 æ 1 1 ö
= log| x + 2| + log| x + 1 | + tan ( x ) + C
2 -1 = ò çç - ÷÷ dt
5 5 5 è 2 ( t + 1 ) 2 ( t + 3) ø
é dx 1 -1 æ x ö 1 1 1 1
ê\ ò x 2 + a2 = a tan ç a ÷ + C = ò
2 1+t
dt - ò
2 t+3
dt
ë è ø
f ¢( x ) ù 1 1
= log|1 + t| - log|t + 3| + C
and ò dx = log| f ( x )|+ C ú
f ( x) û 2 2
2 cos x 1 t +1
56. Let I = ò dx = log +C
( 1 - sin x ) ( 2 - cos 2 x ) 2 t+3
2 cos x 1 sin 2 x + 1
=ò dx = log 2 +C
( 1 - sin x ) ( 1 + sin 2 x ) 2 sin x + 3
Put sin x = t Þ cos x dx = dt x
2 58. Let I = ò sin -1 dx.
\ I=ò dt a+ x
(1 - t ) (1 + t 2 )
Now, put x = a tan 2 q Þ dx = 2 a tan q sec 2 q d q
2 A Bt + C
Now, let = + a tan 2 q
( 1 - t ) (1 + t 2 ) 1 - t 1 + t2 \ I = ò sin - 1 ( 2a tan q × sec 2 q) d q
[by partial fraction] a + a tan 2 q
Þ 2 = A( 1 + t 2 ) + ( Bt + C ) ( 1 - t ) ...(i)
æ tan q ö
Putting t = 1 in Eq. (i), we get = 2 a ò sin - 1 çç ÷÷ tan q × sec 2 q d q
è sec q ø
2 = 2A Þ A = 1
= 2 a ò sin - 1 (sin q) tan q sec 2 q d q
Putting t = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
2= A+C = 2 aò q × tan q sec 2 q d q
I
Þ 2=1 + C Þ C =1 II
Putting t = - 1 in Eq. (i), we get é ìd ü ù

= 2a ê q ò tan q sec 2 q d q - ò í q ò tan q sec 2 q d qý d qú
2 = 2 A + ( -B + C ) ( 2 ) ë îd q þ û
Þ 2 = 2 - 2B + 2 é tan q 2
tan q ù
2
Þ 2B = 2 Þ B = 1 = 2a ê q × - ò1 × d qú
ë 2 2 û
1 t+1
\ I =1 ò dt + ò dt éQ put tanq = t Þ sec 2 q d q = dt ù
1-t 1 + t2 ê ú
2
1 1 2t 1 êÞ tan qsec 2 q d q = t dt = t + C ú
=ò
1-t
dt + ò
2 1 + t2
dt + ò dt êë ò ò 2 ûú
1 + t2
= a q tan 2 q - a ò ( sec 2 q - 1 ) d q I1 +
1 1 1
I1 = - e -3x × cos x + sin x × e -3x
9 3 9
= a q × tan 2 q - a tan q + a q + C
æ 10 ö 1 -3x 1 -3x
éx x x xù ç ÷ I1 = - e × cos x + sin x × e
= a ê tan - 1 - + tan - 1 ú+C è 9ø 3 9
ëa a a aû
-3 -3x 1 -3x
é æ x öù I1 =e × cos x + e sin x
x -1 10 10
êQ tan q = Þ q = tan
2 ç ÷
ç a ÷ú
êë a è ø ûú 1 1 3
2I = - e -3x[sin 3 x + cos 3 x ] + sin x × e -3x - e -3x × cos x
59. Let I = ò e -3x cos 3 x dx 3 3 10
II I 1 -3x
æ d ö + e × sin x + C
= cos x ò e -3x dx - ò ç cos 3 x ò e -3x dx ÷ dx
3
10
è dx ø 1 13 -3x 3 -3x
[using integration by parts] \ I = - e -3x[sin 3 x + cos 3 x ] + e × sin x - e
6 60 20
e -3x e -3x
= cos 3 x × - ò ( - 3 cos 2 x ) sin x × dx × cos x + C
-3 -3
60. Let I = ò tan x dx = ò 1 × tan x dx
-1 -1
1
= - cos 3 x e -3x - ò cos 2 x sin x e -3xdx II I
3 Using integration by parts, taking tan -1 x as Ist function and
1
= - cos 3 x e -3x - ò ( 1 - sin 2 x )sin x e -3xdx 1 as IInd function, we get
3
é d ù
1
= - cos 3 x e -3x - ò sin x e -3xdx + ò sin 3x e -3xdx I = tan -1 x × ò 1 dx - ò ê (tan -1 x ) × ò 1 dx ú dx
3 I II
ë dx û
1
1 e -3x = tan x × x - ò
-1
× x dx
= - cos 3 x e -3x - ò sin x e -3xdx + sin 3 x × 1 + x2
3 -3
e -3x 1 2x
- ò 3sin 2 x cos x × dx = x tan -1 x - ò dx
-3 2 1 + x2
1 1 1 2x
= - cos 3 x e -3x - ò sin x e -3xdx - sin 3 x e -3x = x tan -1 x - I1, where I1 = ò dx …(i)
3 3 2 1 + x2
+ ò ( 1 - cos 2 x ) cos x e -3xdx Now, put 1 + x 2 = t Þ 2x dx = dt
1 1
I = - cos 3 x e -3x - ò sin x e -3x - sin 3 x e -3x 1 dt 1 1
2ò t
3 3 \ I1 = = log|t| + C1 = log|1 + x 2| + C1
I II 2 2
[Q t = 1 + x 2 ]
+ ò cos x e -3xdx - ò cos 3x e -3xdx Now, from Eq. (i), we get
e -3x é e -3x e -3x ù 1
2I = [cos 3 x + sin 3 x ] - êsin x × - ò cos x × dx ú I = x tan -1 x - log|1 + x 2| - C1
-3 ë -3 -3 û 2
1
+ ò cos x e -3xdx = x tan -1 x - log|1 + x 2| + C,
2
e -3x 1 1 where C = - C1
2I = [cos 3 x + sin 3 x ] + sin x × e -3x - ò cos x × e -3xdx
-3 3 3 p/ 3 sin x + cos x
61. Let I = ò dx
+ ò cos x e -3xdx p/ 6 sin 2x
e -3x p/ 3 sin x + cos x
2I =
1 2
[cos 3 x + sin 3 x ] + sin x e -3x + ò cos x e -3xdx =ò dx [Qsin 2 q = 2sin q cos q]
p/ 6 2sin x cos x
-3 3 3
Now, let I1 = ò cos x e -3xdx p/ 3 sin x + cos x
=ò dx
I II p/ 6 1 - 1 + 2sin x cos x
e -3x e -3x
I1 = cos x × - ò ( - sin x ) × dx p/ 3 sin x + cos x
-3 -3 =ò dx
p/ 6 1 - [ 1 - 2sin x cos x ]
[again, using integration by parts]
-1 -3x 1 p/ 3 sin x + cos x
I1 = cos x × e - ò sin x × e -3xdx =ò dx
3 3 p/ 6
1 - [sin x + cos 2 x - 2sin x cos x ]
2
1 1 é e -3x e -3x ù
= - cos x × e -3x - êsin x × - ò cos x × dx ú [Qsin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1]
3 3ë -3 -3 û p/ 3 sin x + cos x
=ò dx
1 1 1 p/ 6
1 - (sin x - cos x ) 2
= - cos x × e -3x + sin x × e -3x - ò cos x × e -3xdx
3 9 9
[Q( a2 + b 2 - 2ab ) = ( a - b ) 2 ]
Let sin x - cos x = t Þ (cos x + sin x ) dx = dt a2

Now, + B =1
Also, when x = p / 6 b2
p p 1 3 a2 b 2 - a2
Þ t = sin - cos = - Þ B =1 - =
6 6 2 2 b2 b2
p (1 + t 2 )
and when x = \ I=ò
¥
3 0 ( a + b2t 2 )2
2
p p 3 1
Þ t = sin - cos = - 1 ¥ dt b 2 - a2 ¥ dt
3 3 2 2 =
b2
ò0 a +b t
2 2 2
+
b2
ò0 ( a2 + b 2 t 2 ) 2
3-1
dt
\ I=ò 2 1 ¥ dt b 2 - a2 ¥ dt
1- 3 1 - t2 =
b2
ò0 æa 2 ö
+
b2
ò0 ( a2 + b 2 t 2 ) 2
2
3 -1 é ù b 2 çç 2 + t 2 ÷÷
= [sin -1 t ] 2 êQ ò
1 x
dx = sin -1 + C ú èb ø
1- 3 ¥
êë a -x
2 2 a úû 1 é -1 æ tb ö ù b 2 - a2 æ p 1 ö
2 = 3ê
tan ç ÷ ú + ç × ÷
æ 3 -1ö æ1 - 3 ö ab ë è a øû0 b 2 è 4 a3b ø
= sin -1 çç ÷ - sin -1 ç
÷ ç 2 ÷
÷
è 2 ø è ø [by taking bt = aq and solving it]
æ 1 p b 2 - a2
æ 3 -1ö æ 3 - 1 ö ö÷ = 3 [tan -1 ¥ - tan -1 0] + × 3 3
= sin -1 çç ÷ - sin -1 ç - ç ÷
2 ÷ø ç ç 2 ÷÷ ab 4 (a b )
è è è øø
p p b 2 - a2
-1 æ 3 -1ö æ 3 -1ö = + × 3 3
= sin ç ç ÷ + sin -1 ç ÷ 2ab 3
4 (a b )
è 2 ÷ø ç 2 ÷
è ø æ 2a 2 + b 2 - a 2 ö p æ a 2 + b 2 ö
[Qsin -1( - q) = - sin -1 q] = p çç ÷= ç
÷ 4 ç a3b 3 ÷
÷
è 4a3b 3 ø è ø
æ 3 -1ö
= 2sin -1 çç ÷
÷ 63. Let I = ò
p/ 2 x
dx ...(i)
è 2 ø 0 (sin x + cos x )
p/ 2 dx
62. Let I = ò æp ö
0 ( a2 cos 2 x + b 2 sin 2 x ) 2 ç - x÷
Then, I=ò
p/ 2 è2 ø dx
Divide numerator and denominator by cos 4 x, we get 0 ìæ p ö ü ìæ p ö ü
sin íç ÷ - x ý + cos íç ÷ - x ý
p/ 2 sec x dx4
îè 2 ø þ îè 2 ø þ
I=ò
0 ( a + b 2 tan 2 x ) 2
2
æp ö
ç - x÷
p/ 2 ( 1 + tan 2 x ) sec 2 x dx I=ò
p/ 2 è2 ø dx
=ò 0 (cos x + sin x )
0 ( a2 + b 2 tan 2 x ) 2
æp ö
Put tan x = t Þ sec 2 x dx = dt ç - x÷
=ò
p/ 2 è2 ø dx ...(ii)
Lower limit When x = 0, then t = 0 0 (sin x + cos x )
p
Upper limit When x = , then t = ¥ On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2
(1 + t 2 ) p p/ 2 dx
I=ò
¥
0 ( a2 + b 2 t 2 ) 2
2I =
2 ò0 sin x + cos x
1 + t2 p p/ 2 dx
Now, [let t 2 = u] Þ I=
4 ò0 sin x + cos x
( a2 + b 2 t 2 ) 2
1+u A B p p/ 2 dx
= +
( a2 + b 2 u) 2 ( a2 + b 2 u) ( a2 + b 2 u) 2
=
4 ò0 é æ ö
x æ xö ù
ê 2 tan ç 2 ÷ 1 - tan 2 ç ÷ ú
Þ 1 + u = A( a2 + b 2 u) + B ê è ø + è 2ø ú
On comparing the coefficient of x and constant term on both ê 1 + tan 2 æç x ö÷ 1 + tan 2 æç x ö÷ ú
sides, we get êë è 2ø è 2 ø úû
a2 A + B = 1 …(i) æ xö
sec 2 ç ÷
b2 A = 1 p p/ 2 è 2ø
and …(ii) =
4 ò0 æ x ö æ xö
dx
1 1 - tan 2 ç ÷ + 2 tan ç ÷
\ A= 2 è 2ø è 2ø
b
x 1 x x+
1
x+
1
x+
1
Put t = tan Þ dt = sec 2 dx = òe x dx + xe x - ò1 ´ e x dx
2 2 2
Lower limit When x = 0, then t = 0 é ìd ü ù
p êQ ò u × v dx = u ò v dx - ò í dx ( u) ò v dx ý dx ú
Upper limit When x = , then t = 1 ê î þ ú
2 ê
1
ú
æ 1 ö x +
p 1 ê I1 = ò çè1 - x 2 ÷ø e
x dx
2 dt ú
= ò
4 0 ( 1 - t 2 + 2t ) ê ú
1 æ
ê put x + = t Þ ç1 - ÷ dx = dt 1 ö ú
p 1 dt ê x è x2 ø ú
=
2 ò0 [( 2 ) 2 - ( t - 1 ) 2 ] ê x+
1 ú
ê\ ò e t dt = e t = e x ú
1 ë û
p 1 ½ 2 + ( t - 1) ½
= × log½ ½ x+
1
2 2 2 ½ 2 - ( t - 1 ) ½0 = xe x +C
é dx 1 a+ x ù (ii) Let I = ò sin -1( 2x ) dx
êQ ò 2 = log + Cú
ë a - x 2
2 a a - x û y
Let 2x = y Þ x =
p ½ 2 +1½ 2
= log½ ½ dy
4 2 ½ 2 -1 ½ Þ dx =
2
1 1
64. Let I = ò x log( 1 + 2x ) dx
2 ò II I
0 II
[using integration by parts] \I= 1 × sin -1( y) dy
I
1
é x2 ù 1 x2 1 é -1 æ d ö ù
= ê log( 1 + 2x ) ú - ò × 2 × dx = ê sin y ò 1 dy - ò ç (sin -1 y) ò 1 dy÷ dyú
ë 2 û0 1 + 2x 2 2ë è dy ø û
1 x2 [using integrating by parts]
= [ x 2 log( 1 + 2x )]10 - ò dx
2 1 + 2x 1 é -1 1 ù
= êsin ( y) × y - ò × ydyú
é æ x ö ù 2ê
ë 1-y 2
úû
1 ê 1çx ÷ ú
= [ 1 log 3 - 0] - ê ò ç - 2 ÷ dx ú
2 ê çç 2 1 + 2x ÷÷ ú
0 1é 1 2y ù
= ê ysin -1 y + ò - dyú
ë è ø û 2ê 2 1-y 2
úû
ë
1 1 1 1 1 x
= log 3 - ò x dx + ò dx 1 é dx ù
2 2 0 2 0 1 + 2x = [ y sin -1 y + 1 - y2 + C1 ] êQ ò = 2 x + C1 ú
2 ë x û
1
1 ( 2x + 1 - 1 )
1 1 é x2 ù 1 1
=
1
[ 2x sin -1 2x + 1 - 4x 2 ] + C
= log 3 - ê ú +
2 2 ë 2 û0 2 ò0 2
( 2x + 1 )
dx 2
é C1 ù
1 1 é1 ù 1 1 1 1 1 êëQ y = 2x and C = 2 úû
=
2
log 3 - ê - 0ú +
2ë2 û 4 ò0 dx - 4 ò0 1 + 2x dx
-1 æ 1 + x + x2 ö
(iii) Let I = ò e tan x çç ÷ dx
÷
è 1+x ø
2
1 1 1 1
= log 3 - + [ x ]10 - [log|( 1 + 2x )|] 10
2 4 4 8 Put tan -1 x = t Þ x = tan t Þ dx = sec 2 t dt
1 1 1 1
= log 3 - + - [log 3 - log1 ] æ 1 + tan t + tan 2 t ö 2
2 4 4 8 = ò e t çç ÷ sec t dt
÷
è 1 + tan 2 t ø
1 1 3
= log 3 - log 3 = log 3
2 8 8 æ sec 2 t + tan t ö 2
1 = ò e t çç ÷ sec t dt
÷
æ 1ö x+
è sec 2 t ø
65. (i) Let I = ò ç1 + x - ÷ e x dx
è xø
1 é 1ù = ò e t sec 2 t dt + ò e t tan t dt
x+ æ 1 ö x+ I II
= òe x dx + ò x ê ç1 - 2 ÷ e x ú dx
I êè x ø ú [using integration by parts]
êë II úû
= e t tan t - ò e t tan t dt + ò e t tan t dt + C \ I = e t sin t + C

= x sin (log x ) + C
= e t tan t x-3 x x -1 - 2 x
-1 (iii) Let I = ò e dx = ò e dx
= e tan x
tan(tan -1 x ) + C ( x - 1 )3 ( x - 1 )3
-1
= e tan xx + C æ x -1 2 ö
= ò e x çç - ÷ dx
66. (i) Let I = ò e x (sin x + cos x ) dx è( x - 1)
3
( x - 1 ) 3 ÷ø
and f ( x ) = sin x, then f ¢( x ) = cos x æ 1 2 ö
= ò e x çç - ÷ dx …(i)
So, the given integral is of the form è( x - 1)
2
( x - 1 ) 3 ÷ø
I = ò e x [ f ( x ) + f ¢( x )] dx 1
Now, let f ( x ) =
We know that, ( x - 1 )2
-2
ò e [ f ( x ) + f ¢ ( x )] dx = e f ( x ) + C
x x
Þ f ¢( x ) =
( x - 1 )3
\ I = e x sin x + C
Then, Eq. (i) becomes of the form
(ii) Let I = ò sin(log x ) + cos(log x ) dx
I = ò e x [ f ( x ) + f ¢( x )] dx
Put logx = t Þ x = e t Þ dx = e t dt
Also, we know that,
\ò e t (sin t + cos t ) dt [Q f ( x ) = sin t and f ¢( x ) = cos t ]
ò e [ f ( x ) + f ¢( x )] dx = e f ( x ) + C
x x
So,the given integral is of the form

ex
I = ò e x [ f ( x ) + f ¢( x )] dx Hence, I = + C.
( x - 1 )2
Chapter Test æ
(i) Evaluate ò ç 6 x +
è
1 ö
(a) 2x 3/ 2 + 2 x + C
÷ dx.
xø
(b) x 3/ 2 + 3 x + C
(c) 4 x 3/ 2 + 2 x + C (d) 4 x + 3x 3/ 2 + C
x3 - 1
(ii) Evaluate ò dx.
Multiple Choice Questions x2
6 2
sin x x 1 x2 1
1. ò cos 8 x dx is equal to (a)
3
+ +C
x
(b)
2
+ +C
x
tan 6 x tan 7 x x3 1 x 3
1
(a) +C (b) +C (c) + +C (d) + +C
6 7 4 x 2 x
(iii) Evaluate ò 3x dx.
tan 8 x 3x 6x 9x 9x
(c) +C (d) None of these (a) + C (b) +C (c) + C (d) +C
8 log 3 log 6 log 3 log 9
x+3 ( 1 + log x ) 2
2. ò (x + 4) 2 ex dx is equal to (iv) Evaluate ò
x
dx.
[NCERT Exemplar]
ex ex ( 1 + log x ) 3 ( 1 + log x ) 2
(a) +C (b) +C (a) +C (b) +C
x +3 (x + 4 ) 3 2
3
é 1 + log x ù 1 + log x
(c)
ex
+C (d) e x ( x + 3) + C
(c) ê
ë x úû + C (d)
x
+C
(x + 4 )2 -1
e tan x
(v) Evaluate ò
2
æ 1-x ö dx.
3. ò e çç x ÷ dx is equal to
2÷
1+ x 2
è1 + x ø
-1 2
[NCERT Exemplar] (a) e tan x + C (b) e (1+ x ) + C
-1
ex - ex (c) e cot x + C (d) None of these
(a) +C (b) +C
1+ x 2
1 + x2 Short Answer Type Questions
ex - ex
(c) +C (d) +C e6 log x - e5 log x
(1 + x 2)2 (1 + x 2)2 5. Evaluate ò dx.
e4 log x - e3 log x [NCERT Exemplar]
Case Based MCQs (a x + b x )2
4. A mathematics teacher of class XII teaches the basic 6. Evaluate ò dx.
ax bx
properties of integration and theorem which are given
sin -1 x
below. 7. Evaluate ò dx.
(1 - x 2 )3 2 [NCERT Exemplar]
d æ xn + 1 ö x n +1
ç ÷ = x n, n ¹ -1
dx çè n + 1 ÷ø ò x n dx =
n+ 1
+ C , n ¹ -1
8. Evaluate ò
1- x
dx.
1+ x [NCERT]
d x
dx
(e ) = e x ò e x dx = e x +C 9. Evaluate ò sec 4 / 3 x cosec 8 / 3 x dx.
d æ ax ö ax Long Answer Type Questions
ç ÷ = a x , a > 0, a ¹ 1
dx çè log a ÷ø ò a x dx = log a + C , a > 0, a ¹ 1 dx
10. Solve ò .
d 1 1 5 - 8x - x2
dx
(log| x|) =
x ò x dx = log| x| + C 11. Evaluate ò
dx
.
(x - 1 ) 2 x + 3
d 1 dx
dx
(tan-1 x ) =
1 + x2
ò1+ x2
= tan-1 x + C
12. Find ò
x+1
dx.
(x + 2 ) (x + 3 ) [CBSE 2020]
Based on the above information, answer the following p / 4 sin x + cos x
questions. 13. Evaluate ò dx.
0 9 + 16 sin 2 x [NCERT]
Answers
æa ö æb ö
x x
ç ÷ 3 ç ÷
x èb ø èa ø
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (a) (v) (a) 5. +C 6. + + 2x + C
3 æ ö
a æb ö
log ç ÷ log ç ÷
èb ø èa ø
-1 x -1 3 - 5/ 3
7. sin x × + log| 1 - x |+ C 8. - 2 1 - x + cos
2
x + x - x + C 9. - tan
2
x + 3 tan1/ 3 x + C
1 - x2 5
1 21 + x + 4 1 2x + 3 - 5 (x + 3)2
10. log +C 11. log + C 12. log +C For Detailed Solutions
2 21 21 - x - 4 5 2x + 3 + 5 (x + 2)
1 Scan the code
13. log 9
40
CHAPTER 02
Application of
Integrals
In this Chapter...
l Area of Bounded Region
l Area of Region when Curve is Below the X-axis
l Area of Region when Curve is Above the X-axis
l Area of Region Bounded by a Curve and a Line
Area of Bounded Region Area of Region Bounded by Y-axis, Lines

Area of bounded region can be assumed as composed of large y = c, y = d and the Curve x = f ( y )
number of very thin vertical (or horizontal) strips. Consider The area of region PQRSP bounded by the curve x = f ( y ), the
an arbitrary strip of height y and width dx. Then, dA (area of Y-axis and lines y = c and y = d is given by
elementary strip) = ydx. This area is called elementary area, Y
which is located at an arbitrary position within the region, so
by adding up the elementary areas of thin strips across the S R
y=d
region, we get the required area.
x
x = f (y )
dy
Area of Region Bounded by X-axis,
Lines x = a, x = b and Curve y = f ( x ) y=c Q
P
The area of the region PQRSP bounded by the curve y = f ( x), X¢ X
the X-axis and lines x = a and x = b, will be the result of O
adding up the elementary areas of thin vertical strips across
the region PQRSP. Y¢
d d d
Y y = f (x) R Area = ò dA = ò x dy = ò f ( y ) dy
c c c
Q
y Area of Region when Curve is Below the

X¢ P S
X
X-axis
O x = a dx x = b
If the curve y = f ( x) lies below the X-axis, then area bounded
Y¢ by the curve y = f ( x), X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b
b b b comes out to be negative. But only numerical value of the
Thus, Area = ò dA = ò y dx = ò f ( x) dx area is taken into consideration.
a a a
Thus, if the area is negative, then we take its absolute value, and IV or in II and III quadrants) or Y-axis (i.e. symmetric in
b
i.e.| ò f ( x) dx|. I and II or in III and IV quadrants) or both X-axis and Y-axis
a (i.e. symmetric in all quadrants) or origin (i.e. symmetric in I
Y and III or in II and IV quadrants). Then, firstly we calculate
the area of bounded region in one quadrant and then multiply
this area by number of quadrants in which region is
x=a dx x=b symmetrical.
X¢ X
O y Area of Region Bounded
y = f (x) by a Curve and a Line
To find the area of the region bounded by a line and a circle,
Y¢
a line and a parabola, a line and an ellipse, we use the
b b following steps
\ Area = òa ydx = òa f ( x) dx
I. Firstly, we draw the rough sketch of given curves and
identify the region for which we have to find the area.
Area of Region when Curve is
II. Find the intersection point (or points) of curve and line.
Above and Below the X-axis
III. Draw perpendicular lines from the intersection points of
It may happen that some portion of the curve is above the line and curve to X-axis (or Y-axis).
X-axis and some is below the X-axis, which is shown in the
figure given below If these perpendicular lines divide the region (whose
area is to be determined) into two (or more) parts, then
Y
take two (or more) vertical strips (or horizontal strips),
otherwise take one vertical strip (or horizontal strip).
y = f(x) IV. Now, find the area of region by using the suitable
x=a x=c A1 formula, i.e.
X¢ X b
O A2
x=b For one vertical strip Area = ò y dx, where y is height
x=a
of the vertical strip.
For two vertical strips
Y¢ c b
Area = ò y1 dx + ò y 2 dx, where y1 and y 2
Here, A1 > 0 and A2 < 0. Therefore, the area A bounded by x=a x=c
the curve y = f ( x), X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is given represent the heights of vertical strips.
d
by or For one horizontal strip Area = ò x dy, where x
c
c b
A =| A2 | + A1 = òa f ( x)dx + ò f ( x)dx
c
is the length of the horizontal strip.
e d
For two horizontal strips Area = ò x1 dy + ò x 2 dy,
c e
Area of Symmetrical Region
Sometimes, the bounded region, for which we have to where x1 and x 2 represent the lengths of the
calculate area, is symmetrical about X-axis (i.e. symmetric in I horizontal strips.
Solved Examples
0 3
Example 1. Find the area of the region bounded by the é x2 ù é x2 ù
curve y = x + 3 and the lines x = 1 and x = 2. = ê ú +ê ú
ë 2 û -2 ë 2 û 0
Sol. Given, curve y = x + 3 is a straight line, which intersect the
coordinate axes at points A( - 3, 0) and B( 0, 3). é 4ù é9 ù
= 0- + -0
êë 2 úû êë 2 úû
9 9 13
Y = |- 2| + = 2 + = sq units
2 2 2
3
Example 3. Find the area under the curve y = 3 x
y=x+3
2 included between the lines x = 1 to x = 3.
1 Sol. Given, curve is y = 3 x .
X¢ X It is a positive square root curve, whose shape is upper half
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
of the horizontal parabola.
Y
y=3 x
Y¢ x=1 x=2
2 2
\ Area of region = ò y dx = ò ( x + 3) dx
1 1
2
é x2 ù ( 2) 2 1 X¢ X
=ê + 3x ú = + 3( 2) - ( 1 ) 2 - 3( 1 )
ë 2 û1 2 2
1 7 9
= 2 + 6 - - 3 = 8 - = sq units
2 2 2
x=1 x=3
Example 2. Find the area bounded by the line y = x, the Y¢
X-axis and the lines x = - 2 and x = 3. 3 3
\Area of shaded region = ò y dx = ò ( 3 x ) dx
Sol. Given, line is y = x, which is passing through the origin and 1 1
3
making angle of 45° with the X-axis as shown in the given é x 3/ 2 ù
figure. = 3ê ú
Y ë 3 / 2û 1
= 2[( 3) 3/ 2 - 1 3/ 2 ]
D
= 2[ 3 3 - 1 ] = ( 6 3 - 2) sq units
Example 4. Find the area of region bounded by the

X¢
–2 –1 C curve y2 = 4x and the line x = 4.
X
B O 1 2 3 Sol. Given, curve is a parabola, y2 = 4x ...(i)
which is of the form of Y 2 = 4aX having vertex (0, 0)
A and given line is x = 4 ...(ii)
Y A(4, 4)
y=x x=3
Y¢
x=–2
x=4
\ Required Area = Area of region OAB (0, 0) O
C
+ Area of region OCD X¢ X
3
0
= ò-2 y dx + ò ydx
0
y2 = 4 x
0 3
= ò-2 x dx + ò0 x dx Y¢
B(4, -4)
It is clear from the figure that, the region for which we have Y
to find area is OBCAO.
Also, the region OCAO is symmetrical about X-axis.
y=x 2
Now, let us find the intersection point of curve and line.
On putting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get
C y=4
y2 = 4( 4) = 16 A B
Þ y = ±4 X¢ X
O
Thus, line and curve intersect at two points (4, 4) and (4, -4).
So, coordinates of point A are (4, 4), as it is in I quadrant.
Now, area of bounded region OACBO Y¢
= 2 (Area of region OACO)
\ Required area = 2(area of region OBC)
[since, parabola is symmetrical about the X-axis] 4 4
4 = 2 ò x dy = 2 ò y dy
= 2 ò y ( parabola ) dx [Q y2 = 4x Þ y = 4x = 2 × x1/ 2 ] 0 0
0
4
4 4 æ y3/ 2 ö 4
= 2 ò 2 × x1/ 2 dx = 4 ò x1/ 2 dx = 2 çç ÷ = ( y3/ 2 ) 40
0 0 3 / 2 ÷
4 è ø0 3
éx ù 3/ 2
2 3/ 2 4
=4ê ú = 4 × [ x ]0 4
= [( 4) 3/ 2 - ( 0) 3/ 2 ]
ë 3 / 2 û0 3 3
8 4 32
= [( 4) 3/ 2 - 0] = [ 8 - 0] = sq units
3 3 3
8
= ´ ( 22 ) 3/ 2 Example 7. Draw a rough sketch of the curve y =|x – 5|.
3
8 Find the area under the curve and line x = 3 and
= ´8 x = 6.
3
64 Sol. Given, curve y = |x - 5| is an absolute function.
= sq units
3 ì x - 5, x ³5
\ y=í
64 î5 - x, x <5
Hence, the required area is sq units. Y
3
5
Example 5. Find the area enclosed between the x–
y=
parabola y = 4ax and its latusrectum.
2 y=
5–
x
Sol. Y 2
P y =4ax X¢ X
5
x=a
(0, 0)
X¢ X
O S (a, 0) x=6
Y¢ x=3
6
\ Area of bounded region = ò |x - 5| dx
3
P¢ 5 6
Y¢ = ò ( 5 - x ) dx + ò5 ( x - 5 ) dx
\ Required area = Area of region PSP ¢OP 3
5 6
= 2 ´ Area of region PSOP (shaded region) é x2 ù é x2 ù
a a = ê5 x - ú + ê - 5 xú
= 2 ò y dx = 2 ò 2 ax dx ë 2 û3 ë 2 û5
0 0
=
8 2 æ 52 ö æ 32 ö é 62 æ52 öù
a sq units = çç5 ´ 5 - ÷÷ - çç5 ´ 3 - ÷÷ + ê - 5 ´ 6 - çç - 5 ´ 5 ÷÷ ú
3 2 2 2 2
è ø è ø ë è øû
Example 6. Find the area included between the curve æ 25 ö æ 9 ö é æ 25 ö ù
= ç 25 - ÷ - ç15 - ÷ + ê18 - 30 - ç - 25 ÷ ú
y = x 2 and the line y = 4. è 2ø è 2ø ë è 2 øû
Sol. Given, equation of curve y = x 2 is a parabola, whose vertex is 25 21 é æ 25 ö ù
= - + ê - 12 - ç - ÷
(0, 0) and open upward. 2 2 ë è 2 ø úû
Given, equation of line y = 4 is perpendicular to positive 4 é 25 ù 1 5
= + -12 + = 2 + = sq units
Y-axis and which is 4 units distance from origin. 2 êë 2 úû 2 2
Example 8. Using definite integration, find the area of \Required area of shaded region
2p
x 2
y 2 = Area of region O¢ABCDE = ò cos x dx
region + = 1. 0
2 2 p/ 2 3p/ 2 2p
a b =ò cos x dx + ½ò cos x dx½ + ò3p/ 2 cos x dx
x y 2 2 0 ½ p/ 2 ½
Sol. Given, equation of the curve is 2 + 2 = 1 ...(i) Y
a b
y2 x 2 a2 - x 2 y=cos x
Þ = 1 - = O¢ D
b2 a2 a2
2
b p
Þ y2 = 2 ( a 2 - x 2 ) X¢
A C E
X
a O p/2 3p/2 2p
b
Þ y=± a2 - x 2
a
Now, in first quadrant, y > 0 B
b Y¢
\ y= a2 - x 2 …(ii)
a = [sin x ] p0/ 2 + (sin x ) 3pp/ 2/ 2 + [sin x ] 23pp/ 2
Y
é p ù é 3p pù é 3p ù
= sin - 0 + sin - sin + sin 2p - sin
(0, b)B P(x, y) ëê 2 ûú êë 2 2 ûú êë 2 ûú
y = 1 - 0 +|[ -1 - 1 ]| + [ 0 - ( -1 )]
X¢ X
A¢ O dx A (a, 0) = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4 sq units
(–a, 0)
(0, –b) B¢ Example 10. Find the area bounded by the curve
Y¢ x2 y2
+ = 1 and the lines x = 0 and x = ae.
It is clear that the given curve is an ellipse, which is a2 b2
symmetric about both axes and it intersect the X-axis and Sol. Y
Y-axis at points ( ± a, 0) and ( 0, ± b ), respectively.
\ Required area = 4 ´ Area in first quadrant B
x=ae
S
= 4 ´ Area of region OABO
a ab X¢ X
= 4 ò y dx = 4 ò a2 - x 2 dx O
0 0a
R
[put the value of y from Eq. (ii)] B¢ F(ae, 0)
b a 2 Y¢
= 4 ò a - x dx 2
a 0
a
\Required area of bounded region
4b éx a2 æ xöù ae b ae 2
= ê a -x +
2 2
sin - 1 ç ÷ ú = 2ò y dx = 2 ò a - x 2 dx
a ë2 2 è aøû0 0 a 0
ae
é x 2 a2 æ xö ù 2b éx 2 a 2 -1 x ù
êQ ò a - x dx =
2 2
a - x 2 + sin -1 ç ÷ + C ú = ê a - x2 + sin ú
ë 2 2 è ø
a û
a ë2 2 aû0
b éa a 2
æ aö a 2
ù 2b é xù
ae
=4 ê a2 - a2 + sin - 1 ç ÷ - 0 - sin - 1 ( 0) ú = x a2 - x 2 + a2 sin -1
a ë2 2 è aø 2 û 2a ëê a úû 0
4b é a2 ù é b ae ù
= ê0 + sin -1 ( 1 ) - 0 - 0ú [Q sin -1 0 = 0] = ae a2 - a2 e 2 + a2 sin -1 - ( 0 + 0)
a ë 2 êëa a úû
û
4b æ a 2 p ö é pù b
= [ a2 e 1 - e 2 + a2 sin -1 e ]
= ç × ÷ Q sin -1 ( 1 ) =
a çè 2 2 ÷ø êë 2 úû a
4ab p = ab [ e 1 - e 2 + sin -1 e ] sq units
= × = pab sq units
2 2
Example 11. Find the area of the smaller part of the
Example 9. Find the area of the region enclosed by the a
curve y = cos x between x = 0 and x = 2p. circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 cut-off by the line x = .
2
Sol. Given, curve y = cos x intersects the X-axis between 0 to 2p
p 3p Sol. Given, equations of circle and line are
are and . x 2 + y2 = a 2 …(i)
2 2
a
and x= …(ii) Example 12. Find the area of the region in the first
2 quadrant enclosed by X-axis and x = 3 y and the
Y
circle x 2 + y 2 = 4.
2
( )
a a a Sol. Given, equation of circle is x 2 + y2 = 4 and x = 3y or
2 = ,
y A
2 + Ö2 Ö2 1
x y= x represents a line through the origin.
3
C P(a, 0) x
X¢ X Y
O y=
3
x2 + y2=4 A
B ( 3, 1)
a B
x= 2 X¢ X
Ö 3 (2, 0)
O
Y¢
Clearly, required region is APBCA, which is symmetrical Y¢
about X-axis. and the x-coordinate of point of intersection 1
a The line y = x intersect the circle, so it will satisfy the
curve and line is . 3
2
equation of circle.
Now, required area = Area of region APBCA 2
= 2 (Area of region APCA) æ 1 ö
\ x2 + ç x÷ = 4
a è 3 ø
= 2ò y dx
a/ 2 4 2
a Þ x =4
= 2ò a2 - x 2 dx 3
a/ 2
4´3
éx a2 xù
a Þ x2 = =3
=2ê a2 - x 2 + sin -1 ú 4
ë2 2 aû a
Þ x=± 3
2
1
éæ a2 aö When x = 3, then y = ( 3 ) = 1.
= 2 ê çç 0 + sin -1 ÷÷ 3
ëè 2 a ø [for first quadrant we take x = 3 and neglect x = - 3]
ìï a a2 a2 æ a 1 ö üïù \The line and the circle meet at the point ( 3, 1 ).
-í a2 - + sin -1 ç × ÷ ýú
îï
2 2 2 2 è 2 a ø þïúû \ Required area (shaded region in first quadrant)
1
éæ a 2
ö a a a 1 ù 2 2 = (Area under the line y = x from x = 0 to x = 3)
= 2 ê çç sin -1( 1 ) ÷÷ - - sin -1 ú 3
êë è 2 ø 2 2 2 2 2ú
û + (Area under the circle from x = 3 to x = 2)
é a2 p a a a2 p ù 3 1 2
=2ê × - × - × ú =ò x dx + ò 4 - x 2 dx
0 3` 3
ë 2 2 2 2 2 2 4û
[Q x 2 + y2 = 4 Þ y = 4 - x 2 ]
é pa2 a2 a2 p ù
= 2ê - - ú 3 2
1 é x2 ù éx 22 æ xöù
ë 4 4 8 û = ×ê ú + ê 4 - x2 + sin -1 ç ÷ ú
pa2 a2 pa2
3 ë 2 û0 ë2 2 è 2ø û 3
= - -
2 2 4 1
= [( 3 ) 2 - 02 ]
2pa - 2a - pa2
2 2 2 3
=
4 é 3 æ 3 öù
+ ê 0 + 2 sin -1( 1 ) - 4 - 3 - 2 sin -1 çç ÷ú
÷
pa2 - 2a2 ë 2 è 2 øû
=
4 3 æ pö 3 æ pö
a 2 ( p - 2) = + 2ç ÷ - - 2ç ÷
= sq units 2 è 2ø 2 è 3ø
4
2p p
a 2 ( p - 2) =p- = sq units
Hence, the required area is sq units. 3 3
4
Chapter
Practice
8. The area of region bounded by the curves
PART 1 y =|x - 2|, x = 1, x = 3 and the X-axis is
Objective Questions (a) 1 sq unit
(c) 3 sq units
(b) 2 sq units
(d) 4 sq units
9. The area of the region bounded by the line
l
Multiple Choice Questions
y = 3x + 2, the X-axis and the ordinates x = - 1 and
1. The area of the region bounded by the curve x = 1 is
y = x + 1 and the lines x = 2 and x = 3 is 26 19
7 9 (a) sq units (b) sq units
(a) sq units (b) sq units 3 3
2 2
13
11 13 (c) sq units (d) None of these
(c) sq units (d) sq units 3
2 2
10. Area of the region bounded by the curve y 2 = 4x,
2. The area of the region bounded by the curve
the Y-axis and the line y = 3 is
x = 2y + 3 and the lines y = 1 and y = - 1 is
9
3 (a) 2 sq units (b) sq units
(a) 4 sq units (b) sq units 4
2
9 9
(c) 6 sq units (d) 8 sq units (c) sq units (d) sq units
3 2
3. The area of the region bounded by the line
2y = 5 x + 7, X-axis and the lines x = 2 and x = 8 is 11. The area of the region bounded by the curve
y 2 = 4x and the line x = 3 is
(a) 96 sq units (b) 69 sq units
(c) 90 sq units (d) 192 sq units (a) 5 3 sq units (b) 4 3 sq units
(c) 8 3 sq units (d) None of these
4. The area of region bounded by the line 2x + y = 8,
the Y-axis and the lines y = 2 and y = 4 is 12. The area of the region bounded by the curve y = x 2
(a) 5 sq units (b) 6 sq units and the line y = 16 is
(c) 12 sq units (d) 7 sq units 32 256
(a) sq units (b) sq units
5. The area of region bounded by the line y = 8 x, the 3 3
X-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 2 is 64 128
(c) sq units (d) sq units
(a) 11 sq units (b) 10 sq units 3 3
(c) 12 sq units (d) 5 sq units
13. The area under the curve y = 2 x included
6. The area bounded by the line y = x, the X-axis and
between the lines x = 0 and x = 1 is
the lines x = -1 and x = 2 is 4 3
5 5 (a) sq units (b) sq units
(a) sq units (b) sq units 3 4
3 2
3 2 (c) 1 sq unit (d) 4 sq units
(c) sq unit (d) sq unit
5 5 14. Area of the region bounded by the curve y = cos 2x
7. The area of the region bounded by the line p
between x = 0 and x = is
x + y = 2, the X-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 1 is 4
3 1
(a) sq units (b) 3 sq units (a) sq unit (b) 4 sq units
2 2
1 (c) 3 sq units (d) 1 sq unit
(c) 2 sq units (d) sq unit
3
15. The figure below shows a DAOB and the parabola 1

23. The area of region bounded by the curve y = ,
y = x 2 . The ratio of the area of the DAOB to the area x
of the region AOB of the parabola y = x 2 is equal to X-axis and x = 1 to x = 3 is
Y (a) 2 log 3 sq units (b) log3 - 1 sq units
(–a, a2) A B (a, a2) (c) log3 sq units (d) None of these
24. The area of region bounded by the curve y = xe x
and the lines x = 2 and x = 4 is
X¢ X
O (0, 0) (a) e 2 ( 3e 2 + 1 ) sq units (b) e 2 ( 3e 2 - 1 ) sq units
(c) 3e 2 ( e 2 - 1 ) sq units (d) e 2 ( 3e 2 + 1 ) sq units
Y¢
3 3 7 5 25. The area bounded by the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 8 6
line y = x in the first quadrant is
16. If the area above the X-axis bounded by the curves p
3 (a) sq units (b) p sq units
y = 2 kx , x = 0 and x = 2 is , then the value of k is 2
log 2 p p
1 3 4
(a) (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 2
2 26. The area bounded by y = log x, the X-axis and
17. Area lying in the first quadrant and bounded by the ordinates x = 1 and x = 2 is
circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the lines x = 0 and x = 2 is æ eö e
(a) log ç ÷ sq units (b) log sq units
p è 4ø 2
(a) p sq units (b) sq units
2 æ 4ö æ 2ö
(c) log ç ÷ sq units (d) log ç ÷ sq units
p p è eø è eø
3 4
18. The area under the curve y = a 2 - x 2 included
l
Case Based MCQs
between the lines x = 0 and x = a is 27. Location of three branches of a bank is represented
pa2 by the three points A( -2, 0), B (1, 4) and C( 2, 3) as
(a) pa sq units
2
(b) sq units
2 shown in figure.
pa2 pa2 Y
4 3 5
B (1, 4)
19. The area bounded by y = - x 2 + 2x + 3 and y = 0 is 4
32 3 C (2, 3)
(a) 32 sq units (b) sq units
3 2
1 1 1
(c) sq unit (d) sq unit A (–2, 0)
32 3 X¢ X
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5
20. The area of the region bounded by the curve –1
y = sin x between 0 and 2p is –2
(a) 2 sq units (b) 4 sq units Y¢
(c) 3 sq units (d) 1 sq unit (i) Equation of line AB is
21. The area bounded by the curve y = tan x and X-axis 4 4
(a) y = ( x + 2) (b) y = ( x + 1 )
p p 3 3
and the lines x = and x = is
6 3 4 4
(c) y = ( x + 2) (d) y = ( x + 1 )
(a) log 2 sq units (b) log 3 sq units 5 5
1 (ii) Equation of line BC is
(c) log sq unit (d) None of these
3 (a) y = x + 5 (b) y = - x + 5
(c) y = x + 4 (d) y = - x + 4
22. The area of region bounded by the curve y = 2 and x
the lines x = 1 to x = 3 is (iii) Area of region ABCD is

6 19
(a) 6 log 2 sq units (b) sq units (a) 19 sq units (b) sq units
log 2 2
(c) (log 2) 6 sq units (d) None of these
(iv) Area of DADC is Y

(a) 3 sq units (b) 4 sq units
(0, 2)
(v) Area of DABC is
3
(a) 7 sq units (b) sq units
2 (2, 0)
(c) X¢ X
7 O
(c) 5 sq units (d) sq units
2
x2+y2=4
28. Aman was celebrating his birthday with his friends. x+y=2
He ordered a pizza. He cut the pizza with a knife.
Pizza was circular in shape which is represented by Y¢
x 2 + y 2 = 4 and sharp edge of knife represents a (d) None of the above
straight line given by x + y = 2. (iii) The area bounded by the sharp edge of knife with
Pizza the coordinate axes is
1 1
(a) sq unit (b) sq unit
4 2
x+y=2 (c) 2 sq units (d) 3 sq units
(iv) Area of each slice of pizza, when Aman cut the
pizza into 4 equal pieces is
x2+y2=4 p
(a) sq units (b) p sq units
2
Based on the above information, answer the p
followwing questions. (c) sq units (d) 2p sq units
3
(i) The points of intersection of the edge of knife (v) Area of whole pizza is
(line) and pizza shown in figure is (are) (a) 4p sq units (b) 3p sq units
(a) (0, 2) and (2, 0) (b) (0, 1) and (1, 0) p
(c) (1, 2) and (2, 1) (d) (3, 1) and (1, 3) (c) p sq units (d) sq units
2
(ii) Which of the following shaded portion represent
29. Consider the following equations of curves
the smaller area bounded by pizza and edge of
knife in first quadrant?
x 2 + y 2 = 32 and y = x.
Y On the basis of above information, answer the
(0, 2) following questions.
(i) The point(s) of intersection of both the curves is
(are)
(a) ( 4, - 4) and ( -4, 4)
(2, 0)
(a) X¢ O X (b) ( 4, 4) and ( -4, - 4)
(c) ( 2, 2) and ( -2, 2)
x2+y2=4 x+y=2 (d) (4, 4) and (3, 4)
(ii) Area bounded by the curves is represented by
which of the following graph?
Y¢ Y
Y
y=x
(0, 2)
x+y=2
(2, 0)
(a) X¢ X
(b) X¢ X O
O
x2+y2=32
x2+y2=4
Y¢
Y¢
Y
PART 2
x2+y2=32 Subjective Questions
(b) X¢ X
l
O
1. Find the area of region bounded by the line
x + 2y = 4 and the coordinate axes.
y=x 2. The area of the region bounded by the lines
y = mx, x = 1, x = 2 and X-axis is 6 sq units, then find
Y¢ the value of m.
Y 3. Find the area enclosed by y = 3x - 5, y = 0, x = 3 and
x = 5.
y=x
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
x - y = 4 and the lines x = 1 to x = 3.
5. Find the area of region bounded by the curve
(c) X¢ X
1 3
O y = - x 3 and the lines y = - and y = - .
2 2
x2+y2=32
6. Find the area of a curve xy = 4, bounded by the
lines x = 1, x = 3 and X-axis.
Y¢ 1
7. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x 2 , the
Y 2
X-axis and the ordinate x = 2.
x2+y2=32
8. Sketch the region lying in the first quadrant and
bounded by y = 9x 2 , x = 0, y = 1 and y = 4. Find the
area of region using integration.
(d) X¢ X
O 9. Draw the graph of the curve y =|sin x|and find the
area bounded by the curve, X-axis and ordinates
y=x x = - p to 2p.
10. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x|x|, X-axis
Y¢ and the ordinates x = - 3 and x = 3.
4
(iii) The value of integral ò x dx is 11. Find the area of the region bounded by the
0
parabola y 2 = 4 ax, its axis and two ordinates x = 4
(a) 4
and x = 9 in first quadrant.
(b) 6
(c) 7 12. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse
(d) 8 x 2 y2
4 2
+ = 1 in fourth quadrant.
(iv) The value of the integral ò 32 - x 2 dx is 9 4
4
13. Using integration, find the area enclosed by the
(a) 4p - 8
(b) 4p + 8
circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .
(c) -4p - 8 14. Find the area bounded by the curve x = 4 - y 2 and
(d) - p + 8
the Y-axis.
(v) The value of area bounded by the curves 15. Find the area of the parabola y 2 = 4ax bounded by
x 2 + y 2 = 32 and y = x in the first quadrant is
its latusrectum.
(a) 2p sq units
16. Find the area of the region bounded by y = -1, y = 2,
(b) 4p sq units
(c) p sq units x = y 3 and x = 0.
(d) 8p sq units
17. Draw a rough sketch of the curve y =|x - 3.| Find 30. Find the area of curve y = sin x cos x be X-axis and
the area under the curve and lines x = 0 and x = 4. p
x = 0 to x = .
18. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 4
x 2 y2 31. Find the area of the region lying in the first
+ = 1.
4 9 quadrant and enclosed by the X-axis, the line y = x
and the circle x 2 + y 2 = 32. [CBSE 2020]
19. Find the area of region bounded by y =|e x|and the
lines x = 1 and x = 3. l
20. Sketch the graph of y =|x + 3| and evaluate
0
32. A parking lot in an IT park has an area equal to the
ò-6 |x + 3| dx. smaller part of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 cut-off by the
a
21. Find the area bounded by the curve y = cot x, line x = . This area is allotted for car owners who
2
p 3p
X-axis and the lines x = to x = . practice car pooling.
2 4
On the basis of above informations, answer the
22. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 9 - x 2 and following questions.
the X-axis. (i) Find the area used for car pooling.
(ii) Find the remaining area.
l
Long Answer Type Questions (iii) Write any two benefits of car pooling.
23. Find the area under the curve y = 3x + 4 between 33. Suppose f is an absolute function define from
x = 0, x = 4 and the X-axis. 3
f : R ® R such that f ( x ) = x - ,
2
24. Find the area bounded between the curve y 2 = 4x, ì 3 3
line x + y = 3 and Y-axis. x- , x³
3 ï 2 2
where x - = í
25. Find the area between X-axis, curve x = y 2 and 2 ï 3 - x, x < 3
î2 2
its normal at the point (1, 1).
On the basis of the above information, answer the
26. Find the area bounded by the curve y = log 3x, following questions.
X-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 3. 3
(i) Draw the graph of the function f ( x) = x - .
27. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x sin x and 2
X-axis between x = 0 and x = 2p. 3
(ii) Find the area between the curve f ( x) = x - and
28. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 2
x 2 y2 the lines x = 2 and x = 4.
+ = 1.
16 9 (iii) Find the area of triangle formed by the curve and
between axes.
29. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve (iv) Find the area of region bounded by the curve f ( x)
y =5 x and the lines y = 2, y = 3 and Y-axis. 1
and the lines y = to y = 1.
4
SOLUTIONS
Objective Questions 1 8
2 ò2
\ Area of shaded region = ( 5 x + 7) d x
3
3 é x2 ù
1. (a)\Required area = ò ( x + 1 ) dx = ê + xú 1 é x2 ù
8
2 2 =
ë û2 ê5 × + 7x ú
2ë 2 û2
1
= [ 5 × 32 + 7× 8 - 10 - 14]
2
Y 1
= [ 160 + 56 - 24]
2
192
= = 96 sq units
2
X¢ X 1
4. (a) The given line AB is 2x + y = 8 Þ x = 4 - y
y=x+1 Y¢ x=2 x=3 2
Y
é9 4 ù
= + 3- -2
êë 2 2 úû
(0, 8) B
é5 ù
= +1
êë 2 úû 2x+y = 8
7
= sq units R Q y=4
2 dy
1 x
2. (c)\ Required area = ò ( 2y + 3) dy P y=2
-1 S
A(4, 0)
Y X¢ X
O
y=1 Y¢
\ Required area = Area of region PQRSP
X¢ X 1
= Area between the line x = 4 - y,
2
y=–1
the Y-axis and the lines y = 2 and y = 4
3
+
4æ 1 ö
2y
4
Y¢ = ò x dy = ò ç 4 - y÷ dy
x=
2 2 è 2 ø
1 4
é 2y 2 ù é y2 ù
=ê + 3yú = [ y2 + 3y] 1-1 = ê 4y - ú = ( 16 - 4) - ( 8 - 1 )
2 ë 4 û2
ë û -1
= [ 1 + 3 - 1 + 3] = 6 sq units = 12 - 7 = 5 sq units
3. (a) We have, 2y = 5 x + 7 2 8
5. (c)\ Required area = ò 8x dx = [ x 2 ] 21
5x 7
1 2
Þ y= +
2 2 Y
+7
5x
=
2y
Y X¢ X
y=8x
Y¢ x=1 x=2
= 4[ 4 - 1 ]
= 4 ´ 3 = 12 sq units
X¢ X
(0, 0) (2, 0) (8, 0) 6. (b) We know that, y = x is the line passing through the origin
and making angle of 45° with the X-axis as shown in the
x=2 x=8
Y¢ given figure.
2 3
Now, we have to find the area of the shaded region. é x2 ù é x2 ù
= ê 2x - ú + ê - 2x ú
Y 2 û1 ë 2
ë û2
B 1 1
(2, 2) = + = 1 sq unit
y=x 2 2
x=2
y 9. (c) As shown in the figure, the line y = 3x + 2 meets X-axis at
(–1, 0) dx D
X¢ X -2 æ -2 ö
Cy O dx (2, 0) x= and its graph lies below X-axis for x Î ç -1, ÷ and
x = –1 3 è 3ø
A æ -2 ö
(–1, –1) above X-axis for x Î ç , 1 ÷ .
è 3 ø
Y
Y¢ D
\Required area = Area of OACO + Area of OBDO

0 2
x=1
= ò -1 y dx + ò ydx
0
C A
X¢ X
[Q area OACOis below the X-axis, O E
x = –1
so we take its absolute value] ( –2, 0)
0 2 B 3
0 2 é x2 ù é x2 ù
= ò -1 xdx + ò 0 xdx = ê 2 ú + ê 2 ú Y¢
ë û -1 ë û 0
The required area = Area of the region ACBA
é 1ù é4 ù 1 4 5
= 0- + - 0 = + = sq units
êë 2 úû êë 2 úû 2 2 2
+ Area of the region ADEA
-2
½ ½ 1
é1 x2 ù
1
= ½ò 3 ( 3x + 2) dx½+ ò-2 ( 3x + 2) dx
7. (a)\Required area = ò ( 2 - x ) dx = ê 2x - ú ½
-1
½ 3
0
ë 2û0
-2
½ ½ 1
½ é 3x 2 ù 3 ½ é 3x 2 ù
Y = ê + 2x ú +ê + 2x ú
½ë 2 û -1 ½ ë 2 û -2
½ ½ 3
1 25
= +
6 6
13
= sq units
3
X¢ X 10. (b) The area bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, Y-axis and y = 3
x+y=2 is represented in the figure by shaded region.
Y¢
x=0 x=1 Y
éæ 1ö ù y=3
= ê ç 2 - ÷ - 0ú 3
ëè 2 ø û
3 X¢ X
= sq units O
2
8. (a) Let A be the required area. y2 = 4 x
Y Y¢
3
y=2–x y=x–2 \ Required area = ò |x| dy
0
3
3 y2 1 é y3 ù
=ò dy = ê ú
0 4 4 ë 3 û0
X¢ X 1 3
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 = ( 3 - 0)
12
Y¢ 1
= ( 27)
3 12
Then, A = ò | x - 2| dx
1 9
2 3 = sq units
=ò - ( x - 2) dx + ò2 ( x - 2) dx 4
1
11. (c) The given curve is y2 = 4x, which represents a right hand p
14. (a) The area enclosed by the curve y = cos 2x, x = 0 and x =
parabola with vertex at (0, 0) and axis along X-axis and the 4
equation of line in x = 3. is
Y
Y
y2=4x
y=cos 2x
X¢ X X¢ X
O p
x=3 4
Y¢
\ Required area = 2 ´(Area of shaded region in the first Y¢
quadrant only) p/4
p/4 p/4 é sin 2x ù
3 3 \ Required area = ò ydx = ò cos 2x dx =
êë 2 úû
= 2ò|y| dx = 2ò 2 x dx 0 0
0
0 0 1é p ù
= sin 2 ´ - sin 0
[Q y2 = 4x Þ y = 2 x ] 2ë ê 4 úû
é x 3/ 2 ù
3 1é p ù 1 1
= 4ê
8 3/ 2 = sin - 0 = ´ 1 = sq unit
ú = [ 3 - 0] 2 êë 2 úû 2 2
ë 3 / 2û 0 3
a2
8 15. (b) Area of curve OAB = 2 ò x dy
= ( 3 3) = 8 3 sq units 0
3 Y
C (0, a2)
16
12. (b)\Area of region = 2ò y dy
0
On putting y = 16 in y = x 2 , we get A (– a, a2) B (a, a2)
x=±4
Y
y = 16 X¢ X
O (0, 0)
(– 4, 16) (4, 16) Y¢
X¢ X a2
O a2 é y3/ 2 ù 4 3
= 2ò y dy = 2 ê ú = [a ]
0
ë 3 / 2 û0 3
Y¢
1
16 Now, area of DOAB = ´ AB ´ OC
é y3/ 2 ù 2 2
=2ê ú = ´ 2[ 16 - 0]
3/ 2
3 / 2 3 1
ë û0 = ´ 2a ´ a 2 = a 3
2
4 ´ 64 256
= = sq units Area of DAOB a3 3
3 3 \ = =
Area of curve AOB 4 a3 4
13. (a) We have, y = 2 x , x = 0 and x = 1
3
Y 2 kx 3
16. (c) Given, area = ò 2 dx =
y=2Öx 0 log 2
Y
2kx (k >0)
X
(0, 0) O (1,0)
x=1
1 (0, 1)
\ Area of shaded region = ò ( 2 x ) dx
0 X
1
2
éx ù 3/ 2
æ2 ö 4
= 2× ê × 2ú = 2 ç × 1 - 0÷ = sq units
ë 3 û0 è 3 ø 3
2 3
1 é 2kx ù 3 é x 3 2x 2 ù
Þ ê ú = = ê- + + 3x ú
k ë loge 2 û 0 log 2 ë 3 2 û -1
1 é 22 k 1 ù 3 é æ1 öù
Þ ê - ú = Þ 22k - 1 = 3 k = ê - 9 + 9 + 9 - ç + 1 - 3÷ ú
k ë log e 2 log 2
e û log 2 ë è3 øû
\ k =1 32
= sq units
17. (a) The area bounded by the circle and the lines x = 0 and 3
x = 2 in the first quadrant is represented in the figure by 20. (b) We have, y = sin x
shaded region. Y
Y
x2 + y2 = 4
B
X¢ 2p
p X
X¢ X O
O (2,0)
Y¢ x=2 Y¢
2
\ Required area = ò |y|dx = ò
2
4 - x dx
2 \ Area of shaded region
0 0 p 2p
2 = ò sin x dx + òp sin x dx
éx 4 æ xöù 0
=ê 4 - x 2 + sin -1 ç ÷ú
ë2 2 è 2ø û 0 = [ - cos x ] p0 + [|- cos x|] 2pp
p
= 0 + 2 sin -1( 1 ) - 0 = 2 ´ = p sq units = - cos p + cos 0 + |- cos 2p + cos p|
2
= |1 + 1| + |- 1 - 1|
18. (c) Given, equation of the curve is y = a2 - x 2 .
= 2 + |- 2|
Þ y2 = a 2 - x 2 Þ y2 + x 2 = a 2
=2+ 2
Y = 4 sq units
21. (b) Given, curve y = tan x is a tangent curve.
Y
x= p
X¢ X 6
–a O a
Y¢
x=0 x=a X¢ X
–p O p
\ Required area of shaded region
a
a éx 2 a 2 -1 x ù
=ò a2 - x 2 dx = ê a - x2 + sin ú
ë2 2
0 aû0
é a 2 -1 a2 ù
= ê0 + sin ( 1 ) - 0 - sin -1 0ú Y¢ x= p
2 2 3
ë û
p/3
a p pa \Area of bounded region = ò
2 2
= × = sq units ydx
p/ 6
2 2 4
p/3
19. (b) Intersection points of given curves with X-axis are ( -1, 0) =ò tan x dx
p/6
and (3, 0).
3 = [log|sec x|] pp // 36
\ Required area = ò ( - x 2 + 2x + 3) dx
-1 p p
Y = log sec - log sec
3 6
(0, 3) C
æ 2 ö
= log( 2) - logç ÷
è 3ø
X¢ O X 2
(–1, 0) A = log
B (3, 0) 2/ 3
Y¢ = log 3 sq units
22. (b) Given, curve y = 2x is an exponential curve. By using integration by parts, we get
4
Y é ìd ü ù
= ê x ò e x dx - ò í ( x ) ò e xdx ý dx ú
y=2x ë î dx þ û2
= [ xe x - ò 1 ´ e xdx ] 42
= [ xe x - ò e xdx ] 42 = [ xe x - e x ] 42
X¢ X
= 4e 4 - e 4 - ( 2e 2 - e 2 )
= 3e 4 - e 2 = e 2 ( 3e 2 - 1 ) sq units
25. (a) Given, circle x 2 + y2 = 4 …(i)
x=1 x=3
and line y=x …(ii)
Y¢ Putting y = x in Eq. (i), we get
3 2x 2 = 4 Þ x = 2
é 2x ù
3 x [Q x is +ve in first quadrant]
\Area of bounded region = ò dx = ê 2 ú
ë log 2 û 1
1
Thus, the point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) in Ist
1 1 quadrant is ( 2, 2 ).
= [ 23 - 21 ] = ( 8 - 2)
log 2 log 2
6
= sq units x2+y2=4
log 2 (Ö2, Ö2)
1
23. (c) Given, equation of curve is y = , which is a reciprocal
x
(2, 0)
function, whose graph is shown below.
Y
y=x
y= 1x 2 2
X¢ X Now, Required area = ò x dx + ò 4 - x 2 dx
0 2
2 2
é x2 ù éx 4 æ xöù
x=1 x=3 =ê ú +ê 4 - x 2 + sin -1 ç ÷ ú
ë 2û0 ë2 2 è 2ø û 2
Y¢ 1 é æ 1 öù
= [ 2 - 0] + ê 0 + 2sin -1( 1 ) - 1 - 2sin -1 ç ÷ú
3 31 2 ë è 2 øû
\Area of shaded region = ò y dx = ò dx = [log x ]13
1 x 1 æ pö æ pö
= 1 + 2ç ÷ - 1 - 2ç ÷
= log 3 - log1 è 2ø è 4ø
= log3 - 0 p p
= 1 + p - 1 - = sq units
= log3 sq units 2 2
2
24. (b) Given, curve is y = xe x, whose graph is shown below. 26. (c)\Required area = ò log x dx = [ x log x - x ] 12
1
Y
= 2 log 2 - 1
y=xex
= log 4 - log e
æ 4ö
= log ç ÷ sq units
è eø
X¢ X 27. (i) (a) Equation of line AB is given by
4-0
( y - 0) = ( x + 2)
1+2
4
x=2 x=4 Þ y = ( x + 2)
3
Y¢ (ii) (b) Equation of line BC is given by
3-4
4 (y - 4) = ( x - 1)
\ The area of bounded region = ò ydx 2 -1
2
4 -1
= ò ( xe x ) dx Þ y-4 = ( x - 1 ) Þ y = -x + 5
2 1
(iii) (b) Area of region ABCD Þ ( x - 0) 2 + ( y - 0) 2 = ( 2) 2

= Area of DABE + Area of region BCDE \ Radius of the circle is 2 units.
1 4 2 1 1
= ò ( x + 2) dx + ò ( - x + 5 ) dx \ Area of th slice of pizza = p( 2) 2
-2 3 1
4 4
1 2
4 é x2 ù é -x 2 ù = p sq units
= ê + 2x ú + ê + 5 xú
3ë 2 (v) (a) Area of whole pizza = p( 2) 2
û -2 ë 2 û1
4 é1 = 4p sq units
ù é 1 ù
= + 2 - 2 + 4 + -2 + 10 + - 5 (i) (b) Given, x 2 + y2 = 32
3 êë 2 úû êë 2 úû …(i)
29.
4 é 9ù é 1 and y=x …(ii)
ù 7 19
= + + 3 = 6+ = sq units
3 êë 2 úû êë 2 úû 2 2 On putting the value of y from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get
x 2 + x 2 = 32
(iv) (c) Equation of line AC is given by
3-0 3 Þ 2x 2 = 32
y-0 = ( x + 2) Þ y = ( x + 2) 32
2+ 2 4 Þ x2 = = 16
2 2
3
2 3 é x2 ù
Þ x = ±4
\ Area of DADC = ò ( x + 2) dx = ê + 2x ú
-2 4 4ë 2 û -2 From Eq. (ii), we get
3 y = ±4
= [ 2 + 4 - 2 + 4]
4 Thus, line and circle intersect at two points (4, 4) and
= 6 sq units ( -4, - 4).
(v) (d) Area of DABC = Area of region ABCD (ii) (a)
4
- Area of DACD 4 é x2 ù 42 16
19 7 (iii) (d) ò x dx = ê ú = -0= =8
= - 6 = sq units 0
ë 2û0 2 2
2 2
4 2 4 2
28. (i) (a) Given, x 2 + y2 = 4 …(i) (iv) (a) ò 32 - x 2 dx = ò ( 4 2 ) 2 - x 2 dx
4 4
and x+y=2 …(ii)
4 2
Put the value of y from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get éx ( 4 2 ) 2 -1 æ x ö ù
= ê ( 4 2 )2 - x2 + sin ç ÷ú
x2 + ( 2 - x)2 = 4 ë2 2 è 4 2 øû 4
Þ x 2 + 4 + x 2 - 4x = 4
æ 1 ö
Þ 2x 2 - 4x = 0 = 2 2 ´ 0 + 16sin -1( 1 ) - 2 32 - 16 - 16sin -1 ç ÷
è 2ø
Þ 2x ( x - 2) = 0 Þ x = 0, 2
æ pö æ pö
When x = 0 Þ y = 2 = 16 ç ÷ - 2 16 - 16 ç ÷
è 2ø è 4ø
When x = 2 Þ y = 0
= 8p - 8 - 4p
\ Required point of intersection are (0, 2) and (2, 0).
= 4p - 8
(ii) (a) 4 4 2
2
(iii) (c)\Required area = ò ydx = ò ( 2 - x ) dx
2 (v) (b)\ Required area = ò x dx + ò 32 - x 2 dx
0 4
0 0
Y Y
(0, 2) y=x
x+y=2 (4, 4)
(2, 0)
X¢ X X¢ X
O (4Ö2, 0)
O
Y¢
x2+y2=32
2
é x ù 2
= ê 2x - ú Y¢
ë 2 û0 = 8 + 4p - 8
4 = 4p sq units
= 4 - - ( 0 - 0)
2
= 4 - 2 = 2 sq units
(iv) (b) Given, equation of circle is x 2 + y2 = 4
Subjective Questions 5
\ Required area = ò ( 3x - 5 ) dx
1. Given, equation of line is x + 2y = 4.
3
It intersect the coordinate axes at point A( 4, 0) and B( 0, 2). 5
é 3x 2 ù
Y =ê - 5 xú
ë 2 û3
(0, 2)
æ 75 ö æ 27 ö
B =ç - 25 ÷ - ç - 15 ÷
x+2y=4 è 2 ø è 2 ø
75 27
= - 25 - + 15
2 2
X¢ X 48
O A(4, 0) = - 10 = 14 sq units
2
4. Given, curve is x - y = 4 is a straight line, which intersect
the coordinate axes are A( 4, 0) and B( 0, 4).
Y¢ Y
4
\ Area of bounded region = ò ydx
0
4æ 4 - x ö 0)
=ò ç ÷ dx 4,
0è 2 ø A(
X¢ X
4 x–y=4
1é x ù 2
1 é 16 ù
= ê 4x - ú = ê16 - -0
2ë 2 û0 2 ë 2 úû
1 é 16 ù 16
= = = 4 sq units
2 ëê 2 ûú 4 (0, 4) B
x=1 x=3
2. Given, equation of line is y = mx and bounded by x = 1, x = 2
and X-axis. Y¢
Y y=mx 3
\Area of shaded region = ò1 y dx
3
= ò1 ( x - 4) dx
X¢ X
O x=1 x=2 3
é x2 ù
= ê - 4x ú
ë 2 û1
Y¢
é9 æ1 öù
2 = ê - 12 - ç - 4÷ ú
\ Required area = ò mx dx ë 2 è 2 øû
1
é x2 ù
2
é9 1 ù
= - - 12 + 4
Þ 6=mê ú êë 2 2 úû
ë 2 û1
= |[ 4 - 8]| = 4 sq units
æ4 1ö
Þ 6=mç - ÷ 5. The graph of a curve is shown below
è 2 2ø
Y
3
Þ 6=m´
2
\ m=4
3. The region is bounded by the curves y = 3x - 5, y = 0, x = 3
and x = 5.
Y X¢ X
y=3x – 5 y= –1
2
X¢ X y= –3
2
x=3 x=5 y=–x3

Y¢
Y¢
-1/ 2 -1/ 2 4
1 é y3/ 2 ù 1 2
\Area of shaded region = ò x dy = ò ( -y)
1/ 3
dy = ê ú = ´ [( 4) - ( 1 ) ]
3/ 2 3/ 2
-3/ 2 -3/ 2 3 ë 3/ 2 û 1 3 3
-1/ 2 2
= [( 2) 3 - 1 ]
= ( - 1 )1/ 3 òy
1/ 3
dy 9
-3/ 2
14
-1/ 2 = sq units
é y4 / 3 ù 9
= ê ú ìsin x, x Î ( 0, p ), ( 2p, 3p ), ...
ë 4 / 3 û -3/ 2 9. We have, y = sin x = í
4/ 3 4/ 3
î- sin x, x Î ( - p, 0), ( p, 2p ), ...
3 æ 1ö æ 3ö
= ç- ÷ - ç- ÷ The graph of given curve is shown below
4 è 2ø è 2ø Y
4/ 3 4/ 3
3 æ1 ö æ 3ö
= ç ÷ -ç ÷ sq units
4 è 2ø è 2ø
X¢
6. Given, curve is xy = 4. –3p –2p –p O p 2p 3p X
Y
Y¢
Now, required area = Area of shaded region
= 3 (Area of one shaded region)
[Q all parts are of equal areas]
p p
xy=4 = 3ò y dx = 3 ò (sin x ) dx
0 0
X¢ X = 3 [ - cos x ] p0 = - 3 [cos p - cos 0]
O
= - 3 [ - 1 - 1]
Y¢ x=1 x=3 = 6 sq units
4 3 ìx 2 , if x ³ 0
\ Required area = ò dx = 4 × [log x ] 13 = 4 (log 3 - log 1 ) 10. Given, equation of curve is y = x|x|= í 2
1 x
î- x , if x < 0
= 4 log 3 = log 81 sq units The graph of above curve between the ordinates x = - 3 and
2
2 2 x2 é x3 ù 4 x = 3 is given below
7. \Required area = ò y dx = ò dx = ê ú = sq units y = x2
2 Y
ë û0 3
6
0 0
Y L
x2 = 2 y
R(x, y1) x=3
B(–3, 0)dx
X¢ X
O dx A(3, 0)
X¢ X
O 2 x=–3 Q(x, y2)
x= 2
Y¢
M
1 Y¢
8. Given, curve is y = 9x 2 Þ x 2 = y ...(i) y = – x2
9
Clearly, shaded portion is the required region.
It is a parabolic curve, which open upwards, symmetrical
about Y-axis and passes through the origin. \ Required Area
Y = Area of region OALO + Area of region OBMO
0 3
D y=4 C = ò- 3 y2 dx + ò0 y1dx
y = 9 x2 0 3
0 3 2 é x3 ù é x3 ù
= ò- 3( - x ) dx + ò0 x dx = ê - 3 ú + ê 3 ú
2
A y=1 B
X¢ X
ë û -3 ë û 0
O
é ( - 3) 3 ù é 27 ù
Y¢ = ê ú +ê - 0 = - 9 + [ 9 - 0]
úû
\ Required area = Area of bounded region ABCDA ë 3 û ë 3
4 1 4 é 1 1 ù = 9+ 9
= ò x dy = ò y dy Q x 2 = y Þ x = y
1 3 1 êë 9 3 úû = 18 sq units
11. Given, equation of parabola is y2 = 4ax, its axis is Y = 0 and 13. Given, equation of circle is x 2 + y2 = a2 , its centre is
vertex is (0, 0). Also, given ordinates x = 4 and x = 9. The (0, 0) and radius is a. It cuts the X-axis at A( a, 0) and Y-axis at
bounded region in first quadrant is ABCDA. B ( 0, a). Also, it is symmetrical about X and Y-axes both.
Y C Y
B B(0, a)
y x=9
y x +y = a
4 2 2 2
x=
X¢ X
O A dx D X¢ X
O dx A(a, 0)
y2 =4 ax
Y¢
9 9
\ Required area = ò4 y dx = ò4 4ax dx Y¢
Clearly, area of region in first quadrant
[Q y2 = 4ax Þ y = 4ax , as y is in first quadrant] a a
9
= ò y dx = ò a2 - x 2 dx [consider vertical strip]
0 0
9 éx ù
3/ 2
=2 a ò4 x dx = 2 a ê ú [Q x 2 + y2 = a2 Þ y = a2 - x 2 , as y is in first quadrant]
ë3/ 2û 4
a
éx a2 xù
2
= 2 a ´ [( 9) 3/ 2 - ( 4) 3/ 2 ] =ê a2 - x 2 + sin - 1 ú
3 ë 2 2 aû0
=
4
a [( 32 ) 3/ 2 - ( 22 ) 3/ 2 ] éæ a a 2
ö ù a2 æ p ö pa2
3 = ê çç ´ 0 + sin - 1 1 ÷÷ - 0ú = ç ÷=
ëè 2 2 ø û 2 è 2ø 4
4 4 é pù
= a [ 27 - 8] = a ( 19) Q sin - 1 ( 1 ) =
3 3 êë 2 úû
76 Now, required area = 4 ´ Area of region in first quadrant
= a sq units
3 pa2
x 2 y2 =4´ = pa2 sq units
12. Given, equation of ellipse is + =1 ...(i) 4
9 4 [since, region is symmetrical in all quadrants]
We know that, the standard equation of ellipse is
14. We have, x = 4 - y2 Þ y2 = - x + 4 Þ y2 = - ( x - 4)
x 2 y2
+ =1 ...(ii) Y
a2 b 2
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A
a2 = 9 and b 2 = 4 Þ a = 3 and b = 2
Here, we see that a > b, so the horizontal ellipse will be y
B(4, 0)
formed. X¢ X
Y O dx
2
2 y = –(x – 4)
x 2+ y =1
B (0, 2) 9 4
C
(–3, 0) A¢
dx A (3, 0) Y¢
X¢ X
O y which is the parabola of the form Y 2 = - 4aX.
B¢(0, –2) Its vertex is (4, 0) and it is symmetrical about X-axis.
\ Required area = Area of shaded region
Y¢
= 2 (Area of region OABO)
Now, required area = Area of region in fourth quadrant 4 4
= 2 ò y dx = 2 ò 4 - x dx
= Area of region OAB ¢ O 0 0
3 32 9 - x2 [Q x = 4 - y Þ y = 4 - x , as y is in first quadrant]
2
= ò0 ydx = ò0 3
dx
4 é - ( 4 - x ) 3/ 2 ù
4
3
= 2 ò ( 4 - x )1/ 2 dx = 2 ê ú
2 éx 9 æ xöù
0
ë 3/ 2 û0
= 9 - x 2 + sin -1 ç ÷ ú
3 êë 2 2 è 3 ø û0 2
= - 2 ´ [( 4 - x ) ] 0
3/ 2 4
2 é3 3
9 3 9 ù
= 9 - 9 + sin -1 - 0 - sin -1( 0) 4
3 êë 2 2 3 2 úû = - [( 4 - 4) 3/ 2 - ( 4 - 0) 3/ 2 ]
3
2 é 9 pù 4 4
= ´ = - [ 0 - ( 4) 3/ 2 ] = ´ ( 4) 3/ 2
3 êë 2 2 úû 3 3
3p 4 4 32
= sq units = ´ ( 22 ) 3/ 2 = ´ 8 = sq units
2 3 3 3
15. We have, y2 = 4ax é 32 ù é 42 æ9 öù

= ê3 ´ 3 - - 0ú + ê - 3( 4) - ç - 3 ´ 3÷ ú
Y 2 2 è 2 øû
y2 = 4ax ë û ë
é 9ù é æ9 öù
= 9- + 8 - 12 - ç - 9÷ ú
ëê 2 ûú êë è2 øû
X¢ X
O a
9 é æ 9ö ù 9 é 9ù 9 1
= + ê- 4 - ç- ÷ú = + - 4 + = +
2 ë è 2 ø û 2 êë 2 úû 2 2
Y¢ = 5 sq units
The length of latusrectum of parabola is 4a units. 18. The given curve is an ellipse with centre at (0, 0) and
The end points of latusrectum are ( a, ± 2a). symmetrical about X-axis and Y-axis.
a
a a é2 ù Y
\ Required area = 2ò ydx = 2 ò 2 x a dx = 4 a × x 3/ 2
0 0 êë 3 úû (0, 3)
0
æ3 1ö
ç + ÷
é 2 3/ 2 ù 2
=4 a ×a - [ 0] = ´ 4 × aè 2 2 ø
êë 3 úû 3 X¢ X
O (2, 0)
2 2 8 2
= ´ 4a 4 / 2 = ´ 4a 2 = a sq units
3 3 3
0 2 3
16. \Required area = ò-1 y dy + ò0 y dy
3
Y¢
\ Area bounded by the ellipse
Y x=y3
= 4 ´ (Area of shaded region in the first quadrant only)
y=2 (Q By symmetry)
x=b
= 4´ò | y| dx
x=a
2 2 3
= 4 ò |y| dx = 4 ò
X¢ X
O(0, 0) 4 - x 2 dx
y=–1 0 0 2
é x 2 y2 3 ù
êQ + = 1, \|y| = 4 - x2 ú
ë 4 9 2 û
Y¢ 2
2 éx 22 æ xöù
=6ò sin -1
0 2
éy ù 4
éy ù 1 æ 24
4
ö 22 - x 2 dx = 6 ê 4 - x2 + ç ÷ú
= ê ú + ê ú = 0 - + çç - 0÷÷ 0
ë2 2 è 2ø û 0
4
ë û -1 ë û 0 4 4 è 4 ø
é x a2 æ xö ù
êQ ò a - x dx = a2 - x 2 + sin -1 ç ÷ + C ú
2 2
1 17
= + 4= sq units ë 2 2 è aø û
4 4
17. Given, curve is y = |x - 3|. æ pö
= 6 {0 + 2 sin -1( 1 ) - 0} = 6 ´ 2 ´ ç ÷ = 6p sq units
Since, it is absolute function. Therefore, it make two straight è 2ø
lines, which is define below. x
19. As the graph of e is always positive, therefore there is no
ìx - 3, x ³ 3 effect of the mod on the graph.
y=í
î3 - x, x < 3 Y
The graph of an absolute function is defined below. y=ex
Y
y=x–3
y=3–x
X¢ X
X¢ X
3
x=1 x=3
x=4
Y¢
Y¢
\The area of bounded region 3 3
3 4 3 4 \ Area of shaded region = ò y dx = ò |e x| dx
= ò y dx + ò3 y dx = ò0 ( 3 - x ) dx + ò3 ( x - 3) dx 1 1
0
3
3 4 = ò e x dx = [ e x ]13
é x2 ù é x2 ù 1
= ê 3x - ú + ê - 3x ú
ë 2 û0 ë 2 û3 = e - e1 = e( e 2 - 1 ) sq units
3
ì- ( x + 3) for x < - 3 3p / 4
20. Given, y = | x + 3| = í \Area of bounded region = òp / 2 ydx
îx + 3 for x ³ - 3
3p / 4
When x < - 3 and y = - x - 3 = òp / 2 cot x dx
x -4 -5 -6 = [log|sin x|] 3pp/ /24

y 1 2 3 3p p
= log sin - log sin
4 2
When x ³ - 3 and y = x + 3
1
= log - log1
x -1 -2 -3 2
y 2 1 0 = |log1 - log 2 - log1|
= |- log 2| = log 2 sq units
Draw these points on the graph paper and we get the
required figure. 22. Given, curve y = 9 - x 2
Y On squaring both sides, we get

y=x+3 y2 = 9 - x 2
C(–6, 3)
D(0, 3) Þ x 2 + y 2 = 32
y=–x–3
This is a equation of circle have centre (0, 0) and radius 3.
B A As, y = 9 - x 2 is a positive square root, so we take a upper
X¢ X
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O1 2 3
part of the circle.
Y¢ Y
\Required area y= 9–x2

= Area of region ABC + Area of region OAD
-3 0
= ò |x + 3| dx + ò- 3|x + 3| dx X¢ X
-6
3
-3 0
= ò ( - x - 3) dx + ò- 3 ( x + 3) dx
-6
-3 0
é - x2 ù é x2 ù
=ê - 3x ú + ê + 3x ú Y¢
ë 2 û-6 ë 2 û-3
3
é æ - ( - 3) 2 ö æ - ( - 6) 2 öù \Required area = 2ò y dx
0
= ê çç - 3 ´ ( - 3) ÷÷ - çç - 3 ´ ( -6) ÷÷ ú 3
ëè 2 ø è 2 øû = 2ò 9 - x 2 dx
0
é æ ( - 3) 2 öù 3
+ ê 0 - çç + 3 ´ ( - 3) ÷÷ ú éx 9 xù
=2 9 - x 2 + sin -1
ë è 2 øû êë 2 2 3 úû 0
éæ -9 ö ù é ù
9 é3 9 3 ù
= êç + 9÷ - ( - 18 + 18) ú + =2 9 - 32 + sin -1 - ( 0 + 0)
ëè 2 ø û êë 2 úû êë 2 2 3 úû
9 9 é3 9 ù
= + = 9 sq units = 2 ( 0) + sin -1 1 - 0
2 2 êë 2 2 úû
21. Given, curve is y = cot x, whose graph is shown below. é 9 pù
=2 0+ ´
Y êë 2 2 úû
y=cotx 9p
= sq units
2
23. Given, curve is y = 3x + 4
X¢ X
On squaring both sides, we get
p p
y 2 = 3x + 4
2
æ 4ö é æ -4 ö ù
Þ y2 = 3 ç x + ÷ Þ y2 = 3 ê x - ç ÷ ú
è 3ø ë è 3 øû
3p
which is the equation of the parabola of the form Y 2 = 4aX,
x=
Y¢ p 4 æ 4 ö
x=
2
whose vertex is ç - , 0÷ and symmetrical about X-axis.
è 3 ø
As y = 3x + 4 is a positive square root, so we take a upper When y = 2, then x + 2 = 3Þ x = 1.

part of the parabola, y2 = 3x + 4 When y = - 6, then x - 6 = 3Þ x = 9.
The area of the region bounded by the curve So, the points of intersection are A( 1, 2) and D( 9, - 6).
y = 3x + 4 between x = 0, x = 4 and the X-axis, Now, required area = Area of shaded region OABO
is the area shown in the figure given below + Area of shaded region ABCA
2 3
Y = ò x ( parabola) dy + ò2 x ( line) dy
x+4 0
y=Ö
3
2æy ö
2
3
= ò çç ÷÷ dy + ò2 ( 3 - y) dy
è 4ø
0
2 3
1 é y3 ù é y2 ù
X¢
O
· · · · X =
ê ú + ê 3y - ú
1 2 3 4 4 ë 3 û0 ë 2 û2
Y¢ 1 é 9 æ 4ö ù
4 4
= [( 2) 3 - ( 0) 3 ] + ê 9 - - ç 6 - ÷ ú
\ Required area = ò y dx = ò ( 3x + 4 ) dx 12 ë 2 è 2ø û
0 0 4
é ù 1 æ 5 ö 8 1
= ( 8) + ç 3 – ÷ = +
4 ê ( 3x + 4) ú
3/ 2
12 è 2 ø 12 2
= ò ( 3x + 4)1/ 2 dx = ê ú
0 3 8 + 6 14
ê ×3 ú = =
ë 2 û0 12 12
é ( ax + b ) n+1 ù 7
= sq units
êQ ò ( ax + b ) dx = + Cú
n
ë a( n + 1 ) û
6
2 25. Given, curve is x = y2 ...(i)
= [( 12 + 4) 3/ 2 - ( 4) 3/ 2 ]
9 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
2 dy dy 1
= [( 16) 3/ 2 - ( 4) 3/ 2 ] 1 = 2y Þ =
9 dx dx 2y
2 æ dy ö 1 1
= [( 24 ) 3/ 2 - ( 22 ) 3/ 2 ] Þ ç ÷ = =
9 è dx ø (1,1) 2 ´ 1 2
2 2 \ Equation of normal at the point (1, 1) is
= [( 2) 6 - ( 2) 3 ] = ( 64 - 8)
9 9 1
y-1 = - ( x - 1)
2 1/ 2
= ´ 56
9 éQ equation of normal is given by ù
=
112
sq units ê -1 ú
9 ê y - y1 = ( x - x1 ) ú
ê æ dy ö ú
24. Given, curve y2 = 4x is a parabola having vertex ( 0, 0) and ç ÷
ê è dx ø ( x1 , y 1 ) ú
x y
open right side and the given line is x + y = 3 or + = 1, ë û
3 3 Þ y - 1 = - 2( x - 1 )
which intersects both coordinate axes at (3, 0) and (0, 3).
Þ y + 2x = 3 ...(ii)
Y x y
3
C y2 = 4 x Þ + =1,
A 3/ 2 3
2B (1, 2)
æ3 ö
1 which intersect the X and Y-axes at ç , 0÷ and (0, 3).
X¢
O
X è2 ø
1 2 3
Given, curve is a parabola x = y2 having vertex (0, 0) and
open right hand side.
D(9, –6)
Y¢ Y
x+y = 3
It is clear from the figure that, the required region is 3
OACBO. 2 A(1, 1) x=y2
Now, the point of intersection of line x + y = 3 and curve is
given by 1
A1 A2 C(3/2, 0)
y2 = 4( 3 - y) X¢ X
O 1 2 3
Þ y + 4y - 12 = 0
2 Y¢ y+2x=3
Þ y + 6y - 2y - 12 = 0
2 9 –3
B –, –
4 2
Þ y( y + 6) - 2( y + 6) = 0
It is clear from the figure that, the required region
Þ ( y - 2) ( y + 6) = 0
is OACO.
Þ y = 2, - 6
Now, the point of intersection of curve x = y2 and line é æ1 ö ù

3
= ê(log 3x ) x - ò ç ´ x ÷ dx ú
y + 2x = 3 is given by ë è 3 x ø û1
y + 2 ( y) 2 = 3 3
é 1 ù
Þ 2y 2 + y - 3 = 0 = x log3x - ò dx
êë 3 úû
1
Þ 2y 2 + 3y - 2y - 3 = 0 3
é 1 ù
Þ y ( 2y + 3) - 1 ( 2y + 3) = 0 = x log3x - x
êë 3 úû 1
Þ ( y - 1 )( 2y + 3) = 0
3 é 1 æ 1 öù
Þ y = 1, - = ê 3 log 3 ´ 3 - ´ 3 - ç1 log 3 ´ 1 - ´ 1 ÷ ú
2 ë 3 è 3 øû
When y = 1, then x = ( 1 ) 2 = 1 é 1ù
= 3 log 9 - 1 - log 3 +
2 êë 3 úû
3 æ 3ö 9
When y = - , then x = ç - ÷ = é
2 è 2ø 4 9 3
2ù
= ê log - ú
ë 3 3û
æ 9 -3 ö
So, the points of intersection are A( 1, 1 ) and B ç , ÷.
è4 2 ø é 2ù
= log243 - sq units
êë 3 úû
\ Required area = Area of shaded region ( A1 + A2 )
1
= ò y( parabola ) dx +
3/ 2 27. Given, curve y = x sin x
0 ò1 y( line) dx
1 3/ 2
Thus, curve is drawn similar as the curve sin x.
=ò x dx + ò1 ( 3 - 2x ) dx Y
0
1 3/ 2
é x 3/ 2 ù é 2x 2 ù y=x sin x
=ê ú + ê 3x - ú
ë 3 / 2û 0 ë 2 û1
2
= [( 1 ) 3/ 2 - 0] X¢ X
3
é æ 3ö æ 3ö 2 ù
+ ê 3ç ÷ - ç ÷ - {3( 1 ) - ( 1 ) 2 }ú
êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû
2 9 9
= + - -2
3 2 4 Y¢
8 + 54 - 27 - 24
= \Area of bounded region
12
p 2p
62 - 51 = ò ( x sin x ) dx +
= 0 I II
òp ( x sin x ) dx
I II
12
11 = [ x( - cos x ) - ò 1 ´ ( - cos x ) dx ] p0
= sq unit
12 + |[ x( - cos x ) - ò 1 ´ ( - cos x ) dx ] 2pp|
26. Given, equation of curve is y = log3x, which is a logarithm
curve. = [ - x cos x + ò cos x dx ] p0 + |[ - x cos x + ò cos x dx ] 2p p|
Y
= [ - x cos x + sin x ] p0 + |[ - x cos x + sin x ] 2pp|
= [ - p cos p + sin p - ( 0 + 0)]
y=log3x
+ |[ - 2p cos 2p + sin 2p - ( - p cos p + sin p )]|
= [ - p( - 1 ) + 0]|[ - 2p(1) + 0 - ( - p( - 1 ) + 0)]|
X¢ X = p + |- 3p| = p + 3p = 4p sq units
1/3
28. The given curve is an ellipse with centre at (0, 0) and
symmetrical about X-axis and Y-axis.
[Q the power of x and y both are even]
Y¢ x=1 x=3
Y
3
\ Area of bounded region = ò ydx
1 (0, 3)
3
= ò (log 3x ) × 1 dx
1
I II X' X
O (4, 0)
By using integration by parts, we get
é ìd ü ù
= ê(log 3x ) ò 1 dx - ò í (log 3x ) ò 1 dx ý dx ú
ë î dx þ û Y'
Area bounded by the ellipse Thus given curve is a sine curve, whose graph is shown
= 4 ´ (Area of shaded region in the first quadrant only) below.
[Q by symmetry] Y
x=b 4 4 3
= 4´ò | y| dx = 4 ò |y| dx = 4 ò 16 - x 2 dx y=
sin2x
x=a 0 0 4 2
é x 2 y2 3 ù
êQ + = 1, \|y| = 16 - x 2 ú
ë 16 9 4 û X¢ p p X
4 4 2
4 éx 42 æ xöù
=3ò 42 - x 2 dx = 3 ê 42 - x 2 + sin -1 ç ÷ ú
0
ë2 2 è 4ø û 0
Y¢
é x a2 æ xö ù
êQ ò a - x dx = sin -1
a2 - x 2 + p/4
ç ÷ + Cú
2 2
\Area of shaded region = ò y dx
ë a 2 è ø
a û 0
p / 4 sin 2x
= 3[ 2 16 - 16 + 8 sin -1( 1 ) - 0 - 8 sin -1( 0)] =ò dx
0 2
-1 æ pö
= 3 [ 0 + 8 sin ( 1 ) - 0] = 3 ´ 8 ´ ç ÷ = 12 p sq units 1 p/4 1 é cos 2x ù
p/4
è 2ø =
2 ò0 sin 2x dx =
2 ëê
-
2 ûú 0
Therefore, area bounded by the ellipse is 12p units.
1 é p ù
29. We have, y = 5 x, it is an expontential curve. = - cos 2 ´ - ( - cos 0)
Y 4 êë 4 úû
y=5x
1é p ù
= - cos + 1
4 êë 2 úû
y=3
1 1
y=2
=[ - 0 + 1 ] = sq unit
4 4
X¢ X 31. We have, circle x 2 + y2 = 32 ...(i)
having centre ( 0, 0) and radius 4 2
and the line, y = x ...(ii)
Y¢
It is clear from the figure that, required region is OABO.
3 3 log y
\Area of bounded region = ò x dy = ò dy On putting the value of y from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get
2 2 log5
x 2 + x 2 = 32
log y
[Q5 x = y Þ x log5 = log y Þ x = ] Þ 2x 2 = 32
log5
32
1 3 Þ x2 = = 16
=
log5 ò2 1II × logI ydx 2
3
Þ x=±4
1 é ìd ü ù From Eq. (ii), we get y = ± 4
= ê log y ò 1 dy - ò í dy (log y) ò 1dyýdyú
log5 ë î þ û2
Y (0, 4Ö2 ) y = x
3 C
1 é æ1 ö ù
= (log y) y - ò ç ´ y÷ dyú B (4,4)
log5 êë è y ø û2
D
1 X¢ X
= [ y log y - ò dy] 2 3
4 A(4Ö2, 0)
log5 O
1 x2 + y2 = 32
= [ y log y - y] 32
log5 Y¢
1
= [ 3 log 3 - 3 - ( 2 log 2 - 2)] Thus, line and circle intersect at two points (4, 4) and
log5 ( - 4, - 4). So, the coordinates of B are (4, 4) [since, it is in
1 I quadrant].
= [log 33 - log 22 - 1 ]
log5 Also, circle cuts the X-axis at A ( 4 2, 0) and Y-axis at C
1 é 27 ù ( 0, 4 2 ) in I quadrant.
= log - 1 sq units
log5 êë 4 úû [Q 4 2 is radius of a circle]
2 Here, we have to draw two vertical strips, as perpendicular
30. Given, curve is y = sin x cos x ´
2 line drawn from intersection point to the X-axis, divides the
1 1 region into two parts.
= ´ 2sin x cos x = sin 2x
2 2
Now, first strip is drawn in region ODBO and then limit is \ Required area of region APBCA
taken from 0 to 4. Second strip is drawn in region DABD and = 2 (Area of region APCA)
then limit is taken from 4 to 4 2. a a
4 = 2ò y (circle) dx = 2ò a2 - x 2 dx
Now, area of region ODBO = ò y dx, where y is the height a/ 2 a/ 2
0 [from Eq. (i)]
4 a
4 é x2 ù ( 4) 2 éx 2 a2 xù
of vertical strip = ò x dx = ê ú = - 0 = 8 sq units =2ê a - x 2 + sin -1 ú
0
ë 2 û0 2 ë2 2 a û a/ 2
4 2 éæ a2 aö
and area of region DABD = ò y dx, where y is the = 2 ê çç 0 + sin -1 ÷÷
4 2 a
height of vertical strip in this region ëè ø
4 2 ìï a a2 a2 -1 æ a 1 ö üïù
=ò 32 - x 2 dx -í a2 - + sin ç . ÷ ýú
4
ïî 2 2 2 2 è 2 a ø ïþúû
4 2
=ò ( 4 2 ) 2 - x 2 dx é æ a2
4 ö a a 2 a 2 -1 1 ù
4 2 = 2 ê çç sin -1( 1 ) ÷÷ - - sin ú
éx ( 4 2 )2 æ x öù êë è 2 ø 2 2 2 2 2ú
û
=ê ( 4 2 )2 - x2 + ´ sin - 1 ç ÷ú
ë 2 2 è 4 2 øû4 éa p2
a a a pù 2
= 2ê . - . - . ú
éì 4 2 32 - 1 æ 4 2 ö ü 2 2 2 2 2 2 4û
= êí ( 4 2 )2 - ( 4 2 )2 + sin çç ÷ý ë
2 2 ÷
êëî è 4 2 øþ é p a2 a2 a2 p ù
=2ê - - ú
ì4 32 - 1 æ 4 ö üù ë 4 4 8 û
-í ( 4 2 ) 2 - ( 4) 2 + sin ç ÷ ýú
î 2 2 è 4 2 ø þû pa2 a2 pa2
= - -
æ 1 ö 2 2 4
= 2 2 ´ 0 + 16 sin - 1( 1 ) - 2 32 - 16 - 16 sin - 1 ç ÷
è 2ø 2pa2 - 2 a2 - pa2
=
æ pö æ pö 4
= 16 × ç ÷ - 2 16 - 16× ç ÷
è 2ø è 4ø pa2 - 2a2
=
= 8p - 8 - 4p = 4p - 8 4
\ Required area = Area of region ODBO a2 ( p - 2 )
= sq units
+ Area of region DABD 4
= 8 + 4p - 8 (ii) Area of remaining part
= 4p sq units = Area of circle - Area of park used for car pooling
32. (i) Given, equations of circle and line are a 2 ( p - 2)
= a2 -
x 2 + y2 = a 2 …(i) 4
a 2 [ 4 - p + 2]
and x= …(ii) =a
2 4
a a2 ( 6 - p)
Since, given line cuts the circle, so put x = in = sq units
2 4
Eq. (i), we get (iii) (a) Car pooling protects the environment.
2
æ a ö a2 a (b) Car pooling helps in saving money.
÷ +y =a Þ y =a - Þ y=±
2 2 2 2
ç 3
è 2ø 2 2 33. (i) Given, curve is f ( x ) = x -
Therefore, the intersection point in the first quadrant is 2
æ a a ö ì 3 3
ç , ÷. x- , x³
è 2 2ø ï 2 2
=í
3 3
Y
ï - x, x <
( )
a a î2 2
A ,
Ö2 Ö2 3
Put x =
2
C P(a, 0) 3 3
X¢ X f ( x) = - = 0
O
2 2
æ3 ö
B
a \ The curve intersect at point ç , 0÷ . Since, f ( x ) is an
x= 2 è2 ø
Ö
absolute function.
Y¢
So, curve lies above X-axis. 1

(iii) \Area of DOAB = ´ OA ´ OB
Y 2
f(x)= x– 3
2 1 3 3
= ´ ´
2 2 2
3 9
0,
2
B = sq units
8
1
X¢ X (iv) \Area of region = ò x dy
O A 1/ 4
(3/2, 0) 1 æ3 ö
= ò ç - y÷ dy
1/ 4 è 2 ø
Y¢
4 3 Y f(x)= x– 3
(ii) \Area of required region = ò x - dx y=
3 –x 2
2 2 2
4æ 3ö
= ò ç x - ÷ dx
2è 2ø y=1
Y f(x)= x– 3 y= 1
2 X¢ 4 X
Y¢
1
X¢ X é3 y2 ù 3 1
O =ê y- ú = (1 ) - (1 )2
x=2 x=4
ë2 2 û 1/ 4 2 2
æ 3 æ1 ö 1 æ1 ö2 ö
Y¢ - ç ç ÷- ç ÷ ÷
ç 2 è 4ø 2 è 4ø ÷
è ø
4
é x2 3 ù 3 1 æ3 1 ö
=ê - xú = - -ç - ÷
ë 2 2 û2 2 2 è 8 32 ø
é 16 æ4 öù æ 12 - 1 ö 11
= ê - 6 - ç - 3÷ ú =1 - ç ÷ =1 -
ë 2 è 2 øû è 32 ø 32
21
= [ 8 - 6 - ( 2 - 3)] = sq units
32
= 2 + 1 = 3 sq units
Chapter Test (iv) The area enclosed by both the curves above X-axis is
(a)
13
3
sq units (b)
11
3
sq units
7 1
6 3
Multiple Choice Questions (v) The area enclosed by lines between the coordinate
1. The area of region bounded by the curve y = x and the axes is
lines x = 1 and x = 4 (in sq units) is (a) 4 sq units (b) 3 sq units
15 (c) 5 sq units (d) 2 sq units.
(a) (b) 15
2
16 Short Answer Type Questions
(c) (d) 9
3 6. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
2. The area of region bounded by the line x + y = 4, the y = | x + 1| + 1 , x = - 3, x = 3 and y = 0?
X-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 2 is 7. Find the area bounded by the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 and
(a) 6 sq units (b) 4 sq units the line y = x in the first quadrant?
(c) 5 sq units (d) None of these 8. Find the area of the region included between y 2 = 9 x
3. The area bounded by the parabola y 2 = 16 x and its and y = x.
latusrectum is 9. Find the area of the region bounded by y 2 = 9 x, x = 2,
25 16
(a)
3
sq units (b)
3
sq units x = 4 and the X-axis in the first quadrant?
64 32 10. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
3 3 y 2 = x and the line x = 1, x = 4 and X-axis?
4. Area of the region bounded by the curve y = cos x
between x = 0 and x = p is
(a) 2 sq units (b) 3 sq units 11. Find the area of the following shaded figure by using
(c) 4 sq units (d) None of these definite integral.
Y
Case Based MCQs
5. Consider the following equations of the parabola
y 2 = x and straight line y + x = 2. 3
X¢ X
Based on the above information, answer the following
questions.
(i) The points of intersection of both the curves are
(a) ( - 1, 1) and ( - 4 , 2) Y¢
(b) ( 1, 1) and ( 4 , 2)
(c) ( 1, 1) and ( 4 , - 2) 12. Using integration, find the area of the region
(d) ( - 1, 1) and ( 4 , - 2) 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36.
(ii) The graph of the given curve is 13. A sign board in the shape of square | x | + | y | = 1.
Y Y A message is written on the sign board ‘keep your
environment clean and green’. Find the area bounded
by the curve | x | + | y | = 1. Identify the value being
O conveyed by the message on the sign board.
(a) X¢ X (b) X¢ X
O
Y¢ Y¢ Answers
Y Y
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a)
5. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (c) (v) (d)
O O p 27
(c) X¢ X (d) X¢ X 6. 16 sq units 7. sq units 8. sq units
8 2
14
9. 4[4 - 2] sq units 10. sq units 11. 9p sq units
3
Y¢ Y¢
12. 6p sq units 13. 2 sq units
(iii) The area enclosed by the both curves in the first
quadrant is
7 15
(a) sq units (b) sq units
6 6
13 10 For Detailed Solutions
6 6 Scan the code
CHAPTER 03
Differential
Equations
In this Chapter...
l Order and Degree of Differential Equation
l Solution of Differential Equation
l Variable Separable Method
l Homogeneous Differential Equation
l Linear Differential Equation
An equation involving independent variable (variables), 2

æ d 3y ö æ 3 ö
dependent variable and derivative or derivatives of e.g. ç ÷ + x ç d y ÷ + 3 yæç dy ö÷ = 0
dependent variable with respect to independent variable ç dx 3 ÷ ç dx 3 ÷ è dx ø
è ø è ø
(variables) is called a differential equation.
æ d 3y ö
In this differential equation, highest order derivative is ç 3 ÷ ,
3
dy d 2 y æ dy ö
e.g. 2x - 3 y = 5 and 4 2 + ç ÷ = 0 are differential ç dx ÷
dx dx è dx ø è ø
equations, but 2x - 3 y = 0 is not a differential equation as whose highest power is 2. So, degree of differential equation
derivatives of dependent variable (y) with respect to is 2.
independent variable (x) is not present.
Solution of a Differential Equation
Order of a Differential Equation Suppose a differential equation is given to us, in which y is
The order of the highest order derivative of dependent dependent variable and x is independent variable. Then, the
variable with respect to independent variable involved in a function f( x) will be its solution, if it satisfies the given
differential equation, is called order of differential differential equation, i.e. when the function fis substituted for
equation. the unknown y (dependent variable) in the given differential
dy d 3y æ d 2y ö equation, LHS becomes equal to RHS. The solution of a
e.g. (i) - sin x = 0 (ii) 3 + x 2 ç 2 ÷ = 0
dx ç dx ÷ differential equation is of two types, which are given below
dx è ø
Here, in e.g. (i), equation has the highest derivative of first General Solution of a Differential Equation
order and in e.g. (ii), equation has the highest derivative of
third order. So, orders of the differential equations in e.g. If the solution of a differential equation of order n, contains n
(i) and (ii) are 1 and 3, respectively. arbitrary constants, then it is called a general solution.
d 2y
Degree of a Differential Equation e.g. The general solution of + y = 0 is y = A cos x + B sin x.
dx 2
The highest power (positive integral index) of the highest
order derivative involved in a differential equation, when it But y = A cos x + sin x and y = cos x + B sin x is not the general
is written as a polynomial in derivatives, is called the solution of given differential equation, as it contains only one
degree of a differential equation. arbitrary constant.
Particular Solution of a Differential Equation A differential equation of the form

dy
= F( x, y ) is called a
The solution of a differential equation obtained by giving dx
particular values to the arbitrary constants in the general homogeneous differential equation, if F( x, y ) is a
solution, is called the particular solution. In other words, the homogeneous function of degree zero.
solution free from arbitrary constant is called particular æyö æxö
solution. Thus, if F( x, y ) = g ç ÷ or h çç ÷÷, then the differential equation
è ø
x èyø
d 2y
e.g. The general solution of 2 + y = 0 is is homogeneous.
dx
y = A cos x + B sin x. Linear Differential Equation
If A = B = 1 , then y = cos x + sin x is a particular solution of the A differential equation of the form
given differential equation.
dny d n -1 y d n -2 y dy
A0 n + A1 n -1 + A2 n - 2 + ... + An -1 + An y = Q
Differential Equation with dx dx dx dx
Variables Separable where, A0 , A1 , A2 , K, An - 1 , An are either constants or
dy functions of independent variable x, is called a linear
A first order and first degree differential equation = F( x, y )
dx differential equation.
is in the form of variable separable, if the function F can be d 3y d 2y
expressed as the product of the functions of x and the e.g. + x2
+ 2 xy = x 2 is a linear differential equation,
dx 2 dx 2
functions of y. Suppose a first order and first degree 2
differential equation is given to us, i.e. d 2y æ dy ö
but xy 2 + 2 ç ÷ + ay = x is a non-linear differential
dy dx è dx ø
= F( x, y ) ...(i)
dx equation.
dy Note Linear differential equation is always of 1 degree.
Now, expressed it as = h( y ) × g( x) ...(ii)
dx
Linear Differential Equation of First Order
If h( y ) ¹ 0, then separate the variables, i.e. write Eq. (ii) as
1 A first order differential equation in which the degree of
dy = g( x)dx
h( y ) dependent variable and its derivative is one and they do not
On integrating both sides, we get get multiplied together, is called a linear differential equation
1 of first order.
ò h( y) dy = ò g( x)dx or H( y) = G( x) + C A differential equation of the form
dy
+ Py = Q,
dx
which is the required solution of given differential equation, where P and Q are constants or functions of x only.
1 dy
where H( y ), G(x) are the anti-derivatives of , g( x) e.g. + 2y = sin x.
h( y ) dx
respectively and C is the arbitrary constant. Here, P = 2 and Q = sin x.
Homogeneous Differential Equations Integrating Factor (IF)

A function F( x, y ) is said to be homogeneous function of Linear differential equations are solved when they are
æyö æxö multiplied by a factor, which is called the integrating factor,
degree n, if F( x, y ) = x n g ç ÷ or y n hçç ÷÷
èxø èyø because by multiplying such factor the left hand side of the
x + 2y differential equation become exact differential of same function.
e.g. F( x, y ) = is a homogeneous function of
x-y For differential equation,
é æ y öù dy
ê1 + 2ç x ÷ ú + Py = Q
degree 0, as F( x, y ) = x 0 ê è øú dx
ê y ú IF = e ò Pdx
ê 1- x ú Now, use the formula, y × IF = ò (Q × IF ) dx + C
ë û
Solved Examples
Example 1. Write the sum of order and degree of Example 4. Verify that the function y - cos y = x is a
5 4
æd yö æ 2 ö 3 solution of the differential equation
differential equation 1 + ç ÷ = 7ç d y ÷ . ( y sin y + cos y + x ) y¢ = y.
ç dx ÷
2 ç dx ÷
3
è ø è ø Sol. Given, differential equation is
5 4
æ d2 y ö æ d 3y ö dy
Sol. Given, differential equation is 1 + çç 2 ÷÷ = 7çç 3 ÷÷ . ( y sin y + cos y + x ) =y ...(i)
è dx ø è dx ø dx
d 3y and given function is y - cos y = x ...(ii)
Here, highest order derivative is 3 , whose highest power Since, the order of differential equation is 1, therefore we
dx
is 4. differentiate Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x only once.
So, order = 3 and degree = 4 Now, differentiating Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy
Sum of order and degree = 3 + 4 = 7 + sin y × =1
dx dx
Example 2. Show that the function xy = log y + C is a dy
Þ ( 1 + sin y) = 1
solution of the differential equation dx
dy 1
y2 Þ =
y¢ = , ( xy ¹ 1). dx 1 + sin y
1 - xy
Now, consider
Sol. Given, xy = log y + C y sin y + cos y + x
LHS = ( y sin y + cos y + x ) y¢ =
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 1 + sin y
1 y sin y + cos y + y - cos y
xy¢ + y × 1 = × y¢ + 0 [using product rule of derivative] = [using Eq. (ii)]
y 1 + sin y
y¢
Þ xy¢ + y = Þ xy × y¢ + y2 = y¢ y sin y + y y (sin y + 1 )
y = = = y = RHS
1 + sin y 1 + sin y
Þ y2 = y¢ - xy × y¢
Hence, the given function is a solution of the differential
Þ y2 = y¢( 1 - xy) equation.
y2 Example 5. The population of a village increases at the
Þ y¢ = , xy ¹ 1
1 - xy rate proportional to the number of its inhabitants
Example 3. Solve the differential equation present at any time. If the population of the village
dy was 20000 in year 1999 and 25000 in the year 2004,
= ex - y + x 2 e- y . then what will be the population of the village in
dx
2009?
Sol. Given, differential equation is dy
dy Sol. Let y be the population at time t, then µ y.
= e x - y + x 2 e -y dt
dx dy
dy Þ = ky , where k is a constant.
Þ = e -y ( e x + x 2 ) dt
dx dy
1 Þ = k dt
Þ dy = ( e x + x 2 ) dx Þ e y dy = ( e x + x 2 ) dx y
e -y
On integrating both sides, we get
[separating the variables]
log |y| = kt + C [ Qy > 0] ...(i)
In the year 1999, t = 0 and y = 20000
ò e dy = ò ( e + x ) dx
y x 2
From Eq. (i), we get
x3 log 20000 = k( 0) + C
Þ ey = ex ++C
3 Þ log20000 = C ...(ii)
é xn + 1 ù
êQ ò e dx = e + C and ò x dx = + C, where n ¹ - 1 ú In the year 2004, t = 5 and y = 25000
x x n
ë n+1 û From Eq. (i), we get

which is the required solution. log25000 = k5 + C
Þ log 25000 = 5 k + log 20000 [using Eq. (ii)] On putting the value of C in Eq. (ii), we get
æ 25000 ö æ5 ö 1 1
Þ 5 k = log ç ÷ = log ç ÷ y= 2 Þ y= 2
è 20000 ø è 4ø 2x - ( - 1 ) 2x + 1
1 5 which is a particular solution of given differential equation.
Þ k = log
5 4 Example 8. Find the general solution of
For year 2009, t = 10 yr (1 + y 2 ) tan -1 x dx + 2y (1 + x 2 ) dy = 0.
Now, putting the values of t, k and C in Eq. (i), we get
Sol. Given, differential equation is
1 æ5 ö
log y = 10 ´ log ç ÷ + log( 20000) ( 1 + y2 ) tan -1 x dx + 2y( 1 + x 2 ) dy = 0
5 è 4ø
or it can be rewritten as
é æ5 ö ù
2
Þ log y = log ê 20000 ´ ç ÷ ú 2y tan -1 x
dy + dx = 0
êë è 4 ø úû 1+y 2
1 + x2
[Q dividing by ( 1 + y2 ) × ( 1 + x 2 )]
[Q log m + log n = log mn ]
5 5 On integrating both sides, we get
Þ y = 20000 ´ ´ 2y tan -1 x
4 4
ò 1 + y2 dy + ò 1 + x 2 dx = 0
Þ y = 31250
d 1
Hence, the population of the village in 2009 will be 31250. Put t = tan -1 x Þ tan -1 x = dt Þ dx = dt
dx 1 + x2
Example 6. Find the general solution of the differential
dy (tan -1 x ) 2
equation ( x + 2) \ log|1 + y2|+ = logC
= x 2 + 5 x - 3, x ¹ - 2. 2
dx
é t 2 (tan -1 x ) 2 ù
Sol. Given, differential equation is ( x + 2)
dy
= x2 + 5 x - 3 êQ ò t dt = = + Cú
dx ë 2 2 û
x2 + 5 x - 3 which is the required general solution.
Þ dy = dx [separating the variables]
( x + 2) Example 9. Find the particular solution of the
On integrating both sides, we get differential equation
x2 + 5 x - 3 ì 9 ü (1 - y 2 ) ( 1 + log|x|) dx + 2xy dy = 0, given that y = 0
ò dy = ò ( x + 2) dx Þ y = ò íî( x + 3) - ( x + 2) ýþdx when x = 1 .
[dividing (x 2 + 5 x - 3) by ( x + 2)] Sol. Given, differential equation is
x 2 ( 1 - y2 )( 1 + log|x|) dx + 2xy dy = 0.
Þ y= + 3x - 9 log|x + 2| + C
2 On separating the variables, we get
which is the required general solution. ( 1 + log|x|) 2y
dx + dy = 0
x 1 - y2
Example 7. Find the particular solution of differential
dy On integrating, we get
equation = - 4xy 2 , given that y = 1, when x = 0. æ 1 log|x|ö 2y
dx ò çè x + x ÷ø dx + ò 1 - y2 dy = 0
Sol. Given, differential equation is
dy (log|x|) 2
= - 4xy2 …(i) Þ log|x| + - log|1 - y2| = log C ...(i)
dx 2
dy Also, given y = 0 and x = 1
Þ = - 4x dx [separating the variables]
y2 (log 1 ) 2
\ log 1 + - log|1 - 0| = log C
On integrating both sides, we get 2
dy Þ 0 + 0 - 0 = log C
ò y2 = - ò 4x dx Þ log C = 0
1 Put log C = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
Þ - = - 2x 2 + C
y (log|x|) 2
log|x| + - log|1 - y2| = 0,
1 2
Þ y= 2 …(ii)
2x - C which is the particular solution of given differential equation.
which is a general solution of the given differential equation. Example 10. Find the equation of a curve passing
Also, given y = 1, when x = 0 through the point ( 0, - 2), given that at any point
On putting x = 0 and y = 1 in Eq. (ii), we get ( x, y) on the curve, the product of the slope of its
1 tangent and y-coordinate of the point is equal to the
1= Þ C = -1
2( 0) 2 - C x-coordinate of the point.
Sol. Let x and y be the x and y-coordinates of the point on the dy

Þ ( 3xy2 - x 3 ) = ( 3x 2 y - y3 )
curve, respectively. dx
We know that, the slope of a tangent to the curve is given Þ ( x - 3xy ) dx = ( y - 3x y) dy
3 2 3 2
dy
by . which is the given differential equation.
dx
Hence, the given function is the solution of the given
According to the question, product of the slope of tangent differential equation.
with y-coordinate = x-coordinate
dy Example 12. Find the particular solution of the
i.e. y× =x dy y æyö
dx differential equation - + cosec ç ÷ = 0 ,
Now, separating the variables, we get dx x èxø
y dy = x dx y = 0 when x = 1.
On integrating both sides, we get Sol. Given, differential equation is
ò ydy = ò x dx dy y æ yö
- + cosec ç ÷ = 0
y2 x 2 dx x è xø
Þ = +C …(i) dy y æ yö
2 2 Þ = - cosec ç ÷ …(i)
Since, the curve passes through the point ( 0, - 2), therefore dx x è xø
we have which is a homogeneous differential equation as
( - 2) 2 dy æ yö
=0+C = f ç ÷.
2 dx è xø
4 dy dv
Þ C= =2 On putting y = vx and =v+ x in Eq. (i), we get
2 dx dx
On putting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get dv
v+ x = v - cosec v
y2 x 2 dx
= +2 dv
2 2 Þ x = - cosec v
Þ x 2 - y2 + 4 = 0 dx
dx
which is the required equation of the curve. Þ sin v dv = -
x
Example 11. Prove that ( x 2 - y 2 ) = c( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 is the On integrating both sides, we get
general solution of the differential equation dx
( x 3 - 3xy 2 ) dx = ( y 3 - 3x 2 y) dy, where c is a
ò sin v dv = - ò x
parameter. Þ - cos v = - log| x | + C
Sol. The given differential equation is Þ cos v = log| x | - C
æ yö é yù
( x 3 - 3xy2 ) dx = ( y3 - 3x 2 y) dy ...(i) Þ cos ç ÷ = log| x | - C êQ put v = ú
è ø
x ë xû
and the given function is
…(ii)
( x 2 - y2 ) = c( x 2 + y2 ) 2 ...(ii)
Also, given y = 0, when x = 1.
On differentiating Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x, we get Then, cos 0 = log 1 - C
dy æ dy ö Þ 1 = 0 -CÞC = -1
2x - 2y = 2c( x 2 + y2 ) ç 2x + 2y ÷
dx è dx ø æ yö
So, Eq. (ii) becomes cos ç ÷ = log| x | + 1
æ dy ö æ dy ö è xø
Þ ç x - y ÷ = 2c( x + y ) ç x + y ÷
2 2
…(iii)
è dx ø è dx ø which is the required equation.
æ dy ö 2( x 2 - y2 ) 2 æ dy ö
Þ çx - y ÷ = 2 ( x + y2 ) ç x + y ÷
è dx ø ( x + y2 ) 2 è dx ø
Example 13. Find the particular solution of the
[using Eq. (ii)] differential equation ( 3xy - y 2 ) dx + ( x 2 + xy) dy = 0,
2 æ dy ö 2 æ dy ö
Þ ( x + y ) ç x - y ÷ = 2( x - y ) ç x + y ÷
2 2
for x = 1 and y = 1.
è dx ø è dx ø
Sol. The given differential equation is written as
dy
Þ (x + y ) x - (x + y ) y
2 2 2 2
= 2( x - y ) x
2 2
é æ yö æ yö 2 ù
dx dy ê 3ç ÷ - ç ÷ ú
+ 2( x 2 - y2 ) y ê è x ø è x ø úû
= -ë
dy
dx .
Þ {x( x 2 + y2 ) - 2x( x 2 - y2 )} = {2y( x 2 - y2 ) dx æ yö
1+ç ÷
dy è xø
+ y( x 2 + y2 )} dy dv
dx Put y = vx Þ = v+ x
dx dx
é æ vx ö æ vx ö 2 ù On integrating both sides, we get

ê3ç ÷ - ç ÷ ú æ 1ö dx
\ v+ x
dv
= -ë
ê è x ø è x ø úû ò çè1 - v ÷ø dv = ò x
dx vx
1+ Þ v - log v = log x + C
x
dv é 3v - v 2 ù Þ v = log vx + C
Þ x = -ê ú -v y æ yö
dx ë 1+v û Þ = log ç ÷ x + C
x è xø
- 3v + v 2 - v - v 2
= Þ y = x log y + xC
1+v
dv - 4v Example 15. Find the integrating factor of differential
Þ x = dy
dx 1 + v equation (1 - x 2 ) - xy = 1.
1+v dx dx
Þ dv = -
4v x dy
Sol. Given that, ( 1 - x 2 ) - xy = 1
1 éæ1 ö ù dx dx
Þ ç + 1 ÷ dvú = -
4 êë è v ø û x Þ
dy
-
x
y=
1
dx 1 - x 2 1 - x2
1 logC which is a linear differential equation.
log v + v = - log x + x 1
4 4 Here, P = - and Q =
Þ log v + v = -4 log x + logC 1-x 2
1 - x2
x
Þ log v x 4 + v = logC -ò
1 - x2
dx
\ IF = e
æy ö y
Þ log ç x 4 ÷ + = logC Put 1 - x 2 = t Þ - 2xdx = dt
èx ø x
y dt
Þ log yx 3 + = logC Þ xdx = -
x 2
1 dt 1 1
Þ x log yx 3 + y = x logC …(i) òt log t log(1 - x 2 )
Now, IF = e 2 = e2 = e2 = 1 - x2
When x = 1 and y = 1, then
1 log( 1 ) + 1 = logC Example 16. Find the integrating factor of the
Þ 0 + 1 = logC æ e- 2 x y ö÷ dx
differential equation ç - = 1.
Þ logC = 1 ç ÷ dy
è x x ø
\ x log yx 3 + y = x ( 1 ) [from Eq. (i)]
Sol. The given differential equation can be rewritten as
Þ x log yx + y = x
3
dy e - 2 x
y
which is the required solution. = -
dx x x
Example 14. Show that the differential equation dy y e- 2 x
2 Þ + =
dy y dx x x
= is homogeneous and also solve it.
dx xy - x 2 which is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
Sol. Given, differential equation can be rewritten as + Py = Q
2 dx
æ yö
ç ÷ 1 e- 2 x
Here, P = and Q =
= è ø
dy x .
dx æ y ö x x
ç ÷ -1 ò
1
è xø dx
Now, IF = e ò P dx = e x
dy dv
Put y = vx Þ = v+ x ò
1
dx
dx dx =e x = e2 x
x dv v2
\ v+ = Example 17. Solve the differential equation
dx v -1
dv v2 v2 - v2 + v (1 + x 2 ) dy + 2xy dx = sec 2 x dx.
Þ x = -v=
dx v - 1 v -1 Sol. Given, differential equation can be rewritten as
dv v dy 2x sec 2 x
Þ x = + y=
dx v - 1 dx 1 + x 2
1 + x2
æ v -1 ö dx 2x sec 2 x
Þ ç ÷ dv = Here, P = and Q =
è v ø x 1+x 2
1 + x2
2x
ò 1+ x2 dx Example 19. Solve the differential equation
Now, IF = e ò
Pdx
=e
é d 2x ù dy 2xy
= e log (1+ x
2
- = x 2 + 2.
êëQ dx log( 1 + x ) = 1 + x 2 úû
) 2
dx 1 + x 2 [CBSE 2019]
= (1 + x2 ) Sol. Given, differential equation is
\ The required solution is dy 2x
- y = x2 + 2 …(i)
sec 2 x dx 1 + x 2
y( 1 + x 2 ) = ò ´ ( 1 + x 2 ) dx
1 + x2 This is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
+ Py = Q
= ò sec 2 x dx dx
- 2x
= tan x + C with P = and Q = x 2 + 2
1 + x2
tan x C
Þ y= + ò
-2 x
dx -ò
2x
dx
1+x 2
1 + x2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1 2 1
\ IF = e =e = e - log ( x + 1)
=
dy x2 + 1
Example 18. Solve - 3y cot x = sin 2x, where y = 2
dx Using y × (IF ) = ò Q × (IF ) dx + C , we get
p
and x = . \ y×
1
= ò ( x2 + 2 ) × 2
1
dx + C
2 ( x + 1)
2
( x + 1)
dy
Sol. Given, - ( 3 cot x ) y = sin 2x y ( x2 + 1 ) + 1
dx
x2 + 1
= ò x 2 + 1 dx + C
which is a linear differential equation of the form
y 1
dy
+ Py = Q = ò 1 dx + ò 2 dx + C
dx x2 + 1 x +1
Here, P = - 3 cot x and Q = sin 2x. y
= x + tan -1 x + C
Now, IF = e ò
Pdx
=e ò
-3 cot x dx
= e -3 log (sin x) = e log (sin x)
-3 x2 + 1
1 Þ y = x ( x 2 + 1 ) + tan -1 x ×( x 2 + 1 ) + C( x 2 + 1 )
=
sin 3 x Example 20. Solve the differential equation
and the required solution is given by dy
y ´ IF = ò ( Q ´ IF) dx + C
( x + 1) = 2e - y - 1; y( 0) = 0.
dx
1 1 dy
Þ y´ 3
= ò sin 2x × 3 dx + C Sol. We have, ( x + 1 ) = 2e - y - 1
sin x sin x dx
1 1
Þ y´ 3 =2ò
1 sin x cos x
dx + C Þ ( x + 1 ) dy = ( 2e -y - 1 ) dx Þ dx = - y dy
sin x sin 3 x x+1 2e - 1
[Q sin 2 q = 2sin x cos q] [on separating the variables]
1 cos x 1 1 1 ey
Þ ´ y = 2 ò 2 dx + C Þ ò dx = ò -y dy Þ ò x + 1 dx = ò 2 - e y dy
sin 3 x sin x x+1 2e - 1
y ey
Þ = 2 ò cot x cosec x dx + C 1
sin 3 x
Þ ò x + 1 dx = - ò e y - 2 dy
y
Þ = - 2 cosec x + C Þ log| x + 1 | = - log| e y - 2| + log C
sin 3 x
Þ log| x + 1 | + log| e y - 2| = log C
æ 1 ö
Þ y = - 2 çç ´ sin 3 x ÷÷ + C sin 3 x Þ log|( x + 1 ) ( e y - 2)| = log C
è sin x ø
Þ [( x + 1 ) ( e y - 2)] = C ...(i)
Þ y = - 2 sin 2 x + C sin 3 x …(i)
p It is given that y( 0) = 0 i.e. y = 0 when x = 0.
Also, given y = 2 and x = , therefore from Eq. (i), we get Putting x = 0 and y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
2
|( 0 + 1 ) ( 1 - 2)| = C Þ C = - 1
2 æ pö æ pö
2 = - 2 sin ç ÷ + C sin 3 ç ÷ Putting C = -1 in Eq. (i), we get
è 2ø è 2ø
1
Þ 2=-2+C Þ ( x + 1 ) ( e y - 2) = - 1 Þ e y - 2 = -
x+1
Þ C=4
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
On putting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get Þ e y = çç 2 - ÷÷ Þ y = log çç 2 - ÷,
y = - 2 sin 2 x + 4 sin 3x Þ y = 4 sin 3 x - 2 sin 2 x è x + 1 ø è x + 1 ÷ø
which is the required solution. which is the required solution.
Chapter
Practice
7. The order and degree of the differential equation
PART 1 y¢ ¢ + 2y¢ + sin y = 0 are respectively
Objective Questions (a) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 2
(b) 2 and 1
(d) 1 and 2
8. The order and degree of the differential equation
l
Multiple Choice Questions d4 y
+ sin ( y¢ ¢ ¢ ) = 0 are respectively
1. The order of the differential equation dx 4
d 2y dy (a) 4 and 1 (b) 1 and 2
2x 2 2
-3 + y = 0 is
dx dx (c) 4 and 4 (d) 4 and not defined
(a) 2 (b) 1 9. The order and degree (if defined) of the differential
(c) 0 (d) not defined equation
2. The degree of the differential equation d2y
2
æ d2y ö
æ dy ö
æ dy ö
2 +xç ÷ = 2x 2 log ç ÷.
1 +ç ÷ = x is dx 2 è dx ø ç dx 2 ÷
è ø [CBSE 2019]
è dx ø
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 1
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 2 and not defined (d) None of these
(c) 3 (d) not defined
10. The number of arbitrary constants in the particular
3. The order and degree of the differential equation solution of a differential equation of second order
x 1 - y 2 dx + y 1 - x 2 dy = 0 are respectively. is (are) [CBSE 2020]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 1 and 1 (b) 1 and 2
dy
(c) 2 and 1 (d) 1 and 3 11. The general solution of = 4 - y 2 , where
dx
4. The sum of order and degree of differential
4 3 -2 < y < 2 is
æ dy ö æ d2y ö (a) y = sin( x + C ) (b) y = 2sin( x + C )
equation 1 + ç ÷ = 7 ç ÷ is
è dx ø ç dx 2 ÷ (c) y = 2cos( x + C ) (d) y = cos( x + C )
è ø
dy 2
(a) 2 (b) 3 12. The general solution of = 2x e x - y is
(c) 5 (d) 1 dx
2 2
-y
5. The degree of the differential equation (a) e x =C (b) e -y + e x = C
3/ 2 2 2
+ y
é æ dy ö 2 ù (c) e y = e x + C (d) e x =C
d2y
ê1 + ç ÷ ú = 2 is dy
êë è dx ø úû dx 13. The differential equation y + x = C represents
dx
3
(a) 4 (b) (a) family of hyperbolas (b) family of parabolas
2
(c) family of ellipses (d) family of circles
(c) not defined (d) 2
dy
14. The general solution of = xy + x + y + 1 is
6. The order and degree of the differential equation dx
d2y æ dy ö
2 x2 x2
= y +ç (a) log|y + 1|= + x+C (b) log|y + 1|= -x+C
÷ are respectively 2 2
dx 2
è dx ø x2 x2
(a) 2 and 1 (b) 2 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 2 (c) log|y - 1|= +C (d) log|y - 1|= + x+C
2 2
15. The solution of differential equation cot y dx = xdy 24. The solution of x
dy
+ y = e x is
is dx
ex k
(a) x = C sec y2 (b) x = C sec y (a) y = + (b) y = xe x + kx
x x
(c) y = C sec x (d) y = C sec x
2
ey k
(c) y = xe x + k (d) x = +
dy y y
16. The general solution of xy = ( x + 3) ( y + 3) is
dx 25. The general solution of y log y dx - x dy = 0 is
equals to C
(a) x - 3log|x|+ C (b) x + 3log|x|+ C (a) logy = (b) logy = xC
x
(c) 3x + log|x|+ C (d) None of these (c) logx = yC (d) None of these
17. Which of the following is not a homogeneous dy y
function of x and y 26. The solution of differential equation + = sin x
dx x
(a) x 2 + 2xy (b) 2x - y
is
æ yö y (a) x ( y + cos x ) = sin x + C (b) x ( y - cos x ) = sin x + C
(c) cos 2 ç ÷ + (d) sin x - cos y
è xø x (c) xy cos x = sin x + C (d) x ( y + cos x ) = cos x + C
y
y + x tan 27. The general solution of the differential equation
dy x , then sin y is equal to
18. If = dy
dx x x e 2x + 3e 2x y = 1 is
dx
(a) Cx 2 (b) Cx
(a) ye 3x = e x + C (b) ye 3x = e - x + C
(c) Cx 3 (d) Cx 4
(c) ye 3x
= -e + C
x
(d) ye x = e 3x + C
19. If the slope of the tangent to the curve at any point
y y 28. The solution of the differential equation
P( x, y) is - cos 2 , then the equation of a curve dy
x x x + 2y = x 2 is
æ pö dx
passing through ç 1, ÷ is x2 x
è 4ø (a) y = + Cx -2 (b) y = + Cx -2
4 4
æ yö æ yö
(a) tan ç ÷ + log x = 1 (b) tan ç ÷ + log y = 1 x2
è xø è xø (c) y2 = +C (d) y2 = x + C
4
æ xö æ xö
(c) tan ç ÷ + log x = 1 (d) tan ç ÷ + log y = 1
è yø è yø 29. The solution of the differential equation
dy x + 2y
20. The integrating factor of differential equation = is x + y = kx 2 .
dx x
dy
+ y tan x - sec x = 0 is (a) True (b) False
dx (c) Can’t say (d) Partially True/False
(a) cos x (b) sec x
dy x + y
(c) e cos x (d) e sec x 30. The solution of the differential equation =
dx x
dy 1+y satisfying the condition y(1) = 1 is
21. The integrating factor of +y= is
dx x (a) y = x log x + x (b) y = log x + x
ex e -x (c) y = x log x - x 2 (d) y = x log x + x 2
(a) (b)
x x
(c) e x (d) e - x
l
Case Based MCQs
22. The integrating factor of the differential equation 31. A Veterinary doctor was examining a sick cat
dy brought by a pet lover. When it was brought to the
x - y = log x is
dx hospital, it was already dead. The pet lover wanted
(a) x (b) -
1
(c)
1
(d) -x
to find its time of death. He took the temperature of
x x the cat at 11:30 pm which was 94.6°F. He took the
23. The integrating factor of temperature again after 1 h; the temperature was
dy lower than the first observation. It was 93.4°F. The
(sin x ) + ( 2 cos x ) y = sin x cos x is room in which the cat was put is always at 70°F. The
dx
(a) sec x 2
(b) (sin x ) normal temperature of the cat is taken as 98.6°F
(c) ( cosec x ) 2
(d) (tan x ) 2
when it was alive.
The doctor estimated the time of death using dy

(ii) Solution of differential equation xy = x 2 + y 2 is
Newton law of cooling which is governed by the dx
dT (a) y2 = 2x 2 log|x|+ 2 Cx 2 (b) y = 2x 2 log|x|+ 2 Cx 2
differential equation: µ (T - 70), where 70°F is
dt (c) y2 = 2x log|x|+ 2 Cx 2 (d) y = -2x log|x|+ 2 C
the room temperature and T is the temperature of dy x + y
the object at time t. (iii) Solution of the differential equation = is
dx x
Substituting the two different observations of T and (a) y = x log|x|+ Cx (b) y = - x log|x|+ Cx
t made, in the solution of the differential equation (c) y2 = x log|x|+ C (d) y2 = x 2 log|x|+ C
dT
= k(T - 70), where k is a constant of proportion, (iv) General solution of the differential equation
dt dy y ì æ y ö ü
time of death is calculated. = í log ç ÷ + 1 ý is
dx x î è x ø þ
Answer the following questions using the above
(a) log( xy) = C (b) logy = Cx
information. æ yö
(i) The degree of the above given differential (c) log ç ÷ = Cx (d) logx = Cy
è xø
equation is
(v) The solution of the differential equation
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
xy 2 dy - ( x 3 + y 3 ) dx = 0 is
(ii) If the temperature was measured 2 h after 11:30
pm, will the time of death change? (a) y3 = 3x 3 + C (b) y3 = 3x 3 log ( Cx )
(a) Yes (b) No (c) y3 = 3x 2 + log ( Cx ) (d) y3 + 3x 3 = log ( Cx )
(c) Can’t say (d) None of these
dy
(iii) The solution of the differential equation 33. If the equation is of the form + Py = Q, where
dT dx
= k(T - 70 ) is given by,
dt P and Q are functions of x, then the solution of the
(a) log|T - 70| = kt + C (b) log|T - 70| = log| kt | + C differential equation is given by
ye ò = Qe ò dx + C, where e ò
(c) T - 70 = kt + C (d) t - 70 = kT + C Pdx Pdx Pdx
(iv) Which method of solving a differential equation

ò is called the
helped in calculation of the time of death? integrating factor (IF).

(a) Variable separable method Based on the above information, answer the
(b) Solving Homogeneous differential equation following questions.
(c) Solving Linear differential equation (i) The integrating factor of the differential equation
(d) All of the above dy
+ y cot x = 2 x + x 2 cot x, where x ¹ 0 is
(v) If t = 0 when T is 72, then the value of C is dx
(a) - 2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) log 2 (a) sin x (b) cos x
dy f ( x, y) (c) -sin x (d) - cos x
32. The equation is of the form = or
dx g ( x, y) (ii) Integrating factor of the differential equation
dy æyö (1 - x 2 )
dy
- xy = 1 is
= F ç ÷ , where f ( x, y) and g ( x, y) are
dx èxø dx
x
(a) -x (b)
homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and 1 + x2
dy dv 1
y, then put y = vx and = v + x , so that the (c) 1 - x 2 (d) log( 1 - x 2 )
dx dx 2
dy
dependent variable y is changed to another variable (iii) General solution of + 3 y = e -2 x is
v and then apply variable separable method. dx
(a) y = e - x + Ce -3x (b) y = e + Ce -3x
-2 x
Based on the above information, answer the (c) y = e x + Ce 3x (d) y = - e x + Ce -3x

dy y
dy (iv) General solution of + = x 2 is
(i) The general solution of x 2 = x 2 + xy + y 2 is dx x
dx
x4 x4
(a) tan -1
x
= log|x|+ C (b) tan -1
y
= log|x|+ C (a) yx = +C (b) y = +C
y x 4 4
x4 x3
(c) y = x log|x|+ C (d) x = y log|y|+ C (c) yx 2 = +C (d) y = +C
4 4
dy dy
(v) The solution of + y = e - x , where y ( 0 ) = 0 is 11. Solve x 2 = x 2 + xy + y 2 .
dx dx
(a) y = e x( x - 1 ) (b) y = xe - x
-x
12. Find the general solution of
(c) y = xe +1 (d) y = ( x + 1 ) e - x
y 2 dx + ( x 2 - x y + y 2 ) dy = 0.
13. Find the general solution of the differential

PART 2 equation ye x / y dx = ( xe x / y + y 2 ) dy, when y ¹ 0.
Subjective Questions 14. Solve the differential equation

[CBSE 2020]
æ y ö dy æyö
l
Short Answer Type Questions x cos ç ÷ = y cos ç ÷ + x.
è x ø dx èxø [CBSE 2019]
1. Find the solution of the differential equation
æ dy ö
log ç ÷ = ax + by. equation ( x log x )
dy 2
+ y = log x .
è dx ø [CBSE 2020] dx x
2. Find the general solution of the differential 16. Solve the differential equation
dy 1 e y dy
equation + = . cos x + 2 sin x × y = sin x cos x .
dx x x [CBSE 2020] dx
3. Find the general solution of the differential 17. Find the general solution of the differential
dy
equation xy = ( x + 2) ( y + 2). equation xe y dy = ( x 3 + 2ye x ) dx.
dx
dy 18. Solve the differential equation
4. Solve ( x - 1 ) = 2x 3 y. dy -1
dx (1 + x 2 ) + y = e tan x .
5. Solve the differential equation dx
dy
( e x + 1)y dy = e x ( y + 1) dx. [CBSE 2020] 19. Solve + 2xy = y.
dx
6. Find the particular solution of the differential
dy æ pö
equation = y tan x, when y( 0) = 1. equation
dy
+ (sec x )y = tan x, where ç 0 £ x < ÷.
dx [CBSE 2020] dx è 2ø
y 21. Solve the differential equation
equation e x 1 - y 2 dx + dy = 0, given that y = 1, dy = cos x ( 2 - y cosec x ) dx, given that y = 2 ,
x when x = p/ 2 .
when x = 0.
dy 22. Find the particular solution of differential equation
dy x + y cos x
8. Solve the initial value problem e dx = x + 1, y( 0) = 5. =- , given that y = 1, when x = 0.
dx 1 + sin x
23. Solve the differential equation
equation x dx - y e y 1 + x 2 dy = 0, given that y = 1, dy
when x = 0. [CBSE 2019] (1 + x 2 ) + 2xy - 4x 2 = 0,
dx
10. For the differential equation given below, find a subject to the initial condition y( 0) = 0. [CBSE 2019]
particular solution satisfying the given condition dy
24. If y( t ) is a solution of (1 + t ) - ty = 1 and y( 0) = - 1,
dy
( x + 1) = 2e - y + 1; y = 0 when x = 0. dt
dx [CBSE 2020] -1
then show that y(1) = .
2
l
Long Answer Type Questions find its particular solution, given that x = 0,
when y = 1.
25. Show that the general solution of the differential
dy y 2 + y + 1 34. Solve the differential equation
equation + = 0 is given by
dx x 2 + x + 1 é 2æ y ö ù p
êx sin ç x ÷ - yú dx + x dy = 0, given y = 4 ,
( x + y + 1 ) = A (1 - x - y - 2xy) , where A is a ë è ø û
parameter. when x = 1.
26. Find the particular solution of the differential 35. Show that the differential equation
dy æyö p dy
equation x = y - x tanç ÷, given that y = ( x - y) = x + 2y is homogeneous and solve it.
dx èxø 4 dx
at x =1. [CBSE 2020] 36. Find the particular solution of the differential
27. Find the equation of the curve passes through the dy
equation x + y - x + xy cot x = 0, x ¹ 0, given that
point (1, 0), if the slope of the tangent to the curve dx
y -1 p
at any point ( x, y) is . when x = and y = 0.
x2 + x 2
28. The volume of spherical balloon being 37. Solve the differential equation
dy 2
inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its ( x 2 - 1) + 2xy = .
radius is 3 units and after 3 s, it is 6 units. Find the dx x -1
2
radius of balloon after t s.

38. Solve the differential equation
29. Find the particular solution of the differential dy
dy x ( 2 log x + 1) p x ( x 2 - 1) = 1, y = 0, when x = 2.
equation = , given that y = , dx
dx sin y + y cos y 2
when x = 1. l
30. Solve the differential equation 39. Consider the differential equation
dy
x dy - y dx = x + y dx,
2 2
+ 2y tan x = sin x.
dx
given that y = 0, when x = 1. [CBSE 2019]
Answer the following questions which are based on
31. Show that the following differential equation is above information.
homogeneous and then solve it. (i) Find the values of P and Q, if the given differential
æyö dy
y dx + x log ç ÷ dy - 2x dy = 0 equation can be written in the form of + Py = Q.
èxø dx
32. Find the particular solution of the differential (ii) Find the integrating factor of the differential
dy xy equation.
equation = given that y = 1, when x = 0. (iii) Find the solution of the differential equation.
dx x + y 2
2
æ pö
33. Show that the differential equation (iv) If y ç ÷ = 0, then write the relation between x
è3ø
2y × e x / y dx + ( y - 2xe x / y ) dy = 0 is homogeneous and and y.
SOLUTIONS
Objective Questions As the given differential equation is not a polynomial
1. (a) The highest order derivative present in the given equation in derivatives of y w.r.t. x (i.e., y¢¢¢), therefore its
d2 y degree is not defined.
differential equation is 2 . Therefore, its order is two.
dx 9. (c) Given, differential equation is
æ dy ö
2 d2 y æ dy ö
2
æ d2 y ö
2. (b) We have, 1 + ç ÷ = x + x ç ÷ = 2 x 2
log ç ÷
dx 2 è dx ø ç dx 2 ÷
è dx ø è ø
\ Degree = 2 Since, highest order derivative occuring in the differential
3. (a) The given equation can be rewritten as
d2 y
dy - x 1 - y2 equation is , therefore order is 2 and as the differential
x 1 - y dx = - y 1 - x dy Þ
2 2
= dx 2
dx y 1 - x2 equation is not a polynomial in derivatives, therefore its
dy degree is not defined.
Since, the highest order derivative is . So, its order is 1.
dx 10. (a) According to the definition of particular solution of a
dy dy differential equation of second order, it does not contain any
It is a polynomial equation in and highest power of
dx dx arbitrary constants. So, number of arbitrary constants in a
is 1. So, its degree is 1. particular solution of a differential equation is 0.
4
æ d2 y ö
3 dy
æ dy ö 11. (b) Given, differential equation is = 4 - y2
4. (c) Given, differential equation is 1 + ç ÷ = 7çç 2 ÷÷ . dx
è dx ø è dx ø dy
2
d y On separating the variables, we get = dx
Here, highest order derivative is 2 , whose highest power 4 - y2
dx
is 3. On integrating both sides, we get
dy
So, order = 2 and degree = 3 ò 4 - y2 = ò dx
Sum of order and degree = 2 + 3 = 5
é
3/ 2
é ù
æ dy ö ù
2
d2 y æ yö dy æ yö
5. (d) Given that, ê1 + ç ÷ ú
è dx ø úû
= 2 Þ sin -1 ç ÷ = x + C
è 2ø
êQ
êë
ò a -y
2
= sin -1 ç ÷ + C ú
2 è aø úû
êë dx
On squaring both sides, we get y
Þ = sin ( x + C )
é 2 ù3 2 2
æ dy ö æ d yö 2
ê1 + ç ÷ ú = çç 2 ÷÷ Þ y = 2 sin ( x + C ),
êë è dx ø úû è dx ø which is the required solution.
So, the degree of differential equation is 2. dy 2 2
2
12. (c) Given that, = 2x e x - y = 2x e x × e - y
d2 y æ dy ö dx
6. (b) Given, differential equation is = y+ ç ÷ 2
dx 2 è dx ø Þ e y dy = 2x e x dx
On squaring both sides, we get On integrating both sides, we get
2 2 y 2
æ d yö æ d yö òe dy = ò 2xe x dx
2 2 2 2
ç ÷ æ dy ö æ dy ö
ç dx 2 ÷ = y + ç ÷ Þ çç 2 ÷÷ - y - ç ÷ = 0
è ø è dx ø è dx ø è dx ø Put x 2 = t in RHS integral, we get
2
d y
Here, highest order derivative is 2 , whose highest power 2x dx = dt
y t
is 2.
dx Þ òe dy = ò e dt
\ Order of differential equation = 2 and degree of Þ ey = et + C

differential equation = power of highest order derivative = 2 Þ
2
ey = ex + C
7. (b) The highest order derivative, present in the differential
dy
equation is y¢¢. Therefore, its order is two. 13. (d) Given that, y + x =C
dx
This is a polynomial equation in y¢¢ and y¢ and the highest
dy
power raised to y¢¢ is one. Hence, its degree is one. Þ y =C - x
dx
d4 y
8. (d) 4 + sin ( y ¢¢¢ ) = 0 Þ y ¢¢¢¢ + sin ( y ¢¢¢ ) = 0 Þ yd y = ( C - x ) d x
dx
The highest order derivative which occurs in the given
y2 x2
differential equation is y¢¢¢¢, therefore its order is 4. = Cx - +K
2 2
x 2 y2 18. (b) The given differential equation is

Þ + = Cx + K
2 2 y
y + x tan
x 2 y2 dy x
Þ + - Cx = K = ...(i)
2 2 dx x
which represent family of circles. So, put y = vx
dy dv
dy Þ =v+ x
14. (a) Given, differential equation is = xy + x + y + 1 dx dx
dx
æ vx ö
dy
= x ( y + 1) + 1 ( y + 1) = ( x + 1) ( y + 1) vx + x tan ç ÷
dx \ v+ x
dv
= è xø
On separating the variables, we get dx x
dv dx
dy
= ( x + 1 ) dx …(i) Þ x = v + tan v - v Þ ò cot v dv = ò
( y + 1) dx x
Þ log sin v = log x + log C
On integrating Eq. (i), we get
y
dy Þ sin = xC
ò ( y + 1 ) = ò ( x + 1 ) dx x
19. (a) According to the question,
x2
Þ log|y + 1| = +x+C dy y y
2 = - cos 2 ...(i)
dx x x
which is the required solution of the given differential
This is a homogeneous differential equation substituting
equation.
y = vx, we get
15. (b) Given, differential equation is cot y dx = xdy dv
1 v+ x = v - cos 2 v
Þ dx = tan y dy dx
x dv
Þ x = - cos 2 v
On integrating both sides, we get dx
1 dx
Þ ò x dx = ò tan y d y Þ sec 2 v dv = -
x
Þ log ( x ) = log (sec y) + log C Þ tan v = - log x + C
æ x ö
Þ log çç ÷÷ = log C [on integrating both sides]
è sec y ø y
Þ tan + log x = C …(ii)
x x
Þ =C p
sec y Substituting x = 1 and y = , we get C = 1. Thus, we get
4
Þ x = C sec y
æ yö
16. (b) Given, differential equation is tan ç ÷ + log x = 1
dy è xø
xy = ( x + 3) ( y + 3) ...(i) which is the required solution.
dx
dy
On separating the variables, we get 20. (b) Given that, + y tan x - sec x = 0
y x+3 dx
dy = dx Here, P = tan x and Q = sec x
y+ 3 x
IF = e ò = eò
P dx tan x dx
y x+3 = e (log sec x) = sec x
ò y + 3 dy = ò x dx
21. (a) Given, differential equation is
æ y + 3 - 3ö x+3 dy 1+y
Þ ò ççè y + 3 ÷÷ø dy = ò x dx dx
+ y=
x
y+ 3 3 x 3 dy 1 y
Þ + y= +
Þ ò y+ 3
dy - ò
y+ 3
dy = ò dx + ò dx
x x dx x x
dy æ 1ö 1
1 1 Þ + y ç1 - ÷ =
Þ ò dy - 3ò y + 3 dy = ò dx + 3 ò x dx dx è xø x
dy
Þ y - 3 log| y + 3| = x + 3 log| x | + C On comparing with the form + Py = Q.
dx
æ yö
17. (d) Since, sin x - cos y can’t expressed in the form x ng ç ÷ or 1 1
è xø Here, P = 1 - and Q =
x x
n æ xö
æ 1ö
y h ç ÷, therefore it is not a homogeneous function. ò ò çè1 - x ÷ø dx ex
= e x- log x = e x × e - log x =
P dx
è yø \ IF = e =e
x
22. (c) We have, x

dy
- y = log x Þ log z = log x + logC
dx Þ log(log y) = log xC
dy 1 log x Þ logy = xC
Þ - y=
dx x x 26. (a) Given, differential equation is
which is a linear differential equation of the form dy y
dy + = sin x
+ Py = Q, dx x
dx
which is linear differential equation.
-1 log x
where P = and Q = . 1
x x Here, P = and Q = sin x
-1
x
ò dx 1
\ IF = e ò Pdx = e = e - log x ò x dx
IF = e ò
x P dx
\ =e = e log x = x
log( x ) -1
=e [Q m log a = log a ] m
The general solution is
-1
= ( x) [Q alog a ( b ) = b] \ y × IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C
1
= Þ y × x = ò x× sin x dx + C ...(i)
x I II
23. (b) Given, differential equation is Þ xy = - x cos x + sin x + C
dy [using integrating by parts]
sin x + ( 2 cos x ) y = sin x cos x
dx Þ x ( y + cos x ) = sin x + C
dy 27. (a) Given, differential equation is
or + ( 2 cot x ) y = cos x
dx dy
e2x + 3 e 2 xy = 1
Here, P = 2cot x and Q = cos x dx
\ IF = e ò =e ò æ dy ö
Pdx 2 cot x dx
Þ e2x ç + 3 y÷ = 1
2
= e 2 log sin x = e log (sin x) = (sin x ) 2 è dx ø
dy
24. (a) Given that, x
dy
+ y = ex Þ + 3 y = e -2 x
dx dx
dy
dy y e x This is the form of + Py = Q. Here, P = 3 and Q = e -2 x
Þ + = dx
dx x x
Now, IF = e ò
3dx
which is a linear differential equation. = e 3x
1 ex and the solution of differential equation is given by
Here, P = and Q =
x x \ y ´ IF = ò ( Q× IF) dx + C
1
ò x dx Þ y ´ e 3x = ò ( e -2 x ´ e 3x ) dx + C = ò e xdx + C
IF = e ò
P dx
\ =e = e (log x) = x
æex ö Þ ye 3x = e x + C
The general solution is y × x = ò çç × x ÷÷ d x
è x ø which is the required solution.
Þ y × x = ò e dx x 28. (a) Given, differential equation is
dy dy 2y
x + 2y = x 2 Þ + =x
[Q y × IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C ] dx dx x
dy
Þ y× x = e + k x
This equation is of the form + Py = Q.
dx
ex k
Þ + y= 2
Here, P = and Q = x
x x x
25. (b) Given, differential equation is 2
ò x dx
IF = e ò
P dx
y log ydx - x dy = 0 \ =e = e 2 log x = x 2
dy dx The general solution is
Þ =
y log y x \ y × IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C
Þ yx 2 = ò x × x 2 dx + C
dy dx
ò y log y = ò x Þ yx 2 = ò x 3dx + C
1 x4
Put logy = z Þ dy = dz Þ yx 2 = +C
y 4
1 dx
Þ ò z dz = ò x [on integrating both sides] Þ y=
x2
+ Cx -2
4
29. (a) True; Let y = vx

dy x + 2y dy dv
Given that, = \ = v+ x
dx x dx dx
dy 2 dy 2 On putting in Eq. (i), we get
Þ =1 + ×y Þ - y=1
dx x dx x dv x 2 + x × vx + v2 x 2
2 v+ x = = 1 + v + v2
Here, P = - and Q = 1 dx x2
x
dv
-2 Þ x = 1 + v2
IF = e ò
dx
= e -2 log x = x -2
P dx
\ =e x dx
The differential solution, Now, integrating both sides, we get
dv dx
y × x -2 = ò x -2 × 1 d x + k [Q y × IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C ] ò 1 + v2 = ò x + C
y x -2 + 1 y -1
Þ = +kÞ 2 = +k Þ tan -1( v) = log|x|+ C
x 2
-2 + 1 x x
æ yö
Þ y = - x + kx 2 Þ x + y = kx 2 Þ tan -1 ç ÷ = log|x|+ C
è xø
30. (a) Given, equation can be rewritten as dy
dy 1 (ii) (a) Given, xy = x 2 + y2
- ×y =1 dx
dx x
dy x 2 + y2
1 Þ = …(i)
Here, P = - and Q = 1 dx xy
x
dy dv
-ò
1
1 Let y = vx Þ = v+ x
IF = e ò
dx
= e - log x =
P dx dx dx
\ =e x
x On putting in Eq. (i), we get
\ Required solution is
dv x 2 + v2 x 2 1 + v2
æ1 ö 1 \v+ x = =
y ç ÷ = ò dx = log x + C dx x × vx v
è xø x
[Q y × IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C ] dv 1 + v2 1 + v2 - v2 1
Þ x = -v = =
Since, y( 1 ) = 1 and C = 1 dx v v v
\ y = x log x + x dx
Þ vdv =
31. Given differential equation, x
dT dT Now, integrating both sides, we get
µ ( T - 70) Þ = k( T - 70),
dx
dt
where k is a constant.
dt
ò vdv = ò x
v2
(i) (b) Degree of the given differential equation is 1. Þ = log|x|+ C
2
(ii) (b) No; The time of death of cat is 11:30 pm.
y2
Time of death does not depend on temperature Þ = log|x|+ C
\Time of death will not change. x2 2
dT Þ y2 = 2x 2 log|x|+ 2Cx 2
(iii) (a) We have, = k( T - 70)
dt dy x + y
(iii) (a) Given, = …(i)
dT dx x
= kdt
T - 70 dy dv
Let y = vx Þ = v+ x
On integrating both sides, we get dx dx
dT On putting in Eq. (i), we get
ò T - 70 = kò dt dv x + vx
v+ x =
log|T - 70| = kt + C dx x
(iv) (a) Given, differential equation is solved by variable dv
separable method. Þ v+ x =1+ v
dx
(v) (d) Now, log|T - 70|= kt + C, dv 1 dx
Þ = Þ dv =
when t = 0 and T = 72, we get dx x x
log( 72 - 70) = 0 + C Þ C = log 2 Now, integrating both sides, we get
dy dx
32. (i) (b) Given, x 2 = x 2 + xy + y2
dx ò dv = ò x
dy x 2 + xy + y2 Þ v = log|x|+ C
Þ = …(i)
dx x2
y -x 1 -2 x
Þ = log|x|+ C ò 2 dx ò 2 dx
1
log (1- x 2 )
\ IF = e ò
P dx
x = e 1- x = e 2 1- x = e2
Þ y = x log|x|+ Cx 2 1/ 2
= e log (1- x )
= 1 - x2
dy y ì æ y ö ü
(iv) (c) Given, = ílog ç ÷ + 1 ý …(i) dy
dx x î è x ø þ + 3y = e - 2 x .
(iii) (b) The given differential equation is
dx
dy dv dy
Let y = vx Þ = v+ x On comparing with the form + Py = Q, we get
dx dx dx
-2 x
Here, P = 3 and Q = e
On putting in Eq. (i), we get
dv \ IF = e ò P dx Þ e ò 3 dx Þ IF = e 3x
v+ x = v{log( v) + 1}
dx The solution of the given differential equation is given
dv by
Þ x = v log v
dx \ y × IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C
Now, integrating both sides, we get
Þ y ´ e 3x = ò e -2 x × e 3x dx + C
dv dx
ò v log v = ò x Þ ye 3x = ò e x dx + C
Þ log|log v|= log|x|+ log|C| Þ ye 3x = e x + C Þ y = e -2 x + Ce -3x
Þ log|log v| = log( xC ) dy y
æ yö (iv) (a) The given differential equation is + = x2.
Þ log ç ÷ = Cx dx x
è xø dy
On comparing with the form + Py = Q, we get
dy x 3 + y3 dx
(v) (b) Given, xy2 dy - ( x 3 + y3 ) dx = 0 Þ = ...(i)
dx xy2 Here,
1
P = and Q = x 2
dy dv x
Let y = vx Þ =v+ x 1
dx dx ò x dx
\ IF = e ò P dx = e
On putting in Eq. (i), we get
dv 1 + v3 Þ IF = e log | x| = x [Q e log x = x ]
\ v+ x =
dx v2 The solution of the given differential equation is given
by
dv 1 + v3
Þ x = -v \ y × IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C
dx v2
dv 1 + v3 - v3 x4
Þ x = Þ yx = ò x 3 dx + C Þ yx = +C
dx v2 4
dx dy
Þ v2 dv = (v) (b) Given, + y = e -x
x dx
dx v3 dy
+ Py = Q, we get
Þ ò v dv = ò x Þ 3 = log x + log C On comparing with the form
2
dx
3 P = 1 and Q = e - x
1 æ yö
Þ ç ÷ = log x + log C
\ IF = e ò = eò
P dx 1×dx
3 è xø = ex
Þ y3 = 3x 3 log Cx \ Solution is given by
\ y × IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C
33. (i) (a) The given differential equation
dy Þ ye x = ò e - xe xdx + C
+ y cot x = 2x + x 2 cot x is a linear differential
dx
dy Þ ye x = x + C Þ y = xe - x + Ce - x
equation of type + Py = Q, where P = cot x.
dx Now, y( 0) = 0 Þ C = 0
\ y = xe -x
\ IF = e ò = eò
P dx cot x dx
= e log sin x = sin x
dy Subjective Questions
(ii) (c) Given, differential equation is ( 1 - x 2 ) - xy = 1
dx æ dy ö
1. Given, log ç ÷ = ax + by
Þ
dy
-
x
y=
1 è dx ø
dx 1 - x 2 1 - x2 dy
Þ = e ax+ by [Q logb a = c Þ a = b c]
dy dx
On comparing with the form + Py = Q, we get
dx dy dy
Þ = e ax × e by Þ by = e axdx
x 1 dx e
P=- and Q =
1 - x2 1 - x2 Þ e - by dy = e axdx
On integrating both sides, we get é ( x - 1 ) ( x2 + x + 1 ) 1 ù

= 2ê + ú dx
ò e dy = ò e dx
- by ax
ë ( x - 1 ) ( x - 1) û
e - by e ax é e ax + b ù [Q a3 - b 3 = ( a - b ) ( a2 + ab + b 2 )]
êQ ò e
ax + b
Þ = +C dx = + Cú
-b a ë a û dy æ 1 ö
e ax e - by Þ = 2 çç x 2 + x + 1 + ÷ dx
Þ + +C=0 y è x - 1 ÷ø
a b
which is required solution.
dy æ 2 1 ö
2. We have,
dy 1 e y
+ = ò y = 2 ò ççè x + x + 1 + x - 1 ÷÷ø dx
dx x x
æ x3 x2 ö
dy e y - 1 dy dx Þ log|y| = 2 çç + + x + log| x - 1 |÷÷ + C,
Þ = Þ y =
dx x e -1 x è 3 2 ø
On integrating both sides, we get which is the required solution.
dy dx 5. We have, ( e x + 1 ) y dy = e x( y + 1 ) dx
ò ey - 1 = ò x On separating the variables, we get
-y
e dy dx y ex
dy = x
Þ ò 1 - e -y = ò x y+1 e +1
dx
Þ log( 1 - e - y ) = log x + logC On integrating both sides, we get

y ex
Þ log( 1 - e -y ) = log xC ò y+1 dy = ò e x + 1 dx
Þ 1 - e - y = Cx
y + 1 -1 ex
Þ e -y = 1 - Cx Þ ò y+1 dy = ò e x + 1 dx
Þ - y = log( 1 - Cx )
æ 1 ö ex
Þ y + log( 1 - Cx ) = 0 Þ ò çè1 - y + 1 ÷ø dy = ò e x + 1 dx
3. Given, differential equation is
dy Þ y - log( y + 1 ) = log( e x + 1 ) + C
xy = ( x + 2) ( y + 2) ...(i)
dx which is required solution.
On separating the variables, we get dy
6. We have, = y tan x
y x+2 dx
dy = dx
y+ 2 x On separating variable both sides, we get
dy
On integrating both sides, we get = tan x dx
y x+2 y
ò y + 2 dy = ò x dx On integrating both sides, we get
dy
æ y + 2 - 2ö x+2 ò y = ò tan x dx
Þ ò ççè ÷ dy = ò
y + 2 ÷ø x
dx
Þ log y = logsec x + logC
y+ 2 2 x 2 Þ log y = log( C sec x ) [Q log a + log b = log ab]
Þ ò y+ 2
dy - ò
y+ 2
dy = ò dx +
x ò x
dx
Þ y = C sec x …(i)
1 1 Now, it is given that x = 0 and y = 1
Þ ò dy - 2ò y + 2 dy = ò dx + 2 ò x
dx
\ 1 = C sec 0
Þ y - 2 log| y + 2| = x + 2 log| x | + C Þ 1 =C
dy On putting C = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
4. Given, differential equation is ( x - 1 ) = 2x 3y. y = sec x.
dx
which is required solution.
On separating the variables, we get
dy 2x 3 y
= dx e x 1 - y2 dx + dy = 0
y ( x - 1) x
æ x3 ö -y
Þ
dy
= 2 çç ÷ dx Þ e 1 - y2 dx =
x
dy
÷ x
y èx -1ø
dy é ( x3 - 1 ) + 1 ù -y
Þ = 2ê ú dx dy = xe xdx
y ë x -1 û 1 - y2
On integrating both sides, we get Integrating both sides, we get

-y x
ò 1 - y2 dy = ò x e dx ò 1 + x 2 dx = ò yI × eII dy
x y
dt
On putting 1 - y2 = t, then - ydy = in LHS, we get 1 2x é æ d ö ù
2 Þ
2 ò 1+x
dx = ê y × ò e y dy - ò ç ( y) × ò e y dy÷ dyú
ë 2
è dy ø û
1
ò 2 t dt = ò xe dx
x
2x
Let I1 = ò dx
1 é d ù
Þ [ 2 t ] = x ò e xdx - ò ê ( x ) ò e xdx ú dx 1 + x2
2 ë dx û
Putting 1 + x 2 = t Þ 2x dx = dt [on differentiating]
Þ 1 - y2 = xe x - ò e xdx [Q put t = 1 - y2 ] 1
dt -
\ I1 = ò =ò t 2 dt
Þ 1 - y2 = xe x - e x + C …(i) 1
t2
On putting y = 1 and x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get 1 1
- +1
1 - 1 = 0 - e0 + C t t2 2
1
= = = 2t 2
Þ C =1 [Q e = 1 ]
0
1 1
- +1
On substituting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get 2 2
1
1 - y2 = xe x - e x + 1,
= 2( 1 + x 2 ) 2
which is the required particular solution of given differential 1
1
equation. Now, × 2( 1 + x 2 ) 2 = y × e y - e y + C
8. Given, differential equation is 2
1
dy
e dx =x+1 Þ (1 + x2 ) 2 = ey ( y - 1 ) + C
Now, taking log on both sides, we get when x = 0, then y = 1

1
dy
= log|x + 1| \ ( 1 + 0) 2 = e1( 1 - 1 ) + C
dx
On separating the variables, we get Þ C =1
dy = log|x + 1| dx So, required solution is given by
1
(1 + x2 ) 2 = ey ( y - 1 ) + 1
ò dy = ò log|x + 1| dx 10. Given, differential equation is
Þ y = ò 1 × log|x + 1| dx dy
II I ( x + 1) = 2e - y + 1
1 dx
Þ y = log|x + 1| × x - ò . x dx dy 2 + e y
x+1 Þ ( x + 1) =
dx ey
[using integration by parts]
( x + 1 - 1) ey dx
Þ y = x log|x + 1| - ò dx Þ dy =
( x + 1) e +2
y
x+1
ì ( x + 1) 1 ü On integrating both sides, we get
Þ y = x log|x + 1| - íò dx - ò dx ý
+ + ey dx
î ( x 1 ) x 1 þ ò e y + 2 dy = ò x + 1
dx
Þ y = x log|x + 1| - ò dx + ò
x+1 Þ log( e y + 2) = log( x + 1 ) + logC
Þ y = x log|x + 1| - x + log|x + 1| + C …(i) Þ log( e y + 2) = logC( x + 1 )
Q It is given that y = 5, when x = 0.
Þ e y + 2 = C( x + 1 ) …(i)
\ 5 = 0 × log ( 0 + 1 ) - 0 + log|0 + 1| + C
Also given y = 0, when x = 0
Þ C =5
On putting x = 0 and y = 0 in Eq. (i) we get
Now, substituting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get
y = x log ( x + 1 ) - x + log|x + 1| + 5 , e 0 + 2 = C( 0 + 1 )
which is the required solution. Þ C =1 + 2 = 3
9. Given that, On putting C in Eq. (i) we get
x dx - ye y 1 + x 2 dy = 0 Þ x dx = ye y 1 + x 2 dy e y + 2 = 3( x + 1 )
x Þ e y = 3x + 3 - 2
Þ dx = ye y dy
1+x 2
Þ e y = 3x + 1 Þ y = log( 3x + 1 )
11. Given differential equation is dx dv

Put x = vy Þ =v+ y
dy dy y y2 dy dy
x2 = x 2 + xy + y2 Þ =1+ + 2 …(i)
dx dx x x dv y dv y
\ v+ y =v+ v Þ y = Þ e vdv = dy
The given differential equation is homogeneous expression dy e dy e v
of degree 0. Integrating both sides,
dy dv
ò e dv = ò 1 dy
v
Put y = vx Þ =v+ x
dx dx
Þ e v = y + C Þ e x/ y = y + C
On substituting these values in Eq.(i), we get
æ dv ö which is the required solution of given differential equation.
çv + x ÷ = 1 + v + v
2
è dx ø æ y ö dy æ yö
14. We have, x cos ç ÷ = y cos ç ÷ + x
dv è ø
x dx è xø
Þ x = 1 + v + v2 - v
dx æ yö
y cos ç ÷ + x
dv
Þ
dy
= è xø
Þ x = 1 + v2 ...(i)
dx dx æ yö
x cos ç ÷
Þ
dv
=
dx è xø
1 + v2 x Which is in homogeneous form, putting y = Vx
On integrating both sides, we get dy dV
\ =V + x
tan -1 v = log|x| + C dx dx
æ yö dV Vx cos ( V ) + x
Þ tan -1 ç ÷ = log|x| + C Now, V + x =
è xø dx x cos V
12. Given, differential equation is dV V cos V + 1
Þ V +x =
y2 dx + ( x 2 - xy + y2 ) dy = 0 dx cos V
Þ y2 dx = - ( x 2 - xy + y2 ) dy dV V cos V + 1
Þ x = -V
dx dx cos V
Þ y2 = - ( x 2 - xy + y2 )
dy dV V cos V + 1 - V cos V
Þ x =
dx æx 2
x ö dx cos V
Þ = - çç 2 - + 1 ÷÷ ... (i) dV 1 1
dy è y y ø Þ x = Þ cos V dV = dx
dx cos V x
which is a homogeneous differential equation.
x dx dv Integrating both sides, we get
Put = v or x = vy Þ =v+ y dx
y dy dy
ò cos V dV = ò x
On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get
dv Þ sin V = log| x | + log| C |
v+ y = - [ v2 - v + 1 ] æ yö
dy Þ sin ç ÷ = log| C x |
dv è xø
Þ y = - v2 + v - 1 - v which is the required solution.
dy
dv 15. Given, differential equation can be rewritten as
Þ y = - v2 - 1 dy y 2
dy + =
dv dy dx x log x x 2
Þ =- 1 2
v2 + 1 y Here, P = and Q = 2
x log x x
1
tan -1 ( v) = - log y + C ò dx
IF = e ò
P dx
\ =e x log x
= e log log x = log x
-1æ xö é xù
Þ tan ç ÷ + log y = C êQ v = So, required solution is
è yø ë y úû
2
13. We have, ye x/ y dx = ( xe x/ y + y2 ) dy y log x = ò 2 log x dx + C [Q IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C ]
x
II I
dx
Þ ye x/ y = xe x/ y + y2 æ 1ö 2æ 1 ö
dy = logx ´ 2ç - ÷ - ò ç - ÷ dx + C
è xø xè xø
dx xe + yx/ y 2
Þ = 2 logx 2
dy ye x/ y =- + ò 2 dx
x x
dx x y
Þ = + 2 2
= - log x - + C
dy y e x/ y x x
1
16. Given, differential equation is ò1 + x2 dx
-1
dy \ IF = e = e tan x
cos x + 2 sin x × y = sin x cos x
dx and required solution is given by
dy 2 sin x sin x cos x -1
Þ + ×y = e 2 tan x
-1
dx cos x cos x y e tan x
=ò dx
( 1 + x2 )
dy
\ + 2 tan x × y = sin x …(i) 1
dx Put tan -1 x = t Þ dx = dt
1 + x2
which is a linear differential equation of the form -1
dy tan -1 x e 2 tan x
+ Py = Q \ ye = ò e dt =2t
+C
dx 2
-1
Here, P = 2 tan x and Q = sin x. e tan x -1
Þ y= + C × e - tan x
Now, IF = e ò =eò
Pdx 2 tan x dx
= e 2 log sec x 2
[Q ò tan q dx = log sec q] dy
19. Given that, + 2xy = y
log sec 2 x dx
=e = sec x 2
dy
and the required solution is given by Þ + 2xy - y = 0
dx
\ y ´ IF = ò ( Q × IF ) dx + C dy
1 Þ + ( 2x - 1 ) y = 0
Þ y × sec 2 x = ò sin x × dx + C dx
cos 2 x which is a linear differential equation.
Þ y × sec 2 x = ò sec x tan x dx + C dy
On comparing it with + Py = Q, we get
Þ y × sec 2 x = sec x + C [Q ò sec q tan q dx = sec q] dx
P = ( 2x - 1 ) and Q = 0
Þ y = cos x + C cos 2 x [divide by sec 2 x ]
IF = e ò = eò
P dx (2 x - 1) dx
which is the required solution. Now,
17. Given that, xe y dy = ( x 3 + 2ye x ) dx æ 2 x2
ç
ö
- x÷
ç 2 ÷ 2
-x
dy x + 2ye 3 x
=e è ø
= ex
Þ =
dx xe x and the complete solution is given by
2
dy x 2y Þ y × ex
2
-x
= ò ( Q × ex
2
-x
) dx + C
Þ = x+
dx e x 2
-x
dy æ 2 ö x2 Þ y × ex =0+C
Þ + ç- ÷ y = x 2
dx è x ø e Þ y = C ex - x
which is in linear differential equation of the form 20. Given, differential equation is
dy dy
+ Py = Q , + (sec x ) y = tan x
dx dx
-2 x2 dy
where P = and Q = x This is of the form + Py = Q.
x e dx
ò-
2
Here, P = sec x and Q = tan x.
[Q IF = e ò
dx P dx
\ IF = e x ]
Now, IF = e ò
Pdx
dx
-2 ò
= e -2 log x = eò
sec x dx
= e x
æ 1 ö
log çç ÷
÷ 1 = e log|sec x + tan x|
è x2 ø
=e = = sec x + tan x
x2
Now, required solution is and the solution of differential equation is given by
æ1 ö x2 1 \ y × IF = ò ( Q × IF) dx + C
y ç 2 ÷ = ò x × 2 × dx
èx ø e x Þ y × (sec x + tan x ) = ò tan x (sec x + tan x ) dx + C
y
Þ = ò e -x dx = - e -x + C
x2 = ò tan x sec x dx + ò tan
2
x dx + C
Þ y = - x 2 e -x + Cx 2
= sec x + ò (sec 2 x - 1 ) dx + C
18. Write the given differential equation as
-1 [Q sec 2 q - tan 2 q = 1 ]
dy y e tan x
+ = Þ y × (sec x + tan x ) = sec x + tan x - x + C,
dx 1 + x 2
( 1 + x2 )
which is the required solution.
21. Given, differential equation is x2

Þ y( 1 + sin x ) = - +C …(i)
dy = cos x( 2 - y cosec x ) dx 2
dy Also, given y = 1, when x = 0
Þ = cos x( 2 - y cosec x ) = 2cos x - y cosec x cos x
dx 0
\ 1 ( 1 + sin 0) = - + C
dy dy 2
Þ = 2cos x - y cot x Þ + y cot x = 2 cos x
dx dx Þ C =1 + 0=1
which is a linear differential equation of the form of On putting C = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
dy x2
+ Py = Q y( 1 + sin x ) = - +1
dx 2
Here, P = cot x and Q = 2 cos x. Hence, particular solution of the given differential equation
Now, IF = e ò = eò
Pdx cot x dx
= e log sin x = sin x x2
is y( 1 + sin x ) = - + 1.
and the required solution is given by 2
y × IF = ò ( Q × IF ) dx + C 23. Given, differential equation is
dy
y × sin x = ò 2 cos x × sin x dx + C (1 + x2 ) + 2xy - 4x 2 = 0
dx
Þ y × sin x = ò sin2x dx + C [Qsin 2q = 2sin q cos q] Þ
dy
+
2x
y =
4x 2
cos 2x dx 1 + x 2 1 + x2
Þ y × sin x = - +C ...(i)
2 which is the equation of the form
p dy
+ Py = Q,
Also, given y = 2, when x = , therefore we have
2 dx
æ pö 2x 4x 2
cos ç 2 ´ ÷ where P = and Q =
p è 2ø 1 + x2 1 + x2
2 × sin = - +C 2x
2 2 ò dx
1 + x2 2
1 1 Now, IF = e = e log (1 + x )
= 1 + x2
Þ 2×1 = + + C Þ 2 - = C
2 2 The general solution is
4-1 3 4x 2
Þ =C Þ C = y × (1 + x2 ) = ò (1 + x2 ) dx + C
2 2
(1 + x2 )
On putting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get
1 3 Þ ( 1 + x 2 ) y = ò 4x 2 dx + C
ysin x = - cos 2x +
2 2 4x 3
Þ (1 + x2 ) y = +C
22. Given, differential equation is 3
dy x + y cos x 4x 3
=- Þ y= + C ( 1 + x 2 ) -1 ...(i)
dx 1 + sin x 3 (1 + x2 )
It can be rewritten as 4 × 03
dy cos x x Now, y( 0) = 0 Þ 0 = + C ( 1 + 02 ) - 1
+ y=- 3 ( 1 + 02 )
dx 1 + sin x 1 + sin x
Þ C=0
This is linear differential equation of the form
Put the value of C in Eq. (i), we get
dy cos x x
+ Py = Q, where P = and Q = - . 4x 3
dx 1 + sin x 1 + sin x y= , which is the required solution.
3 (1 + x2 )
cos x
ò dx
dy
1 + sin x
Now, integrating factor IF = e ò P dx = e 24. Given, differential equation is ( 1 + t ) - ty = 1
dt
Put 1 + sin x = t Þ cos x dx = dt dy t 1
dt and it can be rewritten as - y=
\ IF = e
ò
t =e
log t dt ( 1 + t ) 1+t
-t 1
= |t| = 1 + sin x [Q put t = 1 + sin x] Here, P = and Q =
1+t 1+t
The general solution is given by
-t æ 1 ö
\ y × IF = ò Q × IF dx + C ò 1 + t dt - ò çç1 -
è 1+
÷ dt
t ÷ø
Now, IF = e =e
x
Þ y ´ ( 1 + sin x ) = ò - × ( 1 + sin x ) + C =e - [ t - log (1 + t )]
1 + sin x
= e -t × e log(1 + t )
Þ y( 1 + sin x ) = ò - x dx + C
= ( 1 + t ) e -t
and the solution of differential equation is given by é 2y + 1 + 2x + 1 ù

1 ê ú
y( 1 + t ) e - t = ò ( 1 + t ) × e - t × dt + C Þ tan ê-1 3 ú=k
(1 + t ) ê 1 - æç 4xy + 2x + 2y + 1 ö÷ ú
Þ y × ( 1 + t ) e = ò e dt + C
-t -t
êë è 3 ø úû
Þ y × ( 1 + t ) e -t = - e - t + C …(i) 2 3( x + y + 1)
Þ = tan k
Also, it is given that y = - 1, when t = 0. 3 - ( 4xy + 2x + 2y + 1 )
\ From Eq. (i), we get 2 3 ( x + y + 1)
( - 1 ) ( 1 + 0) e - 0 = - e - 0 + C Þ = tan k
2 ( 1 - x - y - 2xy)
Þ -1 = -1 + C Þ C = 0
1
Now, from Eq. (i), we get Þ x+ y+1= tan k ( 1 - x - y - 2xy)
-1 3
y=
(1 + t ) Þ x + y + 1 = A ( 1 - x - y - 2xy)
-1 -1 where, A =
1
\ y( 1 ) = = Hence proved. tan k is an arbitrary constant.
(1 + 1 ) 2 3
25. Given, differential equation is 26. Given, differential equation is
dy y2 + y + 1 dy æ yö
+ =0 x = y - x tan ç ÷
dx x 2 + x + 1 dx è xø
On separating the variables, we get On dividing by x both the sides, we get
dy dx dy y æ yö
+ =0 Þ = - tan ç ÷ …(i)
y2 + y + 1 x 2 + x + 1 dx x è xø
On integrating both sides, we get It is a homogeneous differential equation.
dy dx Let y = xt …(ii)
ò y2 + y + 1 + ò x 2 + x + 1 = C On differentiating both the sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy dt
Þ ò 2 2
Þ = x× +t …(iii)
æ1 ö æ1 ö dx dx
y2 + y + 1 + ç ÷ - ç ÷
è 2ø è 2ø From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
dx
+ò 2 2
=C x
dt
+ t = t - tan t
æ1 ö æ1 ö dx
x2 + x + 1 + ç ÷ - ç ÷
è 2ø è 2ø dt
Þ x = - tan t
dy dx dx
Þ ò 2
+ò 2
=C dt dx
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö Þ =-
ç y + ÷ + ç 1 - ÷ ç x + ÷ + ç 1 - ÷ tan t x
è 2ø è 4ø è 2ø è 4ø
dx
Þ cot t × dt = -
dy dx x
Þ ò 2
æ 3ö
2
+ ò 2
æ 3ö
2
=C
æ 1ö æ 1ö
ç y + ÷ + çç ÷ ç x + ÷ + çç ÷ dx
è 2ø è 2 ø
÷ è 2ø ÷
è 2 ø ò cot t dt = - ò x
æ 1ö æ 1ö
çy + ÷ çx + ÷ Þ log|sin t| = - log|x| + logC
2 -1 ç 2÷ 2 -1 ç 2÷ =C
Þ tan + tan ½ æ y ö½
3 ç 3 ÷ 3 ç 3 ÷ Þ log½sin ç ÷½ + log x = logC
ç ÷ ç ÷ ½ è x ø½
è 2 ø è 2 ø
é 1 1 xù ½ æ y ö½
êQ ò 2 dx = tan -1 ú Þ log½x × sin ç ÷½ = logC [Q log a + log b = log ab]
ë a + x 2
a aû ½ è x ø½
y
æ 2y + 1 ö - 1 æ 2x + 1 ö 3C Þ x × sin = C …(iv)
Þ tan -1 ç ÷ + tan ç ÷= = k (say) x
è 3 ø è 3 ø 2
p
é 2y + 1 2x + 1 ù Put x = 1 and y = in Eq. (iv), we get
ê + ú 4
Þ tan ê-1 3 3 ú=k 1
C=
ê 1 - æç 2y + 1 ö÷ æç 2x + 1 ö÷ ú 2
êë è 3 øè 3 ø úû \ Particular solution is given by
é -1 -1 -1 æ x + y ö ù æ yö 1
êQ tan x + tan y = tan çç ÷÷ ú x × sin ç ÷ =
ë è 1 - xy ø û è xø 2
27. It is given that, slope of tangent to the curve at any point Therefore, from Eq. (ii), we get
y-1 4p( 6) 3 = 3( k ´ 3 + C )
( x, y) is 2 .
x +x
Þ 864p = 3( 3k + 36p )
æ dy ö y-1 Þ 3k = 288p - 36p = 252p
\ ç ÷ =
è dx ø ( x, y ) x 2 + x Þ k = 84p
dy y-1 On putting the values of k and C in Eq. (ii), we get
Þ = 2
dx x + x 4pr 3 = 3( 84pt + 36p )
Þ
dy
=
dx Þ 4pr 3 = 4p ( 63t + 27)
y - 1 x2 + x Þ r 3 = 63t + 27 Þ r = ( 63t + 27)1/ 3
On integrating both sides, we get which is required radius of the balloon at time t.
dy dx dy x( 2 log x + 1 )
ò y - 1 = ò x2 + x 29. Given differential equation is = .
dx sin y + y cos y
dy dx
Þ ò y - 1 = ò x( x + 1 ) On separating the variables, we get
(sin y + y cos y) dy = x( 2 log x + 1 ) dx
dy æ1 1 ö Þ sin y dy + y cos y dy = 2x log x dx + x dx
Þ ò y - 1 = ò ççè x - x + 1 ÷÷ø dx On integrating both sides, we get
Þ log|y - 1| = log|x| - log|x + 1| + log|C|
ò sin y dy + ò yI cosII y dy = 2 ò xII logI x dx + ò x dx
xC
Þ log|y - 1| = log [using integration by parts]
x+1
é ìd ü ù
Þ y–1 =
xC Þ - cos y + ê y ò cos y dy - ò í ( y) ò cos y dyýdyú
( x + 1) ë î dy þ û
é ìd ü ù x
2
Since, the given curve passes through the point (1, 0). = 2 ê log x ò x dx - ò í (log x ) ò x dx ý dx ú +
1 ×C ë î dx þ û 2
\ 0-1 =
1+1 Þ - cos y + y sin y - ò sin y dy
Þ C=-2 é x2 ì1 x 2 ü ù x2
- 2x =2ê log x - ò í ´ ý dx ú +
The particular solution is y - 1 = êë 2 î x 2 þ úû 2
x+1
x2
Þ ( y - 1 )( x + 1 ) = - 2x Þ - cos y + y sin y + cos y = x 2 log x - ò x dx +
2
Þ ( y - 1 )( x + 1 ) + 2x = 0 x2 x2
Þ y sin y = x 2 log x - + +C
28. Let the rate of change of the volume of the balloon be k, 2 2
Þ y sin y = x log x + C
2
...(i)
where k is constant.
d p
Then, (Volume) = Constant On putting y = and x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
dt 2
d æ 4 3ö é 4 3ù p æ pö
Þ ç pr ÷ = k êQ volume of sphere = pr ú sin ç ÷ = ( 1 ) 2 log ( 1 ) + C
dt è 3 ø ë 3 û 2 è 2ø
p é p ù
æ 4 ö æ 2 dr ö Þ C= êëQ sin 2 = 1 and log1 = 0úû
Þ ç p ÷ ç 3r ÷=k 2
è3 ø è dt ø
On substituting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get
p
4pr 2 dr = k dt …(i) y sin y = x 2 log x +
2
On integrating both sides, we get which is the required particular solution.
4p ò r 2 dr = k ò dt 30. Given, differential equation is
r3 x dy - y dx = x 2 + y2 dx
Þ 4p = kt + C
3 Þ x dy = y dx + x 2 + y2 dx
Þ 4pr 3 = 3( kt + C ) …(ii)
Þ x dy = dx ( y + x 2 + y2 )
Now, initially t = 0 and r = 3, we get
4p( 3) 3 = 3( k ´ 0 + C ) dy x 2 + y2 + y y y2
Þ = = + 1+ 2 ...(i)
dx x x x
Þ 108p = 3C
Þ C = 36p
dy æ yö
which is a homogeneous differential equation as = F ç ÷.
Also, when t = 3, then r = 6. dx è xø
Let us substitute y = vx Þ
dy
=v+ x
dv éæ yö ù æ yö
...(ii) Þ log ê ç log ÷ - 1 ú - log ç ÷ = log x + C
dx dx ëè xø û è xø
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get éæ yö ù
dv Þ log ê ç log ÷ - 1 ú - log y = C
v+ x = v + 1 + v2 ëè xø û
dx
y
Þ x
dv
= 1 + v2 log - 1
dx \ log x =C
dv dx y
Þ ò 1 + v2 = ò x [integrating both sides]
Þ log| v + 1 + v2 | = log x + log C dy
=
xy
= F( x, y) …(i)
é ù dx x 2 + y2
dx
êQ ò 2 = log|x + x 2 + a2 |+ C ú On replacing x by lx and y by ly in Eq. (i), we get
ë a +x 2
û
l2 xy
Þ v + 1 + v2 = Cx [Q log nm = log m + log n ] F( lx, ly) = 2 2 = l0 F( x, y)
l ( x + y2 )
2
y y Thus, F( x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero.
Þ + 1 + 2 = Cx
x x Hence, the given differential equation is a homogeneous
y x 2 + y2 differential equation.
Þ + = Cx dy dv
x x2 Now, put y = vx and =v+ x in Eq. (i), we get
dx dx
y x 2 + y2 dv v
Þ + = Cx v+ x =
x x dx 1 + v2
Þ y+ x 2 + y2 = Cx 2 ...(iii) dv v
Þ x = -v
Now, as y = 0, when x = 1 dx 1 + v2
\ 0 + 1 2 + 02 = C × 1 Þ C = 1 dv v - v - v3
Þ x =
dx 1 - v2
Put the value of C in Eq. (iii), we get
dv v3 1 + v2 dx
Þ y+ x 2 + y2 = x 2 Þ x =- Þ dv = -
dx 1+v 2
v3 x
31. Given, differential equation can be rewritten as
dy y æ1 1ö dx
F( x, y) =
dx
=
æ yö
ò çè v3 + v ÷ø dv = - ò x
2x - x log ç ÷
è xø 1
Þ - + log| v| = - log| x | + C
Verify F( lx, ly) = F( x, y) 2v 2
dy dv
On putting y = vx and = v + x , then given equation x2 y é yù
dx dx Þ - 2
+ log = - log| x | + C êëQ put v = x úû
2y x
becomes
v+ x
dv
=
vx x2
Þ - + log| y| - log| x | = - log| x | + C
dx æ vx ö 2y 2
2x - x log ç ÷
è xø x2
dv v Þ - + log| y| = C …(ii)
Þ x = -v 2y 2
dx 2 - log v
It is given that y = 1, when x = 0.
2 - log v dx
Þ ò v (log v - 1 ) dv = ò x From Eq. (ii), we get
log| 1 | = C
1 Þ C=0
On putting log v = t and dv = dt, we get
v x2
2-t Þ - 2 + log| y| = 0
ò t - 1 dt = log| x | + C 2y
x2
Þ log| y| = 2
æ 1 ö 2y
Þ ò çè t - 1 - 1 ÷ø dt = log|x |+ C x2
2y2
Þ log( t - 1 ) - t = log|x|+ C Þ y=e
Þ log[(log 4) - 1 ] - log 4 = log|x|+ C which is the required solution.
33. Given differential equation is æ yö

y - x sin 2 ç ÷
2ye x/ y dx + ( y - 2xe x/ y ) dy = 0 Þ
dy
= è xø ...(i)
dx dx x
Þ 2ye x/ y + ( y - 2xe x/ y ) = 0
dy æ yö
y – x sin 2 ç ÷
dx Let F( x, y) = è xø
Þ 2ye x/ y = 2xe x/ y - y x
dy
æ ly ö
dx 2xe x/ y - y ly – lx sin 2 ç ÷
Þ = …(i) è lx ø
dy 2ye x/ y Then, F( lx, ly) =
lx
2xe x/ y - y
Let F( x, y) = é æ yöù
2ye x/ y l ê y – x sin 2 ç ÷ ú
è xøû
2( lx ) e ( l x / ly ) - ly = ë = l0 F( x, y)
Then, F( lx, ly) = lx
2( ly) e ( lx / ly ) dy
So, = F( x, y) is a homogeneous differential equation.
l ( 2xe - y)
x/ y
dx
= = l0 [ F( x, y)] dy dv
l ( 2ye x/ y ) Put y = vx and = v+ x in Eq. (i), we get
dx dx
So, F( x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero.
æ vx ö
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous vx - x sin 2 ç ÷
differential equation. v+ x
dv
= è xø
æ xö dx x
2 ç ÷ ex/ y - 1 dv
æ xö Þ v+ x = v - sin 2 ( v)
= è ø x/ y
dx y
Also, = fç ÷ …(ii) dx
dy 2e è yø dv
dx dv Þ x = -sin 2 ( v)
On putting x = vy and =v+y in Eq. (ii), we get dx
dy dy dx
Þ cosec 2 v dv = -
dv 2v e v - 1 x
v+ y =
dy 2e v On integrating both sides, we get
dv 2v e v - 1 dx
ò cosec v dv + ò x = 0
2
Þ y = -v
dy 2e v
dv 2v e v - 1 - 2v e v dv 1 Þ - cot v + log x = C
Þ y = Þ y =- v æ yö é yù
dy 2e v
dy 2e Þ - cot ç ÷ + log x = C êëQ put v = x úû …(ii)
è xø
p
dy Also, given that y = , when x = 1.
2e v dv = - 4
y
p
On integrating both sides, we get \ - cot + log 1 = C
4
dy
ò 2e dv = - ò y
v
Þ C = -1 + 0 Þ C = -1
So, the required particular solution is
Þ 2e v = - log| y| + C æ yö
- cot ç ÷ + log x = -1
é xù è xø
Þ 2e x/ y = - log| y| + C êQ put v =
ë y úû æ yö
Þ 1 + log x - cot ç ÷ = 0
…(iii) è xø
Also, given x = 0, when y = 1. 35. Given, differential equation is
Now, put x = 0 and y = 1 in Eq. (iii), we get dy
( x - y) = x + 2y
2 e 0 /1 = - log| 1 | + C dx
Þ 2=0+C Þ C =2 dy x + 2y
or = …(i)
On putting C = 2 in Eq. (iii), we get dx x-y
2e x/ y = - log| y| + 2 x + 2y
Let F( x, y) = , then
Þ 2e x/ y + log| y| = 2 x–y
which is the particular solution. lx + 2ly l( x + 2y)
F( lx, ly) = =
34. Given, differential equation is lx – ly l( x – y)
é 2 æ yö ù l0 ( x + 2y)
ê x sin ç x ÷ - yú dx + x dy = 0 = = l0F( x, y)
ë è ø û x–y
So, F( x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero. 1 3 2 æ 2v + 1 ö

Þ log| v2 + v + 1 | - . tan -1 ç ÷
Therefore, given differential equation is a homogeneous 2 2 3 è 3 ø
differential equation. = - log| x | + C1
Also, the given differential equation can be written as æ 2y ö
ç + 1÷
dy 1 + 2( y / x ) æ yö 1 y2 y 3 2 -1 x
= = fç ÷ …(ii) Þ log 2 + + 1 - . tan ç ÷
dx 1 - ( x / y) è xø 2 x x 2 3 çç 3 ÷
÷
dy dv è ø
On putting y = vx and =v+ x in Eq. (i), we get é y ù
dx dx = - log| x | + C1 ê put v = ú
dv x + 2vx ë x û
v+ x = æ ö
dx x - vx 1 y2 + xy + x 2 2 y + x
Þ log - 3 tan -1 çç ÷
÷
dv 1 + 2v dv 1 + 2v 2 x2 è 3x ø
Þ v+ x = Þ x = -v
dx 1-v dx 1 -v = - log| x | + C1
1 1
dv 1 + 2v - v + v2 dv 1 + v + v2 Þ log| y2 + xy + x 2| - log|x 2|
Þ x = Þ x = 2 2
dx 1-v dx -( v - 1 )
æ 2y + x ö
On separating the variables, we get - 3 tan -1 çç ÷ = - log| x | + C1
÷
è 3x ø
( v - 1) dx
dv = - é m ù
v2 + v + 1 x êëQ log n = log m - log n úû
1 æ 2y + x ö
v -1 dx Þ log| y2 + xy + x 2 | - log| x | - 3 tan -1 ç ÷
ò v2 + v + 1 dv = - ò x 2 ç 3x ÷
è ø
1 2( v - 1 ) dx = - log| x | + C1
2 ò v2 + v + 1
Þ dv = - ò 1 æ 2y + x ö
x Þ log| y2 + xy + x 2| = 3 tan -1 çç ÷ + C1
÷
2 è 3x ø
1 2v - 2 dx
2 ò v2 + v + 1
Þ dv = - ò
x æ 2y + x ö
Þ log|y2 + xy + x 2| = 2 3 tan -1 çç ÷ + 2C1
÷
1 ( 2v + 1 ) - 3 dx è 3x ø
Þ
2 ò v + v+1
2
dv = - ò
x æ 2y + x ö
Þ log| y2 + xy + x 2| = 2 3 tan -1 çç ÷+C
÷ ...(iii)
1 æ 2v + 1 ö 3 dv dx è 3x ø
Þ
2 ò çç v2 + v + 1 ÷÷ dv - 2 ò v2 + v + 1
=-ò
x [Q put C = 2C1 ]
è ø
which is the required general solution.
1 3 dv
\ log|v2 + v + 1| - ò 2
= - log| x | + C1 36. Given, x
dy
+ y - x + xy cot x = 0
2 2 æ 1ö 1 dx
çv + ÷ + 1 -
è 2ø 4 dy
Þ x + y( 1 + x cot x ) = x
éQ put v2 + v + 1 = t Þ ( 2v + 1 ) dv = dt ù dx
ê ú On dividing both sides by x, we get
ê\ ( 2 v + 1 ) dt ú
êë ò v2 + v + 1 ò t
dv = = log| t| + C = log| v 2
+ v + 1| + C dy y( 1 + x cot x )
úû + =1
dx x
1 3 dv
Þ
2
log|v2 + v + 1 | -
2 ò 2
æ 3ö
2 which is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
+ Py = Q.
æ 1ö dx
ç v + ÷ + çç ÷
÷ 1 + x cot x
è 2 ø è 2 ø Here, P= and Q = 1.
x
= - log| x | + C1 æ1 ö
ò çè x + cot x ÷ø dx
éæ 1öù IF = e ò
P dx
Now, =e
ê ç v + 2÷ ú
Þ
1
log| v2 + v + 1 | -
3 1
tan -1 ê è øú = e log|x| + log|sin x| = e log |x sin x|
2 2 æ 3ö ê 3 ú
ç ÷ = x sin x [Q e log f ( x) = f ( x )]
ç 2 ÷ êë 2 úû
è ø and the required solution is given by
= - log| x | + C1
y × IF = ò ( Q × IF ) dx + C
é dx 1 æ xöù
êQ ò x +a
2 2
= tan -1 ç ÷ ú
a è aøû Þ y( x sin x ) = ò x sin x dx + C
ë I II
é d ù dx
Þ y( x sin x ) = x ò sin x dx – ò ê ( x ) ò sin x dx ú dx Þ dy =
ë dx û x( x - 1 ) ( x + 1 )
[using integration by parts] On integrating both sides, we get
Þ y( x sin x ) = – x cos x + ò cos x dx dx
ò dy = ò x( x - 1 ) ( x + 1 ) + C
Þ y( x sin x ) = - x cos x + sin x + C ...(i)
p Þ y=I+C …(i)
Also, it is given that when x = and y = 0, therefore from dx
2 where, I=ò
Eq. (i), we get x( x - 1 ) ( x + 1 )
p p p 1 A B C
0 = - cos + sin + C Let = + +
2 2 2 x( x - 1 ) ( x + 1 ) x x -1 x + 1
p Þ 1 = A( x - 1 ) ( x + 1 ) + B x( x + 1 ) + C x( x - 1 )
0 = - ( 0) + 1 + C
2 On comparing coefficients of x 2 , x and constant terms from
Þ C = -1 both sides, we get
Hence, the required particular solution is A+B+C=0 …(ii)
xysin x = - x cos x + sin x - 1. B -C = 0 …(iii)
dy 2
37. Given, differential equation is ( x 2 - 1 ) + 2xy = 2 and - A =1
dx x -1
Þ A = -1
On dividing both sides by ( x 2 - 1 ), we get On putting A = - 1 in Eq. (ii), we get
dy
+
2x
×y = 2
2
…(i) B + C =1 …(iv)
dx x 2 - 1 ( x - 1 )2 Now, adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
which is a linear differential equation of the form 1
2B = 1 Þ B =
dy 2
+ Py = Q
dx 1
On putting B = in Eq. (iii), we get
2x 2 2
Here, P = 2 and Q = 2
x -1 ( x - 1 )2 1
- C = 0Þ C =
1
2x 2 2
ò dx
Now, IF = e ò x2 -1 2
Pdx
=e = e log ( x -1)
= x2 - 1 1 1
\ A = - 1, B = and C =
2 2
éQ put x - 1 = t Þ 2x dx = dt
2 ù
ê ú 1 -1 1/ 2 1/ 2
Thus, = + +
ê\ 2x dx = 1 dt = log| t|+ C = log|x 2 - 1|+ C ú x( x - 1 ) ( x + 1 ) x -1 x + 1
êë ò x 2 - 1 òt x
úû
On integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
and the solution of differential equation is given by 1
I=ò dx
\ y× IF = ò ( Q × IF ) dx + C x( x - 1 ) ( x + 1 )
2 -1 1 dx 1 dx
Þ y ( x2 - 1 ) = ò × ( x 2 - 1 ) dx + C =ò dx + ò + ò
( x - 1 )2
2
x 2 x -1 2 x+1
2 1 1
Þ y( x 2 - 1 ) = ò 2 dx + C Þ I = - log| x | + log| x - 1 | + log| x + 1 |
( x -1 ) 2 2
2 x -1 On putting the value of I in Eq. (i), we get
Þ y ( x2 - 1 ) = log +C 1 1
2 ´1 x+1 y = - log| x | + log| x - 1 | + log| x + 1 | + C …(v)
2 2
é 1 1 x -a ù Also, given that y = 0, when x = 2
êQ ò 2 dx = log + Cú
ë x -a 2
2a x+a û On putting y = 0 and x = 2 in Eq. (v), we get
1 1
which is the required solution. 0 = - log 2 + log 1 + log 3 + C
2 2
1 1
dy dy 1 Þ C = log 2 - log 1 - log 3
x( x 2 - 1 ) =1 Þ = 2 2
dx dx x( x 2 - 1 )
Þ C = log 2 - log 3 [Q log 1 = 0]
dy 1
Þ = [Q a2 - b 2 = ( a - b ) ( a + b )] 2
dx x( x - 1 ) ( x + 1 ) Þ C = log
3
On putting the value of C in Eq. (v), we get Put cos x = t, then - sin x dx = dt
1 1 2 dt
y = - log| x | + log| x - 1 | + log| x + 1 | + log \ y × sec 2 x = - ò 2 + C
2 2 3 t
é æ 2 öù Þ y × sec 2 x = - ò t -2 dt + C
Þ y = log ê( x - 1 ) × ( x + 1 ) × ç ÷ ú - log x
ë è 3 øû t -1
æ 2 3 × x -1 ö Þ y × sec 2 x = -1 +C
2
( -1 )
Þ y = log ç ÷
ç 3x ÷ 1
è ø Þ y × sec 2 x = +C
t
1
Þ y × sec 2 x = +C [Q t = cos x ]
39. (i) Given, differential equation is cos x
dy Þ y × sec 2 x = sec x + C
+ 2y tan x = sin x
dx 1 C
which is a linear differential equation of the form Þ y= +
sec x sec 2 x
dy
+ Py = Q. [dividing each term by sec 2 x]
dx
Here, P = 2tan x and Q = sin x Þ y = cos x + C × cos 2 x
p
(ii) IF = e ò
Pdx
= eò
2 tan x dx (iv) It given that y = 0, when x =
3
=e ò
2 tan x dx
= e 2 log| sec x| p 2 p
\ 0 = cos + C × cos
2 3 3
= e log sec x
= sec 2 x [Q e log f ( x) = f ( x )] 1 1 é p 1ù
Þ 0 = + C. êëQ cos 3 = 2 úû
(iii) The solution of differential equation is given by 2 4
y × sec 2 x = ò sec 2 x × sin x dx + C -1 C
Þ = Þ C = -2
sin x 2 4
Þ y × sec 2 x = ò dx + C \ The required particular solution is
cos 2 x
y = cos x - 2 cos 2 x
Chapter Test
Multiple Choice Questions (ii) Which method of solving a differential equation can be
dy
used to solve = k(50 - y )?
1. The degree of the differential equation dx
2
dy æ dy ö (a) Variable separable method
y=x + a 1 + ç ÷ is (b) Solving Homogeneous differential equation
dx è dx ø
(c) Solving Linear differential equation
(a) 2 (b) 1 (d) All of the above
(c) 0 (d) not defined dy
(iii) The solution of the differential equation = k(50 - y )
2. The order and degree of the differential equation dx
is given by,
sin x × ( dx + dy ) = cos x × ( dx - dy ) are respectively (a) log | 50 - y | = kx + C (b) - log | 50 - y | = kx + C
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 2
(c) log | 50 - y | = log | kx | + C (d) 50 - y = kx + C
(c) 1 and 1 (d) 2 and 1
(iv) The value of c in the particular solution given that
3. The solution of differential equation xdy - ydx = 0 y(0 ) = 0 and k = 0.049 is
represents 1
(a) log 50 (b) log (c) 50 (d) - 50
(a) a rectangular hyperbola 50
(b) parabola whose vertex is at origin (v) Which of the following solutions may be used to find
(c) straight line passing through origin the number of children who have been given the polio
(d) a circle whose centre is at origin drops?
4. The general
2
solution of differential equation (a) y = 50 - e kx (b) y = 50 - e - kx
x
dy (c) y = 50( 1 - e - kx ) (d) y = 50( e - kx - 1)
= e2 + xy is
dx Short Answer Type Questions
2
(a) y = Ce - x /2
2 6. Find the general solution of the differential equation

(b) y = C e x /2
dy
2 (x + 1 ) = 2 xy .
(c) y = ( x + C ) e x /2 dx
2
(d) y = (C - x ) e x /2
7. For the differential equation given below, find a
particular solution satisfying the given condition
Case Based MCQs dy
(x + 1) = 2 e- y + 1; y = 0 when x = 0.
5. Polio drops are delivered to 50K children in a district. dx
The rate at which polio drops are given is directly
proportional to the number of children who have not 8. Solve the differential equation :
been administered the drops. æ y ö dy æ yö
x sinç ÷ + x - y sinç ÷ = 0.
By the end of second week half the children have been è ø
x dx èxø
p
given the polio drops. How many will have been given Given that x = 1, when y = .
the drops by the end of third week can be estimated 2
using the solution to the differential equation Long Answer Type Questions
dy
= k(50 - y ), where x denotes the number of weeks dy x + y
dx 9. Solve the differential equation = .
and y the number of children who have been given the dx x - y
drops. 10. Solve the differential equation
dy
Answer the following questions using the above (x 2 + 1 ) + 2 xy = x 2 + 4 .
information. dx
(i) The order of the above given differential equation is 11. Solve the differential equation
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 ( 1 + x 2 ) dy + 2 xy dx = cot x dx.
Answers
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (i) (a) (ii) (a) (iii) (b) (iv) (b) (v) (c)
6. log | y |= 2 (x - log |x + 1|) + C 7. y = log(3x + 1)
For Detailed Solutions
æyö -1 æ y ö 1
8. cos ç ÷ = log|x | 9. tan ç ÷ - log |x 2 + y 2|= C Scan the code
èx ø èx ø 2
x log|sin x| C
10. y (1 + x 2 ) = x 2 + 4 + 2 log |x + x 2 + 4 |+ C 11. y = +
2 1 + x2 1 + x2
CHAPTER 04
Vector
Algebra
In this Chapter...
l Vector Joining Two Points
l Scalar or Dot Product of Two Vectors
l Cross or Vector Product of Two Vectors
(ii) Unit Vector A vector whose magnitude is one unit is®

Scalars and Vectors called unit vector. The unit vector in the direction of a is
The quantities which have magnitude but no direction, are represented by a$. The unit vectors along X-axis, Y-axis and
called scalars. $ respectively.
Z-axis are represented by $i , $j and k,
The quantities which have magnitude as well as direction, (iii) Coinitial Vectors Two or more vectors having the same
are called vectors. initial point are called coinitial vectors.
Magnitude of a Vector (iv) Collinear or Parallel Vectors Two or more vectors are
¾®
said to be collinear, if they are parallel to same line,
®
The length of the vector AB or a is called the magnitude of irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
¾® ® ¾® ®
AB or a and it is represented by| AB | or| a |. (v) Equal Vectors Two vectors are said to be equal, if they
have same magnitude and direction regardless of the
® ® ®
If a = x $i + y $j + z k$, then | a | = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . positions of their initial points. Symbolically, if a and b
®
® ®
®
The length is never negative, so the notation| a | < 0 has no are equal, then it is written as a = b.
meaning. (vi) Negative of a Vector A vector whose magnitude is same
as that of given vector but the direction is opposite, is
Types of Vectors ¾®
called negative vector of the given vector. e.g. Let AB be a
(i) Zero or Null Vector A vector whose magnitude is ¾® ¾®
zero or whose initial and terminal points coincide, is vector, then - AB or BA is a negative vector.
®
called a null vector or zero vector. It is denoted by 0 (vii) Coplanar Vectors Three or more vectors, which either lie
and it cannot be assigned a definite direction, as its in the same plane or are parallel to the same plane, are
magnitude is zero. Otherwise, it may be regarded as called coplanar vectors.
¾® ¾®
Note If the initial point of a vector is not specified, then it is called a free
having any direction. Thus, AA, BB represent the zero vector.
vectors.
® ® ®
Position Vector (ii) For any three vectors a , b and c ,
® ® ® ® ® ®
Let O (0, 0, 0) be the origin and P be a point in space having a +( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c [associative law]
coordinates ( x, y, z) with respect to the origin O. Then, the ® ® ® ® ® ®
¾® ® (iii) For any vector a , we have a + 0 = 0 + a = a .
vector OP or r is called the position vector of the point P with ®
respect to O. Here, O is its initial point and P is its terminal The zero vector 0 is called the additive identity for the
point. vector addition.
Z
Multiplication of a Vector by Scalar
P(x, y, z) ® ®
®
r
Let l be a scalar and a be a vector, then l a is defined as a
®
vector whose magnitude is| l| times the magnitude of a ,
Y ® ®
O(0, 0, 0)
X
¾® ®
i.e. |l a| =|l|| a|
By using the distance formula, the magnitude of OP or r is ®
given by and the direction is same or opposite of a , according as l is
¾® ® positive or negative.
| OP|=| r|= x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Properties of Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Generally, we denote the position vector of points A, B , C, ® ®
® ®® Let a and b be any two vectors and k and m be any scalars.
etc., with respect to the origin O by a , b, c , etc., respectively. Then,
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Addition of Vectors (i) k a + m a = ( k + m) a (ii) k( a + b ) = k a + k b
® ®
(i) Triangle Law of Vector Addition If two vectors are (iii) k( m a ) = ( km) a
represented along two sides of a triangle taken in order,
then their resultant is represented by the third side taken Components of a Vector
in opposite direction. Let a point P in a space has coordinates ( x, y, z) and
i.e. In DABC, by triangle law of vector addition, we have $i, $j and k$ are unit vectors along OX, OY and OZ-axes,
¾® ¾® ¾® respectively. Then, the position vector of P with respect to O
AB + BC = AC is given by
¾® ®
C OP ( or r ) = x $i + y $j + z k$
Z
Ù
k P (x, y, z)
B A
(ii) Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition If two vectors
are represented along the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their resultant is represented by the O Ù Y
j
diagonal of the parallelogram, which is coinitial with the Ù
i
given vector. If the sides OA and OC of parallelogram X
¾® ¾® ¾®
OABC represents OA and OC , respectively, then we get This form of vector OP is called component form. Here, x, y
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® and z are called the scalar components and x $i, y $j and z k$ are
OA + OC = OB or OA + AB = OB [Q AB = OC] ¾® ®
called the vector components of OP ( or r ) along the
C B
respective axes.
Sometimes x, y and z are also termed as rectangular
®
components. The length of any vector r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ is
O A ®
given by| r | =|xi$ + yj$ + zk$|= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
Note We may say that the two laws of vectors addition are equivalent to
each other. If a point P lie in a plane, say XY-plane and has coordinates
( x, y ).
Properties of Vector Addition ¾®
® ® Then, OP = x $i + y $j, where $i and $j are unit vectors along OX
(i) For any two vectors a and b,
® ® ® ® and OY-axes, respectively.
a +b=b+a [commutative law]
¾®
Also, |OP| = x2 + y2 Direction Cosines and Direction
Ratios of a vector
Y ¾® ®
Suppose OP (or r ) is the position vector of a point P ( x, y, z)
P (x, y) shown in the figure.
j Z
C
P
®
z)
r
y,
(x,
X ®
P
O i g r O a
90°
O b
Y x
a B
Important Results in Component Form A
X
® ®
If a and b are any two vectors given in the component form A
® ®
as a = a 1 $i + a 2 $j + a 3 k$ and b = b1 $i + b 2 $j + b 3 k$. X
¾®
Then, (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) and ( b1 , b 2 , b 3 ) are called direction
®
Here, the angles a, b and g made by the vector OP with
®
ratios of a and b, respectively. positive directions of coordinates axes OX, OY and OZ
® ® respectively, are called direction angles. The cosine values of
(i) The sum (or resultant) of the vectors a and b is given by these angles, i.e. cos a, cos b and cos g are known as the
® ® ¾®
a + b = ( a 1 + b1 ) $i + ( a 2 + b 2 ) $j + ( a 3 + b 3 ) k$ direction cosines of OP .
® ®
(ii) The difference of the vectors a and b is given by Generally, they are denoted by l, m and n respectively,
® ®
a - b = ( a 1 - b1 ) $i + ( a 2 - b 2 ) $j + ( a 3 - b 3 ) k$
®
i.e. l = cos a, m = cos b and n = cos g
®
(iii) The vectors a and b are equal iff
a 1 = b1 , a 2 = b 2 and a 3 = b 3 In the figure, the DOAP is a right angled triangle, so we have,
x ®
® cos a = , where r =| r| .
(iv) The multiplication of vector a by any scalar l is given by r
®
l a = ( la 1 ) $i + ( la 2 ) $j + ( la 3 ) k$ Similarly, from the right angled DOBP and DOCP, we have
y z
® ® cos b = and cos g = × Thus, the coordinates of the point P
(v) The vectors a and b are collinear (or parallel), if and only r r
if there exists a non-zero scalar l such that b = l a .
® ® may also be expressed as ( r cos a, r cos b, r cos g ) or
( lr, mr, nr ). The numbers lr, mr and nr are proportional to the
Þ ( b $i + b $j + b k$ ) = l( a $i + a $j + a k$ )
1 2 3 1 2 3
®
direction cosines, called direction ratios of vector r and
Þ b1 = a 1 l, b 2 = a 2 l and b 3 = a 3 l denoted as x, y and z, respectively.
x x y y z z
Þ
b1 b 2 b 3
= = =l (i) l = = ® , m = = ® and n = = ® .
a1 a 2 a 3 r r r
| r| | r| | r|
® ®
Thus, the vectors a and b are collinear (or parallel), iff (ii) In general, it may be noted that l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 but
b1 b 2 b 3 x2 + y2 + z 2 ¹ 1 .
= = = l [non-zero constant] ®
a1 a 2 a 3
(iii) If a = a 1 $i + a 2 $j + a 3 k$, then a 1 , a 2 and a 3 are also called
(vi) If it is given that l, m and n are direction cosines of a ®
vector, then direction ratios of a .
l $i + m $j + n k$ = ( cos a ) $i + ( cos b) $j + ( cos g ) k$ (iv) If it is given that l, m and n are direction cosines of a
vector, then l $i + m $j + n k$ = ( cos a ) $i + ( cos b) $j + ( cos g ) k$
is the unit vector in the direction of that vector, where is the unit vector in the direction of that vector, where
a, b and g are the angles which the vector makes with a, b and g are the angles which the vector makes with X,
X, Y and Z-axes, respectively. Y and Z-axes, respectively.
Vector Joining Two Points External Division

Let A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) be any two points on the Let a point C divide the line joining AB externally in the ratio
plane. Then, position vectors of A and B with respect to the of m : n. Then, the position vector of point C is given by
origin O are C
¾®
OA = x1i$ + y1 $j + z1 k$ n
¾® m
and OB = x 2 $i + y 2 j$ + z 2 k,
$ respectively. O B
Y B (x2, y2, z2)
Ù Ù
^
A
j
¾® ¾®
A (x1, y1, z1)
¾® m OB - n OA
OC =
Ù
m-n
X
O ^
i where, m and n are positive scalars.
Z ^
k
In DOAB, by applying triangle law of addition, we get Scalar or Dot Product
® ®
¾® ¾® ¾®
Let a and b be the two non-zero vectors inclined at an angle
OA + AB = OB ® ®
¾® ¾® ¾® q. Then, the scalar product or dot product of a and b is
\ AB = OB - OA = ( x 2 $i + y 2 $j + z 2 k$ ) – ( x1 $i + y1 $j + z1 k$ ) ® ®
represented by a × b and it is defined as
¾®
AB = ( x 2 - x1 ) $i + ( y 2 - y1 ) j$ + ( z 2 - z1 )k$
b
¾®
and | AB | = ( x 2 - x1 ) + ( y 2 - y1 ) + ( z 2 - z1 )
2 2 2
q
a
Section Formulae ® ® ® ®
¾® a × b =| a || b |cos q
Let A and B be two points represented by position vectors OA
¾® where, 0 £ q £ p.
and OB respectively, with respect to the origin.
Then, the line segment joining the points A and B may be Important Results Based on Scalar Product
divided by a third point C (say) in two ways which are given ® ® ® ®
below. (i) a ^ b Û a × b = 0
®
Internal Division (ii) $i × $i = $j × $j = k$ × k$ =1 and $i × $j = $j × k$ = k$ × $i = 0
® ® ® ®
Let a point C divide the line joining A, B internally in the (iii) If q = 0, then a × b =| a || b |
® ® ® ®
ratio of m : n. Then, the position vector of point C is given If q = p, then a × b = -| a || b |
by
® ®
A
(iv) The angle between two non-zero vectors a and b is given
by
m ® ®
a×b
cos q =
O C ® ®
| a || b |
n
æ ® ® ö
-1 ç a × b ÷
or q = cos ç
B
ç|® ® ÷ ÷
¾® ¾® è a || b | ø
¾® m OB + n OA æ ® ®ö
OC = ® ® ç a×b÷
m+n (v) Projection of a on b = ç ÷
ç |® ÷
where, m and n are positive scalars. è b| ø
Properties of Scalar Product (v) Let a, b and g be the direction angles of vector
®
® ® ® ® a = a 1 $i + a 2 $j + a 3 k$, then its direction cosines may be
(i) a × b = b × a [commutative]
® ® ® ® ® ® ® given as
(ii) a × ( b + c ) = a × b + a × c ® ®
® ® ® a × $i a1 a × $j a2
(iii) a × a =| a | = a2 2 cos a = = , cos b = ®
=
® ® ® ®
where, a represents magnitude of vector a . | a | | $i | |a| | a || $j| | a |
® ® ® ® ®
(iv) ( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = a 2 - b 2 , where a and b represent the a × k$ a3
® ® and cos g = ®
= ®
.
magnitude of vectors a and b.
® ® ® ®
| a||k$| | a|
(v) ( l a ) × b = l( a × b ) ® ® ®
Here,| a| cos a,| a| cos b and| a| cos g are respectively, the
Projection of a Vector ®
projection of a along OX, OY and OZ, i.e. the scalar
® ® ¾® ¾®
Let a and b be two vectors represented by OA and OB ®
components a 1 , a 2 and a 3 of the vector a are precisely the
®
respectively and let q be the angle made by a with directed ®
projections of a along X, Y and Z-axes, respectively.
line l in the anti-clockwise direction.
Note If a , b and g are the direction angles of vector
A
®
a = a1i$ + a2$j + a3k$ , then its DC’s is given as
a a a
cos a = 1 , cos b = 2 and cos g = 3
® ® ®
® |a| |a| |a|
a
Vector (or Cross) Product

q
O ® B
l of Two Vectors
b
® ®
¾® ¾® Let a and b be two non-zero vectors inclined at an angle q.
Then, the projection of OA on the line l is OB , which is given ® ®
¾® ® Then, the vector (or cross) product of a and b is denoted by
by|OA |cos q and the direction of b, called projection vector, ® ® ® ®
a ´ b, read as a cross b and defined as
being the same (or opposite) to that of the line l, depending
® ® ® ®
upon whether cos q is positive or negative. a ´ b =| a || b |sin q n$
Some Results on Projection of a Vector where, n$ is a unit vector perpendicular to both vectors
® ® ® ®
(i) If p$ is the unit vector along a line l, then the projection of a and b, such that a , b and n$ form a right handed system.
® ® ®
a vector a on the line l is given by a × p$. b
® ^
n
®
(ii) Projection of vector a on b is given by q
® ®
® a×b ^ ®
a × b$ or –n a
®
| b|
® ® ® ®
® ®
and projection of vector b on a is given by Also, | a ´ b | =| a || b |sin q|n$| = ab sin q
® ® ®
® a.b ®
[Q| a | = a,| b |= b and | n$ | = 1]
b . a$ or .
®
| a| Note
® ® ® ® ®
¾® ¾® (i) Either a = 0 or b = 0, then q is not defined as 0 has no direction and
(iii) If q = 0, then the projection vector of AB will be AB itself ® ® ®
¾® ¾® in this case a ´ b = 0.
and if q = p, then the projection vector of AB will be BA. ® ®
a ´b
p 3p ¾® (ii) n$ = ® ®
(iv) If q = or q = , then the projection vector of AB will | a ´ b|
2 2
be zero vector. (iii) The relation between dot and cross product is
® ® ® ® ® ®
( a × b) 2 + |a ´ b|2 = |a|2|b|2.
Important Results on Vector then their vector product is given by

Product of Two Vectors $i $j k$
® ®
® ®
(i) The vector product of two vectors ( a ´ b ) is a vector. a ´ b = a1 a2 a3
® ® ® ® ® b1 b2 b3
(ii) Let a and b be two non-zero vectors. Then, a ´ b = 0, if
®
® Applications of Vector
and only if a and b are parallel (or collinear) to each
® ® ® ® ® Product of Two Vectors
other, i.e. a ´ b = 0 Û a || b.
Vector product of two vectors can be used to find the area of
® ® ® ® ® ®
(iii) a ´ a = 0, as q = 0 ° and a ´ ( -a ) = 0, as q = p. some geometrical figures which are given below
p ® ® ® ® 1. Area of a triangle
®
The area of triangle having adjacent
(iv) If q = , then a ´ b =| a|| b| . ®
2 sides a and b is given by
(v) For mutually perpendicular unit vectors $i, $j and k$, A
k
®
b
j
i q
C ® B
a
®
$i ´ i$ = $j ´ $j = k$ ´ k$ = 0 1 ® ®
Area = | a ´ b |
and i$´ j$ = k,$ j$ ´ k$ = i$, k$ ´ i$ = j$; 2
j$´ i$ = - k,
$ k$ ´ j$ = -i$ and $i ´ k$ = - $j 2. Area of a triangle The area of DABC is
® ®
(vi) The angle between two non-zero vectors a and b in 1 ¾® ¾® 1 ¾® ¾® 1 ¾® ¾®
®
| AB ´ AC| or | BC ´ BA | or | CB ´ CA |
® 2 2 2
| a ´ b|
terms of vector products is given by sin q = . 3. Area of a parallelogram The area of a parallelogram
® ®
| a || b| ® ®
having adjacent sides a and b is given by
®
®
(vii) Vectors of magnitude l normal to the plane of a and b D C
® ®
± l( a ´ b )
are given as ® ®
. ®
b
| a ´ b|
Properties of Vector Product q

of Two Vectors A ® B
a
(i) Vector product is not commutative, ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® Area =| a ´ b |
for vectors a and b, we have ( a ´ b ) = - ( b ´ a )
4. Area of a parallelogram The area of a parallelogram
(ii) Vector product is distributive over addition, ® ®
® ® ®
having diagonals d1 and d 2 is given by
i.e. for vectors a , b and c , we have
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
D C
a ´ ( b + c) = a ´ b + a ´ c ®
® ® d1
(iii) If m is any scalar and a and b be the two non-zero ®
® ® ® ® ® ® d2
vectors, then ( m a ) ´ b = m ( a ´ b ) = a ´ ( m b )
Vector Product of Two Vectors A B

in Component Form 1 ® ®
® ® Area = |d1 ´ d 2 |
Suppose two vectors a and b are given in component form, 2
® ® ¾® ¾® ®
®
say a = a 1 $i + a 2 $j + a 3 k$ and b = b1 $i + b 2 $j + b 3 k$, where, AC = d1 and BD = d 2 are diagonals.
Solved Examples
Example 1. If A, B and C are the vertices of a D ABC, Sol. We know that, the centre of a regular hexagon bisects all the
diagonals passing through it.
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
then what is the value of AB + BC + CA ? \ OP = - OS, OQ = - OT and OU = - OR
Sol. By triangle law of vector addition, we get ¾® ¾® ® ¾® ¾® ® ¾® ¾® ®
¾® ¾® ¾® Þ OP + OS = 0, OQ + OT = 0 and OU + OR = 0
AB + BC = AC P
C
Q U
O
R T
A B
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
S
Þ AB + BC + C A = C A + AC
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® On adding all of them, we get
Þ AB + BC + C A = C A - C A [Q AC = - C A ] ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ®
¾® ¾® ¾® ® OP + OS + OQ + OT + OU + OR = 0
\ AB + BC + CA = 0 ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ®
Þ OP + OQ + OR + OS + OT + OU = 0 Hence proved.
Example 2. Vectors drawn from the origin O to the
® ® ® ® Example 4. For what values of a, the vectors
points A, B and C are respectively a , b and 4 a - 3 b .
¾
® ¾
®
2$i - 3 $j + 4k$ and ai$ + 6 $j - 8 k$ are collinear?
Find ACand BC . ® ®
¾
® ® ¾
® ® ¾
® ® ®
Sol. Let given vectors are a = 2$i - 3 $j + 4k$ and b = ai$ + 6 $j - 8k$.
Sol. We have, OA = a, OB = b and OC = 4 a - 3 b. ®
¾
® ¾
® ¾
® We know that, vectors a = a1$i + a2 $j + a3k$ and
Clearly, from DOAC, we get OA + AC = OC ®
b = b1$i + b2 $j + b3k$ are collinear, iff
[using triangle law of addition]
b1 b2 b3
= = .
B a1 a2 a3
®
b a 6 -8
\ = =
A 2 -3 4
O ®
a a
4 a® Þ = -2
–3® 2
b
C Þ a = -4
¾
® ¾
® ¾
® ® ®
Þ AC = OC - OA Example 5. If a = $i + $j + 2k$ and b = 2$i + $j - 2k$, then
® ® ® ® ®
= 4 a - 3b - a find the unit vector in the direction of 2 a - b .
® ® ® ® ® ®
= 3 a - 3 b = 3( a - b ) Sol. Given, vectors are a = $i + $j + 2k$ and b = 2$i + $j - 2k$
® ®
and from DOBC, we get Now, 2 a - b = 2( $i + $j + 2k$ ) - ( 2$i + $j - 2k$ )
¾
® ¾
® ¾
®
= 2$i + 2 $j + 4k$ - 2$i - $j + 2k$
OB + BC = OC [using triangle law of addition]
¾
® ¾
® ¾
® = $j + 6k$
Þ BC = OC - OB ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ® \ Required unit vector in the direction of 2 a - b is
= 4 a - 3 b - b = 4 a - 4 b = 4( a - b ) ® ®
2 a- b $j + 6k$ $j + 6k$
= =
Example 3. If O be the centre of a regular hexagon |2ai - b| 1 2 + ( 6) 2 1 + 36
PQRSTU, then prove that
$j + 6k$
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ® =
OP + OQ + OR + OS + OT + OU = 0. 37
Example 6. If the position vectors of the points We know that, l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1

2
A, B, C and D are 2 $i + 4k$ , 5 $i + 3 3 $j + 4k$, -2 3 $j + k$ \
æ 1 ö
ç
1
÷ + ( 0) + n = 1 Þ + n = 1
2 2 2
¾® è 2ø 2
and 2$i + k$ respectively, then prove that CD is 1 1
¾® ¾®
2 ¾® Þ n2 = 1 - Þ n = ±
parallel to AB and CD = AB . 2 2
3 1
Þ n=
Sol. We have, 2
¾® ®
AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A [Q a makes acute angle with Z-axis,
= ( 5 $i + 3 3 $j + 4k$ ) - ( 2$i + 4k$ ) so we take a positive sign]
1
= 3$i + 3 3 $j + 0k$ = 3 ( $i + 3 $j + 0k$ ) \ cos q = [Q q is an acute angle with Z-axis]
2
¾®
and CD = Position vector of D - Position vector of C ® æ 1 1 ö
Thus, the direction cosines of a are ç , 0, ÷.
= ( 2$i + k$ ) - ( -2 3 $j + k$ ) è 2 2ø
® ® æ p p ö
= 2$i + 2 3 $j + 0k$ = 2 ( $i + 3 $j + 0k$ ) Now, vector a = | a | ç cos $i + cos $j + cos q k$ ÷
è 4 2 ø
2 2 ¾®
= ( 3$i + 3 3 $j + 0k$ ) = AB æ 1 1 ö
3 3 =5 2 ç $i + ( 0) $j + k$ ÷
¾® ¾® ¾® 2 ¾® è 2 2 ø
Hence, CD is parallel to AB and CD = AB .
3 = 5 $i + 5 k$
Example 7. Write the direction ratios of the vector Example 9. Find the position vectors of the points
® which divide the line joining the two points
a = $i + $j - 2k$ and hence calculate its direction ® ® ® ®
cosines. 3 a - 2 b and 2 a - 5 b internally and externally in
®
Sol. We have, vector a = $i + $j - 2k$ the ratio 3 : 2.
®
Sol. Let A and B be the given points whose position vectors are
We know that, direction ratios of a vector r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ® ® ® ®
3 a - 2 b and 2 a - 5 b respectively, with respect to the origin
are the scalar components x, y and z of the vector. ¾® ® ® ¾® ® ®
So, required direction ratios are 1, 1 and - 2. O i.e. OA = 3 a - 2 b and OB = 2 a - 5 b .
® Let P and Q be the points, which divides the line joining A and
Now, | a| = |$i + $j - 2k$| = ( 1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 + ( -2) 2
B internally and externally respectively, in the
= 1+1+4 = 6 ratio 3 : 2.
O
Suppose l, m and n are the direction cosines of given
®
vector a.
x y z ®
Then, l= ,m= and n = ® ® ®
® ® ® 2 b) A B (2 a
(3 a 5 b)
| a| | a| | a| 3 P 2
1 1 -2
Þ l= , m= and n = Then, by using section formula of internal division, we get
6 6 6 ¾® ¾® ® ® ® ®
¾® 3 OB + 2 OA 3 ( 2 a - 5 b ) + 2 ( 3 a - 2 b )
æ 1 1 -2 ö OP = =
Hence, the required direction cosines are ç , , ÷. 3+ 2 5
è 6 6 6ø ® ® ®
® ® ®
6 a - 15 b + 6 a - 4 b 12 a - 19 b
® = =
Example 8. Find a vector a of magnitude 5 2, making 5 5
p p 12 ® 19 ®
an angle of with X-axis, with Y-axis and an acute = a- b
4 2 5 5
angle q with Z-axis. Now, by using section formula of external division, we get
® p p O
Sol. Given, vector a makes an angle with X- axis and with
4 2
Y- axis.
p p
So, l = cos and m = cos B
4 2 A Q
1 2
Þ l= and m = 0 3
2
¾® ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
¾® 3 OB - 2 OA Sol. Given, OA = ( $i + $j + k$ ), OB = ( 2$i + 5 $j ) , OC = ( 3$i + 2 $j - 3k$ )
OQ = ¾®
3-2 and OD = ( $i - 6 $j - k$ )
® ® ® ® ¾® ¾®
3 ( 2 a - 5 b ) - 2( 3 a - 2 b )
= Angle between AB and CD is given by
1 ¾® ¾®
® ® ® ® AB× CD
6 a - 15 b - 6 a + 4 b cos q = ...(i)
= ¾® ¾®
1 × CD |
| AB ||
® ¾®
= - 11 b Here, AB = ( 2 - 1 ) $i + ( 5 - 1 ) $j + ( 0 - 1 ) k$
Example 10. Find the magnitude of each of the two = $i + 4 $j - k$,

® ® ¾®
vectors a and b , having the same magnitude such CD = ( 1 - 3 ) $i + ( -6 - 2 ) $j + ( -1 - ( -3 )) k$
that the angle between them is 60º and their scalar = - 2$i - 8 $j + 2k,$
9 ¾®
product is . | AB | = 1 2 + 42 + ( -1 ) 2
2
® ® ® ® ® ® 9 = 18 = 9 ´ 2 = 3 2,
Sol. Given, two vectors a and b such that| a|=| b|, a× b = and
2 ¾®
angle between them is 60º. and | CD | = ( -2 ) 2 + ( -8) 2 + 22 = 72 = 36 ´ 2 = 6 2
® ® ® ®
We know that, a× b =| a|| b|cos q, where q is angle between ( $i + 4 $j - k$ ) × ( -2$i - 8 $j + 2k$ )
Now, cos q = [from Eq. (i)]
® ® 3 2 ´6 2
a and b .
1( -2 ) + 4( -8) - 1( 2 )
9 ® ® = = -1
\ =| a||
× a| cos 60º 3´6´2
2
1 ®2 9 é 1ù cos q = - 1
Þ ×| a| = êëQ cos 60º = 2 úû Þ q = 180° = p
2 2
¾® ¾®
®2 So, angle between AB and CD is p.
Þ | a| = 9
¾® ¾®
® Also, since angle between AB and CD is 180°, they are in
Þ | a| = 3 [Q magnitude cannot be negative]
opposite directions.
® ®
Thus, | a| = | a| = 3 AB
® ® ® ® CD
Example 11. Find| a | and| b |, if| a | = 2| b | and
m
® ® ® ®
( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = 12 . [CBSE 2020] ¾® ¾®
Since, AB and CD are parallel to the same line m, thus they
® ® ® ® ® ®
Sol. Given, ( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = 12 and| a| = 2| b | are collinear.
Þ
® ®
| a|2 - | b|2 = 12 Example 13. Find angle q between the vectors
® ®
Þ
® ®
( 2| b|) 2 - | b|2 = 12
® ®
[given,| a| = 2| b|] a = $i + $j - k$ and b = $i - $j + k$.
® ®
Þ
® ®
4| b|2 - | b|2 = 12 Sol. Given, a = $i + $j - k$ and b = $i - $j + k$
®
Þ
®
3| b|2 = 12 Clearly,| a| = |$i + $j - k$|
® = 1 2 + 1 2 + ( -1 ) 2
Þ | b|2 = 4
®
= 1+1+1 = 3
Þ | b| = 2 ®
® ® and | b| = |$i - $j + k$|
\ | a| = 2| b| = 2( 2) = 4
= ( 1 ) 2 + ( -1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2
Example 12. If $i + $j + k$, 2$i + 5 $j, 3$i + 2 $j - 3k$ and = 1+1+1 = 3
$i - 6 $j - k$ respectively are the position vectors of
® ®
Also, a× b = ( $i + $j - k$ ) × ( $i - $j + k$ )
points A, B, C and D, then find the angle between
¾® = ( 1 ) ( 1 ) + ( 1 ) ( -1 ) + ( -1 ) ( 1 )
the straight lines AB and CD. Find whether AB and =1 -1 -1= -1
¾®
® ®
CD are collinear or not. [CBSE 2019] Now, let the angle between two vectors a and b be q.
® ® ® ® ®
a× b -1 Example 16. Let a , b and c be three vectors such that
Then, cos q = =
® ® 3 3 ® ®
| a|| b| ® ®
| a| = 1,| b| = 2 and| c| = 3. If the projection of b
1 æ -1 ö
Þ cos q = - Þ q = cos -1 ç ÷ ® ® ®
3 è 3 ø along a is equal to the projection of c along a ; and
® ®
® ® ® b , c are perpendicular to each other, then find
Example 14. If a , b and c are three mutually ® ® ®
perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude, then find |3 a - 2 b + 2 c|. [CBSE 2019]
® ® ® ® ®
®
the angle between a and ( a + b + c ) . Sol. We have,| a| = 1 and | b| = 2
® ® ® ®
Sol. Given, a, b and c are mutually perpendicular vectors with and | c| = 3
equal magnitude. It is given that
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
\ We have, a × b = b × c = c × a = 0 Projection of b along a = Projection of c along a
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
and | a | =| b | =| c | …(i) b×a c× a
® Þ =
® ® ® ® ®
Let q be the angle between a and ( a + b + c ). | a| | a|
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
a× ( a + b + c ) Þ b× a = c × a
Then, cos q = ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a || a + b + c | Þ a× b = a× c …(i)
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
a× a + a× b + a× c Also, b and c are perpendicular to each other.
= ®
® ® ® ®®
| a || a + b + c | \ b× c = 0 …(ii)
® 2 ® ® ®2 ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a| + 0 + 0 Now,|3 a - 2 b + 2 c| = ( 3 a - 2 b + 2 c ) ×( 3 a - 2 b + 2 c )
= ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a || a + b + c | = 9 ( a× a ) - 6 ( a× b ) + 6 ( a× c ) - 6 ( b× a ) + 4 ( b× b ) - 4 b× c
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a| + 6 c × a - 4 c × b + 4( c × c )
= ®
[from Eq. (i)]
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a + b + c| = 9| a| + 4| b|2 + 4| c|2 + 2{- 6 ( a× b ) - 4( b× c ) + 6( a× c )}
® ® ®
® ® ®
Now,| a + b + c |2 = ( a + b + c ) × ( a + b + c )
® ® ® = 9 ´ 1 2 + 4 ´ 22 + 4 ´ 32
® ® ® ®
®2 ®2 ®2 ® ® ® ® ® ®
+ 2 {- 6 ( a× b ) - 4 ´ 0 + 6 ( a× b )}
= a + b + c + 2 a× b + 2 b × c + 2 c × a
[using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
® ® ® 2 ® ® ®
\ | a + b + c | = | a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 9 + 16 + 36 + 2 ´ 0 = 61
® ® ®
® ®
= | a |2 + | a |2 + | a |2
®
[from Eq. (i)] \ | 3 a - 2 b + 2 c | = 61
= 3| a |2
® Example 17. Find a vector of magnitude 9, which is
®
perpendicular to both the vectors 4$i - $j + 3k$ and
| a| 1 -2$i + $j - 2k$ .
\ cos q = =
® 3 ® ®
3| a|
Sol. Let a = 4$i - $j + 3k$ and b = -2$i + $j - 2k$.
æ 1 ö
Þ q = cos - 1 ç ÷ Then,
è 3ø $i $j k$
® ®
Example 15. Find the projection of the vector $i - $j on a ´b = 4 -1 3
the vector $i + $j. [CBSE 2020] -2 1 -2
® ®
Sol. Let a = i - j and b = i + j = ( 2 - 3) $i - ( -8 + 6) $j + ( 4 - 2) k$
® ®
We know that, projection of a and b is = - $i + 2 $j + 2k$
® ® ® ®
a ×b ( $i - $j ) × ( $i + $j ) and| a ´ b| = ( -1 ) 2 + 22 + 22
=
®
| b| |$i + $j| = 1 + 4+ 4
1 -1 = 9=3
= =0
2
ì® ®ü ® ® ® ® ® ®
ï a ´b ï Þ | a || b |sin q = 7 [Q| a ´ b | = | a || b |sin q]
\ Required vector = 9í ® ® ý
ïî| a ´ b|ïþ 7 7 1
Þ sin q = = =
® ® 2´7 2
9 | a || b |
= ( - $i + 2 $j + 2k$ )
3 æ pö p
Þ sin q = sin ç ÷ Þ q =
= -3$i + 6 $j + 6k$ è 6ø 6
® ® p
Example 18. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both Hence, the required angle between a and b is .
® ®® 6
the vectors a and b , where a = $i - 7 $j + 7k$ and
®
Example 20. Find the area of the triangle whose
b = 3$i - 2 $j + 2k$. [CBSE 2019] vertices are P( -1, 2, - 1), Q( 3, - 1, 2) and R( 2, 3, - 1).
® ® ®
® ® Sol. Let a, b and c be the position vectors of points P, Q and R,
Sol. Given, a = $i - 7 $j + 7k$ and b = 3$i - 2 $j + 2k$.
respectively.
$i $j k$ ®
® ®
® ® Then, a = - $i + 2 $j - k$, b = 3$i - $j + 2k$ and c = 2$i + 3 $j - k$
Then, a ´ b = 1 -7 7
1 ¾® ¾®
3 -2 2 Clearly, the area of DPQR = | PQ ´ PR|
2
¾®
= $i ( -14 + 14) - $j ( 2 - 21 ) + k$ ( -2 + 21 ) Now, PQ = Position vector of Q - Position vector of P
= 0$i + 19 $j + 19k$ ® ®
= b - a = ( 3$i - $j + 2k$ ) - ( - $i + 2 $j - k$ )
® ®
\ | a ´ b| = 02 + 192 + 192 = 4$i - 3 $j + 3k$
¾®
= 361 + 361
PR = Position vector of R - Position vector of P
= 19 2 ® ®
= c - a = ( 2$i + 3 $j - k$ ) - ( - $i + 2 $j - k$ ) = 3$i + $j
® ®
Hence, a unit vector perpendicular to a and b is $i $j k$
® ¾® ¾®
®
a ´b 19 $j + 19k$ \ PQ ´ PR = 4 -3 3
n$ = =
® ® 19 2 3 1 0
| a ´ b|
1 $ 1 $ = ( 0 - 3) $i - ( 0 - 9) $j + ( 4 + 9) k$
n$ = j+ k
2 2 = -3$i + 9 $j + 13k$
® ® ® ® ¾® ¾®
Example 19. If| a | = 2,| b | = 7 and a ´ b = 3$i + 2 $j + 6k$, and| PQ ´ PR|= ( -3) 2 + ( 9) 2 + ( 13) 2
® ®
find the angle between a and b . [CBSE 2019] = 9 + 81 + 169
Sol. Let q be the angle between a and b .

® ® = 259
1 ¾® ¾®
We have,
® ®
a ´ b = 3$i + 2 $j + 6k$ So, area of D PQR = | PQ ´ PR |
2
® ® 1
\ | a ´ b | = 32 + 22 + 62 = 259 sq units
2
= 49 = 7
Chapter
Practice
¾® ¾®
PART 1 6. If OA = $i + 2 $j - k$ and OB = 2$i - 3 $j + k$, then the
¾®
Objective Questions value of| AB| is

(a) 5 units (b) 30 units (c) 3 units (d) 31 units
l
Multiple Choice Questions 7. The vector having initial and terminal points as
(2, 5, 0) and ( -3, 7, 4), respectively is
1. The magnitude of the vector 6$i + 2 $j + 3k$ is (a) - $i + 12 $j + 4k$ (b) 5 $i + 2 $j - 4k$
(a) 5 units (b) 7 units (c) 12 units (d) 1 unit
(c) -5 $i + 2 $j + 4k$ (d) $i + $j + k$
2. If m1 , m 2 , m 3 and m 4 are respectively the
magnitudes of the vectors 8. If P, Q and R are the vertices of a DPQR, then the
® ® ® ¾® ¾® ¾®
a1 = 2i$ - j$ + k$, a 2 = 3i$ - 4 j$ - 4k$, a 3 = i$ + j$ - k$ value of PQ + QR - RP is
® ¾® ¾®
and a4 = - i$ + 3 j$ + k$, then the correct order of (a) 2 PR (b) 2QR
m 1 , m 2 , m 3 and m 4 is ® ¾®
(c) 0 (d) 2 QP
(a) m 3 < m1 < m 4 < m 2 (b) m 3 < m1 < m 2 < m 4
(c) m 3 < m 4 < m1 < m 2 (d) m 3 < m 4 < m 2 < m1 ® ®
9. If| a | = 4 and -3 £ l £ 2 , then the range of|l a | is
3. The vector of length 3 units along the vector (a) [0, 8] (b) [-12, 8]
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ is
(c) [0, 12] (d) [8, 12]
(a) $i - 2 $j + 2k$ (b) $i - $j + k$ ® ®
10. If a and b are any two vectors and k and m be any
(c) 2$i - $j + k$ (d) None of these scalars, then which of the following is correct?
® ® ® ® ®
4. In the given parallelogram ABCD, identify the (a) k a + m a = ( k + m ) a (b) k( m a ) = ( km ) a
® ® ® ® ® ®
vectors a and c are (c) k( a + b ) = k a + k b (d) All of these
a® ® ®
D C
11. If a = xi$ + 2 $j - zk$ and b = 3$i - yj$ + k$ are two equal
® ® ®
d a b vectors, then the value of x + y + z is
(a) 1 (b) 2
A ® B
c (c) 3 (d) 0
(a) equal vectors (b) collinear but not equal 12. The vector in the direction of the vector
(c) coinitial vector (d) None of these $i - 2 $j + 2k$ that has magnitude 9, is
5. In the given figure, which vectors are coinitial $i - 2 $j + 2k$
vectors (a) $i - 2 $j + 2k$ (b)
®
a
3
(c) 3( $i - 2 $j + 2k$ ) (d) 9( $i - 2 $j + 2k$ )
® ®
d b ®
13. If the vector b is collinear with the vector
® ®
® a = ( 2 2, - 1, 4) and| b|= 10, then
c
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
(a) a and d (b) d and b (a) a ± b = 0 (b) a ± 2 b = 0
® ® ® ® ® ®
(c) a and c (d) a and b (c) 2 a + b = 0 (d) None of these
14. The direction cosines of the vector $i + 2 $j + 3k$ are Based on the above information, answer the
1 2 3 2 3 4 following questions.
(a) , , (b) , ,
14 14 14 14 14 14 (i) Distance between House ( A) and ATM ( B) is
11 13 21 (a) 34 units (b) 13 2 units
(c) , , (d) None of these
14 14 14 (c) 14 2 units (d) 4 2 units
15. The ratio in which $i + 2 $j + 3k$ divides the join of (ii) Distance between ATM ( B) and Coaching (C ) is
(a) 3 2 units (b) 2 2 units
-2$i + 3 $j + 5 k$ and 7$i - k$ is
(c) 2 units (d) 10 units
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
® ® (iii) Distance between Coaching (C ) and Shopping mall
16. Let a = $i - 2 $j + 3k$. If b is a vector such that ( D) is
® ® ® ® ® ®
a × b =| b |2 and| a - b | = 7, then| b | equals (a) 37 units (b) 35 units
[CBSE 2020] (c) 34 units (d) 33 units
(a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 7 (d) 21 (iv) What is the total distance travelled by Nitin?
® ®
1 ® ® ® ®
17. If a × b = | a|| b|, then the angle between a and b (a) ( 2 + 2 34 ) units (b) ( 3 2 + 2 34 ) units
2 (c) ( 3 2 + 34 ) units (d) ( 2 + 34 ) units
is [CBSE 2020]
(v) What is the extra distance travelled by Nitin in
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) 90°
reaching the shopping mall?
® ®
18. If the projection of a = $i - 2 $j + 3k$ on b = 2$i + lk$ is (a) 2 33 units (b) 2 34 units
zero, then the value of l is [CBSE 2020] (c) 2 35 units (d) 34 units
-2 -3 22. A boy see a design in a park which is shown below.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
3 2
E D
19. The value of $i × ( $j ´ k$ ) + $j × ( k$ ´ $i ) + k$ × ( $i ´ $j ) is
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 3
20. The value of l for which the vectors 3$i - 6 $j + k$ and
F C
2$i - 4 $j + lk$ are parallel, is
2 3 5 2 b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 2 5
A a B
l
Case Based MCQs
Now, he thought that, if a$ and b$ are the vectors
21. Nitin starts walking from his house to shopping determined by two adjacent sides of the given
mall. Instead of going to the mall directly, he first regular hexagon.
goes to a ATM, from there to his son’s coaching and
On the basis of above information, answer the
then reaches the mall.
¾®
(i) AC is equal to
B(–3, 5, 2) C(–2, 6, 6) (a) a$ - b$ (b) b$ - a$
(c) a$ + b$ (d) 0$
¾®
ATM Coaching (ii) AD is equal to
(a) 2$a (b) 2b$
(c) 2( a$ + b$ ) (d) 2( a$ - b$ )
¾®
A(2, 2, 2) D(3, 3, 6) (iii) CD is equal to
House Shopping Mall (a) a$ - b$ (b) 2( a$ - b$ )
(c) b$ - a$ (d) 2( b$ - a$)
In the diagram, A, B, C and D represent the
¾®
coordinates of house, ATM, coaching and mall, (iv) EF is equal to
respectively.
(a) a$ (b) b$ (c) - a$ (d) - b$
¾® ¾®
(v) FA is equal to (iii) Find the position vector of AB.
(a) a$ - b$ (b) 2( a$ - b$ ) (a) $i + $j (b) $i + 2 $j
(c) b$ - a$ (d) 2( b$ - a$) (c) $j + k$ (d) $j + 2k$
23. Consider the points A, B, C with position vectors (iv) Area of DABC is equal to
1
2$i - $j + k$, $i - 3 $j - 5 k$ and 3$i - 4 $j - 4k$. (a) sq unit (b) 2 sq units
2
On the basis of above information, answer the 3
(c) sq units (d) 4 sq units
following questions. 2
¾® ¾®
(i) BC is equal to (v) Find the unit vector along BC .
(a) - $i - 2 $j - 6k$ (b) 2$i - $j + k$ 1 $ $ 1 $ $
(a) ( i - j) (b) ( j - k)
(c) - $i + 3 $j + 5 k$ (d) None of these 2 2
1 $ $ 1 $ $
¾® (c) ( j + k) (d) ( i + j)
(ii) CA is equal to 2 2
(a) - $i - 2 $j - 6k$ (b) 2$i - $j + k$
(c) - $i + 3 $j + 5 k$ (d) None of these
¾® ¾®
(iii) BC × CA is equal to
PART 2
(a) -1
¾® ¾®
(b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
(iv) BC ´ CA is equal to
(a) 8$i + 11 $j - 5 k$ (b) -8$i - 11 $j + 5 k$ l
(c) 8$i - 11 $j - 5 k$ (d) None of these ®
1. Show that the vectors a = 3 $i - 2 $j + k$,
(v) Area of DABC (in sq units) is equal to
® ®
(a)
210
(b) 210
b = $i - 3 $j + 5 k$ and c = 2 $i + $j - 4 k$ form a
2 right-angled triangle.
(c) 2 210 (d) None of these ® ®
24. Vinit purchased a gift which is in the shape of a 2. If a = 3$i - 2 $j + k$ and b = 2 $i - 4 $j - 3k$, then find
® ®
tetrahedron. | a - 2 b |.
3. Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of
® ®
the vectors a = 2$i + 2 $j - 5 k$ and b = 2$i + $j - 7k$.
®
4. Find a vector in the direction of a = 2$i - $j + 2 k$
which has magnitude 6 units.
5. Write the value of cosine of the angle which the
®
Let A, B, C and D are the coordinates of the gift, vector a = $i + $j + k$ makes with Y-axis.
where A = ( 2, 1, 1), B = ( 2, 2, 3), C = ( 2, 3, 2) and 6. The position vectors of two points A and B are
D =( 4, 3, 3). ¾® ¾®
OA = 2$i - $j - k$ and OB = 2$i - $j + 2k$, respectively.
Based on the above information, answer the
Find the position vector of a point P which divides
the line segment joining A and B in the ratio 2 : 1.
¾®
(i) Find the position vector of BC . [CBSE 2020]
® ® ® ®
(a) $j - k$ (b) $j + k$ 7. Find| a - b |, if two vectors a and b are such
® ® ® ®
(c) $i - k$ (d) $i + k$ that| a | = 2,| b | = 3 and a × b = 4.
¾®
(ii) Find the position vector of CD. 8. If the dot products of a vector with vectors
(a) 2 $j + k$ (b) 2$i - k$ 3$i - 5 k$ , 2$i + 7 $j and $i + $j + k$ are respectively -1, 6
(c) 2$i + k$ (d) $i + 2k$ and 5, then find the vector.
® ®
9. If a = 5 $i - $j - 3k$ and b = $i + 3 $j - 5 k$, then show 24. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by
® ® ® ® the vectors $i - 2 $j + 3k$ and - 3$i - 2 $j + k$.
that the vectors ( a + b ) and ( a - b ) are
perpendicular. l
10. Find the projection of the vector $i + 3 $j + 7k$ on the ® ® ®
vector 2$i - 3 $j + 6k$. 25. Let a = $i + $j + k$ , b = 4$i - 2 $j + 3k$ and c = $i - 2 $j + k$
® and find a vector of magnitude 6, which is parallel
11. Find l and m, if ( 2$i + 6 $j + 27k$ ) ´ ( $i + l$j + mk$ ) = 0 . ® ®
to the vector 2 a - b + 3 c .
®
12. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the ® ®

® ® ®
vectors a and b where a = 5 $i + 6 $j - 2k$ and 26. If a = $i + 2 $j + 3k$ and b = 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$ represent two
® adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors
b = 7$i + 6 $j + 2k$. parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.
®
13. For any vector a , find the value of
® p p
® ® ®
27. If a unit vector a makes angle with $i, with $j and
( a ´ $i ) 2 + ( a ´ $j ) 2 + ( a ´ k$ ) 2 . 4 3
® ®
an acute angle q with k, $ then find the components
14. If a = $i + $j + k$, b = $i + $j - k$, then find the vectors ®
® ® of a and the angle q.
perpendicular to a and b .
28. Find the position vector of a point C which divides
15. Find the value of l for which the vectors 3$i - 6$i + k$ the line segment joining A and B, whose position
and 2$i - 4 $j + lk$ are parallel.
® ® ® ®
vectors are 2 a + b and a - 3 b , externally in the
16. Find a vector of magnitude 6, which is ratio 1 : 2. Also, show that A is the mid-point of the
perpendicular to both the vectors 2$i - $j + 2k$ and line segment BC.
®
4$i - $j + 3k$. 29. The scalar product of the vector a = $i + $j + k$ with a
® ® ® ® unit vector along the sum of the vectors
17. If| a | = 10,| b | = 2 and a × b = 12 , then find the value ® ®
® ® b = 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$ and c = l$i + 2 $j + 3k$ is equal to 1.
of| a ´ b |.
Find the value of l and hence find the unit vector
18. If q is the angle between any two non-zero vectors ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® along b + c . [CBSE 2019]
a and b , then| a × b | =| a ´ b |. Find the value of q.
® ® ® ® 30. If a$ and b are unit vectors inclined at an angle q,
$
2
19. If vectors a and b are such that | a| = 3,| b| = and q 1
® ® 3 ® then prove that sin = |$a - b$ | .
a ´ b is a unit vector, then find the angle between a 2 2
®
and b . ® ®
31. If the vectors a = 3$i - 2 $j + 2k$ and b = -$i - 2k$ are
20. The vectors from origin to the points A and B are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram. Then, find the
® ®
a = 2$i - 3 $j + 2k$ and b = 2$i + 3 $j + k$ respectively, angle between its diagonals.
® ® ®
then find the area of DOAB. 32. Let a = 4$i + 5 $j - k$, b = $i - 4 $j + 5 k$ and c = 3$i + $j - k$.
® ® ® ® ®
21. If a = 2$i - 3 $j + k$, b = - $i + k$ and c = 2 $j - k$, then Find a vector d which is perpendicular to both a
find the area (in sq units) of parallelogram with ® ® ®
® ® ® ® and b and satisfying d × c = 21.
diagonals a + b and b + c .
33. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the
22. Find the area of parallelogram, whose adjacent ® ® ® ® ®
vectors ( a + b ) and ( a - b ), where a = $i + $j + k$,
sides are represented by $i - 3 $j + 3k$ and ®
- 3$i - 2 $j - 8 k.
$ b = $i + 2 $j + 3k$.
® ® ®
23. Using vectors, find the area of the D ABC with 34. If a = $i + $j + k$ and b = $j - k$, then find a vector c
® ® ® ® ®
vertices A( 0, 1 , 0), B(1 , 2, 1) and C( 2, 0, 0).
such that a ´ c = b and a × c = 3.
® ® ®
35. If a , b and c are three vectors such that P4 - PV of P1 ? (where PV stands for position
® ® ® ®
vector)
a + b + c = 0, then prove that
® ® ® ® ® ® (ii) Write the vector in standard notation with $i, $j and
a ´ b = b ´ c = c ´ a. $ where $i, $j and k$ are the unit vectors along the
k,
three axes.
36. Prove that three points A, B and C with position ® ®
® ® ®
vectors a , b and c respectively are collinear, if and (iii) What are the magnitudes of the vectors A and B
® ® ® ® ® ® ® and in what units?
only if ( b ´ c ) + ( c ´ a ) + ( a ´ b ) = 0. ®
® ® ® (iv) What are the components to the vector N ,
37. If a = 2$i - 3 $j + k$ , b = -$i + k$ and c = 2 $j - k$ are ® ®
perpendicular to A and B and the surface of the
three vectors, then find the area of the roof ?
® ® ® ®
parallelogram having diagonals ( a + b ) and ( b + c ). ®
(v) What is the magnitude of N and its units? The sun
® 1
38. Using vectors, find the area of the DABC with 6 1
is located along the unit vector S = $i - $j + k$.
vertices A (1, 2, 3), B( 2, -1, 4) and C( 4, 5, - 1) . 2 7 7
If the flow of solar energy is given by the vector
l
Case Based Questions ®
F = 910 in units of watts/m 2 , what is the dot
39. Solar Panels have to be installed carefully so that ® ®
product of vectors F with N , and the units for this
the tilt of the roof, and the direction to the sun,
quantity?
produce the largest possible electrical power in the
solar panels. 40. A class XII student appearing for a competitive
examination was asked to attempt the following
A surveyor uses his instrument to determine the
questions.
coordinates of the four corners of a roof where solar
® ® ®
panels are to be mounted. Let a , b and c be three non-zero vectors.
In the picture , suppose the points are labelled Answer the following questions using the above
counter clockwise from the roof corner nearest to information.
the camera in units of meters P1 (6,8,4) , P2 (21,8,4), ® ® ® ® ® ®
P3 (21,16,10) and P4 (6,16,10). (i) If a and b are such that| a + b | =| a - b |, then
® ®
a ^ b. Justify.
® ®
(ii) If a = $i - 2$j and b = 2$i + $j + 3 k$,
® ® ® ® ® ®
then evaluate ( 2 a + b ) × [( a + b ) ´ ( a - 2 b )] .
® ®
(iii) If a and b are unit vectors and q be the angle
® ®
between them, then find the value of| a - b |.
® ® ®
(iv) Let a , b and c be unit vectors such that,
® ® ® ® ® ® p
a × b = a × c = 0 and angle between b and c is ,
6
Answer the following questions using the above ®
information. then find a .
®
(i) What are the components to the two edge vectors (v) Find the area of the parallelogram formed by a
® ® ®
defined by A = PV of P2 - PV of P1 and B = PV of and b as diagonals.
SOLUTIONS
¾®
Objective Questions
® 6. (b) Given that, OA = $i + 2 $j - k$
1. (b) Let the given vector be a. ¾®
® and OB = 2$i - 3 $j + k$
So, a = 6$i + 2 $j + 3k$ ¾® ¾® ¾®
¾® We know that, AB = OB - OA
For OA = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ¾®
¾® \ AB = ( 2$i - 3 $j + k$ ) - ( $i + 2 $j - k$ ) = $i - 5 $j + 2k$
We know that, |OA|= x + y + z 2 2 2
¾®
® Now,| AB|= ( 1 ) 2 + ( -5 ) 2 + ( 2) 2
\ | a|= 6 + 2 + 3
2 2 2
= 1 + 25 + 4 = 30 units
= 36 + 4 + 9 = 49 = 7
7. (c) Let A( 2, 5, 0) and B( -3, 7, 4) are given two points.
Hence, magnitude is 7. ¾®
2. (a) Given, \ OA = 2$i + 5 $j + 0k$
® ¾®
m1 = |a1| = 22 + ( - 1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 = 6 OB = -3$i + 7 $j + 4k$
® ¾®
m 2 = |a2| = 32 + ( - 4) 2 + ( - 4) 2 = 41 The required vector will be AB.
¾® ¾® ¾®
®
m 3 = |a3| = ( 1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2 = 3 AB = OB - OA = - 5 $i + 2 $j + 4k$
® 8. (a) By triangle law of vector addition, we get
and m 4 = |a4| = ( - 1 ) 2 + ( 3) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 = 11 ¾® ¾® ¾®
PQ + QR = PR
\ m 3 < m1 < m 4 < m 2 ¾® ¾® ¾®
3. (a) We know that, when multiplying the unit vector by n,
$ = PQ + QR - RP
then we get the unit vector of length 3 units. R
So, the vector of length 3 units in the direction of
$i - 2 $j + 2k$
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ $i - 2 $j + 2k$
= 3× = 3× P Q
|$i - 2 $j + 2k$| ( 1 ) + ( - 2) 2 + ( 2) 2
2
¾® ¾®
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ $i - 2 $j + 2k$ = PR - RP
= 3× = 3× ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
1 + 4+ 4 9 = PR - ( - PR ) [Q PR = - RP ]
¾®
( $i - 2 $j + 2k$ ) = 2 PR
= 3×
3 ®
9. (c) We have, | a| = 4
= ( i - 2 j + 2k$ )
$ $
and -3 £ l £ 2
Hence, the required vector of length 3 units is $i - 2 $j + 2k$. ® ®
\ | l a| = |l|| a|= l|4|
4. (b) To know about the type of the vector we may go through ®
the following definitions: Þ | l a| = |-3 |4 = 12, at l = - 3
Coinitial Vectors Two or more vectors having the same ®
initial point are called coinitial vectors. | l a| = |0|4 = 0, at l = 0
®
Collinear or Parallel Vectors Two or more vectors are said and | l a| = |2|4 = 8, at l = 2
to be collinear, if they are parallel to same line, irrespective
®
of their magnitudes and directions. So, the range of|l a| is [0, 12].
Equal Vectors Two vectors are said to be equal, if they have
10. (d) The addition of vectors and the multiplication of a vector
same magnitude and direction regardless of the positions of
® by a scalar together give the following distributive laws.
®
their initial points. Symbolically, if a and b are equal, then it ® ®
® Let a and b be any two vectors and k and m be any scalars.
®
is written as a = b . Then,
® ® ® ® ®
Hence, we can say that vector a and c are collinear but not (i) k a + m a = ( k + m ) a
equal because directions are not same. ® ®
(ii) k( m a ) = ( km ) a
® ®
5. (d) In the given figure, vectors a and b have the same initial ® ® ® ®
(iii) k( a + b ) = k a + k b
point and we know that two or more vectors having same
initial point are called coinitial vectors. So, option (d) is correct.
® ® 3
11. (d) We have, a = xi$ + 2 $j - zk$ and b = 3$i - yj$ + k$ are equal Þ l+1=
2
vectors.
3 1
\ xi$ + 2 $j - zk$ = 3$i - yj$ + k$ Þ l = -1 =
2 2
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get 16. (c) We have,
\ x = 3, y = -2 and z = -1 ®
a = $i - 2 $j + 3k$
Hence, x + y + z = 3 - 2 - 1 = 0.
®
®
12. (c) Let a = $i - 2 $j + 2k$ Now, | a| = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
® ® ®
Any vector in the direction of a vector a is given by Also, | a - b| = 7
® ® ®
a $i - 2 $j + 2k$ | a - b|2 = 7
=
® ® ® ® ®
|a| ( 1 ) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 ( a - b) × ( a - b) = 7
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ ® ® ® ®
= | a|2 + | b|2 - 2 a × b = 7
3
® ® ® ® ®
® 14 + | b| 2 - 2| b|2 = 7 [Q given a × b =| b|2 ]
\Vector in the direction of a with magnitude 9
®
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ Þ | b|2 = 7
= 9×
3 ®
Þ | b| = 7
= 3( i - 2 j + 2k$ )
$ $
® ® 1 ® ®
® ® 17. (c) Given, a× b = | a|| b|
13. (c) It is given that b is collinear with the vector a. 2
® ® ® ® 1 ® ® ® ® ® ®
\ b = la …(i) Þ | a|| b| cos q = | a|| b| [Q a× b = | a|| b|cos q]
2
= 2 2l$i - l$j + 4lk$ 1
Þ cos q =
® 2
Also, | b|= 10
Þ q = 60°
Þ ( 2 2l ) 2 + ( - l ) 2 + ( 4l ) 2 = 10 ® ®
\ Angle between a and b is 60°.
Þ 25 l2 = 100 ® ®
Þ l = ±2 …(ii) 18. (c) Given, a = $i - 2 $j + 3k$ and b = 2$i + lk$
® ®
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have ® ® ( a× b )
® ® \ Projection of a on b =
b = ±2 a ®
® ® | b|
Þ 2 a± b = 0
® ( $i - 2 $j + 3k$ ) × ( 2$i + lk$ )
14. (a) Let a = $i + 2 $j + 3k$, then =
|2$i + lk$|
®
| a| = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 2 + 3l
=
Now, direction cosines are 22 + l 2
1 1 2 2 2 + 3l
l= = ,m= = =
® 14 ® 14
| a| | a| 4 + l2
n=
3
=
3 2 + 3l ® ®
and
®
\ =0 [Q Projection of a on b = 0 ]
| a| 14 4+ l 2
15. (a) Let the required ratio be l : 1, then applying section Þ 3l + 2 = 0

formula, we get 2
Þ l=-
$ $ $ 3
$i + 2 $j + 3k$ = ( -2 i + 3 j + 5 k) + l ( 7 i - k)
$ $
l+1 19. (d) We have,
$i × ( $j ´ k$ ) + $j × ( k$ ´ $i ) + k$ × ( $i ´ $j )
Þ $i + 2 $j + 3k$ = æç 7l - 2 ö÷ $i + 3 $j + ( 5 - l ) k$
ç l+1 ÷ l+1 l+1 = $i × $i + $j × $j + k$ × k$
è ø
On equating the coefficient of $j, we get [Q $j ´ k$ = $i, k$ ´ $i = $j, $i ´ $j = k$ ]
r
3 =1 + 1 + 1 = 3 [Q $i × $i = $j × $j = k$ × k$ = 1]
2=
l+1
20. (a) The condition for two vectors are parallel, is ¾® ¾®

22. (i) (c) We have, AB = a$ and BC = b$
( 3$i - 6 $j + k$ ) ´ ( 2$i - 4 $j + lk$ ) = 0
By triangle law of addition of vectors,
$i $j k$ ¾® ¾® ¾®
AC = AB + BC = a$ + b$
Þ 3 -6 1 = 0
(ii) (b) We know that, AD||BC
2 -4 l
¾® ¾®
$i ( -6l + 4) - $j ( 3l - 2) + k$ ( -12 + 12) = 0 \ AD = 2 BC = 2b$
Þ
(iii) (c) By triangle law, we have
Þ ( -6l + 4) $i - ( 3l - 2) $j + 0 = 0 ¾® ¾® ¾®
AC + CD = AD
Þ -6l + 4 = 0 and 3l - 2 = 0
2 2 ¾® ¾® ¾®
Þ l = and l = Þ CD = AD - AC
3 3
= 2b$ - ( a$ + b$ )
21. (i) (a) Distance between House ( A ) and ATM ( B ),
¾® = b$ - a$
AB = ( -3$i + 5 $j + 2k$ ) - ( 2$i + 2 $j + 2k$ ) ¾® ¾®
(iv) (d) EF = - BC = - b$
= -5 $i + 3 $j
¾® ¾®
¾®
(v) (a) FA = - CD = ( b$ - a$) = a$ - b$
| AB|= ( -5 ) 2 + ( 3) 2
¾®
= 25 + 9 = 34 23. (i) (b) BC = PV of C - PV of B
\ Distance between House ( A ) and ATM ( B ) is = ( 3$i - 4 $j - 4k$ ) - ( $i - 3 $j - 5 k$ )
34 units. = 2$i - $j + k$
(ii) (a) Distance between ATM ( B ) and Coaching ( C ), ¾®
¾® (ii) (c) CA = PV of A - PV of C
BC = ( -2$i + 6 $j + 6k$ ) - ( -3$i + 5 $j + 2k$ )
= ( 2$i - $j + k$ ) - ( 3$i - 4 $j - 4k$ )
= $i + $j + 4k$
= - $i + 3 $j + 5 k$
¾®
| BC|= ( 1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 + ( 4) 2 = 1 + 1 + 16 = 3 2 ¾® ¾®
(iii) (c) BC × CA = ( 2$i - $j + k$ ) × ( - $i + 3 $j + 5 k$ )
\ Distance between ATM ( B ) and Coaching ( C ) is
3 2 units. = -2-3 + 5
=0
(iii) (c) Distance between Coaching ( C ) and Shopping
$i $j k$
mall ( D), ¾® ¾®
¾® (iv) (b) BC ´ CA = 2 -1 1
CD = ( 3$i + 3 $j + 6k$ ) - ( -2$i + 6 $j + 6k$ )
-1 3 5
= 5 $i - 3 $j
¾® = - 8$i - 11 $j + 5 k$
|CD|= ( 5 ) 2 + ( -3) 2 = 25 + 9 = 34 ¾® ¾® ¾® ¾®
\ Distance between Coaching ( C ) and Shopping (v) (a) Since, BC × CA = 0, so BC ^ CA .
mall ( D) is 34 units. Hence, DABC is right-angled triangle at C
(iv) (b) Total distance travelled by Nitin 1 —® —®
¾® ¾® ¾®
\ Area of DABC = ´|BC||CA|
2
=| AB|+| BC|+|CD|
1
= 34 + 3 2 + 34 = 4 + 1 + 1 1 + 9 + 25
2
= ( 3 2 + 2 34 ) units
¾® 210
=
sq units
(v) (b) Distance between house and shopping mall is| AD|. 2
¾®
24. The coordinates of A, B, C and D are given as
And AD = ( 3$i + 3 $j + 6k$ ) - ( 2$i + 2 $j + 2k$ )
A = ( 2, 1 , 1 ), B = ( 2, 2, 3), C = ( 2, 3, 2) and D = ( 4, 3, 3)
= $i + $j + 4k$ ¾®
¾® (i) (a) Position vector of BC
| AD|= 1 + 1 + 16 = 18
= ( 2$i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) - ( 2$i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) = $j - k$
= 3 2 units ¾®
(ii) (c) Position vector of CD
\ Extra distance travelled by Nitin in reaching
shopping mall = ( 4$i + 3 $j + 3k$ ) - ( 2$i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) = 2$i + k$
¾®
= ( 3 2 + 2 34 ) - 3 2 (iii) (d) Position vector of AB
= 2 34 units = ( 2$i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) - ( 2$i + $j + k$ ) = $j + 2k$
1 ¾® ¾® ® ®
(iv) (c) Area of the DABC = | AB ´ AC| 3. Given, a = 2$i + 2 $j - 5 k$ and b = 2$i + $j - 7k$
2
® ®
$i $j k$ ® ® a+ b
¾® ¾® Unit vector along the direction of a + b =
\ AB ´ AC = 0 1 2 ® ®
| a + b|
0 2 1 ® ®
¾®
Now, a + b = 2$i + 2 $j - 5 k$ + 2$i + $j - 7k$
[Q AC = ( 2$i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) - ( 2$i + $j + k$ ) = 2 $j + k$]
¾® ¾® = 4$i + 3 $j - 12k$
AB ´ AC = $i ( 1 - 4) - $j ( 0 - 0) + k$ ( 0 - 0) = -3$i ® ®
¾® ¾® and | a + b| = ( 4) 2 + ( 3) 2 + ( -12) 2
| AB ´ AC|= ( -3) = 9 = 3 2
1 3 = 16 + 9 + 144
\ Area of DABC = ´ 3 = sq units
2 2 = 169 = 13
¾®
¾® BC
(v) (b) Unit vector along BC = So, the required unit vector is
¾®
® ®
| BC| a+ b 4$i + 3 $j - 12k$ 4 $ 3 $ 12 $
$j - k$ = = i+ j- k
® ® 13 13 13 13
= | a + b|
( 1 ) 2 + ( -1 ) 2 ®
$j - k$ 4. We have, a = 2$i - $j + 2 k$
1 $ $
= = ( j - k) ®
2 2 Now, | a|= ( 2) 2 + ( -1 ) 2 + ( 2) 2
Subjective Questions = 4+1 + 4

® ® = 9=3
1. Given, a = 3$i - 2 $j + k$, b = $i - 3 $j + 5 k$ ®
® The unit vector in the direction of the given vector a is
and c = 2$i + $j - 4k$
1 ®
® a$ = a
Now, | a | = ( 3) 2 + ( - 2) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 ®
| a|
= 9 + 4 + 1 = 14, 1
®
= ( 2$i - $j + 2 k$ )
2 3
| b | = ( 1 ) + ( - 3) + ( 5 )
2 2
Now, the vector having magnitude 6 and in the direction of

= 1 + 9 + 25 = 35
®
® a = 6 a$
and | c | = ( 2) + ( 1 ) + ( - 4)
2 2 2
1
= 6 ´ ( 2$i - $j + 2 k$ )
= 4 + 1 + 16 = 21 3
® ® = 2( 2$i - $j + 2 k$ )
Q | a|2 + | c|2 = 14 + 21 = 35
® ® ® = 4$i - 2 $j + 4 k$
\ | a |2 + | c |2 = | b |2
®
Hence, the vectors form a right-angled triangle. 5. Given, a = $i + $j + k$
® ®
2. We have, a = 3$i - 2 $j + k$ …(i) Now, unit vector in the direction of a is
® ®
and b = 2$i - 4 $j - 3k$ a $i + $j + k$
® a$ = =
Þ 2 b = 2 ( 2$i - 4 $j - 3k$ ) ®
| a| (1 ) + (1 )2 + (1 )2
2
[multiplying by 2 on both sides]

® $i + $j + k$
Þ 2 b = 4$i - 8 $j - 6k$ …(ii) =
3
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 1 $ 1 $ 1 $
® ® = i+ j+ k
a - 2 b = ( 3$i - 2 $j + k$ ) - ( 4$i - 8 $j - 6k$ ) 3 3 3
= ( 3 - 4) $i + ( - 2 + 8) $j + ( 1 + 6) k$ Hence, cosine of angle which the given vector makes with
1
[subtracting corresponding terms] Y-axis, is ×
3
= - $i + 6 $j + 7k$
® ®
6. We have,
Now, | a - 2 b| = | - $i + 6 $j + 7k$ | —®
Position vector of A, OA = 2$i - $j - k$
= ( - 1 ) 2 + ( 6) 2 + ( 7) 2 —®
and Position vector of B, OB = 2$i - $j + 2k$
= 1 + 36 + 49 = 86
Since, P divides AB in the ratio 2 : 1, then ® ®

® ® a× b
2( 2$i - $j + 2k$ ) + 1( 2$i - $j - k$ ) Now, projection of a on b =
®
Position vector of P = | b|
2+1
35
4 i - 2 j + 4k + 2$i - $j - k$
$ $ $ = =5
= 7
3 ®
6$i - 3 $j + 3k$ 11. We have, ( 2$i + 6 $j + 27k$ ) ´ ( $i + l$j + mk$ ) = 0
= = 2$i - $j + k$
3 $i $j k$
® ® ® ®
®
7. Given,| a | = 2,| b | = 3 and a× b = 4 Þ 2 6 27 = 0
® ® ® ® 1 l m
Now, consider| a - b |2 = ( a - b ) 2
® ® ® ® Þ ( 6m - 27l)$i - ( 2m - 27) $j + ( 2l - 6)k$ = 0 $i + 0 $j + 0k$
= ( a - b ) ×( a - b )
® ® ® ® ®® ® ® On equating the coefficients of $i, $j and k$ both sides,
= a× a - a× b - b× a + b× b
we get
® ® ® ® ® ®
= | a |2 - a× b - a× b + | b |2 6m - 27l = 0, 2m - 27 = 0 and 2l - 6 = 0
® ® ® ® 27
= | a |2 - 2 a× b + | b |2 Þ l = 3 and m =
2
® ® ® ®
[Q a× b = b× a] ® ®
12. Given that a = 5 $i + 6 $j - 2k$ and b = 7$i + 6 $j + 2k$.
® ® 2
\ | a - b | = ( 2) 2 - 2( 4) + ( 3) 2 $i $j k$
® ®
= 4- 8+ 9=5 Then, a ´ b = 5 6 -2
® ®
\ | a - b| = 5 [taking square root on both sides] 7 6 2
® ®
8. Let a = 3$i - 5 k$, b = 2$i + 7 $j = $i( 12 + 12) - $j( 10 + 14) + k$( 30 - 42)
®
and c = $i + $j + k$ be three given vectors. = 24$i - 24 $j - 12k$
® ®
®
Let r = xi$ + yj$ + z k$ be a vector such that its dot products \ | a ´ b| = ( 24) 2 + ( -24) 2 + ( -12) 2
® ® ® = 576 + 576 + 144
with a, b and c are -1, 6 and 5 respectively, we have
® ® = 1296 = 36
r × a = ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( 3$i - 5 k$ ) Þ -1 = 3x - 5 z ...(i) ® ®
® ® Hence, a unit vector perpendicular to vectors a and b is
r × b = ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( 2$i + 7 $j ) Þ 6 = 2x + 7y ...(ii) given by
® ® ® ®
and r × c = ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( $i + $j + k$ ) Þ 5 = x + y + z ...(iii) a ´b
n$ = ® ®
On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get | a ´ b|
x = 3, y = 0 and z = 2 24$i - 24 $j - 12k$
® =
Hence, the required vector is r = 3$i + 2k$. 36
® ® 12( 2 i - 2 $j - k$ )
$
9. We have, a = 5 $i - $j - 3k$ and b = $i + 3 $j - 5 k$ =
36
® ®
Now, a + b = 5 $i - $j - 3k$ + $i + 3 $j - 5 k$ = 6 $i + 2 $j - 8k$ 1 $
= ( 2 i - 2 $j - k$ )
® ® 3
and a - b = 5 $i - $j - 3k$ - $i - 3 $j + 5 k$ = 4 $i - 4 $j + 2 k$ ®
® ®
13. Let a = xi$ + yj$ + zk$
® ®
Now, ( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = ( 6 $i + 2 $j - 8k$ ) × ( 4$i - 4 $j + 2k$ ) ½$i $j k$ ½
= 24 - 8 - 16 = 0 ® ½ ½
\ a ´ $i = x y z
® ® ® ® ½
½ ½
½
Hence, ( a + b ) and ( a - b ) are perpendicular vectors. 1 0 0
½ ½
® ®
10. Let a = $i + 3 $j + 7k$ and b = 2$i - 3 $j + 6k$ = $i[ 0] - $j [ - z ] + k$ [ - y] = z $j - yk$
® ® ®
Clearly, a× b = ( $i + 3 $j + 7k$ ) × ( 2$i - 3 $j + 6k$ ) \ ( a ´ $i ) 2 = ( zj$ - yk$ )( zj$ - yk$ )
= ( 1 )( 2) + ( 3)( -3) + ( 7)( 6) = y2 + z 2
= 2 - 9 + 42 = 35 ®
®
Similarly, ( a ´ $j ) 2 = x 2 + z 2
and| b|= 2 + ( -3) + 6
2 2 2
®
and ( a ´ k$ ) 2 = x 2 + y2
= 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 = 7
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
\ ( a ´ $i ) 2 + ( a ´ $j ) 2 + ( a ´ k$ ) 2 17. Here, | a| = 10,| b| = 2 and a× b = 12 [given]
= y2 + z 2 + x 2 + z 2 + x 2 + y2 \
® ® ® ®
a× b =| a|| b|cos q
= 2( x + y + z )
2 2 2
12 = 10 ´ 2 cos q
®2 ®2 12 3
= 2a [Q a = x + y + z ]
2 2 2 Þ cos q = =
20 5
® ® ® ®
14. Any vector perpendicular to both a and b = l( a ´ b ). 9
Þ sin q = 1 - cos 2 q = 1 -
$i $j k$ 25
® ® 4
Now, a ´ b = 1 1 1 sin q = ±
5
1 1 -1 ® ® ® ®
\ | a ´ b| = | a || b||sin q|
= - 2$i + 2 $j
4
= - 2( $i - $j ) = 10 ´ 2 ´ = 16
5
\ Required vector = l( $i - $j ) ® ® ® ®
18. We have,| a× b | = | a ´ b |
® ® ® ® ®
15. We know, if a|| b , then a ´ b = 0 ® ® ® ®
Þ| a || b | cos q = | a || b |sin q
® ®
Let a = 3$i - 6 $j + k$ and b = 2$i - 4 $j + lk$ ® ®
cos q = sin q [Q| a | and| b | are positive]
® ®
Q a || b is given. p
tan q = 1 Þ q =
® ® ® 4
\ a´ b = 0 ® ® 2
19. Given,| a| = 3 and| b| = .
$i $j k$ 3
® ® ®
3 -6 1 = 0 Let q be the angle between a and b .
2 -4 l ® ®
Since, | a ´ b| = 1
®
® ®
Þ ( -6l + 4) $i - ( 3l - 2) $j + ( -12 + 12) k$ = 0 \ | a|| b| sin q = 1 Þ 3 ´
2
sin q = 1
3
Þ ( -6l + 4) $i + ( 2 - 3l ) $j + 0k$ = 0 $i + 0 $j + 0k$
1 p
On comparing LHS and RHS, Þ 2 sin q = 1 Þ sin q = Þ q =
2 6
2
- 6l + 4 = 0 Þ - 6l = - 4 Þ l = 1 ¾® ¾®
3 20. \ Area of DOAB = |OA ´ OB|
2
2
2 - 3l = 0 Þ 2 = 3l Þ l = 1 $
3 = |( 2 i - 3 $j + 2 k$ ) ´ ( 2$i + 3 $j + k$ )|
2
®
16. Let a = 2$i - $j + 2k$ ½$i $j k$½
1½ ½
®
and b = 4$i - $j + 3k$ = 2 -3 2
2½ ½ ½
½
® ® 2 3 1
½ ½
So, any vector perpendicular to both the vectors a and b is
1 $
given by = |[ i( -3 - 6) - $j ( 2 - 4) + k$( 6 + 6)]|
$i $j k$ 2
® ® 1
a ´ b = 2 -1 2 = |- 9 $i + 2 $j + 12k$|
2
4 -1 3 1 1
\ Area of DOAB = ( 81 + 4 + 144) = 229 sq units
= $i( -3 + 2) - $j( 6 - 8) + k$( -2 + 4) 2 2
®
® 21. We have, a = 2$i - 3 $j + k$
= - $i + 2 $j + 2k$ = r [say] ®
® b = - $i + k$
A vector of magnitude 6 in the direction of r ®
®
and c = 2 $j - k$
r - $i + 2 $j + 2k$ ® ® ® ®
= .6 = .6 Since, ( a + b ) and ( b + c ) are the diagonals of the
®
|r| 1 + 2 + 2
2 2 2
parallelogram.
-6$ 12 $ 12 $ ® ®
= i + j+ k Now, a + b = $i - 3 $j + 2k$
3 3 3
® ®
= - 2$i + 4 $j + 4 k$ and b + c = - $i + 2 $j
\ Area of parallelogram $i $j k$
1 ® ® ®
= |( a + b ) ´ ( b + c )|
® = 1 - 2 3 = 4$i - 10 $j - 8k$
2 -3 -2 1
1
= |( $i - 3 $j + 2k$ ) ´ ( - $i + 2 $j )| \ Area of the parallelogram
2
= | 4$i - 10 $j - 8k$ | = ( 4) 2 + ( - 10) 2 + ( -8) 2
$i $j k$
1 = 180 = 6 5 sq units
= 1 -3 2
2 ®
-1 2 0 25. Given, a = $i + $j + k$,
® ®
1 b = 4$i - 2 $j + 3k$ and c = $i - 2 $j + k$
= ( - 4$i - 2 $j - k$ )
2 ® ® ®
Now, 2 a - b + 3 c
1
= ( - 4) 2 + ( - 2) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2 = 2 ( $i + $j + k$ ) - ( 4$i - 2 $j + 3k$ ) + 3 ( $i - 2 $j + k$ )
2
= 2$i + 2 $j + 2k$ - 4$i + 2 $j - 3k$ + 3i$ - 6 $j + 3k$
21
= sq units = $i - 2 $j + 2k$
2
® Now, we find a unit vector in the direction of vector
22. Given, adjacent sides of parallelogram are a = $i - 3 $j + 3k$ ® ® ®
® 2 a - b + 3 c , which is equal to
and b = - 3$i - 2 $j - 8k$ ® ® ®
2a - b + 3c $i - 2 $j + 2k$
$i $j k$ =
® ® ® ® ®
Then, a ´ b = 1 -3 3 |2a - b + 3c| ( 1 ) + ( - 2) 2 + ( 2) 2
2
-3 -2 -8 $i - 2 $j + 2k$ $i - 2 $j + 2k$
= =
1 + 4+ 4 9
= $i( 24 + 6) - $j ( - 8 + 9) + k$( - 2 - 9)
$i - 2 $j + 2k$ 1 2 2 $
= 30$i - $j - 11 k$ = = $i - $j + k
3 3 3 3
® ®
So, vector of magnitude 6 parallel to the vector
\ | a ´ b | = ( 30) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2 + ( - 11 ) 2
® ® ® æ1 2 2 ö
2 a - b + 3 c = 6 ç $i - $j + k$ ÷ = 2$i - 4 $j + 4k$
= 900 + 1 + 121 = 1022 è3 3 3 ø
® ® ® ®
\ Area of parallelogram = | a ´ b | = 1022 sq units 26. We have, a = $i + 2 $j + 3k$ and b = 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$
® ® ®
23. Here, A = $j, B = $i + 2 $j + k$ and C = 2$i So, the diagonals of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides
® ®
¾® are a and b are given by
AB = ( 1 - 0) $i + ( 2 - 1 ) $j + ( 1 - 0) k$ = $i + $j + k$ ® ® ® ® ® ®
¾® p = a + b and q = a - b
BC = ( 2 - 1 ) $i + ( 0 - 2) $j + ( 0 - 1 ) k$ = $i - 2 $j - k$ ®
Now, p = ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) + ( 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$ )
$i $j k$
¾® ¾® = 3$i + 6k$ - 2k$
\ AB ´ BC = 1 1 1
®
1 -2 -1 and q = ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) - ( 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$ )
= $i( -1 + 2) - $j ( -1 - 1 ) + k$ ( -2 - 1 ) = - $i - 2 $j + 8k$
®
= ( $i + 2 $j - 3k$ ) p 3$i + 6 $j - 2k$
¾® ¾®
\ p$ = =
® 9 + 36 + 4
and | AB ´ BC | = ( 1 ) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( -3) 2 | p|
= 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 3$i + 6 $j - 2k$ 3 $ 6 $ 2 $
= = i+ j- k
7 7 7 7
1 ¾® ¾®
\ Area of DABC = | AB ´ AC| ®
2 q - $i - 2 $j + 8k$
and q$ = =
1 ® 1 + 4 + 64
= 14 sq units | q|
2
- $i - 2 $j + 8k$
24. Since, the vector area of the parallelogram determined by =
two vectors is their cross-product. 69
1 $ 2 $ 8 $
So, vector area of the parallelogram =- i- j+ k
= ( $i - 2 $j + 3k$ ) ´ ( - 3$i - 2 $j + k$ ) 69 69 69
® ¾® ¾® ® ® ® ®
27. We know that, if a vector a makes angles a , b and g with $i , $j OB + OC a - 3b + 3a + 5 b
Consider, =
and k$ respectively, then 2 2
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g = 1 ® ®
p p 4a + 2b ® ® ¾®
It is given that, a = , b = and g = q an acute angle. = = 2a + b = OA [from Eq. (i)]
4 3 2
¾® ¾®
\ cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g = 1 OB + OC ¾®
Thus, = OA
p p 2
Þ cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 q = 1
4 3 Hence, A is mid-point of line segment BC. Hence proved.
1 1 ® ®
Þ + + cos 2 q = 1 29. Given, a = $i + $j + k$, b = 2$i + 4 $j - 5 k$
2 4 ®
1 and c = l$i + 2 $j + 3k$
Þ cos 2 q =
4 ® ®
\ b + c = ( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$
1
Þ cos q = ® ®
2 Let r$ denote the unit vector along b + c .
[Q q is an acute angle, cos q > 0] ® ®
b+ c ( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$
Then, r$ = =
p ® ®
| b + c| ( 2 + l ) 2 + 36 + 4
Þ q=
3
p ( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$
Þ g= = ...(i)
3 ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
® ®
Now, a = | a|{(cos a ) $i + (cos b ) $j + (cos g ) k$} Now, according to given condition, we have
® pö pö pö ( $i + $j + k$ ) × r$ = 1 [given]
æ æ æ
Þ a = ç cos ÷ $i + ç cos ÷ $j + ç cos ÷ k$
è 4ø è 3ø è 3ø ( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$
Þ ( $i + $j + k$ ) × =1
é ® p p pù ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
êQ| a| = 1, a = 4 , b = 3 and g = 3 ú
ë û Þ ( $i + $j + k$ ) × {( 2 + l ) $i + 6 $j - 2k$} = ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
® 1 $ 1$ 1$
Þ a= i+ j+ k Þ 2 + l + 6 - 2 = ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
2 2 2
®
æ 1 $ 1 $ 1 $ö Þ ( l + 6) 2 = ( 2 + l ) 2 + 40
Thus, the components of a are ç i, j, k÷ .
è 2 2 2 ø Þ 8l = 8Þ l = 1
¾® ® ® ¾® ® ® Putting l = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
28. Given, OA = 2 a + b and OB = a - 3 b …(i)
1
Also, it is given that C is the point which divides the line r$ = ( 3$i + 6 $j - 2k$ )
7
joining A and B externally in the ratio 1 : 2. Then, by using
30. We know that,
section formula of external division, we get
® ® ®
O | x × x| = | x|2
Þ |$a - b$|2 = ( a$ - b$ ) × ( a$ - b$ )
® ® Þ |$a - b$|2 = a$ × a$ - a$ × b$ - b$ × a$ + b$ × b$
C A (2 a®+®
b) B (a – 3 b )
1
Þ |$a - b$|2 = | a$|2 -2a$ × b$ +|b$|2 [Q a$ × b$ = b$ × a$]
2
¾® ¾®
Þ |$a - b$|2 = |$|
a 2 -2|$||a b$|cos q + |b$|2
¾® 2OA - OB
OC = [Q a$ × b$ =|$||
a b$| cos q]
2 -1
® ® ® ® Þ |$a - b$|2 = 1 - 2 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ cos q + 1 [Q|$| a = |b$| = 1 ]
¾® 2 ( 2a + b ) - 1 ( a - 3b )
Þ OC = [from Eq. (i)] Þ |$a - b$|2 = 2 - 2 cos q
1
® ® ® ® Þ |$a - b$|2 = 2 ( 1 - cos q)
= 4 a + 2b - a + 3 b
é qù
Þ |$a - b$|2 = 2 ê 2sin 2
2 úû
® ®
= 3a +5 b …(ii) ë
Now, we have to show that A is the mid-point of BC q
Þ |$a - b$|2 = 4sin 2
¾® ¾® 2
OB + OC
¾®
q 1 q 1
i.e. to show OA = Þ sin 2 = |$a - b$|2 Þ sin = |$a - b$|
2 2 4 2 2
Hence proved.
® ® ® ® ®
31. We have, a = 3$i - 2 $j + 2k$ and b = - $i - 2k$ 34. Given, a = $i + $j + k$, b = $j - k$ and c = xi$ + yj$ + zk$
® ® ® ®
\ a + b = 2$i - 2 $j and a - b = 4$i - 2 $j + 4k$ $i $j k$
® ®
Now, let q is the acute angle between the diagonals a + b
® ® \ a ´ c = 1 1 1 = $i ( z - y) - $j( z - x ) + k$( y - x )
® ® x y z
and a - b .
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
( a + b ) ×( a - b ) Now, a ´ c = b [given]
\ cos q =
® ® ® ® ®
| a + b|| a - b| Þ $i ( z - y) + $j ( x - z ) + k$ ( y - x ) = 0$i + 1 $j + ( -1 ) k[
$ Q b = $j - k$ ]
( 2$i - 2 $j ) × ( 4$i - 2 $j + 4k$ ) 8+ 4 1 On comparing the coefficients from both sides, we get
= = =
8 16 + 4 + 16 2 2×6 2 z - y = 0, x - z = 1 and y - x = -1
p é p 1 ù Þ y = z and x - y = 1 ...(i)
\ q= êëQ cos 4 = 2 úû
4 ® ®
® ® ® Also, given a × c = 3
32. Since, d is perpendicular to both a and b .
® ® ® Þ ( $i + $j + k$ ) × ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) = 3
Therefore, d = l( a ´ b ) ...(i) Þ x+ y+ z = 3
$i $j k$ Þ x + 2y = 3 [Q z = y] ...(ii)
=l4 5 -1 = l( 21 $i - 21 $j - 21 k$ )
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 -4 5
3y = 2
® ® 2
Also, we have d× c = 21 Þ y= =z [Q y = z ]
3
\ 21 l( $i - $j - k$ ) × ( 3$i + $j - k$ ) = 21
From Eq. (i), we get
Þ l( 3 - 1 + 1 ) = 1 2 5
1 x =1+ y=1+ =
Þ l= 3 3
3 ® 5$ 2$ 2$
®1 Hence, c = i+ j+ k
Thus, d = [ 21 $i - 21 $j - 21 k$ ] = 7$i - 7 $j - 7k$ 3 3 3
3 ® ® ® ® ® ®
® ® 35. To prove, a ´ b = b ´ c = c ´ a
33. We have, a = $i + $j + k$ and b = $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ® ® ® ®
® ® We have, a+b+c=0
Now, a + b = ( $i + $j + k$ ) + ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) ® ® ® ® ® ®
= 2$i + 3 $j + 4k$ Þ a ´( a + b + c ) = a ´ 0
® ® ®
and a - b = ( $i + $j + k$ ) - ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) = 0 $i - $j - 2k$ [taking cross product with a]
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
® ® ® ® ® Þ ( a ´ a ) + ( a ´ b ) + ( a ´ c ) = 0 [using distributive law]
A vector c perpendicular to both a + b and a - b is given by ® ® ® ® ®
® ® ® ® ® Þ ( a ´ b) -( c ´ a) = 0
c = ( a + b ) ´( a - b ) ® ® ® ® ® ®
= ( 2$i + 3 $j + 4k$ ) ´ ( 0$i - $j - 2k$ ) [Q a ´ a = 0 and a ´ c = - c ´ a]
® ® ® ®
$i $j k$ Þ a ´b = c á ...(i)
®
Þ c= 2 3 4 ® ® ® ®
Again, a+b+c=0
0 -1 -2 ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ b ´( a + b + c ) = b ´ 0
= ( -6 + 4) $i - ( -4 - 0) $j + ( -2 - 0) k$ ®
[taking cross product with b ]
= -2$i + 4 $j - 2k$ ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
® Þ ( b ´ a) + ( b ´ b) + ( b ´ c ) = 0
and| c|= ( -2) + ( 4) + ( -2)
2 2 2
® ® ® ® ®
Þ -( a ´ b) + ( b ´ c) = 0
= 4 + 16 + 4 = 24 = 2 6 ® ® ® ® ® ®
[Q b ´ b = 0, b ´ a = - a ´ b ]
\ Required unit vector ® ® ® ®
1 ® 1 Þ a ´b = b ć ...(ii)
= ®c= ( -2$i + 4 $j - 2k$ )
| c| 2 6 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
® ® ® ® ® ®
=-
1 $
i+
2 $ 1 $
j- k a ´b = b ć = c á Hence proved.
6 6 6
¾® ¾® ®
36. The points, A, B and C are collinear. Then, AB and BC are Now, AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A.
parallel vectors. ® ®
¾® ¾® = b - a = 2$i - $j + 4k$ - ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ )
Þ AB ´ BC = 0
® ® ® ®
= $i - 3 $j + k$
[Q if x and y are parallel, then x ´ y = 0] ®
® ® ® ® AC = Position vector of C - Position vector of A
Þ ( b - a) ´( c - b) = 0 ® ®
¾® ® ® ¾® ® ® = c - a = 4$i + 5 $j - k$ - ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ )
[Q AB = b - a and BC = c - b ]
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
= 3$i + 3 $j - 4k$
Þ ( b - a) ´ c - ( b - a) ´ b = 0 $i $j k$
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ (( b ´ c ) - ( a ´ c )) - (( b ´ b ) - ( a ´ b )) = 0 \ AB ´ AC = 1 -3 1
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® 3 3 -4
Þ ( b´ c + c ´ a) - ( 0 - a ´ b) = 0
® ® ® ® ® ® ® = ( 12 - 3) $i - ( -4 - 3) $j + ( 3 + 9) k$
[Q c ´ a = - a ´ c and b ´ b = 0]
® ® ® ® ® ® = 9$i + 7 $j + 12k$
Þ b ć + c á + a ´b =0 ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ® and| AB ´ AC| = ( 9) 2 + ( 7) 2 + ( 12) 2
Þ a ´ b + b ´ c + c´ a = 0
® ®®
= 81 + 49 + 144 = 274
37. We have, a = 2$i - 3 $j + k$, b = - $i + k$ and c = 2 $j - k$
1 ® ®
® ® So, area of DABC = | AB ´ AC|
Now, a + b = ( 2$i - 3 $j + k$ ) + ( - $i + k$ ) = $i - 3 $j + 2k$ 2
® ® 1
and b + c = ( - $i + k$ ) + ( 2 $j - k$ ) = - $i + 2 $j = 274 sq units
2
$i $j k$ ®
® ® ® ® 39. (i) A = PV of P2 - PV of P1
\ ( a + b ) ´ ( b + c ) = 1 -3 2
= ( 21 $i + 8 $j + 4k$ ) - ( 6$i + 8 $j + 4k$ )
-1 2 0
= 15 $i + 0 $j + 0k$
= $i( 0 - 4) - $j( 0 + 2) + k$( 2 - 3) ®
\ Components of A are 15, 0, 0.
= - 4$i - 2 $j - k$ ®
®
and B = PV of P4 - PV of P1
®
Hence, the area of parallelogram having diagonals ( a + b )
®
= ( 6$i + 16 $j + 10k$ ) - ( 6$i + 8 $j + 4k$ )
®
and ( b + c ) = 0$i + 8 $j + 6k$
® ® ® ® ®
|( a + b ) ´ ( b + c )| \ Components of B are 0, 8, 6.
=
2 (ii) Clearly, from sol (i).
|-4 i - 2 j - k$|
$ $
Vector in standard notation with $i, $j and k$ are
=
2 ® ®
16 + 4 + 1 A = 15 $i + 0 $j + 0k$ and B = 0$i + 8 $j + 6k$
= ®
2 (iii) | A| = ( 15 ) 2 + ( 0) 2 + ( 0) 2
21
= = ( 15 ) 2 = 15 units
2
®
1 and|B| = ( 0) 2 + ( 8) 2 + ( 6) 2 = 0 + 64 + 36
= 21 sq units
2
® ® ®
= 100 = 10 units
38. Let a, b and c be the position vectors of points A, B and C, ® ® ® ®
respectively. (iv) Perpendicular vectors to A and B is A ´ B.
® $i $j k$
Then, a = $i + 2 $j + 3k$, ® ® ®
\ N = A ´ B = 15 0 0
®
b = 2$i - $j + 4k$ 0 8 6
®
and c = 4$i + 5 $j - k$. = $i( 0 - 0) - $j ( 90 - 0) + k$( 120 - 0)
1 ® ® = 0$i - 90 $j + 120k$
Clearly, the area of DABC = | AB ´ AC|
2 ®
\ Components of N are 0, -90, 120.
®
(v) |N| = ( -90) 2 + ( 120) 2 = ( 4$i - 3 $j + 3k$ ) × ( 18$i + 9 $j - 15 k$ )
= 8100 + 14400 = 72 - 27 - 45 = 0
(iii) We have,
= 22500 = 150 m
|$a - b$|2 = ( a$ - b$ ) ( a$ - b$ )
® æ1 6 1 ö
Now, F = 910ç $i - $j + k$ ÷
è2 7 7 ø a 2 - 2a$ × b$ + |b$|2
= |$|
= 455 i - 780 j + 130k$
$ $ = |$| a b$|cos q + |b$|2
a 2 - 2|$||
® ®
\ F× N = 455( 0) - 780( -90) + 130( 120) = 1 - 2 × 1 × 1 cos q + 1 = 2 - 2cos q
æ qö q
= 85800 watts Þ |$a - b$|2 = 2ç 2sin 2 ÷ = 4sin 2
® ® ® ® è 2 ø 2
40. (i) Given, | a + b| = | a - b| q
® ® ® ® Þ |$a - b$| = 2sin
Þ | a + b|2 = | a - b|2 2
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ ( a + b) ( a + b) = ( a - b) ( a - b) (iv) We have, a× b = 0 and a× c = 0
® ® ®® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ| a|2 + | b|2 + 2 a b = | a|2 + | b|2 - 2 a× b Þ a ^ b and a ^ c
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Þ 2 a× b = - 2 a× b Þ a is perpendicular to the plane of b and c .
®® ® ® ®
Þ 4a b = 0 Þ a is parallel to b ´ c
® ® ® ® ®
Þ a× b = 0 Þ a = l( b ´ c ) for some scalar l
® ® ® ® ®
Þ a^b Þ | a| = |l|| b ´ c|
® ®
(ii) Given, a = $i - 2 $j and b = 2$i + $j + 3k$
® ® ® p
Þ | a| = |l|| b|| c|sin
® 6
\ 2 a = 2$i - 4 $j |l|
® Þ 1=
2 b = 4$i + 2 $j + 6k$ 2
® ®
a + b = ( $i - 2 $j ) + ( 2$i + $j + 3k$ ) = 3$i - $j + 3k$ Þ l=2 Þ l=±2
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
2 a + b = ( 2$i - 4 $j ) + ( 2$i + $j + 3k$ ) = 4$i - 3 $j + 3k$ Þ a = l( b ´ c ) Þ a = ± 2 ( b ´ c )
® ® ® ®
a - 2 b = ( $i - 2 $j ) - ( 4$i + 2 $j + 6k$ ) (v) The area of parallelogram having diagonals d1 and d 2 is
1 ® ®
= - 3$i - 4 $j - 6k$ | d1 ´ d 2| .
2
$i $j k$ $i $j k$
® ® ® ® ® ®
Now, ( a + b ) ´ ( a - 2 b ) = 3 -1 3 Now, a ´ b = 1 -2 0 = $i( -6) - $j( 3) + k$( 1 + 4)
-3 -4 -6 2 1 3
= $i( 6 + 12) - $j( -18 + 9) + k$( -12 - 3) = -6$i - 3 $j + 5 k$

® ®
= 18$i + 9 $j - 15 k$ | a ´ b|= 36 + 9 + 25 = 70
® ® ® ® ® ® 1 70
\ ( 2 a + b ). [( a + b ) ´ ( a - 2 b )] \ Area of parallelogram = ´ 70 = sq units
2 2
Chapter Test
Multiple Choice Questions Long Answer Type Questions
® ® ® ®
1. Angle between diagonals of a parallelogram whose sides are 10. Show that | a | b + | b | a is perpendicular to
® ®
represented by a = 2i$ + $j + k$ and b = i$ - $j - k$ ® ® ® ® ®
| a | b - | b | a, for any two non-zero vectors a and
æ 1ö æ 1ö ®
(a) cos -1 ç ÷ (b) cos -1 ç ÷
è3 ø è2 ø b.
-1 æ4ö -1 æ5ö 11. If i$ + $j + k$, 2i$ + 5 $j , 3i$ + 2 $j - 3 k$ and i$ - 6 $j - k$
(c) cos ç ÷ (d) cos ç ÷
è9 ø è9 ø respectively are the position vectors of points A,
2. The projection of the vector i$ - $j on the vector i$ + $j is B, C and D, then find the angle between the
¾®
(a) 0 (b) 1 straight lines AB and CD. Find whether AB and
(c) -1 (d) None of these ¾®
CD are collinear or not.
® 1 ® ®
3. If the vector a is i$ + $j + k$ and a× b = , then the projection 12. Find the distance of a point (2, 2, -1) from the
3 plane
® ®
of b on a is ®
(i) r × (3i$ - 3 $j + 5k$ ) = 7
1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) (ii) 3x - 3 y + 5z = 7
3 3
® ® ® ® 13. Find the equation of the planes parallel to the
4. Cross product of ( a - b ) ´ ( a + b ) is equal to plane 2 x - 4 y + 4 z = 7 and which are at a
2 ® ®
(a) ( a ´ b )
®
(b) ( a ´ b )
® distance of five units from the point (3, -1, 2).
3
® ® 14. A variable plane which remains at a constant
(c) 2( a ´ b ) (d) None of these
distance 3p from the origin cuts the coordinate
® ® ® ®
5. If a = i$ - 7 $j + 7 k$ and b = 3i$ - 2 $j + 2 k$, then | a ´ b| is equal to axes at A, B, C. Show that the locus of the centroid
1 1 1 1
(a) 19 3 (b) 3 of DABC is 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 .
(c) 19 2 (d) 20 3
x y z p
Short Answer Type Questions 15. Find the image of a point having position vector
r
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® (3i$ - 2 $j + k$ ) in the plane r × (3i$ - $j + 4 k$ ) = 2.
6. Find | a | and | b | , if | a | = 3 | b | and ( a + b ) × ( a - b ) = 64.
7. Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors
® ®
Answers
a = 4i$ + 3 $j + k$ and b = 2i$ - $j + 2 k$. 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d)
4. (c) 5. (c)
® ®
8. If a = 2i$ - $j + 2 k$ and b = 5i$ - 3 $j - 4k$, then find the ratio ® ® (7i$ - 6 j$ - 10k$ ) 3 p
6.|a |= 6 2 and |b |= 2 2 7. ± 8. 9.
® ® 185 5 2 3
projection of vector a on vector b 12 12
® ®
. 11. p, collinear 12. (i) (ii)
projection of vector b on vector a 43 43
® ® ® ® ® 13. 2x - 4 y + 4z + 12 = 0 and 2x - 4 y + 4z - 48 = 0
9. Let a and b be two unit vectors. If the vectors c = a + 2 b
® ® ® 15. Image of point P (3, - 2, 1) in the plane is (0, - 1, - 3).
and d = 5 a - 4 b are perpendicular to each other, then find
® ®
the angle between the vectors a and b.
For Detailed Solutions
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CHAPTER 05
Three
Dimensional
Geometry
In this Chapter...
l Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line
l Lines in Space
l Plane
(i) A line in space can be extended in two opposite

Direction Cosines of a Line directions and so it has two sets of direction cosines,
If a directed line (say L) passing through the origin makes to have a unique set of direction cosines for a given line
angles a, b and g with X, Y and Z-axes respectively, then these in space, we must take the given line as a directed line.
angles are called direction angles and cosine values of these (ii) If the given line in space does not pass through the
angles, i.e. cos a, cos b and cos g are known as the direction origin, then in order to find its direction cosines, we
¾®
draw a line through the origin and parallel to the given
cosines of the directed line L ( or OA ). line. Now, take one of the directed lines from the origin
and find its direction cosines and then use the result that
The direction cosines are represented by l, m and n.
two parallel lines have same set of direction cosines.
Thus, l = cos a, m = cos b and n = cos g.
(iii) (a) DC’s of the X-axis are 1, 0, 0.
Z
(b) DC’s of the Y-axis are 0, 1, 0.
L (c) DC’s of the Z-axis are 0, 0, 1.
A
Relation between Direction Cosines of a Line
z
g Let direction cosines of a line RS be l, m and n. Now, draw a
b line passing through origin and parallel to the given line.
O Y
a y Take a point P( x, y, z) on this line and draw a perpendicular
x
PA from P on X-axis.
X Z
If the direction of directed line is reversed (i.e. opposite), R S

then the direction angles are replaced by their supplements,
i.e. p – a, p – b and p – g. r y, z)
O P (x,
Also, the signs of direction cosines are reversed, Y
a
i.e. (– l, – m, – n) A
X
Let OP = r. Then, in right-angled DOAP, Direction Ratios of a Line Passing through

OA x Two Points
cos a = = Þ x = lr
OP r
P The direction ratios of a line passing through two points
P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are given by
r x 2 – x1 , y 2 – y1 and z 2 – z1
a Condition for Collinearity of Three Points
O x A
Similarly, y = mr and z = nr Suppose A( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and C( x 3 , y 3 , z 3 ) are

three points in a space.
Now, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 ( l 2 + m 2 + n 2 )
Þ r 2 = r 2 ( l 2 + m2 + n2 ) Then, direction ratios of line joining Aand B, B andC are
( x 2 - x1 , y 2 - y1 , z 2 - z1 ) and ( x 3 - x 2 , y 3 - y 2 , z 3 - z 2 ),
[Qdistance OP = r Þ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 ] respectively.
Þ l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1 If direction ratios of AB and BC are proportional, then these
points are collinear, otherwise not.
which is the required relation between direction cosines of a
line. Equation of a Line through a Given Point and
Parallel to a Given Vector
Direction Cosines of a Line Passing
Vector Equation
through Two Points
The vector equation of a line l passing through a point A with
The direction cosines of a line passing through the points ® ®
A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are given by position vector a and parallel to a given vector b is
® ® ® ®
x 2 – x1 y 2 – y1 z – z1 r = a + l b, where r is the position vector of an arbitrary
, and 2 point P on the line and l is a real number.
AB AB AB
Z ®
b
where, AB = ( x 2 - x1 ) + ( y 2 - y1 ) + ( z 2 - z1 )
2 2 2
y, z) l
P(x,
A
Direction Ratios of a Line ® ®
a
r
Any three numbers a, b and c proportional to the direction Y
X O
cosines l, m and n respectively, are called the direction ratios
or direction numbers of the line. The vector equation of a straight line passing through the
l m n ®
Suppose, = = = k (say), where k being a constant. origin and parallel to given vector b is
a b c ®
®
Þ l = ak, m = bk and n = ck r =lb
But we know that, l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1
Cartesian Equation
\( ak ) 2 + ( bk ) 2 + ( ck ) 2 = 1 Þ k 2 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = 1
1 The cartesian equation of a line passing through a point
Þ k =± A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and having direction ratios a,b and c is
a + b2 + c2
2
a b x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
\ l=± , m =± = =
a b c
a +b +c
2 2 2
a + b2 + c2
2
c where, ( x, y, z) are coordinates of any point on the line.
and n=±
a + b2 + c2
2 If l, m and n are the direction cosines of the line, then
equation of the line is
Thus, if a, b and c are direction ratios, then direction cosines
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
æ ö = =
ç ±a ±b ±c ÷, l m n
are , ,
ç 2 ÷
è a +b +c a 2 + b2 + c2 a +b +c ø
2 2 2 2 2
The cartesian equation of a line passing through origin and
having direction ratios ( a, b, c) is
where signs should be taken all positive or all negative.
x y z
For any line, if a, b and c are direction ratios of a line, then = = .
ka, kb, kc; k ¹ 0 is also a set of direction ratios. So, any two sets a b c
of direction ratios of a line are also proportional.
Equation of a Line Passing Cartesian Form

through Two Given Points x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
Let two lines be L1 : = = = l (say)
Vector Equation a1 b1 c1
x - x2 y - y2 z - z2
The vector equation of a line passing through two points A and L 2 : = = = m (say)
® ® a2 b2 c2
and B with position vectors a and b is given by
Z Consider the coordinates of general points on L1 and L 2 ,
B i.e. ( x1 + a 1 l, y1 + b1 l, z1 + c1 l) ...(i)
P
A and ( x 2 + a 2 m, y 2 + b 2 m, z 2 + c 2 m ) ...(ii)
®
®
r ®
b
where, l and m are some real constants. If the lines L1 and L 2
a intersect, then they have a common point.
Y
O \ ( x1 + a 1 l, y1 + b1 l, z1 + c1 l)
X
= ( x 2 + a 2 m, y 2 + b 2 m, z 2 + c 2 m )
® ® ® ®
r = a + l ( b- a ) for some constants l and m.
® Þ x1 + a 1 l = x 2 + a 2 m,
where, r is the position vector of any point P on the line and
l is some real number. y1 + b1 l = y 2 + b 2 m
and z1 + c1 l = z 2 + c 2 m
Cartesian Equation
Now, find the value of l and m by solving any two of above
The equation of a line passing through two points equations. If the values of l and m satisfy the third equation,
A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) is given by then the two lines intersect, otherwise not. If intersect, then
the point of intersection can be obtain by substituting the
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
= = value of l(or m) in Eq. (i) [or Eq. (ii)].
x 2 - x1 y 2 - y1 z 2 - z1
Shortest Distance between Two Skew-Lines
where, ( x, y, z) are coordinates of any point on the line.
For skew-lines, the line of the shortest distance will be
Point of Intersection of Lines perpendicular to both the lines and it is unique also.
To check whether the two given lines intersect or not and to In figure, the shortest distance (SD) between two skew-lines
find point of intersection (if intersect) we follow the following L1 and L 2 is the length of the line segment PQ .
procedure
T (a2)
Q
Vector Form L1
Let the two lines be

L2
® S (a1) P
r = ( a 1 $i + a 2 $j + a 3 k$ ) + l ( b1 $i + b 2 $j + b 3 k$ ) …(i)
®
and r = ( a 1¢ $i + a ¢2 $j + a ¢3 k$ ) + m ( b1¢ $i + b¢2 $j + b¢3 k$ ) …(ii) Vector Form
If Eqs. (i) and (ii) intersect, then they have a common point. Let the equations of L1 and L 2 be
® ® ® ® ® ®
So, we have ( a $i + a $j + a k$ ) + l ( b $i + b $j + b k$ )
1 2 3 1 2 3 r = a 1 + l b1 and r = a 2 + m b2
= ( a 1¢ $i + a ¢2 $j + a ¢3 k$ ) + m ( b1¢ $i + b¢2 $j + b¢3 k$ ) Then, shortest distance PQ between these two skew-lines is
Þ ( a 1 + lb1 ) $i + ( a 2 + lb 2 ) $j + ( a 3 + l b 3 ) k$ ® ® ® ®
( a 2 - a 1 ) × ( b1 ´ b 2 )
= ( a 1¢ + m b1¢ ) $i + ( a ¢2 + m b¢2 ) $j + ( a ¢3 + m b¢3 ) k$ SD =
® ®
\ a 1 + l b1 = a 1¢ + m b1¢ , a 2 + l b 2 = a ¢2 + m b¢2 |b1 ´ b 2|
and a 3 + lb 3 = a ¢3 + m b¢3 Condition for Two Given Lines to be Intersect The given
® ® ® ® ® ®
Now, find the value of l and m by solving any two of above lines r = a 1 + l b1 and r = a 2 + m b 2 intersect, if the shortest
equations. If the values of l and m satisfy the third equation, distance between them is zero.
then the two lines intersect, otherwise not. If intersect, then ® ® ® ®
the point of intersection can be obtain by substituting the ( a 2 - a 1 ) × ( b1 ´ b 2 )
® ® ® ®
value of l (or m) in Eq. (i) [or Eq. (ii)]. i.e. = 0 Þ ( a 2 - a 1 ) × ( b1 ´ b 2 ) = 0
® ®
|b1 ´ b 2|
®
Cartesian Form Let L be the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point P( a )
® ®
Let L1 and L 2 be two skew-lines with equations on the given line and the position vector of L be a + l b.
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 ®
L1 : = = P(a)
a1 b1 c1
x - x2 y - y2 z - z2
and L 2 : = =
a2 b2 c2
® ®
Then, the shortest distance between these lines is
A L ( a + l b) B
® ® ®
r=a+lb
x 2 - x1 y 2 - y1 z 2 - z1 ¾® ® ® ® ® ® ®
a1 b1 c1 Then, PL = a + l b - a = a - a + l b.
¾® ®
a2 b2 c2 Since, PL is perpendicular to the line which is parallel to b.
¾® ® ® ® ® ®
( b1 c 2 - b 2 c1 ) 2 + ( c1 a 2 - c 2 a 1 ) 2 + ( a 1 b 2 - a 2 b1 ) 2 Therefore, PL × b = 0 Þ ( a - a + l b ) × b = 0
® ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ( a - a) × b
Þ ( a - a ) × b + l ( b× b ) = 0 Þ l = - ®
| b |2
Condition for Two Given Lines to be Intersect Let the two ® ®
lines be On substituting the value of l in a + l b and
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 ¾® ® ® ®
L1 : = = PL = a - a + l b, we obtain the position vector of L and
a1 b1 c1 ¾® ¾®
x - x2 y - y2 z - z2 vector PL . The magnitude of PL gives the length of

and L2 : = = . perpendicular.
a2 b2 c2
Cartesian Form
The lines L1 and L 2 will intersect, if the shortest distance
between them is zero. To determine the perpendicular distance from a given point
P( a, b, g) to a given line
x 2 - x1 y 2 - y1 z 2 - z1
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
i.e. a1 b1 c1 = 0 = = = l (say)
a b c
a2 b2 c2 we follow the following procedure
Let L be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P( a, b, g)
Distance between Parallel Lines on the given line and the coordinate of L be
If two lines L1 and L 2 are parallel, then they are coplanar. ( x1 + al, y1 + bl, z1 + cl).
® P(a, b, g)
T (a2) L2
L1
® P (x1+al, y1+bl, z1+cl)
S (a1) A B
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1 L
a = b = c
The shortest distance TP between parallel lines
® ® ® ® ® ®
L1 : r = a 1 + l b and L2 : r = a 2 + m b is Then, direction ratio of AB are proportional to a, b, c and
direction ratio of PL are proportional to
® ® ®
¾® b ´ ( a2 - a 1 ) (x1 + al - a, y1 + bl - b, z1 + cl - g). Since, PL is
SD or d = | PT| = perpendicular to AB, therefore
®
| b| ( x1 + al - a)a + ( y1 + bl - b)b + ( z1 + cl - g)c = 0.
After simplifying, we get
Perpendicular Distance of a Line
from a Given Point [ a( a - x1 ) + b( b - y1 ) + c( g - z1 )]
l=
Vector Form a 2 + b2 + c2
To determine the perpendicular distance from a given point On putting the value of l in ( x1 + al, y1 + bl, z1 + cl), we
® ® ® ®
P( a ) to a given line r = a + l b we follow the following obtain coordinates of L. Now, we can find the length of PL
procedure. using distance formula.
Equation of a Plane in Normal Form Z
Suppose ABC is a plane and ON is a normal line to given ®

plane. n
®A
Vector Equation a
® P (x, y, z)
r
The equation of plane, which is at a distance of d from the O Y
origin and having unit vector n$ along ON is
X
Z
® ® ®
C ( r - a )× n = 0
®
where, r is the position vector of any point P( x, y, z) on the
P(x, y, z) plane.
®
r
®
Equation of a plane passing through the origin and
®
d N(n ) B perpendicular to given vector n is
O Y
® ®
A r× n = 0
X
® Cartesian Equation
r × n$ = d …(i)
The cartesian equation of a plane passing through a given
®
where, r is the position vector of any point P on the plane point A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and perpendicular to a line having
® direction ratios ( a, b, c) is
n
and n$ = .
®
| n| a( x – x1 ) + b( y – y1 ) + c( z – z1 ) = 0
we call this as one point form of equation of plane.
Cartesian Equation
Equation of Plane Passing through
Let P ( x, y, z) be any point on the plane. Three Non-collinear Points
¾®
®
Then, OP = r = xi$ + y$j + zk$. Vector Equation
Again, let l, m and n be the direction cosines of unit normal n. $ The equation of plane passing through three non-collinear
® ® ®
Then, n$ = li$ + m $j + nk$. points R, S and T with position vectors a , b and c is
Therefore, from Eq. (i), we get Z
( xi$ + y $j + zk$ ) × ( li$ + m $j + nk$ ) = d
® ®
i.e. l x+m y+n z =d …(ii) (RS ×RT)
P R
which is the cartesian equation of plane in the normal form. ®®
r a ®S ®
O b c T
Equation of a Plane Perpendicular to a Given Y
Vector and Passing through a Given Point
In the space, there can be many planes that are perpendicular X
to the given vector, but through a given point A( x1 , y1 , z1 )
® ® ® ® ® ®
only one such plane exist. ( r - a ) × [( b - a ) ´ ( c - a )] = 0
Z ®
where, r is the position vector of any point P on the plane.
Cartesian Equation
A (x1, y1 , z1 ) The cartesian equation of a plane passing through three
Y non-collinear points
O
R( x1 , y1 , z1 ), S( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and T( x 3 , y 3 , z 3 ) is
X
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
Vector Equation
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1 = 0
The vector equation of a plane passing through a given point
x 3 - x1 y 3 - y1 z 3 - z1
A with position vector ®
a and perpendicular to a given vector
® where, P( x, y, z) be any point on the plane.
n is
Intercept Form of the Equation of a Plane x - x2 y - y2 z - z2

and = = .
a2 b2 c2
The equation of a plane having intercepts of length
a, b and c with coordinate axes X, Y and Z respectively is Then, these lines are coplanar, if and only if
Z x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1
R (0,0,c) a1 b1 c1 =0
a2 b2 c2
Note
(i) If the line lies on the plane, then every point on the line lies on the
O Y
Q (0,b,0) plane.
P (a,0,0) (ii) The vector equation of a plane containing two
X ® ® ® ® ® ®
lines r = a1 + l b1 and r = a2 + m b 2 is
x y z
+ + =1 ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
( r - a1) × ( b1 ´ b 2) = 0 or ( r - a2) × ( b1 ´ b 2) = 0.
®
a b c
(iii) The cartesian equation of a plane containing two lines
Plane Passing through Intersection
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 x - x2 y - y 2 z - z 2
of Two Given Planes = = and = =
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Vector Form x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
® ®
Let p1 and p 2 be two planes with equations r × n1 = d1 and is a1 b1 c1 = 0.
® ® a2 b2 c2
r × n2
= d 2 , respectively. Then, equation of plane passing
through the intersection of these two planes is Distance of a Point from a Plane
Vector Form
p3 ®
Let a point P with position vector a and the plane p1 , whose
® ®
p2 equation is r × n = d.
p1 ® ®
| a × n - d|
® ® ® Then, Perpendicular distance = ®
r × ( n1 + l n 2 ) = d1 + ld 2 | n|
where, l is a scalar. The length of perpendicular drawn from the origin O to the
Cartesian Form ® ® |d|
plane r × n = d is .
The cartesian equation of plane passing through the ®
intersection of two planes a 1 x + b1 y + c1 z - d1 = 0 and |n|
a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 z - d 2 = 0 is
Cartesian Form
( a 1 x + b1 y + c1 z - d1 ) + l( a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 z - d 2 ) = 0
or Let P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) be the given point and ax + by + cz = d be the
x( a 1 + la 2 ) + y( b1 + lb 2 ) + z( c1 + lc2 ) = d1 + ld 2 , cartesian equation of the given plane.
where, l is a scalar. ax1 + by1 + cz1 - d
Then, Perpendicular distance =
Coplanarity of Two Lines a 2 + b2 + c2
Vector Form
® ® ® The length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane
Suppose vector equations of two lines are r = a 1 + l b1 and |d|
® ® ® ax + by + cz + d = 0 is .
r = a 2 + m b2 . Then, these lines are coplanar if and only if a + b2 + c2
2
® ® ® ®
( a 2 - a 1 ) × ( b1 ´ b 2 ) = 0
Distance between Parallel Planes
® ® ® ®
[Q( a 2 – a 1 ) is perpendicular to (b1 ´ b2 )] Let a 1 x + b1 y + c1 z +d1 = 0 and a 1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d =0
Cartesian Form
be two parallel planes.
Suppose cartesian equations of two lines are
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 Then, for the distance between them, we take a point
= = P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) on any one of given planes and find the
a1 b1 c1
perpendicular distance from P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) to the other plane.
Solved Examples
Example 1. Find the direction ratios and direction Since, line passes through (3, 4, 5)
®
cosines of the line passing through two points \ a = 3$i + 4 $j + 5 k$
(2, –4, 5) and (0, 1, -1).
Since, line is parallel to 2$i + 2 $j - 3k$
Sol. Let A( x1, y1 , z1 ) = ( 2, - 4, 5 ) and B( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) = ( 0, 1, - 1 ). ®
\ b = 2$i + 2 $j - 3k$
Then, DR ’ s of line AB is ( 0 - 2, 1 + 4, - 1 - 5 ), i.e. ( -2, 5, - 6) ® ® ®
Equation of line is r = a + l b ,
Now, DC’s of AB are ®
æ i.e. r = ( 3$i + 4 $j + 5 k$ ) + l ( 2$i + 2 $j - 3k$ )
ç -2 5
, ,
ç ( - 2) 2 + ( 5 ) 2 + ( - 6) 2 ( - 2) 2 + 5 2 + ( - 6) 2
which is the required vector equation.
è ö
-6 ÷ Example 5. Find the foot of perpendicular from
2 ÷
( - 2) + ( 5 ) + ( - 6) ø x +1 y - 3
2 2
z
P(1, 2, - 3) to the line = = . Also, find
æ -2
Hence, DC’s of line AB are ç
5 -6 ö 2 -2 -1
, , ÷.
è 65 65 65 ø the image of P in the given line.
Example 2. If a line in the space makes angles a, b and Sol. Any point on the given line is ( 2l - 1, - 2l + 3, - l ).
g with the coordinate axes, then find the value of Therefore, coordinates of Q are ( 2l - 1, - 2l + 3, - l ).
¾®
cos 2a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g + sin 2 a + sin 2 b + sin 2 g. Now, PQ = ( 2l - 2) $i + ( - 2l + 1 ) $j + ( - l + 3) k$
Sol. cos 2a + cos 2b + cos 2g + sin 2 a + sin 2 b + sin 2 g P( 1, 2, –3)
= (cos 2 a - sin 2 a ) + (cos 2 b - sin 2 b ) + (cos 2 g - sin 2 g )
+ sin 2 a + sin 2 b + sin 2 g [Q cos 2q = cos 2 q – sin 2 q]
= cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g = 1
Example 3. Find the vector equation of the line passing

through the point A(1, 2,–1) and parallel to the line Q x+1 y–3 z
= =
5 x – 25 = 14 – 7y = 35 z. 2 –2 –1
¾®
Sol. Given line is 5 x – 25 = 14 – 7y = 35 z. Since, PQ is perpendicular to the line
x –5 2– y z x –5 y– 2 z x+1 y-3
Þ = = Þ = = = =
z
1 /5 1 / 7 1 / 35 1 /5 –1 / 7 1 / 35 2 -2 -1
1 1 1
\ DR’s of the given line are , – , . \ 2( 2l - 2) - 2( -2l + 1 ) - 1(– l + 3) = 0 Þ l = 1
5 7 35
\ Foot of the perpendicular is Q (1, 1, –1).
Now, DR’s of a line parallel to the given line are
1 1 1 Let P ¢( x, y, z ) be the image of P in the line, then
proportional to , – , .
5 7 35 Coordinates of Q = Coordinates of mid-point of PP¢
\The required line will be parallel to the vector æ x + 1 y + 2 z - 3ö
Þ ( 1, 1, - 1 ) = ç , , ÷
® 1 1
b = $i - $j +
1 $
k. è 2 2 2 ø
5 7 35 P(1, 2, –3)
Hence, the required equation of line is given by
® ® ®
r = a + lb
® æ1 1 1 $ö
Þ r = ( $i + 2 $j - k$ ) + l ç $i - $j + k÷ Q
è5 7 35 ø
Example 4. Find the vector equation of the line which
passes through the point (3, 4, 5) and is parallel to P¢(x, y, z)
the vector 2$i + 2 $j - 3k$. [CBSE 2019] x+1 y+ 2 z–3
Þ = 1, = 1 and = –1
Sol. Equation of a line passing through a point with position 2 2 2
® ®
vector a and parallel to a vector b is Þ x = 1, y = 0 and z = 1
® ® ® Hence, the image is (1, 0, 1).
r = a + lb
x -1 y +1 z -1 x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1
Example 6. Show that the lines = = and
3 2 5 a1 b1 c1
x + 2 y -1 z +1 a2 b2 c2
= = do not intersect each other. \ SD = ,
4 3 -2 ( b1c 2 - b2 c1 ) 2 + ( c1a2 - c 2 a1 ) 2 + ( a1b2 - a2 b1 ) 2
Sol. Given, equations of lines are 1
x -1 y + 1 z -1 x + 2 y -1 z + 1 = units, which is the required shortest distance.
= = and = = 6
3 2 5 4 3 -2
On comparing above equations with Example 8. Find the coordinates of foot of
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 perpendicular drawn from the point (0, 2, 3) on the
= = x+3 y–1 z +4
a1 b1 c1 line = = . Also, find the length of
x - x 2 y - y2 z - z 2 5 2 3
and = = , we get perpendicular.
a2 b2 c2
x + 3 y–1 z + 4
x 1 = 1, y1 = -1, z 1 = 1, a1 = 3, b1 = 2, c 1 = 5 Sol. Given, equation of the line is = =
5 2 3
and x 2 = -2, y2 = 1, z 2 = -1, a2 = 4, b2 = 3, c 2 = -2
x + 3 y-1 z + 4
x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1 - 3 2 - 2 Let = = = l (say)
5 2 3
Now, consider a1 b1 c1 = 3 2 5 x+3 y-1 z+4
Þ = l, = l and =l
a2 b2 c2 4 3 -2 5 2 3
= -3 ( -4 - 15 ) - 2( -6 - 20) - 2( 9 - 8) P (0, 2, 3)
= -3 ( -19) - 2( -26) - 2( 1 ) = 57 + 52 - 2 = 107 ¹ 0
Þ Shortest distance will not be zero.
Hence, the given lines do not intersect each other.
Example 7. Find the shortest distance between the

1-x 2-y z -3 x - 2 y - 4 z -5 L
lines = = and = = . A B
-2 -3 4 3 4 5 x+3 y–1 = z+4
5
=
3
2
1 – x 2– y z – 3
Sol. Given, lines are = = Þ x = 5 l - 3, y = 2l + 1 and z = 3l - 4
–2 –3 4
x – 2 y– 4 z –5 \ Coordinates of point L are ( 5 l - 3, 2l + 1, 3l - 4)
and = = which are not in standard form. Now, DR’s of line PL = ( 5 l - 3 - 0, 2l + 1 - 2, 3l - 4 - 3)
3 4 5
= ( 5 l - 3, 2l - 1, 3l - 7)
Given equations of lines can be written in standard form as
x -1 y- 2 z - 3 x - 2 y- 4 z -5 DR’s of line AB are 5, 2, 3.
= = and = = Q PL ^ AB
2 3 4 3 4 5
On comparing the given equations of lines with \ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1 c 2 = 0 ...(i)
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 x - x 2 y - y2 z - z 2 where, a1 = 5 l - 3, b1 = 2l - 1, c1 = 3l - 7
= = and = = , we get
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 and a2 = 5 , b 2 = 2 , c 2 = 3
From Eq. (i) we get
x1 = 1, y1 = 2 , z1 = 3; a1 = 2 , b1 = 3 , c1 = 4
Þ 5 × ( 5 l - 3) + 2 × ( 2l - 1 ) + 3 × ( 3l - 7) = 0
and x 2 = 2 , y2 = 4 , z 2 = 5; a2 = 3 , b2 = 4 , c 2 = 5
Þ 25 l - 15 + 4l - 2 + 9l - 21 = 0
x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1 Þ 38l - 38 = 0
On putting these values in a1 b1 c1 , we get Þ 38l = 38 Þ l = 1
a2 b2 c2 \ Foot of perpendicular L = ( 5 l - 3, 2l + 1, 3l - 4)
2-1 4-2 5 -3 1 2 2 = ( 2, 3, - 1 ) [Q put l = 1 ]
Þ 2 3 4 = 2 3 4 Also, length of perpendicular,
3 4 5 3 4 5 PL = Distance between points P and L
= 1( 15 - 16) - 2( 10 - 12) + 2( 8 - 9) = ( 0 - 2) 2 + ( 2 - 3) 2 + ( 3 + 1 ) 2
= -1 + 4 - 2 = 1 [Q distance = ( x 2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y2 - y1 ) 2 + ( z 2 - z1 ) 2 ]
Now, ( b1c 2 - b2 c1 ) 2 + ( c1a2 - c 2 a1 ) 2 + ( a1b2 - a2 b1 ) 2
= 4 + 1 + 16 = 21 units
= ( 3 ´ 5 - 4 ´ 4) 2 + ( 4 ´ 3 - 5 ´ 2) 2 + ( 2 ´ 4 - 3 ´ 3) 2
Example 9. Find the direction cosines of the unit
= ( 15 - 16) 2 + ( 12 - 10) 2 + ( 8 - 9) 2
vector, perpendicular to the given plane
®
= ( - 1 ) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6 r × ( 3$i - 5 $j + 3k$ ) + 3 = 0 passing through the origin.
Sol. Given, equation of plane can be written as Now, these lines are coplanar, if
®
r × ( -3$i + 5 $j - 3k$ ) = 3 [Qd > 0] …(i) ½ x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1 ½
½ a b1 c1 ½ = 0
$ $ $
Now, |-3 i + 5 j - 3k| = ( -3) + ( 5 ) + ( -3)
2 2 2 ½ 1 ½
½ a2 b2 c2 ½
= 9 + 25 + 9 = 43
½ -1 - 2 -3 - 4 -5 - 6 ½ ½ -3 -7 -11 ½
On dividing both sides of Eq. (i) by 43, we get Consider,½ 1 4 7 ½= ½ 1 4 7½
$) ½ ½ ½ ½
® ( -3$i + 5 $j - 3k 3
r× = ½ 3 5 7 ½ ½ 3 5 7½
43 43 ½ 3 7 11 ½
® æ -3
Þ r ×ç $i + 5 $j - 3 k$ ö÷ = 3 =½ 3 5 7½
è 43 43 43 ø 43 ½ ½
½1 4 7 ½
®
which is the form of r × n$ = d, where n$ is a unit vector [taking negative sign common from R1 and
perpendicular to the plane through the origin. interchanging R 2 and R 3]
æ 3 $ 5 $ 3 $ö = 3( 35 - 28) - 7( 21 - 7) + 11( 12 - 5 ) [expanding along R1]
\ n$ = ç - i+ j- k÷
è 43 43 43 ø
= 21 - 98 + 77
æ 3 5 3 ö
Hence, direction cosines of n$ are ç - , ,- ÷. =0
è 43 43 43 ø
Hence, the given lines are coplanar.
Example 10. Find the distance between the parallel Now, equation of the plane containing these lines is
planes 2x - y + 2 z + 3 = 0 and 4x - 2y + 4z + 5 = 0.
½ x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 ½
Sol. Given, equations of planes are ½ a b1 c1 ½ = 0
2x - y + 2z + 3 = 0 ...(i) ½ 1 ½
and 4x - 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 ...(ii) ½ a2 b2 c2 ½
The given planes are parallel, as DR’s of normals are ½ x - 2 y - 4 z - 6½
proportional. Þ ½ 1 4 7 ½= 0
½ ½
Let P( x1, y1, z1) be any point lies on the plane (i). ½ 3 5 7 ½
Then, 2x1 - y1 + 2z1 + 3 = 0
Expanding along R1, we get
Þ 2x1 - y1 + 2z1 = - 3 ...(iii)
( x - 2) ( 28 - 35 ) - ( y - 4) ( 7 - 21 ) + ( z - 6) ( 5 - 12) = 0
Now, perpendicular distance d from the point P( x1, y1, z1) to Þ -7( x - 2) + 14( y - 4) - 7( z - 6) = 0
plane (ii) is Þ -7x + 14 + 14y - 56 - 7z + 42 = 0
½ 4x - 2y + 4z + 5 ½ Þ -7x + 14y - 7z = 0
d =½ 1 1 1
½
½ ( 4 ) 2
+ ( - 2 ) 2
+ ( 4) 2 ½ Þ x - 2y + z = 0
½ 2( 2x1 - y1 + 2z1 ) + 5 ½ which is the required equation of plane containing given

=½ ½ lines. Hence proved.
½ 16 + 4 + 16 ½
Example 12. Find the distance of the plane
½ 2( - 3 ) + 5 ½= ½
½ - 6 + 5½½
=½ ½ [from Eq. (iii)] 2x - 3y + 4z - 6 = 0 from the origin and the
½ 36 ½ ½ 6 ½
coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn
|- 1| 1
= = unit from origin to the given plane.
6 6
Sol. Given, equation of the plane can be written as
x-2 y-4 z-6
Example 11. Prove that the lines = = 2x - 3y + 4z = 6 …(i)
1 4 7 Now, dividing both sides of Eq. (i) by
x +1 y + 3 z +5
and = = are coplanar. Also, find the 22 + ( -3) 2 + 42 = 29, we get
3 5 7
2 3 4 6
plane containing these lines. x- y+ z= …(ii)
29 29 29 29
Sol. Given lines are
x - 2 y-4 z - 6 x+1 y+ 3 z+5 This is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where d is the distance
= = and = =
1 4 7 3 5 7 of the plane from the origin. So, the distance of the plane
Here, the points and direction ratios of given lines are 6
from the origin is .
x1 = 2, y1 = 4, z1 = 6, 29
a1 = 1, b1 = 4, c1 = 7 Also, DC’s of normal to the plane are
and x 2 = - 1, y2 = - 3, z 2 = - 5, æ 2 -3 4 ö
ç , , ÷.
a2 = 3, b2 = 5, c 2 = 7 è 29 29 29 ø
Now, let the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular The general equation of a plane passing through
drawn from origin to the plane is P( x1, y1, z1 ). (2, 0, 3) is
Z a ( x - 2 ) + b ( y - 0) + c ( z - 3 ) = 0 ...(i)
It will pass through B ( 1, 1, 5 ) and C ( 3, 2, 4), if
P ( x1, y1, z1) a ( 1 - 2 ) + b ( 1 - 0) + c ( 5 - 3 ) = 0 Þ - a + b + 2c =0
Þ a - b - 2c = 0 ...(ii)
O Y
and a( 3 - 2 ) + b( 2 - 0) + c( 4 - 3 ) = 0
Þ a + 2b + c = 0 ...(iii)
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii) by cross-multiplication,
X
we get
Then, the DR’s of the line OP are ( x1, y1, z1 ). a b c
= =
We know that, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line -1 + 4 -2 - 1 2 + 1
are proportional. a b c
x1 y z Þ = = = l (say)
\ = 1 = 1 = k (say) 3 -3 3
2 -3 4
Þ a = 3l, b = - 3l and c = 3l
29 29 29 Substituting the values of a, b and c in Eq. (i), we get
2k - 3k 4k
Þ x1 = , y1 = and z1 = 3l ( x - 2 ) - 3l ( y - 0) + 3l ( z - 3 ) = 0
29 29 29 Þ x-2-y+ z-3=0
As the point P( x1, y1, z1 ) lies on the plane. Þ x - y+ z =5
So, P( x1, y1, z1 ) will satisfy the Eq. (ii). which is the required equation of plane.
2 3 4 6
\ x1 - y1 + z1 = ...(iii) Now, the coordinates of any point on the line
29 29 29 29 x-2 y+1 z-2
= = = r (say)
Now, putting the values of x1, y1 and z1 in Eq. (iii), we get 3 4 2
2 æ 2k ö 3 æ - 3k ö 4 æ 4k ö 6 are x = 3r + 2, y = 4r - 1, z = 2r + 2 ...(iv)
ç ÷- ç ÷+ ç ÷=
29 è 29 ø 29 è 29 ø 29 è 29 ø 29 If it lies on the plane x - y + 2 = 5, then
4k 9k 16k 6 3r + 2 - 4r + 1 + 2r + 2 = 5 Þ r = 0
Þ + + =
29 29 29 29 Substituting the value of r = 0 in Eq. (iv), we get
29k 6 x = 3 ´ 0 + 2 , y = 4 ´ 0 - 1, z = 2 ´ 0 + 2
Þ =
29 29 Þ x = 2, y = - 1 and z = 2
6 Hence, the point of intersection are ( 2, - 1, 2 ).
Þ k=
29 Example 14. Find the image of a point ( - 1, 3, 4) with
2 6 12 -3 6 -18
Thus, x1 = ´ = , y1 = ´ = respect to the plane x - 2y = 0. [CBSE 2020]
29 29 29 29 29 29
Sol. Let Q be the image of the point P( - 1, 3, 4) in the plane
4 6 24
and z1 = ´ = x - 2y = 0.
29 29 29
Then, PQ is normal to the plane.
Hence, the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are
æ 12 -18 24 ö \ DR’s of PQ is ( 1, - 2, 0).
ç , , ÷. \ Equation of line PQ is
è 29 29 29 ø
x+1 y-3 z-4
Example 13. Find the equation of the line passing = = = l (say)
1 -2 0
through ( 2, - 1, 2) and (5, 3, 4) and of the plane Let the coordinate of Q ( l - 1, - 2l + 3, 4)
passing through (2, 0, 3), (1, 1, 5) and (3, 2, 4). Also, Let R be the mid-point of PQ.
find their point of intersection. [CBSE 2019] æ l - 1 - 1 - 2l + 3 + 3 4 + 4 ö
Sol. We know that, the equation of a line passing through the \ The coordinates of R is ç , , ÷
è 2 2 2 ø
points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) is given by
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 æ l - 2 - 2l + 6 ö
or ç , , 4÷
= = è 2 2 ø
x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1
Since, R lies on the plane x - 2y = 0
Here, ( x1, y1, z1 ) = ( 2, - 1, 2 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) = ( 5, 3, 4)
So, the equation of the line passing through A( 2, - 1, 2 ) and l-2 æ - 2l + 6 ö
\ - 2ç ÷=0
B ( 5, 3, 4) is 2 è 2 ø
x-2 y+1 z -2 l - 2 + 4l - 12 = 0
= =
5 -2 3+1 4-2 14
x-2 y+1 z -2 Þ l=
Þ = = 5
3 4 2
14
Putting l = in Q( l - 1, - 2l + 3, 4), we get Example 16. Find the vector and cartesian equations of
5 the plane passing through the points (2, 5, -3)
æ 9 -13 ö
Qç , , 4÷ . ( -2, - 3, 5 ) and (5, 3, - 3). Also, find the point of
è5 5 ø
intersection of this plane with the line passing
Hence, the image of P( - 1, 3, 4) in the plane x - 2y = 0 is through points ( 3, 1, 5 ) and ( -1, - 3, - 1). [CBSE 2019]
æ 9 - 13 ö
ç , , 4÷ . Sol. Let the points are P( 2, 5, - 3), Q( -2, - 3, 5 ) and R( 5, 3, - 3),
è5 5 ø
then the plane passing through P( 2, 5, -3), Q ( -2, - 3, 5 ) and
®
Example 15. Find the vector and cartesian equations of R ( 5, 3, - 3) is normal to the vector n given by,
the plane passing through the points having $i $j k$
position vectors $i + $j - 2k$, 2$i - $j + k$ and $i + 2 $j + k$. ® ¾® ¾®
n = PQ ´ PR = -4 -8 8
Write the equation of a plane passing through a
3 -2 0
point (2, 3, 7) and parallel to the plane obtained
above. Hence, find the distance between the two = $i ( 0 + 16) - $j ( 0 - 24) + k$( 8 + 24)
parallel planes. [CBSE 2019] = 16$i + 24 $j + 32k$
® ® ®
Sol. Let a = $i + $j - 2k$, b = 2$i - $j + k$ and c = $i + 2 $j + k$ Clearly, required plane passes P( 2, 5, - 3) and is normal to
®
Then, the vector equation of a plane passing through n = 16$i + 24 $j + 32k$. So, its vector equation is
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
a, b and c is given by ( r - a ) × [( b - a ) ´ ( c - a )] = 0 ®
{ r - ( 2$i + 5 $j - 3k$ )} × ( 16$i + 24 $j + 32k$ ) = 0
®
Þ { r - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )} ×[{( 2$i - $j + k$ ) - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )} ®
Þ r × ( 16$i + 24 $j + 32k$ ) - ( 32 + 120 - 96) = 0
´ {( $i + 2 $j + k$ ) - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )}] = 0
®
® Þ r × ( 16$i + 24 $j + 32k$ ) = 56
Þ { r - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )} ×[( $i - 2 $j + 3k$ ) ´ ( $j + 3k$ )] = 0
®
½ $i $j k$ ½ Þ r × ( 2$i + 3 $j + 4k$ ) = 7 …(i)
$ $ ½ ½
Now, ( i - 2 j + 3k) ´ ( j + 3k) = 1 -2 3
$ $ $ which is the required vector equation of plane.
½
½ ½
½ ®
0 1 3 Now, put r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ in Eq. (i), we get
½ ½
= $i ( -6 - 3) - $j ( 3 - 0) + k$ ( 1 - 0) ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( 2$i + 3 $j + 4k$ ) = 7
= - 9$i - 3 $j + k$ 2x + 3y + 4z = 7 …(ii)
®
\ { r - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )} × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) = 0 which is the required cartesian equation of plane.
® Equation of a line passing through points (3, 1, 5) and
Þ r × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) = ( $i + $j - 2k$ ) × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ )
® ( -1, - 3, - 1 ) is
Þ r × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) = - 9 - 3 - 2 x-3 y -1 z -5
® = =
Þ r × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) = - 14 -1 - 3 -3 - 1 -1 - 5
®
Þ r × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) + 14 = 0 [Q equation of line passing through points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and
® x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 ù
For cartesian equation of that plane put r = xi$ + yj$ + zj$ ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) is = = ú
x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1 û
Þ ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) + 14 = 0
x - 3 y-1 z -5
Þ -9x - 3y + z + 14 = 0 Þ = =
Þ 9x + 3y - z - 14 = 0 ...(i) -4 -4 -6
x - 3 y-1 z -5
Now, any plane parallel to the given plane is Now, = = = l (let)
9x + 3y - z + K = 0 ...(ii) -4 -4 -6
If it is passes through (2, 3, 7), then or any point on line is ( -4l + 3, - 4l + 1, - 6l + 5 )
9( 2 ) + 3( 3 ) - 7 + K = 0 If it lies on the plane (ii), then
Þ 18 + 9 - 7 + K = 0 Þ K = - 20 2( -4l + 3) + 3( -4l + 1 ) + 4( -6l + 5 ) = 7
Hence, required equation of the plane is Þ -8l + 6 - 12l + 3 - 24l + 20 = 7
9x + 3y - z - 20 = 0 1
Þ -4 4l = - 22 Þ l =
Now, we have equation of two parallel planes given by 2
9x + 3y - z - 14 = 0 and 9x + 3y - z - 20 = 0 So, point of intersection is
é æ1 ö æ1 ö æ1 ö ù
-20 - ( -14) ê -4 ´ ç 2 ÷ + 3, - 4 ´ ç 2 ÷ + 1, - 6 ´ ç 2 ÷ + 5 ú
\Distance between these two planes = ë è ø è ø è ø û
9 + 32 + ( - 1 ) 2
2
i.e. ( -2 + 3, - 2 + 1, - 3 + 5 ) i.e. ( 1, - 1, 2)
6
= units Hence, point of intersection is ( 1, - 1, 2).
91
Chapter
Practice
7. Find the direction cosines of the line joining the
PART 1 points P( 4, 3, - 5 ) and Q ( -2, 1, - 8 ). [CBSE 2019]
Objective Questions æ m6 m2 m3 ö
(a) ç , ,
è 7 7 7ø
÷
æ m2 m3 m6 ö
(b) ç , ,
è 7 7 7ø
÷
æ m3 m2 m6 ö æ m6 m2 m4 ö
l
Multiple Choice Questions (c) ç , , ÷ (d) ç , , ÷
è 7 7 7ø è 7 7 7ø
1. Distance of the point (a , b, g) from Y-axis is
8. The direction ratios of the line passing through two
[NCERT Exemplar]
points (2, - 4, 5) and (0, 1, - 1) is
(a) b units (b) |b| units
(a) ( - 2, 5, - 6) (b) ( - 2, 0, - 6)
(c)|b| + |g| units (d) a 2 + g 2 units (c) ( - 2, 5, 0) (d) None of these
2. The centroid of a DABC is at the point (1, 1, 1). If 9. For which value of l, the points A( 2, 3, - 4),
the coordinates of A and B are ( 3, - 5, 7) and B(1, - 2, 3) and C(l, 8, - 11) are collinear.
( - 1, 7, - 6), respectively, then the coordinates of the (a) 1 (b) 2
point C is (c) 0 (d) 3
(a) (1,1, 3) (b) (3, 1, 1)
(c) (1, 0, 1) (d) (1, 1, 2) 10. If the cartesian equation of a line is
3 - x y + 4 2z - 6
3. A straight line which makes an angle of 60° with = = , then the vector equation for
5 7 4
each of Y and Z-axes, is inclined with X-axis at an
the line is
angle ®
(a) 45° (b) 30° (a) r = ( 5 $i + 7 $j + 2k$ ) + l ( 3$i - 4 $j + 3k$ )
(c) 75° (d) 60° ®
(b) r = ( - 5 $i + 7 $j + 2k$ ) + l ( 3$i - 4 $j + 3k$ )
4. If the direction cosines of a line are k, k and k, then ®
[NCERT Exemplar] (c) r = ( 3$i - 4 $j + 3k$ ) + l ( 5 $i + 7 $j + 2k$ )
(a) k > 0 (b) 0 < k < 1 ®
(d) r = ( 3$i - 4 $j + 3k$ ) + l ( - 5 $i + 7 $j + 2k$ )
1 1
(c) k = 1 (d) k = or -
3 3 11. The equation of line through the point (1, 2, 3)
5. Line AB in three dimensional space makes angles x - 4 y + 1 z + 10
parallel to line = = is
a , b and g with the coordinate axes. If a = 45 ° and 2 -3 8
b = 120°, then the acute angle g is equal to x-1 y- 2 z - 3 x-1 y- 2 z - 3
(a) = = (b) = =
(a) 60° (b) 75° 2 -3 8 1 2 3
(c) 30° (d) 45° x - 4 y + 1 z + 10
(c) = = (d) None of these
6. A line makes the same angle q with each of the axes 1 2 3
X-axes and Z-axes. If the angle b, which it makes 12. A point P lies on the line segment joining the points
with Y-axis, is such that sin 2 b = 3 sin 2 q, then cos 2 q ( -1, 3, 2) and (5, 0, 6). If x-coordinate of P is 2, then
equals its z-coordinate is [CBSE 2020]
2 1 (a) - 1 (b) 4
(a) (b)
5 5 3
3 2 (c) (d) 8
(c) (d) 2
5 3
13. The vector equation of the line which parallel to 20. The vector equation of the line passing through the
the vector 3$i - 2 $j + 6k$ and which passes through point (-1, 5, 4) and perpendicular to the plane z = 0
the point (1, - 2, 3) is is [CBSE 2020]
® ®
® (a) r = - $i + 5 $j + 4k$ + l( $i + $j ) (b) r = - $i + 5 $j + ( 4 + l ) k$
(a) r = $i - 2 $j + 3k$ + l ( 3$i - 2 $j + 6k$ ) ® ®
®
(c) r = $i - 5 $j - 4k$ + lk$ (d) r = lk$
(b) r = $i + 2 $j - 3k$ + l ( 3$i - 2 $j + 6k$ )
®
l
Case Based MCQs
(c) r = - $i + 2 $j + 3k$ + l ( 3$i - 2 $j + 6k$ )
®
21. A cricket match is organized between two Clubs A
(d) r = $i - 2 $j + 3k$ + l ( 3$i + 2 $j + 6k$ ) and B for which a team from each club is chosen.
Remaining players of Club A and Club B are
14. The vector and cartesian equations of the line respectively sitting on the plane represented by the
through the point (5, 2, -4) and which is parallel to equation
® ®
the vector 3$i + 2 $j - 8 k$, are r × ( 2$i - $j + k$ ) = 3 and r × ( $i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) = 8,
® x-3 y-2 z+ 8 to cheer the team of their own clubs.
(a) r = ( 3$i + 2 $j - 8 k$ ) + l( 5 $i + 2 $j - 4 k$ ); = =
5 2 -4
® x - 3 y - 2 z +8
(b) r = ( 5 $i + 2 $j - 4 k$ ) + l( 3$i + 2 $j - 8k$); = =
5 2 -1
® x-5 y-2 z + 4
(c) r = ( 5 $i + 2 $j - 4k$ ) + l( 3$i + 2 $j - 8k$ ); = =
3 2 -8
® $ $ x -5 y- 2 z + 4
(d) r = ( 3 i + 2 j - 8k) + l( 5 i + 2 j - 4k);
$ $ $ $ = =
3 2 -8
15. The equation of straight line passing through the information.
point (a, b, c) and parallel to Z-axis is (i) The Cartesian equation of the plane on which
x-a y-b z-c x-a y-b z-c
(a) = = (b) = = players of Club A are seated is
1 1 0 0 1 1
(a) 2x - y + z = 3 (b) 2x - y + 2z = 3
x-a y-b z-c x-a y-b z-c
(c) = = (d) = = (c) 2x - y + z = - 3 (d) x - y + z = 3
1 0 0 0 0 1
(ii) The magnitude of the normal to the plane on
16. The length of the perpendicular drawn from origin which players of Club B are seated, is
to the plane 3x - 2y + 5 z + 10 = 0 is (a) 15 (b) 14
1 10
(a) units (b) units (c) 17 (d) 20
38 37
(iii) The intercept form of the equation of the plane on
5 10
(c) units (d) units which players of Club B are seated is
38 38 x y z x y z
(a) + + =1 (b) + + =1
17. The direction ratios of a 3x + 2y + z + 3 = 0 is 8 8 2 5 8 3
æ 3 2 -1 ö æ -3 -2 1 ö 3 3
(a) ç , , ÷ (b) ç , , ÷ x y z x y z
è 14 14 14 ø è 14 14 14 ø (c) + + = 1 (d) + + = 1
8 8 4 8 7 2
æ 3 2 1 ö
(c) ç , , ÷ (d) None of these 3
è 14 14 14 ø (iv) Which of the following is a player of Club B?
18. The intercept make by the plane 2x + y + 3z = 6 to (a) Player sitting at (1, 2, 1)
the coordinate axes, are (b) Player sitting at (0, 1, 2)
(a) 3, - 6 and 2 (b) 3, 6 and 2 (c) Player sitting at (1, 4, 1)
(d) Player sitting at (1, 1, 2)
(c) 2, 6 and 3 (d) 6, 3 and 2
(v) The distance of the plane, on which players of
19. The image of the point (2, -1, 5) in the plane Club B are seated, from the origin is
®
r × $i = 0 is [CBSE 2020] (a)
8
units (b)
6
units
(a) ( -2, - 1, 5 ) (b) (2, 1, -5) 14 14
7 9
(c) ( -2, 1, - 5 ) (d) (2, 0, 0) (c) units (d) units
14 14
22. Consider a point p (1, 2, 3) and a plane Based on the above information, answer the
3x + 2y + z = 24. following questions.
A student of class XII roughly draws a figure (i) Direction ratios of OC are
representing above information as (a) <0, 3, 0> (b) <3, 0, 0>
P(1, 2, 3) (c) <0, 0, 3> (d) None of these
(ii) Equation of diagonal OB¢ is
x y z x y z
(a) = = (b) = =
4 2 3 0 4 2
x y z
Q 3x +2y + z = 24 (c) = = (d) None of these
2 3 4
(iii) Equation of plane OABC is
He draws a perpendicular from point P. On plane (a) x = 0 (b) y = 0
which intersect plane at point Q. (c) z = 0 (d) None of these
On the basis of above information, answer the (iv) Equation of plane ABB¢ A¢
following questions. (a) x = 3 (b) y = 3
(i) DR’s of line PQ are (c) z = 2 (d) x = 2
(a) (3, 2, 1) (v) Equation of plane O¢ A¢ B¢ C¢
(b) (1, 2, 3) (a) x = 1 (b) y = 1
(c) (2, 3, 1) (c) z = 4 (d) x = 3
(d) (2, 1, 3) 24. Two motorbikes P and Q are running at the speed
(ii) Equation of line PQ is more than allowed speed on the road along the lines
x -1 y -2 z - 3 ® ®
(a) = =
3 2 2 r = l( $i + 3 $j - k$ ) and r = 2$i + 2 $j + m( 2$i + $j + k$ ),
x -1 y - 2 z - 3 respectively.
(b) = =
3 2 1
x -1 y - 2 z - 3
(c) = =
2 1 3
(d) None of the above
(iii) Coordinates of Q are
(a) (1, 1, 1) (b) (2, 2, 2)
(c) (3, 3, 3) (d) (4, 4, 4)
Based on the above information, answer the
(iv) Distance PQ is
(a) 12 units (b) 13 units
(i) The cartesian equation of the line along which
(c) 14 units (d) 15 units
motor bike P is running, is
(v) The image of point P in the given plane is x + 1 y+ 1 z -1 x y z
(a) = = (b) = =
(a) (5, 6, 7) (b) (7, 6, 5) 1 2 -1 1 2 -1
(c) ( -4, - 4, - 4) (d) ( -1, - 2, - 3) x y z
23. Vineet wants to buy an aquarium which is in the 1 3 -1
shape cubical glass box. And the respective (ii) The direction cosines of line along which motor
coordinates are O( 0, 0, 0), A (2, 0, 0), B(2, 3, 0), bike P is running, are
C (0, 3, 0), O (0, 0, 4), A¢ (2, 0, 4), B¢ (2, 3, 4) and (a) <1, - 3, 1> (b) <1, 3, - 1>
C¢ (0, 3, 4). 1 -3 1 1 3 -1
(c) < , , > (d) < , , >
O¢(0, 0, 4) C¢(0, 3, 4) 11 11 11 11 11 11
(iii) The direction ratios of line along which motor bike
Q is running, are
A¢(2, 0, 4) (a) <1, 0, 2> (b) <2, 1, 0>
B¢(2, 3, 4)
(c) <1, 1, 2> (d) <2, 1,1>
C(0, 3, 0) (iv) The shortest distance between the given lines is
O(0, 0, 0)
(a) 5 2 units (b) 5 units
2
(c) units (d) 0
A(2, 0, 0) B(2, 3, 0) 5
(v) The cartesian equation of the line along which 11. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the plane,
motorbike Q is running, is which passes through the point (5, 2, –4) and
x + 1 y+ 1 z -1 x y- 2 z -1 perpendicular to the line with direction ratios
(a) = = (b) = = (2, 3, –1). [NCERT Exemplar]
1 2 -1 1 3 -1
x-2 y-2 z 12. Find the equation of the plane passing through the
2 1 1 point ( -2, - 2, 2) and containing the line joining the
points (1, 1, 1) and (1, - 1, 2).
13. Find the equation of the plane through the points
PART 2 ( 2, 1, 0), ( 3, - 2, - 2) and ( 3, 1, 7). [NCERT Exemplar]
14. Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on
Subjective Questions the Y-axis and parallel to xz-plane. [CBSE 2020]
15. Find the intercepts made by the plane
l
Short Answer Type Questions 2x - 3y + 5 z + 4 = 0 on the coordinate axis.
1. If a line makes angles a , b and g with the positive 16. If the plane x - 3y + 5 z = d passes through the point
direction of coordinate axes, then write the value of (1, 2, 4), then find the length of intercepts cut by it
sin 2 a + sin 2 b + sin 2 g. on the axes of X, Y and Z.
17. Find the equation of the plane through the
2. Find the direction cosines of a line which makes
intersection of the planes 3x - y + 2z - 4 = 0 and
equal angles with the coordinate axes. [CBSE 2019]
x + y + z - 2 = 0 and through the point (2, 2, 1).
3. A line passes through the point with position vector y z
18. Two lines L1 : x = 5, = and L 2 : x = a,
2$i - 3 $j + 4k$ and makes angles 60°, 120° and 45° 3 - a -2
y z
with X, Y and Z-axes, respectively. Find the = are coplanar. Then, find the values of a.
equation of the line in the cartesian form. -1 2 - a
x-2 y-4 z-6
4. A line passes through the point with position vector 19. If lines = = and
2$i - $j + 4k$ and is in the direction of the vector 1 4 7
x +1 y + 3 z +5
$i + $j - 2k$. Find the equation of the line in cartesian = = are coplanar, then find the
3 5 r
form. [CBSE 2019] value of r.
5. Find the equation of a line, which is parallel to 20. Find the distance of the plane
2$i + $j + 3k$ and which passes through the point ® æ2 3 6 ö
r × ç $i + $j - k$ ÷ = 1 from the origin.
(5, - 2, 4). [NCERT Exemplar] è7 7 7 ø
6. Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes 21. Find the distance between two planes
through the point ( -2, 4, - 5 ) and is parallel to the 2x + 3y + 4z = 4 and 4x + 6y + 8 z = 12.
line x + 3 = 4 - y = z + 8 .
3 5 6
l
7. Find the vector equation for the line which passes 22. Find the shortest distance between the following
through the point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the line lines and hence write whether the lines are
x -1 1-y 3-z intersecting or not.
= = . x -1 y +1 x +1 y - 2
-2 3 -4 = = z, = and z = 2
® 2 3 5 1
8. Show that lines r = ( $i + $j - k$ ) +l( 3i$ - $j ) and [CBSE 2020]
® 23. Find the shortest distance between the lines
r = ( 4$i - k$ ) + m ( 2$i + 3k$ ) intersect each other. Find ®
r = (1 + l )$i + ( 2 - 3l ) $j + ( 3 + 2l )k$
their point of intersection. ®
and r = ( 4$i + 5 $j + 6k$ ) + m( 2$i + 3 $j + k$ ).
9. Find the unit vector normal to the plane [NCERT Exemplar]
x + 2y + 3z - 6 = 0.
10. Find the cartesian equation of a plane which is at a 24. Find the distance between the lines
®
distance of 6 units from the origin and which has a L1 and L 2 given by r = $i + 2 $j – 4k$ + l( 2$i + 3 $j + 6k$ )
®
normal with direction ratios (2, - 1, - 2 ). and r = 3$i + 3 $j – 5 k$ + m( 4$i + 6 $j + 12k$ ) .
25. The cartesian equations of a line is 35. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane
6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2. Find the direction cosines of passing through the points having position
the line. Write down the cartesian and vector vectors $i + $j - 2k$, 2$i - $j + k$ and $i + 2 $j + k$. Write the
equations of a line passing through the point equation of a plane passing through a point
( 2, - 1, - 1 ) which are parallel to the given line. (2, 3, 7) and parallel to the plane obtained above.
26. Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular Hence, find the distance between the two parallel
drawn from a point A(1, 8, 4) to the line joining the planes. [CBSE 2019]
points B( 0, – 1, 3) and C( 2, – 3, – 1).
36. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane
27. Find the vector equation of the plane that contains passing through the points ( 2, 2, - 1), (3, 4, 2) and
®
the lines r = ( $i + $j ) + l ( $i + 2 $j - k$ ) and the points (7, 0, 6). Also find the vector equation of a plane
( -1, 3, - 4). Also, find the length of the passing through (4, 3, 1) and parallel to the plane
perpendicular drawn from the point (2, 1, 4) to the obtained above. [CBSE 2019]
plane, thus obtained. [CBSE 2019]
l
28. Find the cartesian and vector equations of the plane
passing through the points A( 2, 5, - 3), B( -2, - 3, 5 ) 37. The Indian coast guard, while patrolling, saw a
and C(5, 3, - 3). [CBSE 2019] suspicious boat with people. They were nowhere
29. Find the equation of the plane through the line of looking like fishermen. The coast guard were
® closely observing the movement of the boat for an
intersection of the planes. r × ( $i + 3 $j ) + 6 = 0 and opportunity to seize the boat. They observed that
®
r × ( 3$i - $j - 4k$ ) = 0, which is at a unit distance from the boat is moving along a planar surface. At an
instant of time, the coordinates of the position of
the origin. [CBSE 2020]
the coast guard helicopter and the boat is (1, 3, 5)
30. Find the equation of the line passing through and (2, 5, 3) respectively.
( 2, - 1, 2) and (5, 3, 4) and of the plane passing
through (2, 0, 3), (1, 1, 5) and (3, 2, 4). Also, find
their point of intersection. [CBSE 2019]
31. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane
passing through the line of intersection of planes
® ®
r × ( 2$i + 2 $j -3 k$ ) = 7, r × ( 2$i + 5 $j + 3k$ ) = 9 such that
the intercepts made by the plane on X-axis and
Y-axis are equal.
32. Find the distance of the point P( -2, - 4, 7) from the
point of intersection Q of the line
®
r = ( 3 $i - 2 $j + 6k$ ) + l( 2$i - $j + 2k$ ) and the plane information.
® (i) If the line joining the positions of the helicopter
r × ( $i - $j + k$ ) = 6 . Also write the vector equation of and the boat is perpendicular to the plane in
the line PQ. [CBSE 2020] which the boat moves, then find the equation of
® ® ® ® ® ® the plane.
33. Show that the lines r = a + l b and r = b + m a are
coplanar and the plane containing them is given by (ii) If the coast guard decide to shoot the boat at that
® ® ® given instant of time, then what is the distance
r × ( a ´ b ) = 0. [CBSE 2020] (in metres) that the bullet has to travel?
34. Find the equation of the plane passing through the (iii) If the coast guard decides to shoot the boat at that
® given instant of time, when the speed of bullet is
intersection of the planes r × ( $i + $j + k$ ) = 1 and 36m/s, then what is the time taken for the bullet to
® travel and hit the boat?
r × ( 2$i + 3 $j - k$ ) + 4 = 0 and parallel to the X-axis.
(iv) At that given instant of time, find the equation of
Hence, find the distance of the plane from X-axis. line passing through the positions of the helicopter
[CBSE 2019]
and boat.
(v) At a different instant of time, the boat moves to a Answer the following questions using the above
different position along the planar surface. What information.
should be the coordinates of the location of the
(i) What is the path of the missile?
boat if the coast guard shoots the bullet along the
x y-3 z-2 (ii) Which of the following points lie on the path of the
line whose equation is = = for the
1 2 1 missile?
bullet to hit the boat? (iii) At what distance will the rocket be from the
38. The equation of motion of a missile are x = 3t, starting point (0, 0, 0) in 5 s?
y = - 4t, z = t, where the time ‘t’ is given in seconds, (iv) If the position of rocket at a certain instant of time
and the distance is measured in kilometres. is (5, - 8, 10), then what will be the height of the
rocket from the ground? (The ground is
considered as the xy-plane).
(v) At a certain instant of time, if the missile is above
the sea level, where the equation of the surface of
sea is given by 2x + y + 3 z = 1 and the position of
the missile at that instant of time is (1, 1, 2), then
find the image of the position of the rocket in the
sea.
SOLUTIONS
Objective Questions 4. (d) Since, direction cosines of a line are k, k and k.
1. (d) Given point is ( a , b, g). \ l = k, m = k and n = k
Another point on Y-axis, to calculate the distance is (0, b, 0). We know that, l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1
\Required distance = ( a - 0) 2 + ( b - b ) 2 + ( g - 0) 2 Þ k2 + k2 + k2 = 1
1
= a 2 + g 2 units Þ k2 =
3
2. (d) Given that, A( x1, y1, z1 ) = ( 3, - 5, 7) 1
\ k=±
B ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) = ( - 1, 7, - 6) 3
and coordinate of centroid is (1, 1, 1) 1
5. (a) We have, l = cos 45 ° = ,
Let C ( x 3, y3, z 3 ) = ( x, y, z ) 2
We know that, coordinate of centroid 1
m = cos120° = -
æ x + y1 + z1 x 2 + y2 + z 2 x 3 + y3 + z 3 ö 2
=ç 1 , , ÷
è 3 3 3 ø and n = cos g
æ3 - 1 + x - 5 + 7 + y 7 - 6 + zö \ l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
(1, 1, 1) = ç , , ÷
è 3 3 3 ø 1 1
Þ + + cos 2 g = 1
By comparing 2 4
3 -1 + x 2+ x 1 1
=1 Þ =1 Þ x =1 Þ cos 2 g = Þ cos g = [Q g is acute angle]
3 3 4 2
-5 + 7 + y 2+ y Þ g = 60°
=1 Þ =1 Þ y=1
3 3
7-6+ z 1+z 6. (c) Clearly, cos 2 q + cos 2 b + cos 2 q = 1
and =1 Þ =1 Þ z = 2
3 3 Þ 2 cos 2 q + 1 - sin 2 b = 1 [Q cos 2 A = 1 - sin 2 A ]
Hence, coordinate of C is (1, 1, 2). Þ 2 cos 2 q - sin 2 b = 0 …(i)
3. (a) Let a be the angle, then the DC’s of the line are Þ 2 cos 2 q - 3sin 2 q = 0
é 1 1ù
êë cos a , 2 , 2 úû . [Qsin 2 b = 3sin 2 q (given)]
2
\ By the formula cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g = 1, we get Þ tan 2 q =
3
1 1 1 1 1 3
\ cos 2 a + + = 1 Þ cos 2 a = \ cos 2 q = = =
4 4 2 1 + tan 2 q 1 + 2 5
Þ a = 45 ° 3
7. (a) DC’s of the line joining the points P( 4, 3, - 5 ) and To find the vector equation of line, compare Eq. (i) with
Q( -2, 1, -8) is x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
= = , we get
± ( - 2 - 4) a b c
,
x1 = 3, y1 = - 4, z1 = 3
( - 2 - 4) + ( 1 - 3) 2 + ( - 8 + 5 ) 2
2
and a = - 5, b = 7, c = 2
± ( 1 - 3)
, Now, the required vector equation is given by
( - 2 - 4) 2 + ( 1 - 3) 2 + ( - 8 + 5 ) 2 ®
r = ( x $i + y $j + z k$ ) + l( ai$ + bj$ + ck$ )
1 1 1
± ( -8 + 5 )
and ®
r = ( 3$i - 4 $j + 3k$ ) + l( - 5 $i + 7 $j + 2k$ )
( - 2 - 4) 2 + ( 1 - 3) 2 + ( - 8 + 5 ) 2
11. (a) Let the equation of line passing through (1, 2, 3) is
[Q DC’s of a line joining points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 )
x -1 y - 2 z - 3
is given by = =
± ( x 2 - x1 ) a b c
, But it is parallel to the given line
( x 2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y2 - y1 ) 2 + ( z 2 - z1 ) 2
a b c
± ( y2 - y1 ) \ = =
, 2 -3 8
( x 2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 ) 2 + ( z 2 - z1 ) 2
2
Hence, the required line is
ù x -1 y - 2 z - 3
± ( z 2 - z1 ) = =
ú 2 -3 8
( x 2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y2 - y1 ) 2 + ( z 2 - z1 ) 2 úû 12. (b) Equation of line joining ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) is
=
m6 m2 m3 x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
, , = =
36 + 4 + 9 36 + 4 + 9 36 + 4 + 9 x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1
æ m 6 m 2 m 3ö Equation of line joining the points (-1, 3, 2) and (5, 0, 6) is
=ç , , ÷ given as
è 7 7 7 ø
x - ( -1 ) y - 3 z - 2
æ m 6 m 2 m 3ö = =
Hence, direction cosines are ç , , ÷. 5 - ( -1 ) 0 - 3 6 - 2
è 7 7 7 ø
x + 1 y - 3 z -2
8. (a) Let A( x1, y1, z1 ) = ( 2, - 4, 5 ), B( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) = ( 0, 1, - 1 ). Þ = = …(i)
6 -3 4
Then, DR’s of line AB is ( 0 - 2, 1 + 4, - 1 - 5 ). Let P be ( 2, y, z ).
i.e. ( - 2, 5, - 6) Since, P lies on line given by Eq. (i), then
Hence, the direction ratios of the line will be ( - 2, 5, - 6). 2 +1 y - 3 z -2
Þ = =
9. (d) Given points are A( 2, 3, - 4), B ( 1, - 2, 3) 6 -3 4
and C( l, 8, - 11 ). 1 y - 3 z -2
Þ = =
DR’s of line AB are 2 -3 4
[ 1 - 2, - 2 - 3, 3 - ( - 4)], i.e. ( - 1, - 5, 7) …(i) z -2 1
\ = Þ z=4
DR’s of line BC are 4 2
[ l - 1, 8 - ( - 2), - 11 - 3] i.e.( l - 1, 10, - 14) …(ii) 13. (a) Given, point is (1, - 2 , 3), whose position vector will be
® ®
We know that, if three points A, B and C are collinear, then a = $i - 2 $j + 3k$ and parallel vector is b = 3$i - 2 $j + 6k$
direction ratios of AB and BC are proportional.
Hence, the required vector equation of line is
\ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ®
® ®
-1 -5 7 r = a + lb
= =
l - 1 10 -14 ®
Þ r = $i - 2 $j + 3k$ + l ( 3$i - 2 $j + 6k$ )
1 1 1
Þ =- =- 14. (c) We have,
1-l 2 2
® ®
Þ 2 = - 1( 1 - l) a = 5 $i + 2 $j - 4k$ and b = 3$i + 2 $j - 8k$
Þ 2= -1 + l Therefore, the vector equation of the line is
Þ l=3 ® ® ® ®
r = 5 $i + 2 $j - 4k$ + l( 3$i + 2 $j - 8k$ ) [Q r = a + l b ]
10. (d) Given cartesian equation of a line,
®
3 - x y + 4 2z - 6 Now, r is the position vector of any point P( x, y, z ) on the
= =
5 7 4 line.
x - 3 y - ( - 4) z - 3 Therefore, xi$ + y $j + zk$ = 5 $i + 2 $j - 4k$ + l( 3$i + 2 $j - 8k$ )
Þ = = …(i)
-5 7 2 = ( 5 + 3l ) $i + ( 2 + 2l ) $j + ( -4 - 8l ) k$
Eliminating l, we get On comparing with standard equation of plane in intercept

x -5 y- 2 z + 4 form is
= =
3 2 -8 x y z
+ + =1
which is the equation of the line in cartesian form. a b c
15. (d) The equation of line passing through (a, b, c) is \ a = 3, b = 6 and c = 2
x-a y-b z-c Hence, plane intercept the coordinate at 3, 6 and 2.
= = = l (let) …(i) ®
l m n 19. (a) The image of a point ( x1, y1, z1 ) in the plane r × i = 0
Since, the line is parallel to Z-axis, therefore any point on is ( -x1, y1, z1 ).
this line will be of the form ( a, b, z1 ) . \ The image of the point ( 2, - 1, 5 ) is ( -2, - 1, 5 ).
Now, from Eq. (i) any point on the line is 20. (b) Given, line is passing through (-1, 5, 4) and
( ll + a, lm + b, ln + c ) perpendicular to the plane z = 0.
\ ll + a = a Þ l = 0 and l = 0 Equation of plane could be written as
Þ lm + b = b Þ m = 0 and l = 0 0× x + 0× y + 1 × z + 0 = 0
Þ ln + c = z1 Þ z1 = c [Q l = 0] So, normal of plane = ( 0$i + 0 $j + k$ )
Þ l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 The line will be parallel to normal of the plane.
Þ 0 + 0 + n2 = 1 \ Line is parallel to 0$i + 0 $j + k$.
Þ n =1 So, the equation of line,
Hence, the equation of line is ®
x-a y-b z-c \ r = - $i + 5 $j + 4k$ + l( 0$i + 0 $j + k$ )
= = ®
0 0 1 Þ r = - $i + 5 $j + 4k$ + lk$
®
16. (d) Given, equation of plane is 3x - 2y + 5 z + 10 = 0 and the Þ r = - $i + 5 $j + ( 4 + l ) k$
point (0, 0, 0). 21. (i) (a) Player of Club A sitting on the plane represented by
As we know that, the distance of the plane the equation
ax + by + cz + d = 0 from the point ( x1, y1, z1 ) is ®
r × ( 2$i - $j + k$ ) = 3
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
=0 Þ ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( 2$i - $j + k$ ) = 3
a2 + b 2 + c 2
\ Required distance of the plane 3x - 2y + 5 z + 10 = 0 and Þ 2x - y + z = 3
the point (0, 0, 0) is (ii) (b) The normal to the plane on which players of Club B
are seated
3( 0) - 2( 0) + 5 ( 0) + 10 10
\ = ®
9 + 4 + 25 n = $i + 3 $j + 2k$
( 3) + ( - 2) + ( 5 )
2 2 2
®
10 \ | n| = ( 1 ) 2 + ( 3) 2 + ( 2) 2
= units
38 = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
17. (c) We have, 3x + 2y + z + 3 = 0
(iii) (c) The equation of the plane on which players of club
On comparing with ax + by + cz + d = 0, we get are seated is
a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 and d = 3 ®
r × ( $i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) = 8
Now, a + b + c = ( 3) + ( 2) + ( 1 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
Þ ( xi$ + yj$ + z k$ ) × ( $i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) = 8
= 9 + 4 + 1 = 14 Þ x + 3y + 2z = 8
\ The DC’s of a given plane are Þ
x
+
y z
+ =1
æ ö 8 8/ 3 4
ç a b c ÷
ç 2 , , ÷ (iv) (d) Equation of the plane on which players of Club B
è a + b2 + c2 a +b +c
2 2 2
a +b +c ø
2 2 2
are seated
æ 3 2 1 ö x + 3y + 2z = 8 …(i)
i.e. ç , , ÷
è 14 14 14 ø at point (1, 1, 2), plane Eq. (i)
18. (b) Given, equation of plane is 1 + 3 ´ 1 + 2 ´ 2 = 8, which is satisfied.
2x + y + 3z = 6 (v) (a) Equation of plane is
or it can be written as x + 3y + 2z = 8 …(i)
2x y 3z \ The length of the perpendicular from the origin to
+ + =1
6 6 6 the plane Eq. (i) is
x y z |-8| 8
or + + =1 = units
3 6 2 ( 1 ) + ( 3) + ( 2)
2 2 2 14
22. (i) (a) Since, PQ is perpendicular to plane. So, directions 24. (i) (c) The equation of the line along which motorbike P is
®
ratios of PQ will be same as directions ratios of normal running, is r = l( $i + 3 $j - k$ ).
of plane.
®
\ DR’s of PQ = 3, 2, 1 Here, writing r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$
x -1 y - 2 z - 3 We have, xi$ + yj$ + zk$ = l$i + 3l$j - lk$
(ii) (b) Equation of PQ is given by = = .
3 2 1
Þ x = l, y = 3l, z = - l
(iii) (d) Any point on line PQ is ( 3l + 1, 2l + 2, l + 3) x y z
Þ = l, = l and =l
This point is Q and it also lie on plane. 1 3 -1
\ 3( 3l + 1 ) + 2( 2l + 2) + 1( l + 3) = 24 Thus, the cartesian equation of the required line is
Þ 14l + 10 = 24 Þ l = 1 x y
= =
z
.
\Coordinates of Q are ( 3 ´ 1 + 1, 2 ´ 1 + 2, 1 + 3) 1 3 -1
i.e. ( 4, 4, 4). (ii) (d) From the cartesian equation obtained above,
(iv) (c) PQ = ( 4 - 1 ) 2 + ( 4 - 2) 2 + ( 4 - 3) 2 direction ratios of the required line are <1, 3, - 1> or
from the parallel vector ( $i + 3 $j - k$ ), the direction ratios
= ( 3) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 = 9 + 4 + 1 = 14 units
are <1, 3, - 1>.
(v) (b) Let coordinates of image be R ( a , b, g ) \ DC’s are
Then, Q is mid-point of PR. 1 3
< , ,
æ a + 1 b + 2 g + 3ö ( 1 ) + ( 3) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2
2
( 1 ) + ( 3) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2
2
\ç , , ÷ = ( 4, 4, 4)
è 2 2 2 ø -1
\ a = 7, b = 6 and g = 5
( 1 ) + ( 3) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2
2
Hence, required image is R ( 7, 6, 5 ).
1 3 -1
23. (i) (a) Given, points are as follows i.e. < , , >
11 11 11
O = ( 0, 0, 0) and C = ( 0, 3, 0)
DR’s of OC are (iii) (d) The equation of line along which motorbike Q is
®
< ( 0 - 0), ( 3 - 0), ( 0 - 0) > i.e. < 0, 3, 0 >. running, is r = ( 2$i + 2 $j ) + r( 2$i + $j + k$ ).
(ii) (c) Given points are as follows This is parallel to the vector ( 2i$ + $j + k$ ).
O = ( 0, 0, 0) and B¢ = ( 2, 3, 4) Hence, the direction ratios of the required line are
DR’s of OB¢ are < 2 - 0, 3 - 0, 4 - 0 > i.e. < 2, 3, 4 >. <2, 1,1>.
Equation of diagonal OB¢ is (iv) (c) Given that,
x-0 y-0 z-0 x y z ® ®
= = i.e. = = Line 1 : a1 = 0$i + 0 $j + 0k$; b1 = $i + 3 $j - k$
2 3 4 2 3 4
® ®
(iii) (c) From the coordinate O( 0, 0, 0), A( 2, 0, 0), C( 0, 3, 0) Line 2 : a 2 = 2$i + 2 $j + 0k$, b 2 = 2$i + $j + k$
and B( 2, 3, 0), we can say that the plane OABC is a xy ® ®
plane. Figure is also drawn below. a2 - a1 = 2$i + 2 $j
Z
$i $j k$
® ®
O¢ C¢ and b1 ´ b2 =1 3 -1
2 1 1
A¢ B¢
= $i( 3 + 1 ) - $j ( 1 + 2) + k$( 1 - 6)
O Y
= 4$i - 3 $j - 5 k$
C ® ® ® ®
( a 2 - a1 ) × ( b1 ´ b 2 ) = ( 2$i + 2 $j + 0k$ ) × ( 4$i - 3 $j - 5 k$ )
A B =8-6+ 0=2
X ® ®
| b1 ´ b 2| = ( 4) 2 + ( - 3) 2 + ( - 5 ) 2
Hence, equation of OABC (or xy-plane) is z = 0.
(iv) (d) From the above figure, we can see that plane = 16 + 9 + 25
ABB ¢ A ¢ is parallel to YZ-plane which is passing through = 50 = 5 2
the point (2, 0, 0). ® ® ® ®
Hence, the equation of plane ABB ¢ A ¢ is x = 2. ( a 2 - a1 ) . ( b1 ´ b 2 )
\ Shortest distance = ® ®
(v) (a) From the above figure, we can see that plane | b1 ´ b 2|
O¢ A ¢ B ¢C ¢ is parallel to xy-plane which is passing
through the point (0, 0, 4). 2 2
= = unit
Hence, the equation of plane O¢ A ¢ B ¢C ¢ is z = 4. 5 2 5
(v) (c) Given, vector equation of line along which ®

For cartesian equation put r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ in Eq. (i),
®
motorbike Q is running is r = 2$i + 2 $j + m ( 2$i + $j + k$ ) we get
®
Put r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) = ( 2$i - $j + 4k$ ) + l ( $i + $j - 2k$ )
xi$ + yj$ + zk$ = ( 2 + 2m ) $i + ( 2 + m ) $j + m k$ Þ xi$ + yj$ + zk$ = ( 2 + l ) $i + ( l - 1 ) $j + ( 4 - 2l ) k$
Þ x = 2 + 2m, y = 2 + m, z = m Þ x = 2 + l, y = l - 1 and z = 4 - 2l
x-2 y-2 x-2 y+1 z-4
Þ = m,
z
= m and = m Þ = = =l
2 1 1 1 1 -2
x-2 y+1 z-4
\Cartesian equation of the required line is Hence, = = is the required equation of the
x-2 y-2 z 1 1 -2
= = . given line in cartesian form.
2 1 1
Subjective Questions 5. Here, x1 = 5, y1 = - 2 , z1 = 4
1. Since, the line makes angles a , b and g with positive and a = 2, b = 1, c = 3

x -5 y+ 2 z - 4
direction of coordinate axes, therefore cos a, cos b and cos g Þ = =
are the direction cosines of the line. 2 1 3
So, we have cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g = 1 6. Since, the required line is parallel to the line
x + 3 4- y z + 8
Þ 1 - sin 2 a + 1 - sin 2 b + 1 - sin 2 g = 1[Q sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 ] = =
3 5 6
Þ 3 - 1 = sin 2 a + sin 2 b + sin 2 g x + 3 y-4 z + 8
Hence, sin a + sin b + sin 2 g = 2
2 2 or = =
3 -5 6
2. Let the direction cosines of a line making a with X-axis, \ DR’s of both lines are proportional to each other.
b with Y-axis and g with Z-axis are l, m and n. The required cartesian equation of the line passing through
\ l = cos a , m = cos b and n = cos g the point ( -2, 4, - 5 ) having DR’s ( 3, - 5, 6) is
Given, the line makes equal angles with the coordinate axes. x+ 2 y-4 z +5
= =
So, a = b = g ...(i) 3 -5 6
Now, direction cosines are 7. DR’s of given line are ( - 2, - 3, 4).
l = cos a , m = cos a and n = cos a. ® $
\Required line is parallel to the vector b = - 2$i - 3 $j + 4k.
We know that, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
®
\ cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g = 1 \ r = $i + 2 $j + 3k$ + l(–2$i - 3 $j + 4k$ )
Þ cos 2 a + cos 2 a + cos 2 a = 1 ®
8. Given lines are r = ( $i + $j - k$ ) + l ( 3$i - $j ) ...(i)
Þ 3 cos a = 1
2
®
1 1 and r = ( 4$i - k$ ) + m ( 2$i + 3k$ ) ...(ii)
Þ cos 2 a = Þ cos a = ±
3 3 Clearly, these lines will intersect, if
Therefore, DC’s are ( $i + $j - k$ ) + l ( 3$i - $j ) = ( 4$i - k$ ) + m ( 2$i + 3k$ ),
1 1 1 for some particular values of l and m .
l=± ,m=± and n = ±
3 3 3 Collecting the like terms, we get
æ 1 1 1 ö ( 1 + 3l ) $i + ( 1 - l ) $j - k$ = ( 4 + 2 m)$i + ( -1 + 3m ) k$
\ DC’s of a line are ç ± ,± ,± ÷.
è 3 3 3ø On equating the coefficients of $i, we get
3. DC’s of required line are cos 60°, cos120° and cos 45°; i.e. 1 + 3l = 4 + 2 m Þ 3l - 2 m = 3
1 -1 1
, , and a point on the line is (2, -3, 4). On equating the coefficients of $j, we get
2 2 2
1-l=0
x-2 y+ 3 z-4
\ = = Þ l =1
1/ 2 -1 / 2 1 / 2
$ we get
On equating the coefficients of k,
or 2x - 4 = - 2y - 6 = 2 ( z - 4)
- 1 = - 1 + 3m Þ m = 0
4. The given line passes through the point A having position
® \ m = 0 and l = 1
vector a = 2$i - $j + 4k$ and is parallel to the vector
® Also, these values satisfy 3l - 2m = 3, therefore the given
b = ( $i + $j - 2k$ ). lines intersect.
\The equation of the given line is On putting l = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
® ® ® ®
r = a + lb r = ( $i + $j - k$ ) + 1( 3$i - $j ) = 4$i + 0 $j - k$
® Hence, the point of intersection of given lines is ( 4, 0, - 1 ).
Þ r = ( 2$i - $j + 4k$ ) + l ( $i + $j - 2k$ ) ...(i)
® 13. We know that, the equation of a plane passing through three

9. We have, n = $i + 2 $j + 3k$
non-collinear points ( x1, y1, z1 ), ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) and ( x 3, y3, z 3 ) is
$i + 2 $j + 3k$ $i 2 $j 3 k$
\ n$ = = + + x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
1 +2 +3
2 2 2 14 14 14 x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1 = 0
10. Given, direction ratios of normal to the plane are (2, - 1 , - 2). x 3 - x1 y3 - y1 z 3 - z1
So, direction cosines of the normal are x- 2 y -1 z-0
æ -1 Þ 3 - 2 -2 - 1 -2 - 0 = 0
ç 2
, ,
ç ( 2) 2 + ( - 1 ) 2 + ( - 2) 2 ( 2) + ( - 1 ) 2 + ( - 2) 2
2 3- 2 1 -1 7-0
è
ö x- 2 y - 1 z
-2 ÷
2 ÷ Þ 1 -3 -2 = 0
( 2) + ( - 1 ) + ( - 2) ø
2 2
1 0 7
é Q DR ’ s, if a, b and c are direction cosines ù
ê ú Þ ( x - 2)( -21 + 0) - ( y - 1 )( 7 + 2) + z ( 3) = 0
±a ±b ±c
ê= , , ú Þ - 21 x + 42 - 9y + 9 + 3z = 0
êë a2 + b 2 + c 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2 úû Þ - 21 x - 9y + 3z = - 51
æ 2 - 1 - 2ö \ 7x + 3y - z = 17
i.e. ç , , ÷
è3 3 3 ø So, the required equation of plane is 7x + 3y - z = 17.
Also, it is given that distance from origin to the plane, is 14. Equation of the ZOX-plane is y = 0
d = 6.
Any plane parallel to ZOX of the form y = a
Now, the required equation of plane is given by
Since, the y-intercept of the plane is 3.
lx + my + nz = d
\a=3
2 1 2
Þ x - y - z = 6 Þ 2x - y - 2z = 18 Thus, the equation of the required plane is y = 3.
3 3 3
15. We have, 2x - 3y + 5 z + 4 = 0
11. Given point is ( 5, 2, – 4), its position vector is
® Þ 2x - 3y + 5 z = - 4
a = 5 $i + 2 $j – 4k$ , and direction ratios of normal to the plane
2x 3y 5z
are (2, 3, –1). Þ - + =1
-4 -4 -4
® ®
\ Normal vector, n to the plane is n = 2 $i + 3 $j – k$ x y z
Þ + - =1
Now, vector equation of the plane passing through one point -2 4 4
® ® ®
is given by ( r – a ). n = 0 3 5
x y z
® Þ + + =1
\ [ r – ( 5 $i + 2 $j – 4k$ )] × ( 2$i + 3 $j – k$ ) = 0 -2 4 æ 4 ö
-
ç ÷
® 3 è 5ø
Þ r × ( 2$i + 3 $j - k$ ) = ( 5 $i + 2 $j - 4k$ ) × ( 2$i + 3 $j - k$ )
4 4
Þ
®
r × ( 2$i + 3 $j - k$ ) = 10 + 6 + 4 So, the intercepts are -2, and - .
3 5
®
Þ r × ( 2$i + 3 $j - k$ ) = 20, 16. Given, equation of plane is
which is the required vector equation. x - 3y + 5 z = d
® Since, it passes through (1, 2, 4), then
On putting r = x $i + y $j + z k$, we get
1 - 3( 2) + 5( 4) = d
( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( 2$i + 3 $j – k$ ) = 20 Þ 1 - 6 + 20 = d
Þ 2x + 3y – z = 20 \ d = 15
which is the required equation of plane in cartesian form. Therefore, the equation of the plane will be
12. Equation of a plane through ( -2, - 2, 2) is given by x - 3y + 5 z = 15
x 3y 5 z
a( x + 2) + b ( y + 2) + c ( z - 2) = 0 Þ - + =1
It contains the line joining the points (1, 1, 1) and 15 15 15
B ( 1, - 1, 2), so these points also lie in the plane. x y z
Þ + + =1
\ At (1, 1, 1) 3a + 3b - c = 0 15 -5 3
and at (1, -1, 2) 3a + b + 0 × c = 0 Hence, the intercept cut by the plane on axes X, Y, Z are
a b c 15, -5 and 3, respectively.
Þ = = =r [say]
1 -3 -6 17. The equation of any plane through the intersection of the
Þ a = r, b = - 3r and c = - 6r planes 3x - y + 2z - 4 = 0 and x + y + z - 2 = 0 is
So, equation of the plane is ( 3x - y + 2z - 4) + l ( x + y + z - 2) = 0 ...(i)
x - 3y - 6z + 8 = 0
The plane passes through the point (2, 2, 1). Therefore, this ® æ2 3 6 ö
20. The distance of the plane r × ç $i + $j – k$ ÷ = 1
point will satisfy Eq. (i). è7 7 7 ø
\ ( 3 ´ 2 - 2 + 2 ´ 1 - 4) + l ( 2 + 2 + 1 - 2) = 0 1
from the origin =
Þ ( 6 - 4) + 3l = 0 2 2 2
æ 2ö æ 3ö æ -6 ö
Þ 2 + 3l = 0 ç ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷
-2 è 7ø è 7ø è 7ø
Þ l= 1 1
3 = = =1
Substituting this value of l in Eq. (i), we obtain the required 4 9 36 1
+ +
plane as 49 49 49
2
( 3x - y + 2z - 4) - ( x + y + z - 2) = 0 21. Given planes are
3
2x + 3y + 4z = 4 …(i)
Þ 9x - 3y + 6z - 12 - 2x - 2y - 2z + 4 = 0 and 4x + 6y + 8z = 12
Þ 7x - 5 y + 4z - 8 = 0 Þ 2x + 3y + 4z = 6 …(ii)
This is the required equation of the plane. From the above equations, it can be seen that given planes
18. The equations of given lines can be written as are parallel.
x -5 y z It is known that the distance between two planes,
L1 : = = ax + by + cz = d1 and ax + by + cz = d2 is given by
0 3 - a -2
x-a y z d2 - d1 6-4
and L2 : = = . Distance d = Þ d=
0 -1 2 - a a +b +c
2 2 2
2 + 32 + 42
2
Since, these lines are coplanar, therefore 2 2

Þ d= = units
5 -a 0-0 0-0 4 + 9 + 16 29
0 3-a -2 = 0 22. The equation of given lines can be rewritten as
0 -1 2-a x -1 y + 1 z - 0
= = …(i)
Þ ( 5 - a ){( 3 - a )( 2 - a ) - 2} = 0 2 3 1
x+1 y- 2 z-2
Þ ( 5 - a )( 6 - 5 a + a 2 - 2) = 0 and = = …(ii)
5 1 1
Þ ( 5 - a )( a 2 - 5 a + 4) = 0 Line (i) passes through the point (1,-1 , 0) and has direction
Þ ( a - 1 )( a - 4)( a - 5 ) = 0 ratios proportional to 2, 3, 1. So, its vector
® ® ®
Þ a = 1, 4, 5 equation is r = a1 + l b1,
19. Given lines are ® ®
x - 2 y-4 z - 6 x+1 y+ 3 z+5 where a1 = $i - $j and b1 = 2$i + 3 $j + k$.
= = and = =
1 4 7 3 5 r Line (ii) passes through the point ( -1, 2, 2) and has direction
Here, the points and direction ratios of given lines are ratios proportional to 5, 1, 0, so its vector equation is
® ® ®
x1 = 2, y1 = 4, z1 = 6,
r = a2 + m b 2 ,
a1 = 1, b1 = 4, c1 = 7 ® ®
and x 2 = - 1, y2 = - 3, z 2 = - 5, where a2 = - $i + 2 $j + 2k$ and b2 = 5 $i + $j + 0k$.
® ®
a2 = 3, b2 = 5, c 2 = r \ a2 - a1 = ( - $i + 2 $j + 2k$ ) - ( $i - $j ) = - 2$i + 3 $j + 2k$
Now, these lines are coplanar, if $i $j k$
® ®
½ x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1 ½ and b1 ´ b2 = 2 3 1 = - $i + 5 $j - 13k$
½ a b1 c1 ½ = 0
½ 1 ½ 5 1 0
½ a2 b2 c2 ½ ® ® ® ®
\ ( a2 - a1 ) × ( b1 ´ b2 ) = ( -2$i + 3 $j + 2k$ ) × ( - $i + 5 $j - 13k$ )
½ -1 - 2 -3 - 4 -5 - 6 ½ ½ -3 -7 -11 ½
Consider,½ 1 4 7 ½= ½ 1 4 7½ = 2 + 15 - 26 = - 9 ¹ 0
½ ½ ½ ½ ® ®
½ 3 5 r ½ ½ 3 5 r½ and|b1 ´ b2| = ( -1 ) 2 + ( 5 ) 2 + ( -13) 2
½ -3 -7 -11 ½ = 1 + 25 + 169 = 195
Þ ½ 1 4 7 ½= 0 ® ® ® ®
½ ½ ( a2 - a1 ) ×( b1 ´ b2 )
½ 3 5 r½ So, shortest distance = ® ®
Þ -3( 4r - 35 ) + 7( r - 21 ) - 11( 5 - 12) = 0 |b1 ´ b2|
Þ -12r + ( -35 ´ -3) + 7r - 147 - 55 + 132 = 0 -9 9
= = unit
Þ - 12r - 105 + 7r - 147 - 55 + 132 = 0 195 195
® ® ® ®
Þ -5 r = -35 Since, ( a2 - a1 ) × ( b1 ´ b2 ) = - 9 ¹ 0
Þ r=7 Hence, given lines do not intersect.
® ® ®
23. Given lines are
® b ´ ( a2 – a1 ) |–9$i + 14 $j – 4k$|
r = ( 1 + l ) $i + ( 2 – 3l ) $j + ( 3 + 2l ) k$ …(i) \ Required distance, d = ®
=
| b| |2$i + 3 $j + 6k$|
®
and r = ( 4 $i + 5 $j + 6 k$ ) + m ( 2$i + 3 $j + k$ ). …(ii)
(–9) 2 + ( 14) 2 + (– 4) 2
Clearly, first equation is not in standard form. Let us write =
first equation of line in standard form, ( 2) 2 + ( 3) 2 + ( 6) 2
®
i.e. r = ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) + l( $i - 3 $j + 2k$ ) …(iii) 81 + 196 + 16 293
= =
On comparing Eqs. (iii) and (ii) with r = a1 + lb1 and
® 4 + 9 + 36 49
® 293
r = a2 + lb2 respectively, we get = units
®
® 7
a1 = $i + 2 $j + 3k$ , b1 = $i - 3 $j + 2k$ 25. Given, equation of line is
®
and
®
a2 = 4 $i + 5 $j + 6 k$, b2 = 2$i + 3 $j + k$ 6x - 2 3y + 1 2z - 2
6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2 or = =
$j k$ 6 6 6
i$
® ® æ 2ö æ 1ö æ 2ö
Clearly, b1 ´ b2 = 1 -3 2 6 ç x - ÷ 3 ç y + ÷ 2ç z - ÷
or è 6ø
= è 3ø
= è 2ø
2 3 1
6 6 6
= $i( -3 - 6) - $j( 1 - 4) + k$( 3 + 6) x-
1
y+
1
3 = 3 = z -1
= - 9$i + 3 $j + 9k$ or
1 2 3
® ®
Þ |b1 ´ b2| = |-9$i + 3 $j + 9k$| Clearly, DR’s of given line are 1, 2, 3.
1 2 3
= ( - 9) 2 + ( 3) 2 + ( 9) 2 \ DC’s of given line are , ,
14 14 14
= 81 + 9 + 81 = 171 = 3 19
éQ DC ’ s, if a, b and c are DR ’ s ù
Now,
® ®
a2 - a1 = ( 4$i + 5 $j + 6 k$ ) - ( $i + 2 $j + 3 k$ ) ê ±a ±b ±c ú
ê= , , ú
= 3$i + 3 $j + 3 k$ êë a +b +c
2 2 2
a + b2 + c2
2
a2 + b 2 + c 2 úû
® ® ® ®
|( a2 - a1 ) × ( b1 ´ b2 )| Now, equation of a line passing through the point
\ Required SD = ® ® ( 2, - 1, - 1 ) and parallel to the given line is
|b1 ´ b2| x -2 y+ 1 z + 1
= =
|( 3 i + 3 $j + 3k$ ) × ( -9$i + 3 $j + 9k$ )|
$ 1 2 3
=
3 19 To find the vector form, consider
|-27 + 9 + 27| 9 3 x-2 y+1 z+1
= = = units = = = l (say)
3 19 3 19 19 1 2 3
which is the required shortest distance. Þ x = l + 2, y = 2l - 1, z = 3l - 1
24. Given lines are \ xi$ + yj$ + zk$ = ( l + 2) $i + ( 2l - 1 ) $j + ( 3 l - 1 ) k$
®
L1: r = ( $i + 2 $j – 4k$ ) + l( 2$i + 3 $j + 6k$ ) = ( 2$i - $j - k$ ) + l ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ )
®
® Þ r = ( 2$i - $j - k$ ) + l ( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ),
and L 2 : r = ( 3$i + 3 $j – 5 k$ ) + m ( 4$i + 6 $j + 12k$ )
® which is the required equation of line in vector form.
or L : r = ( 3$i + 3 $j – 5 k$ ) + 2m ( 2$i + 3 $j + 6k$ )
2
26. Let D be the foot of perpendicular drawn from A to the
= ( 3$i + 3 $j - 5 k$ ) + m ¢( 2$i + 3 $j + 6k$ ) line BC.
On comparing the given equations of lines with A ( 1, 8, 4)
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
r = a1 + l b and r = a2 + m ¢ b , we get a1 = $i + 2 $j – 4k$,
® ®
a2 = 3$i + 3 $j – 5 k$ and b = 2$i + 3 $j + 6k$
® ®
Now, a2– a1 = ( 3$i + 3 $j – 5 k$ ) – ( $i + 2 $j – 4k$ ) = 2$i + $j – k$
B D C
$i $j k$
® ® ®
and b ´ ( a2 – a1 ) = 2 3 6 ( 0, –1, 3) ( 2, –3, –1)
2 1 –1 Now, equation of line passing through B and C is

= (–3 – 6) $i – (–2 – 12) $j + ( 2 – 6) k$ x y+1 z – 3 x y+1 z – 3
= = or = =
= –9$i + 14 $j – 4k$ 2 –2 –4 1 –1 –2
x y + 1 z -3 28. The given points are A( 2, 5, - 3 ), B ( -2, - 3, 5 ) and

Now, let = = =l
1 -1 -2 C ( 5, 3, - 3 ).
Þ x = l, y = - l - 1 and z = - 2l + 3 ® ® ®
Let a = 2$i + 5 $j - 3k$, b = - 2$i - 3 $j + 5 k$ and c = 5 $i + 3 $j - 3k$
So, coordinates of D are ( l, - l - 1, - 2l + 3) for some
value of l. Now, the vector equation of the plane passing through
® ® ®
Now, DR’s of line AD are a, b and c is given by
< l – 1, – l – 9, – 2l – 1 > ® ® ® ® ® ®
( r - a ) × {( b - a ) ´ ( c - a )} = 0
As, AD ^ BC ® ®
5 Here, b - a = - 2$i - 3 $j + 5 k$ - 2$i - 5 $j + 3k$
\ 1( l – 1 ) – 1(– l – 9) – 2(–2l – 1 ) = 0 Þ l = –
3 = - 4$i - 8 $j + 8k$
æ 5 2 19 ö ® ®
Thus, the coordinates of D is ç – , , ÷ . and c - a = 5 $i + 3 $j - 3k$ - 2$i - 5 $j + 3k$ = 3$i - 2 $j
è 3 3 3ø ®
\ { r - ( 2$i + 5 $j - 3k$ )} ×[( -4$i - 8 $j + 8k$ ) ´ ( 3$i - 2 $j )] = 0
Hence, the coordinates of foot of perpendicular drawn from
æ 5 2 19 ö ½ $i $j k$ ½
A to line joining B and C are ç – , , ÷ . $ ½ ½
è 3 3 3ø Now, ( -4 i - 8 j + 8k) ´ ( 3 i - 2 j ) = -4 -8 8
$ $ $ $
½
½ ½
½
27. The required plane passes through the point A( -1, 3, - 4) 3 -2 0
½ ½
®
and contains the line r = ( $i + $j ) + l ( $i + 2 $j - k$ ) = $i ( 0 + 16) - $j( 0 - 24) + k$ ( 8 + 24)
which passes through B( 1, 1, 0) and is parallel to the vector = 16$i + 24 $j + 32k$
®
b = $i + 2 $j - k$. ®
\ { r - ( 2$i + 5 $j - 3k$ )} ×( 16 $i + 24 $j + 32k$ ) = 0 ...(i)
Thus, required plane passes through two points A( -1, 3, - 4) This is the required vector equation of plane.
®
and B( 1, 1, 0) and is parallel to the vector b = $i + 2 $j - k$. ®
For cartesian equation put r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ in Eq. (i).
®
Let n be the normal vector to the required plane. Þ ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( 16$i + 24$i + 32 k$ )
® ® ¾®
Then, n is perpendicular to both b and AB. Consequently, it = ( 2$i + 5 $j - 3k$ ) × ( 16$i + 24 $j + 32k$ )
¾® ®
is parallel to AB ´ b . Þ 16x + 24y + 32z = 32 + 120 - 96
® ¾® ® Þ 16x + 24y + 32z = 56
Let n1 = AB ´ b . Then, Þ 2x + 3y + 4z = 7
½ $i $j k$ ½ This is the required cartesian equation of plane.
® ½ ½
n1 = 2 -2 4 = $i ( 2 - 8) - $j ( - 2 - 4) + k$ ( 4 + 2) 29. Given, equation of planes are
½
½ ½
½ ®
1 2 -1 r × ( $i + 3 $j ) + 6 = 0 …(i)
½ ½
¾® ¾® ¾® ®
= - 6$i + 6 $j + 6k$ [Q AB = OB - OA ] and r × ( 3$i - $j - 4k$ ) = 0 …(ii)
®
Let a be the position vector of A. ®
®
Taking r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$, the equations of the given
Then, a = - $i + 3 $j - 4k$ planes are
® ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) ×( $i + 3 $j ) + 6 = 0
Clearly, the required plane passes through a = - $i + 3 $j - 4k$
® Þ x + 3y + 6 = 0 …(iii)
and it is perpendicular to n = - 6$i + 6 $j + 6k$.
1
So, its vector equation is Þ ( xi + yj + zk) × ( 3$i - $j - 4k$ ) = 0
$ $ $
® ® ® ® ® ® ® Þ 3x - y - 4z = 0 …(iv)
( r - a ) × n1 = 0 or r × n1 = a × n1
®
The equation of any plane passing through the line
Þ r × ( -6$i + 6 $j + 6k$ ) = ( - $i + 3 $j - 4k$ ) × ( -6$i + 6 $j + 6k$ ) intersection of the given planes is given by
® ( x + 3y + 6) + l ( 3x - y - 4z ) = 0 for some real number l.
Þ r × ( -6$i + 6 $j + 6k$ ) = 6 + 18 - 24
Þ ( 1 + 3l ) x + ( 3 - l ) y - 4l z + 6 = 0 …(v)
® ®
Þ r × ( -6$i + 6 $j + 6k$ ) = 0 Þ r × ( - $i + $j + k$ ) = 0 Length of perpendicular from origin to plane (v) is given
as 1.
The length of perpendicular from P( 2, 1, 4) to the above | 0 + 0 - 0 + 6|
\ =1
plane is given by ( 1 + 3l ) 2 + ( 3 - l ) 2 + ( - 4l ) 2
½ ( 2$i + $j + 4k$ ) × ( - $i + $j + k$ ) ½
d =½ ½ [Q length of the perpendicularfrom the origin to
½ ( -1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 ½ |d|
the plane ax + by + cz = 0 is ]
|- 2 + 1 + 4| 3 a + b2 + c2
2
= = = 3 units
( -1 ) + ( 1 ) + ( 1 )
2 2 2 3 Þ ( 1 + 3l ) 2 + ( 3 - l ) 2 + ( -4l ) 2 = 36
Þ 1 + 9l2 + 6l + 9 + l2 - 6l + 16l2 = 36 31. Given, equation of planes are

®
Þ 26l2 = 26 r × ( 2$i + 2 $j - 3k$ ) = 7 …(i)
Þ l = 1 Þ l = ±1
2
®
and r × ( 2$i + 5 $j + 3k$ ) = 9 …(ii)
Putting l = 1 in Eq. (v), we get
Now, the equation of plane through the intersection of
4x + 2y - 4z + 6 = 0 Eqs. (i) and (ii) is
Þ 2x + y - 2z + 3 = 0 ®
Putting l = -1 in Eq. (v), we get r × {( 2$i + 2 $j - 3k$ ) + l ( 2$i + 5 $j + 3k$ )} = 7 + 9l
®
- 2x + 4y + 4z + 6 = 0 Þ r × {( 2 + 2l ) $i + ( 2 + 5 l ) $j + ( 3l - 3) k$} = 7 + 9l …(iii)
Þ x - 2y - 2z - 3 = 0
Now, the corresponding cartesian equation is
Hence, the required equation of the planes are
x ( 2 + 2l ) + y ( 2 + 5 l ) + z ( 3l - 3) = 7 + 9l …(iv)
2x + y - 2z + 3 = 0 and x - 2y - 2z - 3 = 0 x y z
30. We know that, the equation of a line passing through the Þ + + =1
æ 7 + 9l ö æ 7 + 9l ö æ 7 + 9l ö
points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) is given by çç ÷÷ çç ÷÷ çç ÷÷
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1 è 2 + 2l ø è 2 + 5 l ø è 3l - 3 ø
= =
x 2 - x1 y2 - y1 z 2 - z1 Since, it is given that the intercepts made by the plane on
X-axis and Y-axis are equal, therefore we get
Here, ( x1, y1, z1 ) = ( 2, - 1, 2 ) and ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) = ( 5, 3, 4)
7 + 9l 7 + 9l
So, the equation of the line passing through A( 2, - 1, 2 ) and =
B ( 5, 3, 4) is 2 + 2l 3l - 3
x-2 y+1 z -2 Þ 3l - 3 = 2 + 2l
= =
5 -2 3+1 4-2 Þ l =5
x-2 y+1 z -2 On putting l = 5 in Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
Þ = = ®
3 4 2
r × ( 12$i + 27 $j + 12k$ ) = 52 and 12x + 27y + 12z = 52
The general equation of a plane passing through
(2, 0, 3) is which is required vector and cartesian equation of plane.
®
a ( x - 2 ) + b ( y - 0) + c ( z - 3 ) = 0 ...(i) 32. Given that, r = ( 3$i - 2 $j + 6k$ ) + l( 2$i - $j + 2k$ )
It will pass through B ( 1, 1, 5 ) and C ( 3, 2, 4), if Cartesian equation of the plane is
a ( 1 - 2 ) + b ( 1 - 0) + c ( 5 - 3 ) = 0 x -3 y+ 2 z -6
= = = l (say)
Þ - a + b + 2c = 0 2 -1 2
Þ a - b - 2c = 0 ...(ii) A general point on this line is
and a( 3 - 2 ) + b( 2 - 0) + c( 4 - 3 ) = 0 Q( 2l + 3, - l - 2, 2l + 6)
Þ a + 2b + c = 0 ...(iii) The cartesian equation of the given plane is x - y + z = 6
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii) by cross-multiplication, we get If this point lies on the given plane, we have
a b c 2l + 3 - ( -l - 2) + 2l + 6 = 6
= =
-1 + 4 -2 - 1 2 + 1 Þ 2l + 3 + l + 2 + 2l + 6 = 6
a b c Þ 5l = - 5
Þ = = = l (say)
3 -3 3 Þ l = -1
Þ a = 3l, b = - 3l and c = 3l \ Point Q is ( -2 + 3, 1 - 2, - 2 + 6) , i.e., (1, -1 , 4).
Substituting the values of a, b and c in Eq. (i), we get \ Required distance
3l ( x - 2 ) - 3l ( y - 0) + 3l ( z - 3 ) = 0 PQ = ( -2 - 1 ) 2 + ( -4 + 1 ) 2 + ( 7 - 4) 2
Þ x-2-y+ z-3=0
Þ x - y+ z =5 = ( -3) 2 + ( -3) 2 + ( 3) 2 = 9 + 9 + 9 = 27
which is the required equation of plane. = 9 ´ 3 = 3 3 units
Now, the coordinates of any point on the line ® ®
x-2 y+1 z-2 Let r1 = - 2$i - 4 $j + 7k$ and r2 = $i - $j + 4k$
= = = r (say) ® ®
3 4 2 \ r 2 - r1 = $i - $j + 4k$ - ( -2$i - 4 $j + 7k$ )
are x = 3r + 2, y = 4r - 1 and z = 2r + 2 ...(iv)
= $i - $j + 4k$ + 2$i + 4 $j - 7k$
If it lies on the plane x - y + 2 = 5, then
3r + 2 - 4r + 1 + 2r + 2 = 5 Þ r = 0 = 3$i + 3 $j - 3k$
Substituting the value of r = 0 in Eq. (iv), we get \ The vector equation of line PQ is
x = 3 ´ 0 + 2, y = 4 ´ 0 - 1, z = 2 ´ 0 + 2 ® ® ® ®
r = r1 + l( r 2 - r1 ) for some scalar l
Þ x = 2, y = - 1 and z = 2
Hence, the point of intersection are ( 2, - 1, 2 ). = - 2$i - 4 $j + 7k$ + l( 3$i + 3 $j - 3k$ )
® ®
33. We have, r = a + l b and r = b + m a
® ® ® ® ½ $i $j k$ ½
½ ½
® ® ® Now, ( $i - 2 $j + 3k$ ) ´ ( $j + 3k$ ) = 1 -2 3
We know that, two lines are r = a1 + l b1 ½
½ ½
½
0 1 3
® ® ® ½ ½
and r = a 2 + m b 2 are coplanar, if and only if
= $i ( -6 - 3) - $j ( 3 - 0) + k$ ( 1 - 0)
® ® ® ®
( a 2 - a1 ) × ( b1 ´ b 2 ) = 0 = - 9$i - 3 $j + k$
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Here, a1 = a and a 2 = b and b1 = b and b 2 = a \ { r - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )} × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) = 0
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
\ ( b - a) ×( b ´ a) = b ×( b ´ a) - a ×( b ´ a) ®
Þ r × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) = ( $i + $j - 2k$ ) × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ )
®®® ®®®
= [ b b a ] -[ a b a ] = 0 ®
Þ r × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) = - 9 - 3 - 2
\ Line are coplanar.
®
Equation of plane containing the line Þ r × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) = - 14
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
r = a + l b and r = b + m a is Þ r × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) + 14 = 0
® ® ® ®
( r - a) ×( a ´ b ) = 0 For cartesian equation of that plane put
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
r ×( a ´ b ) - a × ( a ´ b ) = 0 r = xi$ + yj$ + zj$
® ® ®
r × ( a ´ b) = 0 Hence proved. Þ ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( -9$i - 3 $j + k$ ) + 14 = 0
34. The equation of a plane passing through the intersection of Þ -9x - 3y + z + 14 = 0
® ® Þ 9x + 3y - z - 14 = 0 ...(i)
the planes r ×( $i + $j + k$ ) = 1 and r × ( 2$i + 3 $j - k$ ) + 4 = 0 is
Now, any plane parallel to the given plane is
® ®
{ r × ( $i + $j + k$ ) - 1} + l { r × ( 2$i + 3 $j - k$ ) + 4} = 0 9x + 3y - z + K = 0 ...(ii)
® If it is passes through (2, 3, 7), then
Þ r × {( 2l + 1 ) $i + ( 3l + 1 ) $j + ( 1 - l ) k$} + ( 4l - 1 ) = 0 …(i)
9( 2 ) + 3( 3 ) - 7 + K = 0
It is given that the plane (i) is parallel to X-axis
Þ 18 + 9 - 7 + K = 0
i.e. the vector $i.
\ {( 2l + 1 ) $i + ( 3l + 1 ) $j + ( 1 - l ) k$} × $i = 0 Þ K = - 20
Þ 2l + 1 = 0 Hence, required equation of the plane is
1 9x + 3y - z - 20 = 0
Þ l=-
2 Now, we have equation of two parallel planes given by
1
Putting l = - in Eq. (i), we get 9x + 3y - z - 14 = 0 and 9x + 3y - z - 20 = 0
2
® æ 1 3 ö -20 - ( -14)
r × ç - $j + k$ ÷ - 3 = 0 \Distance between these two planes =
è 2 2 ø 9 + 32 + ( - 1 ) 2
2
® 6
r × ( - $j + 3k$ ) = 6, which is the required equation of plane. =
unit
91
Now, cartesian equation of plane is
36. Let the given points be A ( 2, 2, - 1 ), B ( 3, 4, 2 ) and C( 7, 0, 6).
( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( - $j + 3k$ ) = 6
® ® ®
- y + 3z = 6 Let a = 2$i + 2 $j - k$, b = 3$i + 4 $j + 2k$ and c = 7$i + 6k$
y - 3z + 6 = 0 ® ®
Now, the vector equation of the line passing through a, b
Distance of the plane from X-axis is
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
|6 - 0| |6| 6 and c is given by ( r - a ) × [( b - a ) ´ ( c - a )] = 0
d= = = unit
0 + 1 + ( - 3)
2 2 2 1+9 10 ® ®
Now, b - a = ( 3$i + 4 $j + 2k$ ) - ( 2$i + 2 $j - k$ )
6
Hence, the distance of the plane from X-axis is unit. = $i + 2 $j + 3k$
10
® ® ® ® ®
35. Let a = $i + $j - 2k$, b = 2$i - $j + k$ and c = $i + 2 $j + k$ and c - a = ( 7$i + 6k$ ) - ( 2$i + 2 $j - k$ ) = 5 $i - 2 $j + 7k$
Then, the vector equation of a plane passing through The required equation of the plane is
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
a, b and c is given by ( r - a ) × [( b - a ) ´ ( c - a )] = 0 [ r - ( 2$i + 2 $j - k$ )] × [( $i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) ´ ( 5 $i - 2 $j + 7k$ )] = 0
®
Þ { r - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )} ×[{( 2$i - $j + k$ ) - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )} ½ $i $j k$ ½
® $ ½ ½
Þ [ r - ( 2 i + 2 j - k)] × 1 2 3 = 0
$ $
´ {( $i + 2 $j + k$ ) - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )}] = 0 ½
½ ½
½
5 -2 7
® ½ ½
Þ { r - ( $i + $j - 2k$ )} ×[( $i - 2 $j + 3k$ ) ´ ( $j + 3k$ )] = 0
®
Þ [ r - ( 2$i + 2 $j - k$ )] Þ l + 4l + 6 - 2l - 4 = 6
Þ 3l = 4
× [ $i ( 14 + 6) - $j ( 7 - 15 ) + k$ ( -2 - 10)] = 0
4
® Þ l=
Þ [ r - ( 2$i + 2 $j - k$ )] × ( 20$i + 8 $j - 12k$ ) = 0 3
® æ4 8 4 ö æ 4 17 10 ö
Þ r ×( 20$i + 8 $j - 12k$ ) = ( 2$i + 2 $j - k$ ) × ( 20$i + 8 $j - 12k$ ) \ Required point ç , + 3, + 2÷ = ç , , ÷
è 3 3 3 ø è3 3 3 ø
®
Þ r ×( 20$i + 8 $j - 12k$ ) = 40 + 16 + 12 = 68 38. (i) Given, the equation of motion of a missile are
® x y z
Þ r ×( 5 $i + 2 $j - 3k$ ) = 17, x = 3t, y = - 4t and z = t Þ = = =t
3 -4 1
which is the required vector equation. which represents equation of straight line passing
®
For cartesian equation put r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$ through origin.
(ii) By option (c), put a = 6, b = -8, c = 2 in equation
Þ ( xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) × ( 5 $i + 2 $j - 3k$ ) = 17 x y z
= = , we get
Þ 5 x + 2y - 3z = 17 or 5 x + 2y - 3z - 17 = 0 3 -4 1
Now, the equation of any plane parallel to above 6 -8 2
= = =2
plane is 5 x + 2y - 3z + k = 0 3 -4 1
If it passes through (4, 3, 1), then Hence, point (6, -8, 2) lie on the path of missile.
5 ( 4) + 2 ( 3 ) - 3( 1 ) + k = 0 Þ k = -23 (iii) In 5 s, x = 15, y = - 20 and z = 5
Thus, the equation of plane is
\ Required distance = ( 15 ) 2 + ( -20) 2 + ( 5 ) 2
5 x + 2y - 3z - 23 = 0
Hence, required vector equation of plane is = 225 + 400 + 25 = 650 km
® (iv) Since, the positive of rocket at a certain time is
r ×( 5 $i + 2 $j - 3k$ ) - 23 = 0.
(5, -8, 10).
37. (i) DR’s of normal to plane line joining point \ Height of the rocket from the ground (xy-plane) is
(2, 5, 3) and (1, 3, 5). z-coordinate of position of rocket i.e. 10 km.
i.e. (1 - 2, 3 - 5, 5 - 3) or (-1, - 2, 2). (v) The equation of plane is
Equation of plane passing through (2, 5, 3) and having 2x + y + 3z = 1 …(i)
direction ratios -1, - 2, 2 \ DR’s of normal to plane (i) are (2, 1, 3).
( -1 )( x - 2) + ( -2)( y - 5 ) + ( 2)( z - 3) = 0 \ Equation of normal passing through the point
Þ - x + 2 - 2y + 10 + 2z - 6 = 0 (1, 1, 2) is
Þ - x - 2y + 2z + 12 - 6 = 0 x - 1 y - 1 z -2
= = =l
Þ x + 2y - 2z = 6 2 1 3
(ii) Let A be (1, 3, 5) and B be (2, 5, 3). Þ x = 2l + 1, y = l + 1 and z = 3l + 2
General point on the line is
Then, AB = ( 2 - 1 ) 2 + ( 5 - 3) 2 + ( 3 - 5 ) 2
( 2l + 1, l + 1, 3l + 2)
= ( 1 ) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( - 2) 2 This point lies on the plane
= 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 = 3m 2( 2l + 1 ) + ( l + 1 ) + 3( 3l + 2) = 1
3 1 Þ 4l + 2 + l + 1 + 9l + 6 = 1
(iii) \ Required time = s= s Þ 14l + 9 = 1
36 12
Þ 14l = - 8
(iv) Equation of line passing through the helicopter
4
(1, 3, 5) and the boat (2, 5, 3) is Þ l=-
7
x - 1 y - 3 z -5
= = \ Coordinate of the foot of the perpendicular are
2 -1 5 - 3 3 - 5
æ -8 -4 -12 ö æ -1 3 2 ö
x -1 y - 3 z -5 ç + 1, + 1, + 2÷ i.e. ç , , ÷ .
Þ = = è 7 7 7 ø è 7 7 7ø
1 2 -2
Let ( x, y, z ) be the image of (1, 1, 2) in the given plane
(v) Along the line where equation is 1 + x -1 1 + y 3 2+ z 2
x y-3 z-2 \ = , = and =
= = =l 2 7 2 7 2 7
1 2 1 -9 -1 -10
Þ x = l, y = 2l + 3 and z = l + 2 Þ x= ,y= and z =
7 7 7
If ( l, 2l + 3, l + 2) lies on the line x + 2y - 2z = 6 æ -9 -1 -10 ö
\ Required image is ç , , ÷.
Þ l + 2( 2l + 3) - 2( l + 2) = 6 è 7 7 7 ø
Chapter Test
Multiple Choice Questions (ii) The height of the tower from the ground is
5 7
1. The direction cosines of the line segment joining the (a) units (b) units
29 29
points A ( 7 , - 5 , 9 ) and B (5 , - 3 , 8 ) are 6 8
æ 2 -2 -1 ö æ -2 2 -1 ö (c) units (d) units
(a) ç , , ÷ (b) ç , , ÷ 29 29
è3 3 3 ø è 3 3 3 ø
(iii) The equation of the perpendicular line drawn from the
æ -2 2 -1 ö
(c) ç , , ÷ (d) None of these top of the tower to the ground is
è 5 5 5 ø
x - 1 y + 3 z -5 x -2 y -3 z - 1
(a) = = (b) = =
2. Vector equation of a plane passing through a point 2 1 -2 -3 2 -4
having position vector (2i$ - $j + k$ ) and perpendicular x -2 y -3 z - 1 x + 1 y + 3 z -5
(c) = = (d) = =
to the vector ( 4 i$ + 2 $j - 3 k$ ), is 3 2 4 -2 -1 2
® ®
(a) r × ( 4 i$ + 2 $j - 3k$ ) = 3 (b) r × (2i$ + 4 $j - 3k$ ) = 3 (iv) The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
® ® drawn from the top of the tower to the ground are
(c) r × ( 4 i$ + 2 $j - 3k$ ) = 3 (d) r × ( 4 i$ + 2 $j - 3k$ ) = 2 3
æ 43 - 77 -9ö æ 9 - 1 - 10 ö
(a) ç , , ÷ (b) ç , , ÷
3. If the line drawn from the point ( -2 , - 1 , - 3 ) meets a è 29 29 29 ø è7 7 7 ø
plane at right angle at the point ( 1 , - 3 , 3 ), then the æ - 43 77 -9ö æ 43 77 9 ö
(c) ç , , ÷ (d) ç , , ÷
equation of the plane is [NCERT Exemplar] è 29 29 29 ø è 29 29 29 ø
(a) 2x - 2 y + 6 z - 27 = 0 (b) 3x - 2 y + 3z - 27 = 0 (v) The area of DABC is
(c) 3x - 2 y + 6 z - 27 = 0 (d) None of these (a)
29
sq units (b)
29
sq units
4 2
Case Based MCQs 39 39
4. A mobile tower stands at the top of a hill. Consider the 2 4
surface on which the tower stands as a plane having
points A(1, 0, 2), B (3, - 1, 1) and C(1, 2, 1) on it. The
mobile tower is tied with 3 cables from the point A, B 5. If a line makes angles 90°, 135°, 45° with the X, Y and Z
and C such that it stands vertically on the ground. The axes respectively, find its direction cosines.
top of the tower is at the point (2, 3, 1) as shown in the 6. A line passes through the point with position vector
figure. 2i$ - $j + 4 k$ and is in the direction of the vector
(2, 3, 1)
i$ + $j - 2 k$. Find the equation of the line in cartesian
form.
7. Find the vector equation of the line which passes

through the point (3, 4, 5) and is parallel to the vector
B (3, –1, 1) 2i$ + 2 $j - 3 k$.
A (1, 0, 2) 8. Find the equation of a line passing through the points
C (1, 2, 1)
P( 1 , - 2 , 3 ) and Q( - 3 , 2 , - 1 ).
information. 9. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane
(i) The equation of the plane passing through the points passing through the points (2, 5, -3) ( -2 , - 3 , 5 ) and
A, B and C is (5 , 3 , - 3 ). Also, find the point of intersection of this
(a) 3x - 2 y + 4 z = - 11 plane with the line passing through points (3 , 1 , 5 ) and
(b) 3x + 2 y + 4 z = 11 ( -1 , - 3 , - 1 ).
(c) 3x - 2 y - 4 z = 11
(d) - 3x + 2 y + 4 z = - 11
Answers
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (d) (v) (b)
-1 1 x -2 y + 1 z - 4 ®
5. 0, and 6. = = 7. r = (3i$ + 4 j$ + 5k$ ) + l (2i$ + 2 j$ - 3k$ ) For Detailed Solutions
2 2 1 1 -2
x -1 y + 2 z -3 Scan the code
8. = = 9. (1, - 1, 2)
-1 1 -1
CHAPTER 06
Probability
In this Chapter...
l Event
l Conditional Probability
l Multiplication Theorem on Probability
l Independent Events
l Theorem of Total Probability and Baye’s Theorem
l Random Variable and Its Probability Distribution
(iii) Compound Event If an event has more than one sample

Event point, then it is called a compound event.
A subset of the sample space associated with a random e.g. In the experiment of tossing a coin twice, the events
experiment is called an event. E = exactly one head appeared
e.g. On tossing a coin, we have sample space S = {H, T} and F = atleast one head appeared are compound events.
The event of getting a head is given by E = {H}. The subsets of S associated with these events are
Clearly, E Í S, so E = {H} is an event. E = {HT, TH} and F = {HT, TH, HH }.
(iv) Equally Likely Events The given events are said to be
Types of Events equally likely, if none of them is expected to occur in
(i) Impossible and Sure Events The empty set fand the preference to the other.
sample space S describe events (as S and fare also subset e.g. In throwing an unbiased die, all the six faces are
of S ). The empty set fis called an impossible event and equally likely to come.
whole sample space S is called the sure event. (v) Mutually Exclusive Events Two or more events are said
to be mutually exclusive, if the happening of one
e.g. When we throw, a die, then the event of getting a
excludes the happening of the other i.e. if no two of
number greater than 6 is a impossible event and the
them can occur together. If A and B are mutually
event of getting a number less than 7 is a sure event.
exclusive events, then ( A Ç B ) = f.
(ii) Simple Event If an event has only one sample point of a
sample space, then it is called a simple or elementary e.g. In throwing a die, all the 6 faces numbered 1 to 6 are
event. mutually exclusive, if anyone of these faces comes, the
possibility of others in the same trial is ruled out.
e.g. Let a die is thrown, then sample space
(vi) Exhaustive Events A set of events are said to be
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6 }
exhaustive, if one of them necessarily occurs whenever
Again, let A = event of getting 3 = { 3 } the experiment is performed.
Here, A is a simple event.
Let E1 , E 2 , ... , E n be subsets of sample space S. (ii) For three events A, B and C,
Then, events E1 , E 2 ,..., E n are exhaustive events, P ( A È B È C ) = P( A) + P( B) + P(C )
if E1 È E 2 È¼È E n = S. - P ( A Ç B) - P ( B Ç C )
e.g. In the experiment of throwing a die, - P ( A Ç C) + P ( A Ç B Ç C)
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6} If A, B and C are mutually exclusive events, then
Let E1 = event of getting an even number P ( A È B È C ) = P( A) + P( B) + P(C )
= {2, 4, 6} [for mutually exclusive events,
and E 2 = event of getting an odd number P ( A Ç B) = P ( B Ç C )
= P (C Ç A) = P( A Ç B Ç C ) = 0]
= {1, 3, 5 }
2. If A and B are two events associated with a random
Here, E1 È E 2 = S. So, E1 and E 2 are exhaustive events.
experiment, then
(vii) Complement of an Event Let A be an event in a sample
(i) P( A Ç B) = P ( B) - P ( A Ç B)
space S, then complement of A is the set of all sample
points, which are not in A and it is denoted by (ii) P( A Ç B ) = P ( A) - P ( A Ç B)
A¢ or A. (iii) P[( A Ç B ) È ( A Ç B)] = P ( A) + P ( B) - 2P ( A Ç B)
i.e. A¢ = {n : n Î S, n Ï A} (iv) P( A Ç B ) = 1 - P ( A È B)
e.g. In the random experiment of throwing a die, the (v) P( A È B ) = 1 - P ( A Ç B)
sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6 } and if we define the (vi) P( A) = P ( A Ç B) + P ( A Ç B )
event E as getting multiple of 3, then complement of E, (vii) P( B) = P ( A Ç B) + P ( B Ç A )
i.e. E = { 1, 2, 4, 5 }.
(viii) P(exactly one of A, B occurs) = P ( A) + P( B) - 2P ( A Ç B)
Probability of an Event = P ( A È B) - P ( A Ç B)
If there are n elementary equally likely events associated with 3. If A, B and C are three events, then
a random experiment and m of them are favourable to an P(exactly one of A, B, C occurs)
event A, then the probability of happening or occurrence of A = P( A) + P( B) + P(C ) - 2P ( A Ç B) - 2P ( B Ç C )
is denoted by P( A) and defined as
- 2P ( A Ç C ) + 3P ( A Ç B Ç C )
éNumber of elementary events ù 4. P ( A ) = 1 - P ( A)
êfavourable to event A ú
P( A) =
m
=ë û
Conditional Probability
n éTotal number of elementary ù
êevents to the experiment ú If A and B are two events associated with the same sample
ë û space of a random experiment, then conditional probability of
Note the event A given that B has occurred,
(i) 0 £ P( A) £ 1 i.e. P( A/ B) is given by
(ii) Probability of impossible event is zero.
æ A ö P( A Ç B)
(iii) Probability of sure event is 1. Pç ÷ = , provided P( B) ¹ 0
(iv) P ( A È A ¢) = 1 è Bø P( B)
(v) P ( A Ç A ¢) = 0 Probability of occurrence of event B, when A has already
(vi) P ( A ¢) ¢ = P ( A) occurred i.e. P (B /A) is given by
(vii) Sometimes, we have to select r objects from n distinct objects,
æ B ö P( B Ç A)
then we use the formula, nC r =
n!
, 0 £ r £ n. Pç ÷ = , provided P( A) ¹ 0
r !(n – r)! è Aø P( A)
Important Results on Probability Properties of Conditional Probability

1. Addition Theorem of Probability Let A and B be the events of a sample space S of an
(i) For two events A and B, experiment, then
P ( A È B) = P( A) + P( B) - P ( A Ç B) (i) P (S / A) = P ( A / A) = 1
If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then (ii) If A and B are any two events of a sample space Sand C is
P ( A È B) = P( A) + P( B) an event of S, such that P(C ) ¹ 0, then
[for mutually exclusive events, P ( A Ç B) = 0 ] P{( A È B)/ C} =P ( A/C ) + P ( B/C ) -P {( A Ç B)/ C}
In particular, if A and B are disjoint events, then probability of the simultaneous occurrence of the events E
æ AÈBö æ Aö æ B ö and F is the product of P( E ) and P( F) calculated separately
Pç ÷ = Pç ÷ + Pç ÷ on the basis of two experiments.
è C ø èC ø èC ø
i.e. P( E Ç F) = P( E ) × P( F)
(iii) P ( A¢ / B) = 1 - P ( A/ B), where A¢ is complement of A.
Note If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P( A / B) = 0.
3. Difference between independent events and mutually
exclusive events
Multiplication Theorem on Probability (i) Term independent is defined in terms of probability
of events whereas mutually exclusive is defined in
Let A and B be two events associated with a random
terms of subset of sample space.
experiment, then
(ii) Mutually exclusive events never have an outcome
ì P ( A) × P ( B/ A), where P( A) ¹ 0 common, but independent events may have common
P ( A Ç B) = í
î P ( B) × P ( A/ B), where P( B) ¹ 0 outcome. In other words, two independent events
Here, A Ç B denotes the simultaneous occurrence of the having non-zero probabilities of occurrence cannot
events A and B. The event A Ç B is also written as AB. be mutually exclusive and conversely i. e. two
mutually exclusive events having non-zero
The above result is known as the multiplication rule of probabilities of occurrence cannot be independent.
probability.
4. Three events A, B and C are said to be mutually
Multiplication Rule for More than Two Events independent, if
Let E, F, G and H be four events of sample space S. Then, P( A Ç B) = P( A) × P( B)
æ F ö æ G ö÷ P( A Ç C ) = P( A) × P(C )
(i) P ( E Ç F Ç G) = P ( E ) × P ç ÷ × P çç ÷
è Eø è E Ç Fø P( B Ç C ) = P( B) × P(C )
and P( A Ç B Ç C ) = P( A) × P( B) × P(C )
(ii) P ( E Ç F Ç G Ç H)
If atleast one of the above is not true for three given
æ Fö æ G ö æ H ö
= P ( E ) × P ç ÷ × P çç ÷÷ × P çç ÷÷ events, then events are not independent.
è ø è
E E Ç F ø è E Ç F Ç G ø i.e. dependent.
Independent Events Properties of Independent Events
Two events A and B are said to be independent, if the If A and B are independent events, then
occurrence or non-occurrence of one event does not affect (i) A and B¢ are also independent events.
the occurrence or non-occurrence of another event. Two (ii) A¢ and B are also independent events.
events E and F are said to be independent, if
(iii) A¢ and B¢ are also independent events.
æ Fö
Pç ÷ = P( F), provided P( E ) ¹ 0 Theorem of Total Probability
èEø
Let {E1 , E 2 , ..., E n } be a partition of the sample space S and
æEö suppose that each of the events E1 , E 2 , ..., E n has non-zero
and Pç ÷ = P( E ), provided P( F) ¹ 0 probability of occurrence.
è Fø
S
In other words, let E and F be two events associated with the E1 En
same random experiment, then E and F are said to be
A
independent, if P( E Ç F) = P( E ) × P( F).
Some Important Results E2 E3 ...
1. Two events E and F are said to be dependent, if Let A be any event associated with S, then
they are not independent.
P ( A) = P ( E1 ) × P (A/E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) × P ( A/E 2 )
i. e. P( E Ç F) ¹ P( E ) × P( F)
2. Two experiments are said to be independent, if for every + ... + P ( E n ) × P ( A/E n )
n
pair of events E and F, where E is associated with the first = å P ( E j ) × P ( A/E j )
experiment and F with the second experiment, the j=1
Baye’s Theorem Baye’s theorem is also called the formula for the probability
of causes.
If E1 , E 2 , ¼, E n are n non-empty events, which constitute a
partition of sample space S, i.e. Random Variable
E1 , E 2 , ¼, E n are pairwise disjoint,
A random variable is a real valued function, whose domain is
E1 È E 2 È¼È E n = S and P( E i ) > 0, " i = 1, 2, 3, K, n. Also, let the sample space of a random experiment.
A be any event of non-zero probability, then Generally, it is denoted by capital letter X. Also, more than
one random variables can be defined on the same sample
P ( E i ) × P ( A/ E i ) space.
P ( E i / A) = n
, for any i = 1, 2, 3, ... , n
Probability Distribution of a
å P ( E j ) × P ( A/ E j ) Random Variable
j=1
The system in which the values of a random variable are
Or given along with their corresponding probability, is called
Let E1 , E 2 , E 3 , ¼, E n be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive probability distribution.
events associated with a random experiment. If X is a random variable and takes the values of
If A is an event, which occurs together with E i ’s. Then,
x1 , x 2 , x 3 , ..., x n with respective probabilities
P ( E i ) × P ( A/ E i ) p1 , p 2 , p3 , ¼, p n .
P ( E i / A) = n Then, the probability distribution of X is represented by
å P ( E j ) × P ( A/ E j )
j=1 x1 x2 x3 … xn
X
Here, events E1 , E 2 , ..., E n are called hypothesis. The P (X) p1 p2 p3 … pn
probability P( E i ) is called the priori probability of the
n
hypothesis E i and the conditional probability P( E i / A) is where, p i > 0 and å p i = 1; i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n
called a posteriori probability of the hypothesis E i . i =1
Solved Examples
6 5 7 Example 3. Two dice are thrown. Find the probability
Example 1. If P ( A) = , P ( B) = and P ( A È B) = ,
11 11 11 of getting an even number on first die, if the
then find outcomes on the two dice always exhibits a sum
(i) P ( A Ç B) (ii) P ( A/ B) (iii) P ( B/ A). of 8.
6 5 7 Sol. Here, two dice are thrown. So, sample space is
Sol. Given, P ( A ) = , P ( B ) = and P ( A È B ) =
11 11 11 ì( 1, 1 ),( 1, 2),( 1, 3),( 1, 4),( 1, 5 ),( 1, 6), ü
(i) P ( A È B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B ) ï( 2, 1 ),( 2, 2), ( 2, 3),( 2, 4),( 2, 5 ),( 2, 6), ï
ï ï
7 6 5 ï( 3, 1 ),( 3, 2),( 3, 3),( 3, 4),( 3, 5 ),( 3, 6), ï
Þ = + - P ( A Ç B) S=í
11 11 11 ý
6 5 7 ï( 4, 1 ),( 4, 2),( 4, 3),( 4, 4),( 4, 5 ),( 4, 6), ï
Þ P( A Ç B ) = + - ï( 5, 1),( 5, 2),( 5, 3),( 5, 4),( 5, 5 ),( 5, 6), ï
11 11 11 ï ï
4 î( 6, 1 ),( 6, 2),( 6, 3), ( 6, 4),( 6, 5 ),( 6, 6) þ
\ P ( A Ç B) =
11 \ n ( S) = 36
æ A ö P ( A Ç B ) 4 / 11 4 é 4ù Let A = event of getting an even number on first die
(ii) P ç ÷ = = = êQ P ( A Ç B) = ú
èB ø P( B ) 5 / 11 5 ë 11 û ì( 2, 1 ),( 2, 2),( 2, 3),( 2, 4),( 2, 5 ),( 2, 6), ü
ï ï
æ B ö P ( A Ç B ) 4 / 11 4 2 i.e. A = í( 4, 1 ),( 4, 2), ( 4, 3),( 4, 4),( 4, 5 ),( 4, 6), ý
(iii) P ç ÷ = = = = ï( 6, 1 ),( 6, 2),( 6, 3),( 6, 4),( 6, 5 ),( 6, 6) ï
è Aø P ( A) 6 / 11 6 3 î þ
\ n ( A ) = 18
Example 2. An instructor has a question bank
and B = event of getting a sum of 8
consisting of 300 easy true/false questions, 200
= {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
difficult true/false questions, 500 easy multiple
\ n ( B) = 5
choice questions and 400 difficult multiple choice
Here, ( A Ç B ) = {( 2, 6), ( 4, 4), ( 6, 2)}
questions. If a question is selected at random from
the question bank, then what is the probability that \ n ( A Ç B) = 3
n ( A Ç B) 3
it will be an easy question, given that it is a multiple Now, P( A Ç B ) = =
n ( S) 36
choice questions?
n ( B) 5
Sol. Total number of questions, and P( B ) = =
n ( S) = 300 + 200 + 500 + 400 = 1400 n ( S) 36
Let E be the event that question is easy and F be the event Since, we have to find the conditional probability of getting
that question is a multiple choice. an even number on first die, when the dice always exhibits a
Then, n( E) = 500 + 300 = 800 sum of B.
Number of easy questions n ( E) æ A ö P( A Ç B ) 3 / 36 3
\P( E) = = \ Required probability = P ç ÷ = = =
Total number of questions n ( S) è Bø P( B ) 5 / 36 5
=
800 4
=
Example 4. Find the probability of drawing a diamond
1400 7 card in each of the two consecutive draws from a
Also, n ( F ) = 500 + 400 = 900 well-shuffled pack of cards, if the card drawn is not
\ P ( F) =
Number of multiple choice questions replaced after the first draw.
Total number of questions Sol. Let A be the event of drawing a diamond card in the first
n( F ) 900 9 draw and B be the event of drawing a diamond card in the
= = = 13 1
n( S) 1400 14 second draw. Then, P ( A ) = =
52 4
and P ( E Ç F )
After drawing a diamond card in first draw, 51 cards are left
Total number of easy multiple choice questions
= out of which 12 cards are diamond cards.
Total number of questions
\ P ( B / A ) = Probability of drawing a diamond card
500 5 in second draw when a diamond card has
= =
1400 14 already been drawn in first draw
æ E ö P ( E Ç F ) 5 / 14 5 æ B ö 12 4
\ Pç ÷= = = Þ Pç ÷= =
è Fø P ( F) 9/ 14 9 è A ø 51 17
æ Bö Sol. Here, W1 = {4 white balls} and B1 = {5 black balls}

Now, required probability = P ( A Ç B ) = P( A ) × P ç ÷
è Aø and W2 = {9 white balls} and B 2 = {7 black balls}
1 4 1 Let E1 is the event that ball transferred from the first bag is
= ´ =
4 17 17 white and E2 is the event that the ball transferred from the
first bag is black.
Example 5. A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Also, E is the event that the ball drawn from the second bag
Let A be the event ‘head appears on the coin’ and B is white.
be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether A and B 10 9
\ P ( E / E1 ) = , P ( E/E2 ) = ,
are independent events or not. 17 17
Sol. If a fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed, then the sample 4 5
space S is given by P ( E1 ) = and P ( E2 ) =
9 9
ì( H , 1 ), ( H , 2), ( H , 3), ( H , 4), ( H , 5 ), ( H , 6),ü \ P ( E) = P ( E1 ) × P ( E / E1 ) + P(E2 ) × P ( E / E2 )
S=í ý
î( T , 1 ), ( T , 2), (T , 3), ( T , 4), ( T , 5 ), ( T, 6) þ 4 10 5 9 40 + 45 85 5
= × + × = = =
Þ n ( S ) = 12 9 17 9 17 153 153 9
Also, A : Head appears on the coin
and B : 3 appears on die.
Example 8. There are two boxes I and II. Box I
contains 3 red and 6 black balls. Box II contains 5
Þ A = Event having head on coin
red and ‘n’ black balls. One of the two boxes, box I
= {( H , 1 ), ( H , 2), ( H , 3), ( H , 4), ( H , 5 ), ( H , 6)}
and box II is selected at random and a ball is drawn
B = Event having 3 on die
at random. The ball drawn is found to be red. If the
= {( H , 3), ( T , 3)} ; A Ç B = {( H , 3)}
probability that this red ball comes out from box II
\ n ( A ) = 6, n ( B ) = 2 and n ( A Ç B ) = 1 3
n ( A) 6 1 n ( B) 2 1 is , find the value of ‘n’.
Hence, P( A ) = = = , P( B) = = = 5 [CBSE 2019]
n ( S) 12 2 n ( S) 12 6
Sol. Consider the following events
n ( A Ç B) 1
and P ( A Ç B) = = E1 = bag I is selected, E 2 = bag II is selected
n ( S) 12
A = getting a red ball
1 1 1
Now, P( A ) ´ P( B ) = ´ = = P( A Ç B ) 1 æ Aö 3 1 æ Aö 5
2 6 12 Here, P ( E1 ) = P ( E2 ) = , P çç ÷÷ = = and P çç ÷÷ =
Hence, A and B are independent events. 2 è E1 ø 9 3 è E2 ø 5 + n
By Baye’s theorem, required probability,
Example 6. A die, whose faces are marked 1, 2, 3 in red
æ Aö
and 4, 5, 6 in green, is tossed. Let A be the event P( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷
‘‘number obtained is even’’ and B be the event æE ö è E2 ø
Pç 2÷ =
‘‘number obtained is red’’. Find if A and B are è Aø æ Aö æ Aö
P ( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P ( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷
independent events. è E1 ø è E2 ø
Sol. When a die is thrown, then sample space is 1 5 5
´
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Þ n ( S) = 6 3 2 5+n 3 5+n
Þ = Þ =
Also, A : number is even and B : number is red. 5 1 ´1 + 1 ´ 5 5 1 + 5
\ A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 2, 3} and A Ç B = {2} 2 3 2 5+n 3 5+n
Þ n ( A ) = 3, n ( B ) = 3 and n ( A Ç B ) = 1 5
n ( A) 3 1 n ( B) 3 1 3 5+n 3 5 3( n + 5 )
Now, P( A ) = = = , P ( B) = = = Þ = Þ = ´
n ( S) 6 2 n ( S) 6 2 5 5 + n + 15 5 n+5 n + 20
n ( A Ç B) 1 ( 3) ( 5 + n )
and P ( A Ç B ) = =
n ( S) 6 3 15
1 1 1 1 Þ = Þ 3n + 60 = 75 Þ 3n = 15
Now, P ( A ) ´ P ( B ) = ´ = ¹ = P( A Ç B ) 5 n + 20
2 2 4 6
15
\ P ( A Ç B) ¹ P( A) ´ P( B) Þ n= =5
3
Thus, A and B are not independent events.
Hence, value of n is 5.
Example 7. A bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Example 9. Suppose that 6% of the people with blood
Another bag contains 9 white and 7 black balls. A group O are left handed and 10% of those with
ball is transferred from the first bag to the second other blood groups are left handed, 30% of the
and then a ball is drawn at random from the second people have blood group O. If a left handed person
bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is is selected at random, what is the probability that
white.
he/she will have blood group O?
Sol. P( D / B ) = Probability of a defective item produced

by operator B
Other than 5
Blood group ‘O’ = 5% = = 0.05
blood group ‘O’ 100
P( D / C ) = Probability of a defective item produced
I. Number of people 30 % 70 %
by operator C
7
II. Percentage of left 6% 10 % = 7% = = 0.07
handed people 100
Putting these values in the Eq. (i), we get
E1 = Event that the person selected is of blood group O . ´ 0.01
05
E2 = Event that the person selected is of other than blood P( A / D) =
. ´ 0.01 + 0.3 ´ 0.05 + 0.2 ´ 0.07
05
group O
0.005 0.005 5
( E3 ) = Event that selected person is left handed = = =
0.005 + 0.015 + 0.014 0.034 34
\ P ( E1 ) = 0. 30, P ( E2 ) = 0.70,
5
P ( E3 / E1 ) = 0.06 and P ( E3 / E2 ) = 010 . Therefore, required probability = .
34
By using Baye’s theorem,
P ( E1 ) × P ( E3 / E1 ) Example 11. Three rotten apples are mixed with seven
P ( E1 / E3 ) =
P ( E1 ) × P ( E3 / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) × P ( E3 / E2 ) fresh apples. Find the probability distribution of the
0. 30 ´ 0.06 number of rotten apples, if three apples are drawn
=
0. 30 × 0.06 + 0.70 × 010 . one-by-one with replacement. [CBSE 2020]
0.0180 0. 0180 180 9 Sol. Given, rotten apples = 3 and fresh apples = 7
= = = =
0. 0180 + 0. 0700 0.0880 880 44 Here, total number of apples = 3 + 7 = 10
Let X denotes the number of rotten apples.
Example 10. A manufacturer has three machine
Then, X takes the values 0, 1, 2, 3.
operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces
1% of defective items, whereas the other two Let A be the event getting a rotten apple.
3 7
operators B and C produces 5% and 7% defective \ P ( A) = and P ( A ¢ ) =
items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the 10 10
time, B on the job 30% of the time and C on the job Now, P( X = 0) = P (getting 0 rotten apple)
for 20% of the time. All the items are put into one = P( A ¢) P( A ¢ ) P( A ¢ )
stockpile and then one items is chosen at random 7 7 7 343
= ´ ´ =
from this and is found to be defective. What is the 10 10 10 1000
probability that it was produced by A? [CBSE 2019] P( X = 1 ) = P(getting 1 rotten apple)
Sol. Let A : Event that item produced by operator A = 3P ( A ) P ( A ¢ ) P ( A ¢ )
3 7 7 441
B : Event that item produced by operator B =3´ ´ ´ =
10 10 10 1000
C : Event that item produced by operator C P( X = 2) = P(getting 2 rotten apples)
D : Event that item produced is defective = 3P ( A ) P ( A ) P ( A ¢ )
We need to find out the probability that item is produced by 3 3 7 189
=3´ ´ ´ =
operator A if it is defective, i.e. P ( A / D) so, 10 10 10 1000
P( A ) × P( D/ A ) and P( X = 3) = P(getting 3 rotten apples)
P( A / D) =
P( A ) × P( D/ A ) + P( B ) × P( D/ B ) + P( C ) × P( D/ C ) 3 3 3 27
= P ( A) × P ( A) × P ( A) = ´ ´ =
[by Baye’s theorem] ...(i) 10 10 10 1000
\ Probability distribution is as follows:
P( A ) = Probability of item is produced by operator A
50 X 0 1 2 3
= 50% = = 0.5
100 343 441 189 27
P( B ) = Probability of item is produced by operator B P(X)
1000 1000 1000 1000
30
= 30% = = 0.3
100 Example 12. A bag contains 19 tickets, numbered 1 to
P( C ) = Probability of item is produced by operator C 19. A ticket is drawn at random and then another
20 ticket is drawn without replacing the first one in the
= 20% = = 0. 2
100 bag. Find the probability distribution of the number
P( D / A ) = Probability of a defective item produced of even numbers on the ticket. [CBSE 2020]
by operator A Sol. Let X denotes the number of even numbers getting when
1 two numbers are selected from 1 to 19 without replacing.
= 1% = = 0.01
100 Clearly, X can take value 0, 1, 2.
Now, P ( X = 0) = Probability that both numbers Sol. We have, X = number of two’s seen
selected are odd So, on throwing a die three times, we will have X = 0, 1, 2, 3.
10
C2 5 5 5 125
= 19 \ P ( X = 0) = P(not 2) × P(not 2) × P(not 2) = × × =
C2 6 6 6 216
[Q there 10 odd and 9 even number from 1 to 19] P ( X = 1 ) = P((not 2) × P(not 2) × P( 2 ) + P(not 2) × P( 2 ) × P(not 2)
10 ´ 9 + P( 2 ) × P(not 2) × P(not 2)
10 ´ 9 5
= 2 ´1 = = 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 25 3 25
= × + × × + × × = × =
19 ´ 18 19 ´ 18 19
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 72
2 ´1
P ( X = 2) = P(not 2) × P( 2 ) × P( 2 ) + P( 2 ) × P( 2 ) × P(not 2)
P ( X = 1 ) = Probability that one number is even and
+ P( 2 ) × P(not 2) + P( 2 )
other is odd.
5 1 1 1 1 5 1 5 1
9
C1 ´ 10C1 = × × + × × + × ×
= 19 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
C2 1 é 15 ù 15
= × =
[Q first is even and second is odd or first is odd 36 êë 6 úû 216
and second is even] 1 1 1 1
9 ´ 10 P ( X = 3) = P( 2 ) × P( 2 ) × P( 2 ) = × × =
6 6 6 216
19 ´ 18 9 ´ 10 ´ 2 10
= = = Hence, the probability distribution of X is
2 ´1 19 ´ 18 19
and P ( X = 2) = Probability that both numbers are even X 0 1 2 3
9´8 125 25 15 1
9
C 2 ´1 9´8 4 P(X) 216 72 216 216
= 19 2 = = =
C 2 19 ´ 18 19 ´ 18 19
2 ´1 Example 15. The probability distribution of a random
Thus, the probability distribution of X is given by variable X is given below
X 0 1 2 X 0 1 2 3
5 10 4 k k k k
P( X ) P(X)
19 19 19 2 4 8
Example 13. Find the probability distribution of the (i) Determine the value of k.
maximum of the two scores obtained when a die is (ii) Determine P ( X £ 2) and P ( X > 2).
thrown twice. (iii) Find P ( X £ 2) + P ( X > 2).
Sol. Let X is the random variable score obtained when a die is Sol. We have,
thrown twice.
0 1 2 3
\ X = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 X
Here, S = {( 1, 1 ), ( 1, 2), ( 2, 1 ), ( 2, 2),( 1, 3), ( 2, 3), ( 3, 1 ), k k k k
P(X) 2 4 8
( 3, 2), ( 3, 3), ...,( 6, 6)}
1 1 1 n
\ P( X = 1 ) = × = (i) Since, S Pi = 1, i = 1, 2 ,..., n and Pi ³ 0
6 6 36 i =1
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
P ( X = 2) = × + × + × = \ k+
k
+
k
+
k
=1
6 6 6 6 6 6 36 2 4 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5
P ( X = 3) = × + × + × + × + × = Þ 8k + 4k + 2k + k = 8
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 8
7 9 11 \ k=
Similarly, P ( X = 4) = , P ( X = 5 ) = and P ( X = 6) = 15
36 36 36 k k
So, the required distribution is, (ii) P ( X £ 2) = P ( 0) + P ( 1 ) + P ( 2) = k +
+
2 4
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( 4k + 2k + k) 7k 7 8 14
= = = × =
1 3 5 7 9 11 4 4 4 15 15
P(X) 36 36 36 36 36 36 k 1 8 1
and P ( X > 2) = P ( 3) = = × =
8 8 15 15
Example 14. A die is thrown three times. Let X be the (iii) P ( X £ 2) + P ( X > 2) =
14
+
1
=1
‘number of two’s seen’, find the probability 15 15
distribution of X.
Chapter
Practice
6. If P ( A) = 0.4, P ( B) = 0. 8 and P ( B / A) = 0.6, then
PART 1 P ( A È B ) is equal to
Objective Questions (a) 0.24
(c) 0.48
(b) 0.3
(d) 0.96
3 æ Aö 1 4
l
Multiple Choice Questions 7. If P ( B) = , P ç ÷ = and P ( A È B) = , then
5 èBø 2 5
1. Two dice are thrown. If it is known that the sum of P ( A È B)¢ + P ( A¢ È B) is equal to
numbers on the dice was less than 6, the 1 4
probability of getting a sum 3, is (a) (b)
5 5
1 5
(a) (b) 1
18 18 (c) (d) 1
2
1 2
(c) (d)
5 5 8. Four cards are successively drawn without
replacement from a deck of 52 playing cards. The
2. If A and B are events such that P( A) = 0.4, P( B) = 0. 3
probability that all the four cards are king is
and P( A È B) = 0. 5, then P ( B¢ Ç A) equals to 1
(a)
2 1 3 1 270721
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 10 5 1
(b)
4 7 270722
3. If P (A) = and P ( A Ç B) = , then P ( B / A) is equal 1
5 10 (c)
270724
to
1
1 1 (d)
(a) (b) 270725
10 8
7 17 9. If two events are independent, then
(c) (d)
8 20 (a) they must be mutually exclusive
3 2 3 (b) the sum of their probabilities must be equal to 1
4. If P ( A) = , P ( B) = and P ( A È B) = , then (c) Both (a) and (b) are correct
10 5 5
(d) None of the above is correct
P ( B / A ) + P ( A / B) equals to
1 1 10. Two events A and B are said to be independent, if
(a) (b)
4 3 (a) A and B are mutually exclusive
5 7 (b) P ( A ¢ Ç B ¢) = [ 1 - P( A )] [ 1 - P( B )]
(c) (d) (c) P( A ) = P( B )
12 12
(d) P( A ) + P( B ) = 1
5. If A and B are two events such that
1 1 1 11. If A and B are two independent events with
P ( A) = , P ( B) = and P ( A / B) = , then P ( A¢ Ç B¢ ) 3 4
2 3 4 P ( A) = and P ( B) = , then P ( A¢ Ç B¢ ) equals to
equals to 5 9
1 3 4 8
(a) (b) (a) (b)
12 4 15 45
1 2
1 3 (c) (d)
(c) (d) 3 9
4 16
3 18. Let X represent the difference between the number

12. If A and B be two events such that P ( A) = ,
8 of heads and the number of tails obtained when a
5 3 coin is tossed 6 times. Then, the possible values of
P ( B) = and P ( A È B) = , then P ( A / B) × P ( A¢ / B) is
8 4 X are
equal to (a) 0, 1, 3 and 5
2 3 (b) 0, 1, 2 and 3
(a) (b)
5 8 (c) 0, 1, 2 and 4
3 6 (d) 0, 2, 4 and 6
(c) (d)
20 25 19. The probability distribution of a discrete random
13. Two events E and F are independent. If P ( E) = 0. 3 variable X is given below
and P ( E È F ) = 0. 5, then P ( E/ F ) - P ( F / E) equals to
X 2 3 4 5
2 3
(a) (b)
7 35 5 7 9 11
1 1 P(X) k k k k
(c) (d)
70 7
Then, value of k is
14. If a die is thrown and a card is selected at random (a) 8 (b) 16
from a deck of 52 playing cards, then the (c) 32 (d) 48
probability of getting an even number on the die
and a spade card is
l
Case Based MCQs
1 1
(a) (b) 20. In a school, teacher ask a question to three students
2 4
Ravi, Mohit, Sonia. The probability of solving the
1 3
(c) (d) question by Ravi, Mohit, Sonia are 30%, 25% and
8 4
45% respectively. The probability of making error
15. Three persons A, B and C, fire at a target in turn, by Ravi, Mohit and Sonia are 1%, 1.2% and 2%
starting with A. Their probability of hitting the respectively.
target are 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. The
probability of two hits is
(a) 0.024 (b) 0.188
(c) 0.336 (d) 0.452
16. A box contains 3 orange balls, 3 green balls and 2
blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random from
the box without replacement. The probability of
drawing 2 green balls and one blue ball is
3 2
(a) (b)
28 21
1 167
(c) (d)
28 168
17. A and B are two students. Their chances of solving Based on the above information, answer the
1 1 following
a problem correctly are and , respectively. If the (i) The conditional probability that an error is
3 4
1 committed in solving question given that question
probability of their making a common error is, is solved by Sonia, is
20
(a) 0.001 (b) 0.012
and they obtain the same answer, then the
(c) 0.02 (d) 0.027
probability of their answer to be correct is
1 1 (ii) The probability that Sonia solved the question and
(a) (b)
12 40 committed an error is
13 10 (a) 0.008 (b) 0.009
(c) (d)
120 13 (c) 0.010 (d) 0.011
(iii) The total probability of committing an error in (v) The total probability of correctly answered the
solving the question is question, is
(a) 0.15 (b) 0.10 7 11
(a) (b)
(c) 0.05 (d) 0.01 12 12
5
(iv) If the solution of question is checked by teacher (c) (d) None of these
and has some error, then the probability that the 12
question is not solved by Ravi is 22. A coach is training 3 players. He observes that the
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.98 Player A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, Player B
(c) 0.04 (d) 0.96 can hit 3 times in 4 shots and the Player C can hit 2
(v) Let A be the event of committing an error in times in 3 shots.
solving the question and let E1 , E 2 and E 3 be the
events that Ravi, Mohit and Sonia solved the
3
question. The value of å P( E i / A) is
i =1
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 9
21. In a test, you either guesses or copies or knows the
answer to a multiple choice question with four
choice. Answer the following questions using the above
1 information.
The probability that you make a guess is , you
3 (i) Let the target is hit by A, B: the target is hit by B
1 and, C: the target is hit by A and C. Then, the
copies the answer is . The probability that your
6 probability that A, B and C all will hit, is
1 4 3
answer is correct, given that you guess it, is . (a) (b)
8 5 5
2 1
And also the probability y that your answer is (c) (d)
1 5 5
correct, given that you copied it is . (ii) Referring to (i), what is the probability that B, C
4
will hit and A will lose?
On the basis of above information, answer the 1 3
following questions. (a) (b)
10 10
(i) The probability that you knows the answer is 7 4
(c) (d)
(a) 0 (b) 1 10 10
1 1 (iii) With reference to the events mentioned in (i), what
(c) (d)
2 4 is the probability that any two of A, B and C will
(ii) The probability that your answer is correct given hit?
that you guess it, is 1 11
(a) (b)
1 1 30 30
(a) (b)
2 8 17 13
(c) (d)
1 1 30 30
(c) (d)
4 6 (iv) What is the probability that none of them will hit
(iii) The probability that your answer is correct given the target’?
that you knows the answer, is 1 1
(a) (b)
1 30 60
(a) (b) 1
7 1 2
(c) (d)
1 1 15 15
(c) (d)
9 10 (v) What is the probability that at least one of A, B or
(iv) The probability that you knows the answer given C will hit the target?
that you correctly answered it, is 59 2
(a) (b)
4 5 60 5
(a) (b)
7 7 3 1
6 (c) (d)
(c) (d) None of these 5 60
7
23. The reliability of a COVID PCR test is specified as E 2 , E be the events that the student knows the
follows: answer, guesses the answer and answers correctly
Of people having COVID, 90% of the test detects respectively.
the disease but 10% goes undetected. Of people
free of COVID, 99% of the test is judged COVID
negative but 1% are diagnosed as showing COVID
positive. From a large population of which only
0.1% have COVID, one person is selected at
random, given the COVID PCR test, and the
pathologist reports him/her as COVID positive.

information.
(i) What is the value of P( E1 )?
2 1
(a) (b)
5 3
3
(c) 1 (d)
5
(ii) Value of P( E / E1 ) is
Answer the following questions using the above 1
information. (a) (b) 1
3
(i) What is the probability of the ‘person to be tested 2
as COVID positive’ given that ‘he is actually (c) (d) 415
3
having COVID’?
æ E ö
å k = 1 Pçç E
k=2
(a) 0.001 (b) 0.1 (iii) ÷ P( E k ) equals
÷
(c) 0.8 (d) 0.9 è kø
(ii) What is the probability of the ‘person to be tested 11 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
as COVID positive’ given that ‘he is actually not 15 15 5
(iv) Value of å k = 1 P( E k ) is
having COVID’? k=2
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.99

(c) 0.1 (d) 0.001 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
3 5 5
(iii) What is the probability that the ‘person is actually
not having COVID’? (v) What is the probability that the student knows the
(a) 0.998 (b) 0.999 answer given that he answered it correctly?
(c) 0.001 (d) 0.111 2 5
(a) (b)
11 3
(iv) What is the probability that the ‘person is actually
9 13
having COVID given that ‘he is tested as COVID (c) (d)
positive’? 11 3
(a) 0.83 (b) 0.0803
(c) 0.083 (d) 0.089
(v) What is the probability that the ‘person selected
will be diagnosed as COVID positive’?
PART 2
(a) 0.1089
(c) 0.0189
(b) 0.01089
(d) 0.189
24. In answering a question on a multiple choice test l
for class XII, a student either knows the answer or
guesses. Let 3/5 be the probability that he knows 1. A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the
the answer and 2/5 be the probability that he conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8,
guesses. Assume that a student who guesses at the given that the red die resulted in a number less
answer will be correct with probability 1/3. Let E1 , than 4. [CBSE 2018]
3 1 4 11. In a shop X, 30 tins of ghee of type A and 40 tins of

2. If P( B) = , P( A / B) = and P ( A È B) = , then find
5 2 5 ghee of type B which look alike, are kept for sale.
P( A È B)¢ + P( A¢ È B) . [NCERT Exemplar] While in shop Y, similar 50 tins of ghee of type A
and 60 tins of ghee of type B are there. One tin of
3. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a
ghee is purchased from one of the randomly
boy or a girl. If a family has two children, then what
selected shop and is found to be of type B. Find the
is the conditional probability that both are girls, probability that it is purchased from shop Y.
given that [CBSE 2020]
(i) the youngest is a girl? 12. A box contains 4 orange and 4 green balls, another
(ii) atleast one is a girl? [NCERT; CBSE 2014] box contains 3 orange and 5 green balls, one of the
4. Three cards are drawn successively without two box is selected at random and a ball is drawn
replacement from a pack of 52 well-shuffled cards. from the box, which is found to be orange. Find the
What is the probability that first two cards are king probability that the ball is drawn from the first box.
and the third card drawn is an ace? 13. A bag contains 5 red and 4 black balls, a second bag
5. An unbiased die is thrown twice. Let the event A be contains 3 red and 6 black balls. One of the two
bags is selected at random and two balls are drawn
‘odd number on the first throw’ and B be the event
at random (without replacement) both of which are
‘odd number on the second throw’. Check the
found to be red. Find the probability that the balls
independence of the events A and B . are drawn from the second bag. [CBSE 2019]
6. Two dice are thrown, find the probability of getting 14. There are three coins, one is a two headed coin
an odd number on the first die and a multiple of 3 (having head on both faces), another is a biased coin
on the other die. Also, show that both events are that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an
dependent. unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at
7. Probability of solving specific problem random and tossed, it shows head. What is the
independently by A and B are 1/2 and 1/3, probability that it was the two headed coin?
respectively. If both try to solve the problem [NCERT; CBSE 2014]
independently, then find the probability that 15. A letter is known to have come either from
(i) the problem is solved. TATANAGAR or from CALCUTTA. On the
(ii) exactly one of them solves the problem. [NCERT]
envelope, just two consecutive letter TA are visible.
What is the probability that the letter came from
8. A can hit a target 4 times out of 5 times, TATANAGAR? [NCERT Exemplar]
B can hit the target 3 times out of 4 times and C can
16. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a
hit the target 2 times out of 3 times. They fire
student either knows the answer or guesses. Let
simultaneously. Find the probability that 3
(i) any two out of A , B and C will hit the target. be the probability that he knows the answers and
4
(ii) none of them will hit the target. 1
be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that
9. Two dice are thrown together and the total score is 4
noted. The events E, F and G are ‘a total of 4’, ‘a a student who guesses the answer will be correct
total of 9 or more’ and ‘a total divisible by 5’, 1
with probability . What is the probability that the
respectively. Calculate P( E), P( F ) and P(G ) and 4
decide which pairs of events, if any are student knows the answer, given that he answered
independent? [NCERT Exemplar] it correctly?
10. A bag contains ( 2n + 1) coins. It is known that ( n – 1) 17. By examining the chest X-ray, the probability that
of these coins have a head on both sides, whereas TB is detected when a person is actually suffering is
the rest of the coins are fair. A coin is picked up at 0.99. The probability of an healthy person
random from the bag and is tossed. If the diagnosed to have TB is 0.001. In a certain city, 1 in
31 1000 people suffers from TB. A person is selected at
probability that the toss results in a head is , random and is diagnosed to have TB. What is the
42
probability that he actually has TB?
determine the value of n. [CBSE 2016]
[NCERT Exemplar]
18. Find the probability distribution of the number of (iii) he passes in Physics, given that he passes in
successes in two tosses of a die, when a success is Mathematics?
defined as ‘‘number greater than 5’’. [CBSE 2020] 28. In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi
19. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement newspaper, 40% read English newspaper and 20%
from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the read both Hindi and English newspapers. A student
probability distribution of the number of aces. is selected at random,
[NCERT] (i) find the probability that he/she reads neither
20. In a game, a man wins ` 5 for getting a number Hindi nor English newspaper.
greater than 4 and loses ` 1 otherwise, when a fair (ii) if he/she reads Hindi newspaper, then find the
die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die probability that she reads English newspaper.
thrice but to quit as and when he gets a number (iii) if he/she reads English newspaper, then find the
greater than 4. Find the probability distribution. probability he/she reads Hindi newspaper.
[CBSE 2016] [NCERT; CBSE 2011]
21. Two numbers are selected at random (without 29. A bag contains 5 white, 7 red and 8 black balls. If
replacement) from positive integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and four balls are drawn one by one without
7. Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers replacement, then find the probability of getting all
obtained. Find the probability distribution of X. white balls.
[CBSE 2015] 30. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the
22. An urn contains 4 white and 3 red balls. Let X be game, if he gets a total of 7 and B wins the game, if
the number of red balls in a random draw of 3 balls. he gets a total of 10. If A starts the game, then find
Find the probability distribution of X. the probability that B wins. [CBSE 2016]
23. A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to 31. If A and B are two independent events such that
2 1
occur as tail. If the coin is tossed twice, then find the P ( A Ç B) = and P( A Ç B) = , then find P( A) and
probability distribution of number of tails. [NCERT] 15 6
P( B). [CBSE 2015]
24. An urn contains 5 red, 2 white and 3 black balls.
Three balls are drawn, one by one, at random 32. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines
without replacement. Find the probability A, B and C manufacture respectively 30%, 50% and
20% of the bolts. Of their outputs, 3%, 4% and 1%
distribution of the number of white balls. [CBSE 2020]
respectively are defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at
25. Three numbers are selected at random (without random from the product and is found to be
replacement) from first six positive integers. Let defective. Find the probability that this is not
X denotes the largest of the three numbers manufactured by machine B. [CBSE 2015]
obtained. Find the probability distribution of X. 33. A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1 ,
[CBSE 2016] A 2 and A 3 . They are sold as a mixture, where the
proportions are 4 : 4 : 2, respectively. The
l
Long Answer Type Questions germination rates of the three types of seeds are
26. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the 45%, 60% and 35%.
coin shows head, toss it again but if it shows tail, Calculate the probability
then throw a die. Find the conditional probability of (i) of a randomly chosen seed to germinate.
the event that ‘the die shows a number greater than (ii) that it will not germinate given that the seed is of
4’ given that there is atleast one tail. type A3 .
[NCERT; CBSE 2014]
(iii) that it is of the type A2 given that a randomly
27. In a college, 70% students pass in Physics, chosen seed does not germinate.
75% students pass in Mathematics and 10% 34. A bag X contains 4 white balls and 2 black balls,
students fail in both. One student is chosen at while another bag Y contains 3 white balls and
random. What is the probability that 3 black balls. Two balls are drawn (without
(i) he passes in Physics and Mathematics? replacement) at random from one of the bags and
(ii) he passes in Mathematics, given that he passes in were found to be one white and one black. Find the
Physics? probability that the balls were drawn from bag Y.
[CBSE 2016]
35. A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting 40. Two biased dice are thrown together. For the first
a certain disease,when it is infact present. However, 1
die P( 6) = , the other scores being equally likely
the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of 2
the healthy person tested (i.e. if a healthy person is 2
while for the second die P(1) = and the other
tested, then with probability 0.005, the test will 5
imply he has the disease). If 0.1% of the population scores are equally likely. Find the probability
actually has the disease, then what is the probability distribution of ‘the number of one’s seen’.
that a person has disease, given that his test result is 41. Three cards are drawn successively with
positive? [NCERT] replacement from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards.
36. An item is manufactured by three machines A, B Find the probability distribution of the number of
and C. Out of the total number of items spades. [CBSE 2015]
manufactured during a specified period, 50% are
manufactured on A, 30% on B and 20% on C. 2% of
l
the items produced on A and 2% of items produced 42. A random variable X has the following probability
on B are defective and 3% of these produced on C distribution
are defective. All the items are stored at one X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
godown. One item is drawn at random and is found
P( X ) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k 2
2k 2
7k + k
2
to be defective. What is the probability that it was
manufactured on machine A? Based on above information, answer the following
37. A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds questions
A1 , A 2 and A 3 . They are sold as a mixture, where (i) Find the value of k.
the proportions are 4 : 4 : 2, respectively. The (ii) Find the value of P (X<6).
germination rates of the three types of seeds are
(iii) Find the value of P (X ³ 6).
45%, 60% and 35%. Calculate the probability
(i) of a randomly chosen seed to germinate. 43. By examine the test, the probability that a person is
diagnosed with CORONA when he is actually
(ii) that it will not germinate given that the seed is of type suffering from it, is 0.99. The probability that the
A3 .
doctor incorrectly diagnosed a person to be having
(iii) that it is of the type A2 given that a randomly chosen CORONA, on the basis of test reports, is 0.001. In a
seed does not germinate. certain city, 1 in 1000 persons suffers from
38. Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of CORONA. A person is selected at random and is
Manager in a private company. Chances of their diagnosed to have CORONA.
selection (A, B and C) are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4. The On the basis of above information, answer the
probabilities that A, B and C can introduce changes following questions.
to improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5 and (i) What is the P(CORONA is diagnosed, when the
0.3, respectively. If the change does not take place, person actually has CORONA) and the
find the probability that it is due to the P(CORONA is diagnosed, when the person has not
appointment of C. CORONA)?
39. If 3 defective bulbs are mixed up with 7 good ones. (ii) What is P(CORONA is diagnosed)?
3 bulbs are drawn at random. Find the probability (iii) What is the P(Person has CORONA given
distribution of defective bulbs. CORONA is diagnosed)?
SOLUTIONS
Objective Questions 6. (d) Here, P( A ) = 0.4, P( B ) = 0.8 and P( B / A ) = 0.6
1. (c) Let E1 = Event that the sum of numbers on the dice was P( B Ç A)
Q P( B / A) =
less than 6 P( A)
and E2 = Event that the sum of numbers on the dice is 3 Þ P( B Ç A) = P( B / A) × P( A)
\ E1 = {( 1, 4), ( 4, 1 ), ( 2, 3), ( 3, 2), ( 2, 2), ( 1, 3), ( 3, 1 ), = 0. 6 ´ 0. 4
( 1, 2), ( 2, 1 ), ( 1, 1 )} = 0. 24
Þ n ( E1 ) = 10 Q P( A È B ) = P( A) + P( B) - P ( A Ç B)
and E2 = {( 1, 2), ( 2, 1 )} Þ n ( E2 ) = 2 = 0.4 + 0. 8 - 0. 24
n ( E2 ) 2 1 = 1. 2 - 0. 24
\ Required probability = = =
n ( E1 ) 10 5 = 0. 96
2. (d) Here, P ( A ) = 0.4, P ( B ) = 0. 3 and P ( A È B ) = 0.5 3 1
7. (d) Here, P ( B ) = , P ( A / B ) = and P ( A È B ) =
4
Q P ( A È B) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B ) 5 2 5
P( A Ç B)
Þ P ( A Ç B ) = 0.4 + 0. 3 - 0.5 = 0. 2 Since, P ( A / B ) =
\ P( B¢ Ç A) = P( A) - P( A Ç B) P( B)
= 0.4 - 0. 2 Þ P ( A Ç B) = P( A / B) × P( B)
1 1 3 3
= 0. 2 = = ´ =
5 2 5 10
4 7 Also, P ( A È B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )
3. (c) Here, P ( A ) = and P ( A Ç B ) =
5 10 4 3 3 1
Þ P( A) = - + =
P ( A Ç B ) 7 / 10 7 5 5 10 2
\ P ( B / A) = = =
P ( A) 4/5 8 \ P( A È B) ¢ = 1 - P( A È B)
3 2 3 4 1
4. (d) Here, P( A ) = , P( B ) and P ( A È B ) = =1 - =
10 5 5 5 5
P( B Ç A) P( A Ç B) and P( A¢ È B) = 1 - P( A - B)
P ( B / A) + P ( A / B) = +
P ( A) P( B) = 1 - P ( A Ç B ¢)
= 1 - P ( A ) × P ( B ¢)
P( A) + P( B) - P( A È B) P( A) + P( B) - P( A È B) 1 2 4
= + =1 - × =
P( A) P( B) 2 5 5
éQ P ( A È B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B ) ù 1 4 5
Þ P( A È B) ¢ + P ( A¢ È B) = + = = 1
ê i.e. P( A Ç B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) - P( A È B ) ú 5 5 5
ë û
8. (d) Let A denote the event that the first card is king.
3 2 3 3 2 3
+ - + - Let B denote the event that the second card is king.
= 10 5 5 + 10 5 5
3 2 Let C denote the event that the third card is king.
10 5 Let D denote the event that the fourth card is king.
1 1 Now, P( A Ç B Ç C Ç D) = P( A ) ´ P( B / A ) ´ P( C / A Ç B )
1 1 7 ´ P( D / A Ç B Ç C )
= 10 + 10 = + =
3 2 3 4 12 4 3 2 1
= ´ ´ ´
10 5 52 51 50 49
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. (c) Here, P( A ) = , P( B ) = and P( A / B ) = = ´ ´ ´ =
2 3 4 13 17 25 49 270725
P( A Ç B ) 9. (d) If two events A and B are independent ,then we know
Q P( A / B) =
P( B) that P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) × P ( B ),
1 1 1 where P ( A ) ¹ 0 and P ( B ) ¹ 0
Þ P ( A Ç B) = P ( A / B) × P( B) = × =
4 3 12 Since, A and B have a common outcome.
Now, P ( A ¢ Ç B ¢ ) = 1 - P ( A È B ) Further, mutually exclusive events never have a common
= 1 - [ P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )] outcome.
é1 1 1 ù é6 + 4 -1ù In other words, two independent events having non-zero
=1 - ê + - ú =1 - ê
ë 2 3 12 û ë 12 úû probabilities of occurrence cannot be mutually exclusive and
conversely, i.e. two mutually exclusive events having
9 3 1 non-zero probabilities of outcome cannot be independent.
=1- = =
12 12 4
10. (b) A and B are independent, if P ( A Ç B ) = P( A ) P( B ) = P ( E) - P ( F )

3 2
\ P ( A ¢ Ç B ¢) = P( A È B ) ¢ = 1 - P( A È B ) = -
10 7
= 1 - [ P( A ) + P( B ) - P ( A Ç B )]
21 - 20 1
[Q P ( A È B ) ¢ = 1 - P ( A È B )] = =
70 70
= 1 - P( A ) - P( B ) + P( A ) P( B )
14. (c) Let E1 = Event for getting an even number on the die
= [ 1 - P( A )] [ 1 - P( B )]
3 4 and E2 = Event that a spade card is selected
11. (d) Here, P( A ) = and P( B ) = 3 1
5 9 \ P ( E1 ) = =
\ P ( A ¢ Ç B ¢) = 1 - P ( A È B ) 6 2
= 1 - [ P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )] 13 1
and P ( E2 ) = =
é 3 4 3 4ù 52 4
=1 - ê + - ´ ú 1 1 1
ë 5 9 5 9û Then, P ( E1 Ç E2 ) = P ( E1 ) × P ( E2 ) = × =
[Q P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) × P ( B ) ] 2 4 8
é 27 + 20 - 12 ù 15. (b) Here, P( A ) = 0.4, P ( A ) = 0. 6, P ( B ) = 0. 3, P ( B ) = 0.7,
=1 - ê úû
ë 45 P ( C ) = 0. 2 and P ( C ) = 0. 8
35 10 2 \Probability of two hits
=1 - = =
45 45 9 = PA × PB × PC + PA × PB × PC + PA × PB × PC
3 5 3 = 0.4 ´ 0. 3 ´ 0. 8 + 0.4 ´ 0.7 ´ 0. 2 + 0. 6 ´ 0. 3 ´ 0. 2
12. (d) Here, P ( A ) = , P ( B ) = and P ( A È B ) =
8 8 4
= 0.096 + 0.056 + 0.036 = 0188
.
\ P( A È B) = P( A) + P( B) - P( A Ç B)
3 5 3 16. (a) Probability of drawing 2 green balls and one blue ball
Þ P( A Ç B) = + - = PG × PG × PB + PB × PG × PG + PG × PB × PG
8 8 4
3+5 -6 2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2
= = = = × × + × × + × ×
8 8 4 8 7 6 8 7 6 8 7 6
P( A Ç B) 1 1 1 3
Q P( A / B) = = + + =
P( B) 28 28 28 28
1/4 17. (d) Let E1 = Event that both A and B solve the problem
=
5/8 1 1 1
\ P( E1 ) = ´ = .
8 2 3 4 12
= =
20 5 Let E2 = Event that both A and B got incorrect solution of
P( A¢ Ç B)
and P ( A ¢ / B ) = the problem.
P( B) 2 3 1
\P ( E2 ) = ´ =
P( B) - P( A Ç B) 3 4 2
=
P( B) Let E = Event that they got same answer
5 1 5-2 1
- Here, P ( E / E1 ) = 1, P ( E / E2 ) =
3 20
= 8 4 = 8 =
5 5 5 P ( E1 Ç E)
\ P ( E1 / E) =
8 8 P ( E)
2 3 6
\ P( A / B) × P( A¢ / B) = × = P ( E1 ) × P ( E / E1 )
5 5 25 =
P ( E1 ) × P ( E / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( E / E2 )
13. (c) Here, P( E) = 0.3 and P( E È F ) = 05 .
1
Let P ( F ) = x ´1
\ P ( E È F ) = P ( E) + P ( F ) - P ( E Ç F ) = 12
1 1 1
= P ( E) + P ( F ) - P ( E) × P( F ) ´1 + ´
12 2 20
Þ 0.5 = 0. 3 + x - 0. 3x
. - 0.3 2 1 / 12 120 10
Þ x=
05
= = P( F ) = = =
10 + 3 12 ´ 13 13
0.7 7
P ( E Ç F ) P ( F Ç E) 120
\ P ( E / F ) - P ( F / E) = -
P( F ) P ( E) 18. (d) Let M denotes the number of heads and N denotes the
P ( E Ç F ) × P( E) - P ( F Ç E) × P( F ) number of tails when a coin is tossed 6 times.
= Given, X = Difference between M and N = | M - N |
P ( E) × P ( F )
P ( E Ç F ) [ P ( E) - P ( F )] Here, both M and N can take values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 but
= M + N is always equal to 6.
P( E Ç F )
Look at the following table E1 : You guess the answer

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 E2 : You copies the answer
M
E3 : You knows the answer
N 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
A : You answers correctly
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 1 1
X Clearly, P( E1 ) = and P( E2 ) =
3 6
Thus, we see that X takes values 0, 2, 4 and 6. (i) (c) Since, E1, E2 , E3 are mutually exclusive and
19. (c) We know that, S P( X ) = 1 exhaustive events.
5 7 9 11 \ P( E1 ) + P( E2 ) + P( E3 ) = 1
Þ + + + =1
k k k k Þ P( E3 ) = 1 - P( E1 ) - P( E2 )
32
Þ =1 1 1
k =1 - -
3 6
\ k = 32 3 1
20. Let A : The event that question has some error = =
6 2
E1 : The event that question is solved by Ravi æ Aö 1
E2 : The event that question is solved by Mohit (ii) (b)\ Required probability = P çç ÷÷ =
è E1 ø 8
E3 : The event that question is solved by Sonia
æ Aö
Then, we have (iii) (b)\ Required probability = P çç ÷÷ = 1
30 25 45 è E3 ø
P( E1 ) = , P( E2 ) = , P( E3 ) =
100 100 100 æE ö
(iv) (c)\ Required probability = P ç 3 ÷
1 1.2 2 è Aø
P( A / E1 ) = , P( A / E2 ) = and P( A / E3 ) =
100 100 100 æ Aö
2 P( E3 ) P çç ÷÷
(i) (c)\ Required probability = P( A / E3 ) = = 0.02 è E3 ø
100 =
æ Aö æ Aö æ Aö
(ii) (b)\ Required probability = P( E3 Ç A ) = P( A Ç E3 ) P( E1 ) P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) P çç ÷÷ + P( E3 ) P çç ÷÷
è E1 ø è E2 ø è E3 ø
= P( E3 ) P( A / E3 )
45 2 1
= ´ 2
100 100 =
1 1 1
90 + +
= = 0.009 24 24 2
10000
(iii) (a)\ Required probability = P( A ) 12 6
= =
3 14 7
= å P( Ei ) P( A / Ei ) (v) (a)\ Required probability = P( A )
i =1
3 æ Aö
= P( E1 ) P( A / E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( A / E2 ) + P( E3 ) P( A / E3 ) = å P( Ei ) P çç ÷÷
i =1 è Ei ø
30 1 25 1 . 2 45 2
= ´ + ´ + ´ æ Aö æ Aö æ Aö
100 100 100 100 100 100 = P( E1 ) P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) P çç ÷÷ + P( E3 ) P çç ÷÷
= 0.003 + 0.003 + 0.009 = 015
. è 1ø
E è E2 ø è E3 ø
1 1 1 1 1
(iv) (b)\ Required probability = P( E1 / A ) = 1 - P( E1 / A ) = ´ + ´ + ´1
3 8 6 4 2
é P( E1 ) P( A / E1 ) ù 1 1 1
=1 -ê ú = + +
ë P ( E1 ) P( A / E 1 ) + P ( E 2 ) P ( A / E2 ) + P( E3 ) P( A / E )
3 û 24 24 2
é 30 1 ù 1 + 1 + 12 14 7
ê ´ ú = = =
=1-ê 100 100 24 24 12
30 1 25 1 . 2 45 2 ú 4 3 2
ê ´ + ´ + ´ ú 22. Given, P( A ) = , P( B ) = and P( C ) =
ë 100 100 100 100 100 100 û 5 4 3
0.003 (i) (c) Probability of A, B, C will hit the target
=1- = 1 - 0.02 = 0.98
015
.
3 3
= P( A ) ´ P( B ) ´ P( C )
P( Ei ) P( A / Ei )
(v) (c) å P( Ei / A ) = å 4 3 2 2
i =1 i =1 P( A ) = ´ ´ =
5 4 3 5
3 æ A ö P( A ) 2
where, P( A ) = å P( Ei ) P çç ÷÷ = =1 \Required probability =
i =1 è Ei ø P( A ) 5
21. Let E1, E2 , E3 and A be the events defined as follows
(ii) (a) Probability that B, C will hit and A will lose 0.1% ´ 90%
=
= P( A ) ´ P( B ) ´ P( C ) 0.1% ´ 90% + 99.9% ´ 1%
æ 4ö æ 3ö 2 0.1 ´ 90
= ç1 - ÷ ç ÷ ´ [Q P( A ) = 1 - P( A )] =
è 5 ø è 4ø 3 0.1 ´ 90 + 99.9 ´ 1
9 9
1 3 2 1 = = = 0.0826
= ´ ´ = 9 + 99.9 108.9
5 4 3 10
1 \Required probability = 0.083
\Required probability =
10 (v) (b) Probability that the person selected will be
(iii) (d) Probability that any two of A, B and C will hit diagonosed as COVID positive
= P( ABC ) + P( ABC ) + P( ABC ) æ Aö æ Aö
P( A ) = P( E1 ) ´ P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) ´ P çç ÷÷
= P( A ) P( B ) P( C ) + P( A ) P( B ) P( C ) + P( A ) P( B ) P( C ) è 1ø
E è E2 ø
1 3 2 4 1 2 4 3 1 = 0.1% ´ 90% + 99.9% ´ 1%
= ´ ´ + ´ ´ + ´ ´
5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3
90 999 1089
1 2 1 3 + 4 + 6 13 = + = = 0.01089
= + + = = 100000 100000 100000
10 15 5 30 30 24. Consider the events
13
\Required probability = E1 = Student knows the answer
30
E2 = Student guess the answer
(iv) (b) Probability that none of them will hit tangent E = Student write the answer correct
1 1 1 1
= P( A ) P( B ) P( C ) = ´ ´ = 3
5 4 3 60 (i) (d) P( E1 ) =
5
[Q P( A ) = 1 - P( A ), P ( B ) = 1 - P( B ), P( C ) = 1 - P( C )]
æ Eö
1 (ii) (b) P çç ÷÷ = 1
\Required probability =
60 è E1 ø
k=2
æ Eö
(v) (a) Probability that at least one of A, B or C will hit the
target
(iii) (a) å Pçç E ÷÷ P( Ek )
k =1 è kø
= 1 - Probability of none of them will hit the target
æ Eö æ Eö
1 59 = P( E1 ) ´ P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) ´ P çç ÷÷
=1 - = è 1ø
E è E2 ø
60 60
59 3 2 1
\ Required probability = = ´1 + ´
60 5 5 3
3 2 9 + 2 11
23. Consider the events = + = =
E1 = People having COVID, 5 15 15 15
k=2
3 2 5
E2 = People free of COVID (iv) (c) å P( Ek ) = P( E1 ) + P( E2 ) = + = = 1
A = Person to be tested as COVID positive k =1 5 5 5
(i) (d) Probability of the ‘person to be tested as COVID (v) (c) Probability that the student knows the answer given
positive’ given that he is actually having COVID that he answered it correctly
æ Aö 90 æ Eö
= P çç ÷÷ = 90% = = 0.9 P( E1 ) ´ P çç ÷÷
è 1ø
E 100 æE ö è E1 ø
Pç 1 ÷ =
(ii) (a) Probability of the ‘person to be tested as COVID è Eø æ Eö æ Eö
P( E1 ) ´ P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) ´ P çç ÷÷
positive’ given that he is actually not having COVID è 1ø
E è E2 ø
æ Aö 1 3 3
= P çç ÷÷ = 1% = = 0.01 ´1
è 2ø
E 100 5 5 9
= = =
3 2 1 11 11
(iii) (b) Probability that the person is actually not having ´1 + ´
999 5 5 3 15
COVID = P( E2 ) = 99.9% = = 0.999
1000 Subjective Questions
(iv) (c) Probability that the person is actually having 1. Let us denote the numbers on black die by B1,B2 ,..... ,B6 and
COVID given that he is tested as COVID positive the numbers on red die by R1,R 2 ,.......,R 6 .
æ Aö
P( E1 ) ´ P çç ÷÷ Then, we get the following sample space.
æE ö è E1 ø ì(B1, R1) , ( B1,R 2 ) ,.......,( B1, R 6 ) , ( B2 ,R1) , ( B2 ,R 2 ) ,......, ü
Pç 1 ÷ =
è Aø æ Aö æ Aö S=í ý
P( E1 ) ´ P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) ´ P çç ÷÷ î ( B2 ,R 6 ) , ......, ( B6 ,R1) ,( B6 ,R 2 ) ,....,( B6 ,R 6 ) þ
è 1ø
E è E2 ø
Clearly, n( S) = 36 Now, ( A Ç E2 ) = {Gg}

Now, let A be the event that sum of number obtained on the 1
die is 8 and B be the event that red die shows a number less Þ P( A Ç E2 ) =
4
than 4.
æ Aö P( A Ç E2 )
Then, A = {(B2 ,R 6 ), ( B6 ,R 2 ),( B3,R5 ),( B5 ,R 3 ), ( B4 ,R 4 )} Thus, P çç ÷÷ =
è E2 ø P( E2 )
ì( B , R ) , ( B ,R ) , ( B1,R 3) , ( B2 ,R1) , ( B2 ,R 2 ) , ( B2 ,R 3) ü
and B = í 1 1 1 2 ý 1/4 1
î , ....., ( B6 ,R1) , ( B6 ,R 2 ) , ( B6 ,R 3) þ = =
3/ 4 3
Þ A Ç B = {( B6 , R 2 ), ( B5 , R 3 )}
1
Now, required probability, \ Required probability =
3
2
æ A ö P( A Ç B ) 36 2 1 4. There are 52 cards in a pack.
Pç ÷= = = = \ n ( S) = 52
è Bø P( B ) 18 18 9
36 Let A = event that the card drawn is king
3 1 4 and B = event that the card drawn is an ace.
2. Here, P( B ) = , P( A / B ) = and P( A È B ) = 4
5 2 5 Now, P( A ) =
P( A Ç B ) 52
Since, P( A / B ) =
P( B ) æ Aö
P ç ÷ = Probability of drawing second king when one king
1 3 3 è Aø
Þ P( A Ç B ) = P( A / B ) × P( B ) = ´ = 3
2 5 10 has already been drawn =
Also, P ( A È B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B ) 51
4 3 3 1 [Q remaining cards are ( 52 - 1 ) = 51 ]
Þ P( A ) = - + = P( B / AA ) = Probability of drawing third card to be an ace
5 5 10 2
4
4 1 when two kings have already been drawn =
\ P( A È B ) ¢ = 1 - P( A È B ) = 1 - = 50
5 5
and P( A ¢È B ) = 1 - P( A - B ) = 1 - P( A Ç B ¢ ) Now, probability of getting first two cards are king and third
1 2 4 card is an ace = P( A Ç A Ç B )
= 1 - P( A ) × P( B ¢ ) = 1 - × = æ Aö æ B ö
2 5 5 = P( A ) × P ç ÷ × P ç ÷ [by multiplication theorem]
1 4 5 è A ø è AA ø
Þ P( A È B ) ¢ + P( A ¢ È B ) = + = = 1 4 3 4 2
5 5 5 = ´ ´ =
3. Let B represents elder child which is a boy and b represents 52 51 50 5525
younger child which is also a boy. Also, G represents elder 5. On throwing a die twice, we get 36 elementary events of the
child which is a girl and g represents younger child which is experiment which are to be considered to be equally likely.
also a girl. Odd numbers are 1, 3 and 5.
If a family has two children, then all possible cases are P( A ) = P (odd number on the first throw)
S = {Bb, Bg, Gg, Gb} 18 1
= =
\ n ( S) = 4 36 2
Let us define event A that both children are girls, then [Q possible outcomes (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
A = {Gg} Þ n ( A ) = 1 (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2),
(5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5) and (5, 6) i.e. 18 outcomes]
(i) Let E1 be event that youngest child is a girl.
Similarly, P( B ) = P (odd number on the second throw)
æ A ö P( A Ç E1 )
Then, P çç ÷÷ = =
18 1
=
è E1 ø P( E1 ) 36 2
2 1 Also, P( A Ç B ) = P(odd number on both throws)
Now, E1 = {Bg, Gg} Þ P( E1 ) = =
4 2 9 1
1 = =
and A Ç E1 = {Gg}Þ P( A Ç E1 ) = 36 4
4 [Q events are (1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 1), (3, 3),
æ Aö P( A Ç E1 ) 1 / 4 1 (3, 5), (5, 1), (5, 3) and (5, 5) i.e. 9 outcomes]
Thus, P çç ÷÷ = = =
P( E1 ) 1/2 2 1 1 1
è E1 ø Now, P( A ) × P( B ) = ´ =
1 2 2 4
\ Required probability = Thus, P( A Ç B ) = P( A ) × P( B )
2
(ii) Let E2 be event that atleast one child is a girl. Hence, A and B are independent events.
Then, E2 = {Bg, Gg, Gb} 6. Let A be the event of getting an odd number on the first die
3 and B be the event of getting a multiple of 3 on the second
Þ n( E2 ) = 3 Þ P( E2 ) = die.
4
On throwing two dice, total outcomes = 36 æ 4 3 1 ö æ 4 1 2ö æ 1 3 2ö

=ç ´ ´ ÷+ç ´ ´ ÷+ ç ´ ´ ÷
Outcomes favourable to A Ç B, i.e. an odd number on first è 5 4 3ø è 5 4 3ø è 5 4 3ø
die and a multiple of 3 on the other die are 12 8 6 26 13
= + + = =
{(1, 3), (1, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (5, 3), (5, 6)} 60 60 60 60 30
\ n ( A Ç B) = 6
6 1 (ii) P (none of them hit the target) = P( A ) × P( B ) × P( C )
Then, required probability, P ( A Ç B ) = =
36 6 [Q A, B and C are independent events]
Now, A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {3, 6} 1 1 1 1
= ´ ´ =
So, n ( A ) = 3, n ( B ) = 2 5 4 3 60
n ( A) 3 1 9. Two dice are thrown together, so number of outcomes in the
\ P ( A) = = = sample space is 36 Þ n( S) = 36
n ( S) 36 12
2 1 E = Total of 4 = {( 2, 2),( 3, 1 ),( 1, 3)}
and P( B ) = = Þ n ( E) = 3
36 18
1 1 1 F = Total of 9 or more
Here, P( A ) × P( B ) = ´ = ¹ P( A Ç B ) ì( 3, 6),( 6, 3),( 4, 5 ),( 5, 4),( 4, 6), ü
12 18 216 =í ý
Hence, A and B are dependent events. î( 6, 4),( 5, 5 ),( 5, 6),( 6, 5 ),( 6, 6) þ
1
7. We have, P( A ) = and P( B ) =
1 Þ n ( F ) = 10
2 3 and G = Total divisible by 5
1 1 = {(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 6), (6, 4), (5, 5)}
\ P( A ) = 1 - P ( A ) = 1 - =
2 2 Þ n ( G) = 7
1 2 Here, ( E Ç F ) = f and ( E Ç G) = f
and P( B ) = 1 - P( B ) = 1 - =
3 3 Also, ( F Ç G) = {( 4, 6), ( 6, 4), ( 5, 5 )}
(i) P (problem is solved) Þ n( F Ç G) = 3 and ( E Ç F Ç G) = f
= P (atleast one of them will solve the problem) n( E) 3 1
\ P( E) = = =
= 1 - P(none of them solve the problem) n( S) 36 12
= 1 - P ( A ) × P ( B) n( F ) 10 5
P( F ) = = = ,
n( S) 36 18
[Q A and B are independent events, then
n( G) 7
A and B are also independent events] and P( G) = =
1 2 1 2 n( S) 36
=1 - ´ =1 - = 3 1
2 3 3 3 P( F Ç G) = =
36 12
(ii) P (exactly one of them solves the problem)
5 7 35
= P( A Ç B ) + P( A Ç B ) and P( F ) × P( G) = ´ =
18 36 648
= P ( A) × P ( B ) + P ( A ) × P ( B)
Here, we see that P( F Ç G) ¹ P( F ) × P( G)
[Q A and B are independent events, then A, B
and A, B are also independent events] [since only F and G have common events,
1 2 1 1 so only F and G are used here]
= ´ + ´ Hence, there is no pair which is independent.
2 3 2 3
2 1 3 1 10. Number of coins with head on both sides = ( n – 1 )
= + = =
6 6 6 2 Number of fair coins = ( n + 2)
4 3 2 Let E1 = Picking a coin with head on both sides
8. We have, P ( A ) = , P ( B ) = and P ( C ) =
5 4 3 E2 = Picking a fair coin
4 1 and A = Getting a head on tossing the coin
Then, P ( A ) = 1 - P( A) = 1 - = ,
5 5 n –1 n+2
Then, P( E1 ) = , P( E2 ) =
3 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
P ( B ) = 1 - P( B ) = 1 - =
4 4 æ Aö
2 1 Þ P çç ÷÷ = 1, P( A / E2 ) = 1 / 2
and P ( C ) = 1 - P( C ) = 1 - = è E1 ø
3 3
\ P( A ) = P( E1 ) P( A / E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( A / E2 )
(i) P (any two of them hit the target) n –1 n+2 1 3n
P ( A Ç B Ç C ) + P( A Ç B Ç C ) + P( A Ç B Ç C ) = ×1 + × =
2n + 1 2n + 1 2 2( 2n + 1 )
= P ( A) × P ( B) × P ( C ) + P ( A) × P ( B ) × P ( C ) 3n 31
+ P ( A ) × P ( B) × P (C ) Þ =
2( 2n + 1 ) 42
[Q A, B, C, are independent events]
Þ n = 31
11. Let E1 = Getting ghee from shop X \

1
P ( E1 ) = P ( E2 ) =
2
E 2 = Getting ghee from shop Y
If E1 has already occurred, i.e. first bag is chosen.
A = Getting type B ghee
1 Therefore, the probability of drawing two red balls in this
\ P ( E1 ) = P ( E2 ) = [Q both shop have equal chances] æ A ö 5 C 2 10
2 case = P ç ÷ = 9 =
ç E1 ÷ C 2 36
P ( A / E1 ) = Probability that type B ghee is purchased from è ø
shop X 3
æ Aö C2 3
40 4 Similarly, P çç ÷÷ = 9 =
= = è E2 ø C 2 36
70 7
P ( A / E2 ) = Probability that type B ghee is purchased from æ E2 ö
We are required to find P çç ÷÷ .
shop Y è Aø
60 6 By Baye’s theorem
= =
110 11 æ Aö
Now, by Baye’s theorem, we get P ( E 2 ) × P çç ÷÷
æ E2 ö è E2 ø
P ( E2 ) P ( A / E2 ) P çç ÷÷ =
P ( E 2 / A) = è A ø P( E ) × P æç A ö÷ + P( E ) × P æç A ö÷
P ( E1 ) P ( A / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( A / E2 ) 1 çE ÷ 2 çE ÷
è 1ø è 2ø
1 6 6 6 1 3 3 3
´ ´
2 11 11 11 42 21 3
= = = = = = 2 36 = 72 = 72 =
1 4 1 6 4 6 44 + 42 86 43 1 10 1 3 10 3 13 13
´ + ´ + ´ + ´ +
2 7 2 11 7 11 77 2 36 2 36 72 72 72
12. Let E1 = event of selecting box I 14. Let us define the events as
and E2 = event of selecting box II. E1 = selecting a two headed coin,
Let A = event of drawing an orange ball. E2 = selecting a biased coin,
1
Now, P( E1 ) = and P( E2 ) =
1 E3 = selecting an unbiased coin,
2 2 A = head comes up.
Now, P( A / E1 ) = Probability of selecting an orange ball Here, P( E1 ) = P( E2 ) = P( E3 ) = 1 / 3
from box I [Q all coins have equal chances]
4 1 P( A / E1 ) = Probability that head comes up on a two
= =
8 2 headed coin
[Q total balls = 8 and orange balls = 4] =1
and P( A / E2 ) = Probability of selecting an orange ball P( A / E2 ) = Probability that head comes up on a
biased coin
from box II = 75% = 75 / 100
3 and P( A / E3 ) = Probability that head comes up on an
= [Q total balls = 8 and orange balls = 3]
8 unbiased coin
Now, P( E1 / A ) = Probability that drawn ball is from the = 1/ 2
first box Now, by Baye’s theorem, we get
P( E1 ) × P( A / E1 ) P( E1 ) × P( A / E1 )
= P( E1/ A ) =
P( E1 ) × P( A / E1 ) + P( E2 ) × P( A / E2 ) é 1
P( E ) × P( A / E1 ) + P( E2 ) × P( A / E2 ) ù
1 1 1 ê + P( E3 ) × P( A / E3 ) úû
´ ë
= 2 2 = 4 1
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 3ö 1 + 3 ´1
ç ´ ÷+ç ´ ÷ \ P( E1/ A ) = 3
è 2 2 ø è 2 8 ø 4 16 æ 1 ö æ 1 75 ö æ 1 1 ö
1/4 1 16 4 ç ´1 ÷ + ç ´ ÷+ç ´ ÷
= = ´ = è 3 ø è 3 100 ø è 3 2 ø
4+ 3 4 7 7 1 1 100 4
16 = = = =
75 1 100 + 75 + 50 225 9
Hence, the probability that the ball is drawn from the first 1+ +
100 2 100
4
box is . 4
7 Hence, the required probability is .
9
13. Let E1, E 2 and A denote the following events
15. Let E1 = Letter has come from CALCUTTA
E1 = first bag is chosen, E 2 = second bag is chosen E2 = Letter has come from TATANAGAR
and A = two balls drawn at random are red.
and E = Two consecutive letters (i.e. alphabets) TA are
Since, one of the bag is chosen at random.
visible on envelope
1 1 æ E ö n( E Ç E1 ) 1 Let E be the event that the doctor diagnoses that person has
\ P( E1 ) = , P( E2 ) = , P çç ÷÷ = = 1
2 2 è E1 ø n( E1 ) 7 TB. Then, P ( E1 ) =
1000
[Q 7 pairs of consecutive letters are 1 999
CA, AL, LC, CU, UT, TT, TA] P ( E2 ) = 1 - =
1000 1000
æ E ö n( E Ç E2 ) 2
and P çç ÷÷ = = æ Eö
è E2 ø n( E2 ) 8 P çç ÷÷ = P (TB is detected when a person is actually
è E1 ø Suffering)
[Q 8 pairs of consecutive letters are
TA, AT, TA, AN, NA, AG, GA, AR] 990
= 0.99 =
æ Eö 1000
P( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷ æ Eö
æE ö è E2 ø and P çç ÷÷ = P (TB is detected when a person is not
\ Pç 2 ÷ =
è Eø æ Eö æ Eö è E2 ø actually suffering)
P( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷
è 1ø
E è E2 ø 1
= 0.001 =
[using Baye’s theorem] 1000
1 2 2 P (A selected person has actually TB), is given by
´
2 8 16 2´7 7 æ Eö
= = = = P( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷
1 1 1 2 8 + 14 22 11 æE ö
´ + ´ P ç 1÷ = è E1 ø
2 7 2 8 2´7´8 è Eø é æ Eö æ E öù
Hence, the probability that the letter TA came from ê P ( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P ( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷ ú
7 ë è E1 ø è E2 ø û
TATANAGAR is . [by Baye’s theorem]
11
16. Let E1 = Student knows the answer æ 1 ö æ 990 ö 990
ç ÷ç ÷
è 1000 ø è 1000 ø
E2 = Student guesses the answer = = 1000000
A = Student answered correctly æ 1 ö æ 990 ö æ 999 ö æ 1 ö æ 990 + 999 ö
and ç ÷ç ÷ + ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷
3 1 è 1000 ø è 1000 ø è 1000 ø è 1000 ø è 1000000 ø
\ P( E1 ) = and P( E2 ) =
4 4 990 110
= =
æ Aö 1989 221
Now, P çç ÷÷ = P (student answered correctly, when
è E2 ø he guesses) Hence, the probability that a selected person has actually
1 110
= TB is .
4 221
æ Aö 18. Let X be the random variable which denotes the number
and P çç ÷÷ = P (he answers correctly given that he greater than 5 in two tosses of a die.
è E1 ø knew the answer) So, X may have values 0, 1 or 2.
=1 Now, P ( X = 0) = P (Number less than or equal to 5 on
\ Required probability, both the tosses)
æ Aö 5 5 25
P( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷ = ´ =
æ E1 ö è E1 ø 6 6 36
Pç ÷ =
è ø é
A æ Aö æ A öù P ( X = 1 ) = P (number less than or equal to 5 on first toss
ê P( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷ ú and greater than 5 on second toss)
ë è 1ø
E è E2 ø û + P (number greater than 5 on first
[using Baye’s theorem] toss and less than or equal
3 3 3 to 5 on second toss.)
´1
= 4 = 4 = 4 5 1 5 1 5 5 10 5
12 + 1 = ´ + ´ = + = =
æ3 ö æ1 1 ö 3 + 1 6 6 6 6 36 36 36 18
ç ´ 1÷ + ç ´ ÷
è 4 ø è 4 4 ø 4 16 16 P ( x = 2) = P (Number greater than 5 on both the tosses)
3 16 12 1 1 1
= ´ = = ´ =
4 13 13 6 6 36
Hence, the probability that the student knows the answer, Probability distribution of x i.e. number of successes is
12
given that he answered it correctly, is . X 0 1 2
13
25 5 1
17. Let E1 be the event that person is suffering from TB and E2 P( X )
36 18 36
be the event that person is not suffering from TB.
19. Let the number of aces is a random variable denoted by X. 21. The total number of pairs will be formed by taking two
Here, two cards are drawn. numbers at a time = 6 C1 ´ 5C1 = 30.
Let A denotes an ace card and B denotes a non-ace card,
then sample space for two cards is S = { AB, BA, AA, BB} . Let X denotes larger of the two numbers be obtained.
Then, X ( AB ) = 1, X ( BA ) = 1, X ( AA ) = 2 and X ( BB ) = 0. Obviously X may have values 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
So, X takes the values 0, 1 or 2. Since, the draws are done Now, P( X = 3) = P[getting (2,3), (3,2) out of 30 pairs]
with replacement, two draws form independent 2 1
experiments. = =
30 15
48 48 144
\ P ( X = 0) = P ( BB ) = P( B ) ´ P( B ) = ´ = P( X = 4) = P [getting (2,4), (3,4), (4,2), (4,3) out of 30 pairs]
52 52 169
4 2
[Q in 52 cards, 4 aces and remaining 48 = =
30 15
are non-ace cards]
P( X = 5 ) = P [getting (2,5), (5,2), (3,5), (5,3), (4,5),(5,4) out of
P( X = 1 ) = P( AB or BA) = P( AB ) + P( BA )
30 pairs]
= P( A ) × P( B ) + P( B ) × P( A )
6 3
4 48 48 4 12 12 24 = =
= ´ + ´ = + = 30 15
52 52 52 52 169 169 169
4 4 1 P( X = 6) = P [getting (2,6), (6,2), (3,6), (6,3), (4,6),(6,4), (5,6),
and P( X = 2) = P( AA ) = P( A ) × P( A ) = ´ = (6,5) out of 30 pairs]
52 52 169
8 4
Hence, the required probability distribution is = =
30 15
X 0 1 2 P( X = 7) = P [getting (2,7), (7,2), (3,7), (7,3), (4,7), (7,4),
P (X) 144 24 1 (5,7), (7,5), (6,7), (7,6) out of 30 pairs]
169 169 169 10 5
= =
30 15
Verification Sum of probabilities,
n Therefore, required probability distribution is
144 24 1
å pi = 169 + 169 + 169 X 3 4 5 6 7
i =1
144 + 24 + 1 169 1 2 3 4 5
= = =1 P( X )
169 169 15 15 15 15 15
20. Let X be a random variable that denotes the amount 22. When 3 balls are drawn at random, there may be no red ball,
received by the man. 1 red ball, 2 red balls or 3 red balls.
Then, X can take values 5, 4, 3 and -3. Let X denotes the random variable showing the number of
Now, P( X = 5 ) = P (getting a number greater than 4 in the red balls in a draw of 3 balls.
first throw) Then, X can take the values 0, 1, 2 or 3.
2 1 P( X = 0) = P (getting no red ball)
= =
6 3
= P (getting 3 white balls)
P( X = 4) = P (getting a number less than or equal to 4 in the 4
C 3 æ 4 ´ 3 ´ 2 3 ´ 2 ´1 ö 4
first throw and getting a number greater = =ç ´ ÷=
than 4 in the second throw)
7
C 3 è 3 ´ 2 ´ 1 7 ´ 6 ´ 5 ø 35
4 2 2 P( X = 1 ) = P (getting 1 red and 2 white balls)
= ´ =
6 6 9 C1 ´ 4 C 2 æ 3 ´ 4 ´ 3 3 ´ 2 ´ 1 ö 18
3
= =ç ´ ÷=
P( X = 3) = P (getting a number less than or equal to 4 in 7
C3 è 2 7 ´ 6 ´ 5 ø 35
first two throws and getting a number
P( X = 2) = P (getting 2 red and 1 white balls)
greater than 4 in the third throw)
4 4 2 4 C 2 ´ 4 C1 æ 3 ´ 2
3
3 ´ 2 ´ 1 ö 12
= ´ ´ = = =ç ´4 ´ ÷=
6 6 6 27
7
C3 è 2 ´1 7 ´ 6 ´ 5 ø 35
and P( X = -3 ) = P (getting a number less than or equal P( X = 3) = P (getting 3 red balls)
to 4 in all three throws) 3
C 3 3 ´ 2 ´1 1
4 4 4 8 = = =
= ´ ´ =
7
C 3 7 ´ 6 ´ 5 35
6 6 6 27
Thus, the probability distribution of X is given below
Thus, the probability distribution of X is
X = xi 0 1 2 3
X 5 4 3 -3
4 18 12 1
1 2 4 8 pi
P( X = x ) 35 35 35 35
3 9 27 27
23. Let X be the random variable which denotes the number of 25. Given, X denotes the largest of the three positive integers.
tails when a biased coin is tossed twice. So, the random variable X may have values 3, 4, 5 or 6.
So, X may have values 0, 1 or 2. P( X = 3) = P (getting 3 and two numbers less than 3)
Since, the coin is biased in which head is 3 times as likely to 1
C ´ 2C 2 1
occur as a tail. = 16 =
C3 20
3 1
\ P( H ) = and P( T ) = P( X = 4) = P (getting 4 and two numbers less than 4)
4 4
2
1
C ´ 3C 2 3
æ 3ö 9 = 16 =
P( X = 0) = P( HH ) = P( H ) × P( H ) = ç ÷ = C3 20
è 4ø 16
P( X = 1 ) = P (one tail and one head) P( X = 5 ) = P (getting 5 and two numbers less than 5)
= P( HT , TH ) = P( HT ) + P ( TH )
1
C ´ 4C 2 6
= 16 =
= P( H ) × P( T ) + P( T ) × P( H ) C3 20
3 1 1 3
= ´ + ´ P( X = 6) = P (getting 6 and two numbers less than 6)
4 4 4 4 1
C ´ 5 C 2 10
3 3 6 3 = 16 =
= + = = C3 20
16 16 16 8
\ Probability distribution is shown below
P( X = 2) = P(two tails ) = P( TT ) = P( T ) × P( T )
2
æ1 ö 1 X 3 4 5 6
=ç ÷ =
è 4ø 16 1 3 6 10
Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows P( X )
20 20 20 20
X 0 1 2
26. The outcomes of the experiment can be represented in the
9 3 1 following tree diagram.
P (X )
16 8 16 The sample space S of the experiment is given as
S = {( H, H ), ( H, T ), ( T , 1 ), ( T , 2), ( T , 3),
24. Given that 5 red balls, 2 white balls, 3 black balls. ( T , 4), ( T , 5 ), ( T , 6)}
Let X denote the number of white balls when white balls are
drawn. Then, X can take the values 0, 1 and 2. (H, H)
Head (H)
8
C (H, T)
P( X = 0) = 10 3
C3 (T, 1)
8 ´7 ´6 (T, 2)
8 ´7 ´6 7 7
= 1 ´2 ´3 = = = (T, 3)
10 ´ 9 ´ 8 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 5 ´ 3 15 Tail (T)
(T, 4)
1 ´2 ´3
(T, 5)
8
C 2 ´2 C1
P( X =1 ) = 10 (T, 6)
C3
8 ´7
´2 The probabilities of these elementary events are
8 ´7 ´6 7 7
= 1 ´2 = = = 1 1 1
10 ´ 9 ´ 8 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 5 ´ 3 15 P {( H, H )} = ´ =
1 ´2 ´3 2 2 4
8
C ´ 2C 2 1 1 1
P( X = 2) = 110 P{( H, T )} = ´ = ,
C3 2 2 4
8 ´1 P{( T , 1 )} =
1 1 1
´ = ,
10 ´ 9 ´ 8 8 ´6 2 6 12
= =
1 ´ 2 ´ 3 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 1 1 1
P{( T , 2)} = ´ = ,
6 1 2 6 12
= =
90 15 1 1 1
P{( T , 3)} = ´ = ,
\ The probability distribution of X is 2 6 12
1 1 1
x 0 1 2 P{( T , 4)} = ´ = ,
2 6 12
7 7 1 1 1 1
P( X = x ) P{( T , 5 )} = ´ =
15 15 15 2 6 12
and P{( T , 6)} =

1 1 1
´ = 28. Let H = student reading Hindi newspaper
2 6 12 and E = student reading English newspaper
1/4 (H, H)
Let n ( S) = 100, then n ( H ) = 60,
Head (H)
1/4 (H, T)
n ( E) = 40 and n ( H Ç E) = 20
1/2 n( H) 60 3
(T, 1) \ P( H ) = = =
n ( S) 100 5
2 (T, 2) n ( E) 40 2
1/2 1/1 Þ P ( E) = = =
1/12 (T, 3) n ( S) 100 5
Tail (T) 1/12 n ( H Ç E) 20 1
1/12 (T, 4) and P ( H Ç E) = = =
1/1 n ( S) 100 5
1/1 2 (T, 5) (i) \Required probability = P(student reads neither Hindi
2
(T, 6) nor English newspaper)
Consider the following events = P( H ¢ Ç E¢ ) = P( H È E) ¢
A = the die shows a number greater than 4 = 1 - P( H È E)
and B = there is atleast one tail. = 1 - [ P( H ) + P( E) - P( H Ç E)]
We have, A = {( T , 5 ), ( T , 6)}, é3 2 1ù 4 1
=1 - ê + - ú =1- =
B = {( H, T ), ( T , 1 ), ( T , 2),( T , 3), ( T , 4), ( T , 5 ), ( T , 6)} ë 5 5 5 û 5 5
and A Ç B = {( T , 5 ), ( T , 6)} (ii) \ Required probability
\ P( B ) = P{( H, T )} + P{( T , 1 )} + P{( T , 2)} + P{( T , 3)} = P(student reads English newspaper, if he/she
+ P{( T , 4)} + P{( T , 5 )} + P{( T , 6)} reads Hindi newspaper)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 æ E ö P( E Ç H ) 1 / 5 1
Þ P( B ) = + + + + + + = \ Pç ÷ = = =
4 12 12 12 12 12 12 4 èHø P( H ) 3/ 5 3
and P( A Ç B ) = P{( T , 5 )} + P{( T , 6)} =

1
+
1 1
= (iii) \ Required probability
12 12 6 = P(student reads Hindi newspaper when it is given
æ A ö P( A Ç B ) that he/she reads English newspaper)
\ Required probability = P ç ÷ =
è Bø P( B ) æ H ö P( H Ç E) 1 / 5 1
\ Pç ÷ = = =
=
1/ 6 4 2
= = è Eø P( E) 2/ 5 2
3 / 4 18 9 29. Let A, B, C and D denote events of getting a white ball in
27. P( A ) = Probability of students passed in Physics = 70 / 100 first, second, third and fourth draw, respectively.
P( B ) = Probability of students passed in Mathematics Then, Required probability = P ( A Ç B Ç C Ç D)
= 75 / 100 = P ( A) P ( B / A) P ( C / A Ç B) P ( D / A Ç B Ç C ) …(i)
10 Now,
P( A ¢ Ç B ¢ ) = Probability of students fail in both =
100 P ( A ) = Probability of drawing a white ball in first draw
Q P( A ¢ Ç B ¢ ) = 1 - P( A È B ) =
5 1
=
10 90 20 4
\ P( A È B ) = 1 - P( A ¢ Ç B ¢ ) = 1 - =
100 100 When a white ball is drawn in the first draw, there are 19
(i) P(he passes in Physics and Mathematics) balls left in the bag, out of which 4 are white.
= P( A Ç B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) - P( A È B ) 4
\ P ( B / A) =
70 75 90 55 11 19
= + - = =
100 100 100 100 20 Since, the ball drawn is not replaced, therefore after
(ii) P(he passes in Mathematics given that he passes in drawing a white ball in second draw, there are 18 balls left
55 in the bag, out of which 3 are white.
æ B ö P( A Ç B ) 100 55 11 3 1
Physics) = P ç ÷ = = = = \ P (C / A Ç B) = =
è Aø P( A ) 70 70 14 18 6
100 After drawing a white ball in third draw, there are 17 balls
left in the bag, out of which 2 are white.
(iii) P(he passes in Physics given that he passes in
2
æ A ö P( A Ç B ) \ P (D/ A Ç B ÇC ) =
Mathematics) = P ç ÷ = 17
è Bø P( B )
Hence, required probability = P ( A Ç B Ç C Ç D)
55
= P ( A) × P ( B / A) P ( C / A Ç B) P ( D / A Ç B Ç C )
100 55 11
= = = 1 4 1 2 1
75 75 15 = ´ ´ ´ =
4 19 6 17 969
100
30. Here, n( S) = 6 ´ 6 = 36 Þ
1
P( A ) =+ P( B ) ...(iii)
Let A = Event of getting a sum of 7 in pair of dice 30
= {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (6, 1), (5, 2), (4, 3)} Now, on substituting the value of P(A) in Eq. (i), we get
é1 ù 2
Þ n ( A) = 6 P( B ) - ê + P( B ) ú × P( B ) =
ë 30 û 15
and B = Event of getting a sum of 10 in pair of dice
Let P( B ) = x, then
= {(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)}
æ1 ö 2
Þ n ( B) = 3 x - ç + x÷ x =
n( A ) 6 1 n( B ) 3 1 è 30 ø 15
\ P( A) = = = and P ( B ) = = = Þ 30x - ( 1 + 30x ) x = 4
n( S) 36 6 n( S) 36 12
Þ 30x - x - 30x 2 = 4
1 5 1 11
Þ P( A ) = 1 - = and P ( B ) = 1 - = Þ 30x 2 - 29x + 4 = 0 Þ ( 6x - 1 )( 5 x - 4) = 0
6 6 12 12
1 4
Now, the probability that if A start the game, then B wins Þ x= or
P( B wins ) = P( A Ç B ) + P ( A Ç B Ç A Ç B ) 6 5
1 4
+ P( A Ç B Ç A Ç B Ç A Ç B ) + K Þ P( B ) = or [Q x = P( B )]
6 5
= P( A ) P( B ) + P ( A ) P ( B ) P( A ) P ( B ) 1 1
Now, if P( B ) = , then P( A ) = [using Eq. (iii)]
+ P ( A ) P ( B ) P ( A ) P ( B ) P( A ) P ( B ) + K 6 5
[Q events are independent] 4 5
and if P( B ) = , then P( A ) =
5 1 5 11 5 1 5 6
= ´ + ´ ´ ´
6 12 6 12 6 12 32. Let E1 = bolt is manufactured by machine A
5 11 5 11 5 1 E2 = bolt is manufactured by machine B
+ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ +...
6 12 6 12 6 12 E3 = bolt is manufactured by machine C
2
5 5 55 5 æ 55 ö and E = bolt is defective.
= + ´ + ´ ç ÷ + ...
72 72 72 72 è 72 ø 30
Then, we have P( E1 ) = 30% = ,
æ ö 100
5 é 55 æ 55 ö
2 ù 5 ç 1 ÷ 50
= ê1 + + ç ÷ + ...ú = ç ÷ P( E2 ) = 50% =
72 êë 72 è 72 ø úû 72 çç 1 - 55 ÷÷ 100
è 72 ø and P( E3 ) = 20% =
20
é a ù 100
êëQ sum of infinite GP series is 1 - r úû Also, given that 3%, 4% and 1% bolts manufactured by
5 æ 1 ö 5 machines A, B and C respectively are defective.
= ç ÷=
72 çè 17 / 72 ÷ø 17 æ Eö 3 æ Eö 4
So, P çç ÷÷ = 3% = , P çç ÷÷ = 4% =
31. Given, A and B are two independent events with è E1 ø 100 è E2 ø 100
P( A Ç B ) =
2 1
and P( A Ç B ) = . æ Eö 1
and P çç ÷÷ = 1% =
15 6 è E3 ø 100
We know that, if A and B are independent events, then
Now, firstly find the probability that selected bolt which is
A, B and A, B are independent events.
defective is manufactured by machine B, is
2 2 æ Eö
Now, P( A Ç B ) = Þ P( B ) × P( A ) = P( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷
15 15 æE ö
Pç 2 ÷ = è E2 ø
2
Þ P( B ) × [ 1 - P( A )] = è Eø æ Eö æ Eö æ Eö
15 P( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P( E3 ) × P çç ÷÷
2 è 1ø
E è 2ø
E è E3 ø
Þ P( B ) - P( A ) × P( B ) = ...(i) 50 4
15 ´
1 1 = 100 100
and P( A Ç B ) = Þ P( A ) × P( B ) = 30 3 50 4 20 1
6 6 ´ + ´ + ´
100 100 100 100 100 100
1 200 200
Þ P( A ) × [ 1 - P( B )] = = =
6 90 + 200 + 20 310
1
Þ P( A ) - P( A ) P( B ) = ...(ii) \ The probability that selected bolt which is defective is not
6 manufactured by machine B, is
On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get æE ö 200 110 11
1 - Pç 2 ÷ = 1 - = =
1 2 5-4 1 è Eø 310 310 31
P( A ) - P( B ) = - = =
6 15 30 30
33. We have, A1 : A2 : A3 = 4 : 4 : 2 C1 ´ 3C1 3 ´ 3 3

3
= = =
4 4 2
6
C2 6 ´5 5
\ P( A1 ) = , P( A2 ) = and P( A3 ) = 2 ´1
10 10 10
where A1, A2 and A3 denote the event of choosing flower \Probability that the one white and one black balls are
seeds A1, A2 and A3 respectively. Let E be the event that a drawn from bag Y,
seed germinates and E be the event that a seed does not æ Eö
germinate. P( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷
æ E2 ö è E2 ø
æ E ö 45 æ E ö 60 æ E ö 35 Pç ÷ =
Then, P ç ÷ = , Pç ÷ = , Pç ÷ = è ø
E æ E ö æ Eö
ç A1 ÷ 100 çè A2 ÷ø 100 çè A3 ÷ø 100 P( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷
è ø è E1 ø è E2 ø
æ E ö 55 æ E ö 40 æ E ö 65 [by using Baye’s theorem]
and P çç ÷÷ = , P çç ÷÷ = , P çç ÷÷ = 1 3 3 3
è A 1 ø 100 è A2 ø 100 è A3 ø 100 ´
2 5 5 5 3 9
(i) Probability that a randomly chosen seed to germinate, = = = = =
1 8 1 3 8 3 8+ 9 17 17
æ Eö ´ + ´ + 5´
æ Eö æ Eö
P( E) = P( A1 ) × ç ÷ + P( A2 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P( A3 ) × P çç ÷÷ 2 15 2 5 15 5 15 15
ç A1 ÷ è 2ø
A è A3 ø 35. Let E1 = Event that the person has disease
è ø
4 45 4 60 2 35 and E2 = Event that the person is healthy.
= ´ + ´ + ´
10 100 10 100 10 100 Then, E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
180 240 70 490 events.
= + + = = 0.49 0.1
1000 1000 1000 1000 \ P( E1 ) = 0.1% = = 0.001
100
æEö æ Eö 35 65
(ii) P çç ÷÷ = 1 - P çç ÷÷ = 1 - = and P( E2 ) = 1 - 0. 001 = 0. 999
è A3 ø è A3 ø 100 100 Let E : Event that test is positive.
æ Eö
P çç ÷÷ = P (result is positive, given that person has disease)
æA ö è E1 ø
(iii) P ç 2 ÷ 99
è E ø æ E ö = 99% = = 0. 99
P( A2 ) × P çç ÷÷ 100
= è A2 ø æ Eö
P çç ÷÷ = P (result is positive, given that person does not
æEö æ E ö æEö è E2 ø
P( A1 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P( A2 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P( A3 ) × P çç ÷÷ have disease)
0.5
è A1 ø è A2 ø è A3 ø = 0.5% = = 0.005
4 40 100
´ Probability that a person has disease, given that test result
= 10 100
4 55 4 40 2 65 is positive, is given by
´ + ´ + ´ æ Eö
10 100 10 100 10 100 P( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷
160 160 æ ö
E è E1 ø
16 Pç 1 ÷ =
= 1000 = 1000 = è Eø æ Eö æ Eö
220 160 130 510 51 P( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷
+ + è 1ø
E è E2 ø
1000 1000 1000 1000
[by Baye’s theorem]
= 0. 313725 = 0. 314
0.001 ´ 0.99 0.00099
34. Let us define the following events = =
0.001 ´ 0.99 + 0.999 ´ 0.005 0.00099 + 0.004995
E1 : Bag X is selected
0.00099 990 110 22
E2 : Bag Y is selected = = = =
and E : Getting one white and one black ball 0.005985 5985 665 133
22
in a draw of two balls. Hence, the required probability is .
1 133
Here, P( E1 ) = P( E2 ) =
2 36. Let E1 = Event that item is manufactured on A,
[Q probability of selecting each bag is equal] E2 = Event that an item is manufactured on B,
æ Eö
Now, P çç ÷÷ = Probability of drawing one white and E3 = Event that an item is manufactured on C,
è E1 ø
one black ball from bag X Let E be the event that an item is defective.
4
C1 ´ 2C1 4 ´ 2 16 8 50 1 30 3 20 1
= = = = \ P ( E1 ) = = , P ( E2 ) = = and P ( E3 ) = =
6
C2 6 ´ 5 6 ´ 5 15 100 2 100 10 100 5
2 ´1
æ Eö 2 1 æ Eö 2 1 æ Eö 3
æ Eö P çç ÷÷ = = , P çç ÷÷ = = and P çç ÷÷ =
and P çç ÷÷ = Probability of drawing one white and one è E1 ø 100 50 è E2 ø 100 50 è E3 ø 100
è E2 ø
black ball from bag Y
æ Eö Let E = person introduce the changes in their profit.

P ( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷
æE ö è E1 ø
\ Pç 1÷ = æ Eö æ Eö
è Eø æ Eö æ Eö æ Eö Also, given P ç ÷ = 0.8, P ç ÷ = 0.5
P ( E1 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P ( E2 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P ( E3 ) × P çç ÷÷ è ø
A è Bø
è E1 ø è E2 ø è E3 ø æ Eö
1 1 and P ç ÷ = 0.3
× èC ø
2 50
= æ Eö æ Eö
1 1
× +
3 1
×
1 3
+ × Þ P çç ÷÷ = 1 - 0.8 = 0.2 , P çç ÷÷ = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5
2 50 10 50 5 100 è Aø è Bø
1 1 æ Eö
5 and P çç ÷÷ = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7
= 100 = 100 =
1 3 3 5 + 3 + 3 11 èC ø
+ + The probability that change does not take place by the
100 500 500 500
appointment of C,
37. We have, A1 : A2 : A3 = 4 : 4 : 2
æ Eö
4 4 2 P( C ) .P çç ÷÷
P ( A1 ) = , P ( A2 ) = and P( A3 ) = æC ö èC ø
10 10 10 Pç ÷ =
è Eø æ Eö æ Eö æ Eö
where A1, A2 and A3 denote the three types of flower seeds. P( A ) ´ P çç ÷÷ + P( B ) ´ P çç ÷÷ + P( C ) ´ P çç ÷÷
Let E be the event that a seed germinates and E be the A
è ø B
è ø èC ø
event that a seed does not germinate. 4
´ 0.7
45 60 35 7 2.8 2.8
\ P ( E / A1 ) = , P ( E / A2 ) = , P ( E / A3 ) = , = = = = 0.7
´ 0.2 + ´ 0.5 + ´ 0.7 0.2 + 1 .0 + 2.8
100 100 100 1 2 4 4
55 40 65 7 7 7
P ( E / A1 ) = , P ( E / A2 ) = and P ( E / A3 ) =
100 100 100 39. Given, defective bulbs = 3 and good bulbs = 7
(i) \ P ( E) = P ( A1 ) × P ( E / A1 ) + P ( A2 ) × P ( E / A2 ) Here, total number of bulbs = 3 + 7 = 10
+ P ( A3 ) × P ( E / A3 ) Let X denotes the number of defective bulbs.
4 45 4 60 2 35
= × + × + × Then, X takes the values 0, 1, 2 and 3.
10 100 10 100 10 100
Now, P ( X = 0) = P (getting 0 defective bulb)
180 240 70 490
= + + = = 0.49 æ 7 ´ 6 ´5 ö
1000 1000 1000 1000 ç1 ´ ÷
35 65 ( 3C 0 ´ 7C 3 ) çè 3 ´ 2 ´ 1 ÷ø 7 ´ 6 ´5 7
(ii) P ( E / A3 ) = 1 - P ( E / A3 ) = 1 - = = = = =
100 100 10
C3 æ 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 ö 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 24
çç ÷÷
[as given above] è 3 ´ 2 ´1 ø
(iii) P ( A2 / E) P ( X = 1 ) = P (getting 1 defective bulb)
æ Eö
P ( A2 ) × P çç ÷÷ æ 7 ´ 6ö
è A2 ø ç3 ´ ÷
= ( 3C1 ´ 7C 2 ) çè 2 ´ 1 ÷ø 3 ´ 7 ´ 6 ´ 3 21
æ Eö æ Eö æ Eö = = = =
P ( A1 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( A2 ) × P çç ÷÷ + P ( A3 ) × P çç ÷÷ æ 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 ö 10 ´ 9 ´ 8
10
C3 40
ç A1 ÷ çç ÷÷
è ø è A2 ø è A3 ø è 3 ´ 2 ´1 ø
4 40
× P ( X = 2) = P (getting 2 defective bulbs)
10 100
= æ3 ´2 ö
4 55 4 40 2 65 ç ´ 7÷÷
× + × + × ( 3C 2 ´ 7C1 ) çè 2 ´ 1 ø = 3´2´7´3 = 7
10 100 10 100 10 100 = =
160
10
C3 æ 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 ö 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 40
çç ÷÷
= 1000 è 3 ´ 2 ´1 ø
220 160 130
+ + P ( X = 3) = P (getting 3 defective bulbs)
1000 1000 1000
( 3C 3 ´ 7 C 0 ) 1 ´1 3 ´ 2 ´1 1
=
160 / 1000 16
= = 0. 313725 = 0.314 = = = =
510 / 1000 51
10
C3 æ 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 ö 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 120
çç ÷÷
38. Let us define the following events è 3 ´ 2 ´1 ø
A = selecting person A, B = selecting person B \ Required probability distribution as follows
and C = selecting person C
X 0 1 2 3
1 2 4
P( A ) = , P( B ) = and P( C ) = 7 21 7 1
1 + 2+ 4 1 + 2+ 4 1 + 2+ 4 P (X)
24 40 40 120
1 2 4
Þ P( A ) = , P( B ) = and P( C ) =
7 7 7
40. For first die, P( 6) =

1
and P( 6¢) =
1 Þ 0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k 2 + 2k 2 + 7k 2 + k = 1
2 2 Þ 10k2 + 9k - 1 = 0
1
Þ P( 1 ) + P( 2) + P( 3) + P( 4) + P( 5 ) =
2 Þ ( 10k - 1 ) ( k + 1 ) = 0
1 9 [Q k ¹ 0 \ k + 1 ¹ 0]
Þ P( 1 ) = and P( 1 ¢) =
10 10 Þ 10k - 1 = 0
[Q P( 1 ) = P( 2) = P( 3) = P( 4) = P( 5 )] 1
2 2 3 Þ k=
For second die, P( 1 ) = and P( 1 ¢) = 1 - = 10
5 5 5 (ii) P( X < 6) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1 ) + P( X = 2)
Let X = Number of one’s seen + P( X = 3) + P( X = 4) + P( X = 5 )
9 3 27
For X = 0, P ( X = 0) = P( 1 ¢ ) × P( 1 ¢ ) = × = = 054
. Þ P( X < 6) = 0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k2
10 5 50
Þ P( X < 6) = k2 + 8k
P ( X = 1 ) = P( 1 ¢ ) × P( 1 ¢ ) + P( 1 ¢ ) × P( 1 ¢ )
2
9 2 1 3 18 3 21 æ1ö 8 é 1ù
= × + × = + = = 0.42 Þ P( X < 6) = ç ÷ + êQk= ú
10 5 10 5 50 50 50 è ø
10 10 ë 10 û
1 2 2 81
P ( X = 2) = P( 1 ) × P( 1 ) = × = = 0. 04 Þ P( X < 6) =
10 5 50 100
Hence, the required probability distribution is as below (iii) P( X ³ 6) = P( X = 6) + P( X = 7)
X 0 1 2 Þ P( X ³ 6) = 2k2 + 7k2 + k Þ P( X ³ 6) = 9k2 + k
0.54 0.42 0.04 9 1 é 1ù
P (X) Þ P( X ³ 6) = + êQk= ú
100 10 ë 10 û
41. Let X be a random variable that denotes the number of 19
spades in a draw of three cards. Þ P( X ³ 6) =
100
So, X can takes values 0, 1, 2 and 3.
43. Let E = event that the doctor diagnoses CORONA.
Now, P( X = 0) = P (no spade)
39 39 39 3 3 3 27 E1 = event that the person selected is suffering from
= ´ ´ = ´ ´ = CORONA.
52 52 52 4 4 4 64
E2 = event that the person selected is not suffering
[Q cards are drawn with replacement]
from CORONA.
P( X = 1 ) = P (one spade and two non-spade)
We have, P(Person suffering from CORONA)
= P (Ist card is spade, IInd and IIIrd cards are non-spade) 1
+ P (Ist card is non-spade, IInd card is spade = P( E1 ) = = 0.001
1000
and IIIrd is non-spade) + P (Ist and IInd cards are 1 999
non-spade and IIIrd card is spade) Also, P( E2 ) = 1 - P( E1 ) = 1 - = = 0.999
1000 1000
13 39 39 39 13 39 39 39 13
= ´ ´ + ´ ´ + ´ ´ æ E ö 99
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 (i) The required probabilities = P çç ÷÷ = = 0.99
è E1 ø 100
æ 1 3 3 ö 27
= 3ç ´ ´ ÷ = æ Eö 1
è 4 4 4 ø 64 and P çç ÷÷ = = 0.001
P( X = 2) = P (two spade and one non-spade) è 2ø
E 1000
2 æ Eö
13 13 39 13 39 13 39 13 13 (ii) \ Required probability = P( E) = å P( Ei ) P çç ÷÷
= ´ ´ + ´ ´ + ´ ´
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 i =1 è Ei ø
æ 1 1 3ö 9 æ Eö æ Eö
= 3ç ´ ´ ÷ = = P( E1 ) P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 ) P çç ÷÷
è 4 4 4 ø 64 è E1 ø è E2 ø
\ P( X = 3) = P (all are spade cards) = 0.001 ´ 0.99 + 0.999 ´ 0.001
13 13 13 1 1 1 1 = 0.00099 + 0.000999 = 0.001989
= ´ ´ = ´ ´ =
52 52 52 4 4 4 64 (iii) \ Required Probability
Thus, the required probability distribution is as follows æ Eö
P( E1 ) P çç ÷÷
0 1 2 3 æ E1 ö è E1 ø
X =Pç ÷=
27 27 9 1 è ø
E æ E ö æ Eö
P( E1 ) P çç ÷÷ + P( E2 )P çç ÷÷
P (X) è E1 ø è E2 ø
64 64 64 64
0.001 ´ 0.99
42. (i) Since the sum of all the probabilities in a probability =
distribution is always unity. 0.001 ´ 0.99 + 0.999 ´ 0.001
0.00099 0.00099 110
Therefore, = = =
P( X = 0) + P( X = 1 ) + K + P( X = 7) = 1 0.00099 + 0.000999 0.001989 221
Chapter Test
Multiple Choice Questions 1 1
(a) (b)
12 18
1. If P ( A ) = and P (B) = 0, then P æç ö÷ is
1 A
1 1
2 èBø [NCERT] (c) (d)
21 24
1
(a) zero (b) (c) not defined (d) 1 (v) Probability that he comes late given that he comes by
2
other means of transport, is
2. If the events A and B are independent, then P ( A Ç B) is 1 1
(a) (b)
equal to 3 5
(a) P ( A ) + P (B ) (b) P ( A ) - P (B ) (c)
1
(d) 0
P ( A) 12
(c) P ( A ) × P (B ) (d)
P (B )
7 9 4
3. If P ( A ) = , P (B) = and P ( A Ç B) = , then 5. An urn contains m white and n black balls. A ball is
13 13 13 drawn at random and is put back into the urn along
P ( A ¢ / B) is equal to with k additional balls of the same colour as that of the
6 4 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) ball drawn. A ball is again drawn at random. Show that
13 13 9 9 the probability of drawing a white ball now does not
Case Based MCQs depend on k.
4. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the post experience, 6. Three bags contain a number of red and white balls as
follows Bag I : 3 red balls, Bag II : 2 red balls and 1
it is known that the probabilities that he will come by
white ball and Bag III : 3 white balls. The probability
train, bus, scooter or by other means of transport are
3 1 1 2 that bag i will be chosen and a ball is selected from it is
respectively , , and . The probability that he will i
10 5 10 5 , where i = 1 , 2 , 3. What is the probability that
6
1 1 1
be late are , and , if he comes by train, bus and (i) a red ball will be selected?
4 3 12
(ii) a white ball is selected?
scooter respectively, but if he comes by other means of
transport, then he will not be late. 7. A bag contains (2 n + 1 ) coins. It is known that n of
these coins have a head on both sides whereas the rest
On the basis of above information, answer the of the coins are fair. A coin is picked up at random
following questions. from the bag and is tossed. If the probability that the
(i) The probability, that doctor is late given that he come toss results in a head is 31 , then determine the value
by bus, is 42
3 1 of n.
(a) (b)
10 5
1 1
(c) (d) 8. Given that, the two numbers appearing on throwing
3 12
two dice are different. Find the probability of the
(ii) The probability that doctor come by train and he is events
late, is
(i) the sum of numbers on the dice is 4.
3 3
(a) (b) (ii) the sum of numbers on the dice is not 4.
20 40
3 3 9. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately, till one of them
(c) (d) gets a total of 10 and wins the game. Find their
80 100
respective probabilities of winning, if A starts first.
(iii) The probability that he is late, is
3 3 10. Let bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B
(a) (b) contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A die is thrown. If 1 or
20 40
3 3 2 appears on it, then bag A is chosen, otherwise bag B.
(c) (d)
80 100 If two balls are drawn at random (without replacement)
(iv) The probability that he come by scooter given that he from the selected bag, then find the probability of one
is late of them being red and another black. [CBSE 2015]
Answers
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (b) (v) (d) For Detailed Solutions
m 7 11 1 14 12 11 22 Scan the code
5. 6. (i) (ii) 7. 10 8. (i) (ii) 9. and 10.
m +n 18 18 15 15 23 23 45
Mathematics
Class 12th ( Term II )
Practice Paper 1 *
(Solved)
Instructions Time : 2 Hr
Max. Marks : 40
1. The question paper contains three sections A, B and C.
2. Section A has 5 questions with 3 internal choices.
3. Section B has 4 questions with 3 internal choices.
4. Section C has 1 Case Based MCQs comprises of 5 MCQs.
5. There is no negative marking.
As exact Blue-print and Pattern for CBSE Term II exams is not released yet. So the pattern of this
paper is designed by the author on the basis of trend of past CBSE Papers. Students are advised
not to consider the pattern of this paper as official.
Section A (3 Marks Each)

This section consists of 5 questions of Short Answer Type.
® ® ® ® ® ®
1. If| a |= 10, | b |= 2 and a × b = 12 , then find the value of| a ´ b |.
® ® ® ® ® ®
Or If | a ´ b | = 1,| a | = 2 and | b | = 1, then find angle between a and b .
® ®
2. Find the values of l, for which the angle between the vectors a = 2l 2 $i + 4l$j + k$ and b = 7$i - 2 $j + lk$ is
obtuse.
3. Let A and B be two events of the same sample space S of an experiment, then prove that
0 £ P ( A / B) £ 1, B ¹ f .
p/2
4. Evaluate ò sin 2 x dx.
0
p/2 sin x
Or Evaluate ò dx.
0
1 + cos 2 x
5. If the points A( -1, 3, 2), B ( -4, 2, - 2) and C(5, 5, l ) are collinear, find the value of l.
® ® ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Or Find the magnitude of a given by a = ( i + 3 j - 2 k) ´ ( - i + 3 k).
Section B (5 Marks Each)

This section consists of 4 questions of Long Answer Type.
dx
6. Evaluate ò .
1 - 3sin x
1- x
Or Evaluate ò dx.
1+ x
7. Find the area bounded by the curve y = cos x between x = 0 and x = 2p.
Or Find the area bounded by the curve y 2 = 4a 2 ( x - 1) and the lines x = 1 and y = 4a.
® ®
8. Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes r × ( $i + 3 $j ) - 6 = 0 and r × ( 3$i - $j - 4k$ ) = 0,
whose perpendicular distance from origin is unity.
Or Find the shortest distance between the lines given by
® ®
r = ( 2 + l )$i - ( 3 + l ) $j + (5 + l )k$ and r = ( 2m - 1)$i +(4m - 1) $j + (5 - 3m )k$.
9. Solve the differential equation ( x - y) ( dx + dy) = dx - dy, y( 0) = - 1.
Section C (1 Mark Each)

This section consists of 1 Case Based comprises of 5 MCQs.
10. A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P( X ) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k 2
2k 2
7k + k
2
Based on above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The value of k is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 9 10 11
(ii) P (X<6) is equal to
71 81 91 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
100 100 100 11
(iii) P (X ³ 6) is equal to
17 19 21 23
(a) (b) (c) (d)
100 100 100 100
(iv) P( 0 < X < 5 ) is equal to
4 3 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
(v) P( X = 7 ) is equal to
17 19 21 23
(a) (b) (c) (d)
100 100 100 100
Solutions
® ®
1. We have,| a|= 10,| b|= 2 and a× b = 12
® ® \ P ( B) > 0
P( A Ç B )
® ® ® ® \ ³0 …(iii)
We know that, | a ´ b| = | a|| b|sin q …(i) P( B )
® ® ® ® From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
and a× b =| a|| b|cos q …(ii)
P ( A Ç B)
On squaring and adding both sides, we get 0£ £1
P( B )
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
| a ´ b|2 + ( a× b ) 2 = | a|2| b|2 sin 2 q + | a|2| b|2 cos 2 q Hence, 0 £ P( A / B ) £ 1 [from Eq. (i)] Hence proved.
® ®2 ® ® 2 ®2 ®2 p/ 2
Þ | a ´ b| + ( a× b ) = | a| | b| (sin 2 q + cos 2 q) 4. Let I = ò sin 2 x dx
0
® ® ® ® ® ® p/ 2 1 - cos 2x
Þ | a ´ b|2 + ( a× b ) 2 = | a|2| b|2 =ò dx
0 2
® ®
Þ | a ´ b|2 + ( 12) 2 = ( 10) 2 ( 2) 2 1 p/ 2 1é sin 2x ù
p/ 2
2 ò0
= ( 1 - cos 2x ) dx = ê x -
Þ
® ®
| a ´ b|= 400 - 144 2ë 2 úû 0
® ® 1 éæ p 1 ö ù 1 p p
Þ | a ´ b|= 256 = 16 = ê ç - sin p ÷ - ( 0 - 0) ú = ´ =
2 ëè 2 2 ø û 2 2 4
Or
Or
® ® ® ®
We have,| a ´ b| = 1,| a | = 2 and | b| = 1 Let I=ò
p/ 2
sin x
dx
® ® 0 1 + cos 2 x
Let q be angle between a and b .
Put cos x = t Þ - sin x dx = dt
® ®
| a ´ b| 1 1 Also, x = 0 Þ t = cos 0 = 1
\ sin q = = =
® ® 2 ´1 2 p p
| a| | b| and x= Þ t = cos = 0
2 2
p
\ q= \ I = -ò
0 dt
= -[tan -1 t ] 10
6 1 1 + t2
® ®
2. Let q be the angle between a and b . æ pö p
= -[tan -1 0 - tan -1 1 ] = - ç - ÷ =
® ®
a×b ( 2l2 $i + 4l$j + k$ ) × ( 7$i - 2 $j + lk$ ) è 4ø 4
Then, cos q = = 5. The equations of line passing through
® ® |2l2 $i + 4l$j + k$||7$i - 2 $j + lk$|
| a|| b| A( -1, 3, 2) and B( -4, 2, - 2) is
Now, q is obtuse x+1 y-3 z-2
= =
\ cos q < 0 -4 + 1 2 - 3 -2 - 2
® ® x+1 y-3 z -2
a×b Þ = =
Þ <0 -3 -1 -4
® ®
| a|| b| x+1 y-3 z -2
Þ = = …(i)
® ® 3 1 4
Þ a×b <0 Since, A, B, C are collinear, then C must satisfy Eq. (i).
Þ 14l2 - 8l + l < 0 5+1 5-3 l-2
\ = =
Þ 14 l2 - 7l < 0 3 1 4
l-2
Þ 7l ( 2l - 1 ) < 0 Þ = 2 Þ l = 10
4
æ 1ö
Þ l Î ç 0, ÷ Or
è 2ø
+ - + We have,
0 1 ® ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
a = ( i + 3 j - 2 k) ´ ( - i + 3 k)
2
P( A Ç B ) ^
i
^
j
^
k
3. By definition, P( A / B ) = …(i)
P( B ) = 1 3 -2
Also, A ÇB Ì B [Q A Ç B is a subset of B] -1 0 3
Þ P( A Ç B ) £ P( B )
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
P( A Ç B ) = ( 9 - 0) i - ( 3 - 2) j + ( 0 + 3) k = 9 i - j + 3 k
Þ £1 …(ii)
P( B ) ®
\ | a|= ( 9) 2 + ( -1 ) 2 + ( 3) 2 = 81 + 1 + 9 = 91
Again, P( A Ç B ) ³ 0 and B ¹ f
6. Let I = ò
dx = - 2 ò ( cos t - cos 2 t ) dt
1 - 3sin x
é æ 1 + cos 2 t ö ù
é x ù = - 2ò ê cos t - ç ÷ ú dt
ê 2 tan ë è 2 øû
=ò
dx 2 ú
êQ sin x = xú [Q cos 2 q = 2 cos 2 q - 1 ]
æ x ö
ê 1 + tan 2 ú
ç 2 tan ÷
2 ÷ ë 2û é 2 cos t - 1 - cos 2 t ù
1 - 3ç = -2ò ê úû dt
çç 1 + tan 2 x ÷÷ ë 2
è 2ø = - ò ( 2 cos t - 1 - cos 2 t ) dt
x
sec 2 æ sin 2 t ö
dx = - ç 2sin t - t - ÷+c
=ò
x ò
= 2 dx
2 x x x è 2 ø
1 + tan - 6 tan tan 2 - 6 tan + 1
2 2 2 2 æ 2sin t × cos t ö
x = - ç 2sin t - t - ÷+c
1 + tan 2 è 2 ø
2 = - 2sin t + t + sin t × cos t + c
[Q 1 + tan 2 q = sec 2 q]
x = -2 1 - cos 2 t + t + 1 - cos 2 t × cos t + c
Put tan = t
2 [Q sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 Þ sin q = 1 - cos 2 q ]
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
= - 2 1 - x + cos -1 x + x× 1 -x + c
x 1 dt x
sec 2 × = Þ sec 2 dx = 2 dt [Q x = cos t ]
2 2 dx 2
dt dt 7. The graph of y = cos x between 0 to 2p is the curve,
\ I = 2ò 2 = 2ò 2
t - 6t + 1 t - 6 t + 1 + ( 3) 2 - ( 3) 2 shown in given figure.
Y
dt dt
= 2ò = 2ò
( t - 3) 2 - 8 ( t - 3) 2 - ( 2 2 ) 2
y = cos x E
1 ½ t - 3 - 2 2½ A
=2´ log½ ½+ c
2 ´ 2 2 ½ t - 3 + 2 2½ p 3p
2 p 2
X¢ X
é 1 1 ½ x - a ½ù O B D F 2p G
êQ ò 2 dx = log½ ½ú
x -a ½ x + a ½û
2
ë 2a
Y¢ C
½tan x - 3 - 2 2½
1 ½ 2 ½ é xù \ Required area = Area of region OABO
= log +c êëQ t = tan 2 úû
2 2 ½ x
½tan - 3 + 2 2½ ½ + Area of region BCDB
½ 2 ½
+ Area of region DEFD
Or
p/ 2 3 p/ 2 2p
1- x =ò cos x dx + ò p/ 2 cos x dx + ò 3 p/ 2 cos x dx
Let I=ò dx 0
1+ x [Q in region BCDB, the curve is below the X-axis,
Put x = cos t or x = cos 2 t where value come out to be negative,
Þ dx = - 2sin t × cos t × dt so we take the absolute value]
1 - cos t = [sin x ] 0
p/ 2 3 p/ 2
+ [sin x ] p/ 2 + [sin x ] 2p
\ I=ò × ( -2sin t × cos t ) dt 3 p/ 2
1 + cos t p 3p p
æ ö
= çsin - sin 0÷ + sin - sin
2sin 2 t / 2 è 2 ø 2 2
=ò ( -2sin t × cos t ) dt
2 cos 2 t / 2 æ 3p ö
+ çsin 2p - sin ÷
[Q 1 - cos q = 2sin 2 ( q/ 2) and 1 + cos q = 2 cos 2 ( q/ 2)] è 2ø
sin t / 2 = ( 1 - 0) + | - 1 - 1 | + [ 0 - ( - 1 )]
=ò ´ ( -2 ´ 2 ´ sin ( t / 2) cos ( t / 2) ´ cos t dt
cos t / 2 =1 + 2+ 1
[Q sin 2 q = 2sin q cos q]
= 4 sq units
= - ò 4sin 2 ( t / 2) ´ cos t dt
Therefore, the required area is 4 sq units.
æ 1 - cos t ö é qù
= -ò4ç ÷ cos t dt êëQ 1 - cos q = 2sin
2 Or
è 2 ø 2 úû The equation of the given curve is y2 = 4a2 ( x - 1 )
= - ò 2( 1 - cos t ) cos t dt or ( y - 0) 2 = 4 a2 ( x - 1 ).
Clearly, this equation represents a parabola with vertex at 6

(1, 0) as shown in figure. \ =1
( 1 + 3l ) + ( 3 - l ) 2 + ( - 4l ) 2
2
The region enclosed by y2 = 4 a2 ( x - 1 ), x = 1 and y = 4 a is
the area of shaded portion in figure. Þ ( 1 + 3l ) 2 + ( 3 - l ) 2 + ( -4l ) 2 = 36
Y
Þ 1 + 9l2 + 6l + 9 + l2 - 6l + 16l2 = 36
x=1
Þ 26l2 + 10 = 36
y=4a (0, 4a) Þ l2 = 1
\ l = ±1
dy
P(x, y) Using Eq. (i), the required equation of plane is
X¢ ®
O (0, 0) (1, 0) X r × [( 1 ± 3) $i + ( 3 m 1 ) $j + ( m4) k$ ] = 6
®
Þ r × [( 1 + 3) $i + ( 3 - 1 ) $j + ( -4) k$ ] = 6
®
and r × [( 1 - 3) $i + ( 3 + 1 ) $j + 4 k$ ] = 6
®
Þ r × ( 4 $i + 2 $j - 4 k$ ) = 6
Y¢ ®
and r × ( -2 $i + 4 $j + 4 k$ ) = 6
When we slice the area of the shaded portion in horizontal
®
strips, we observe that each strip has left end on the line Þ r × ( 2 $i + $j - 2 k$ ) = 3
x = 1 and the right end on the parabola y2 = 4 a2 ( x - 1 ). ®
and r × ( - $i + 2 $j + 2 k$ ) = 3
So, the approximating rectangle shown in figure has
length = x - 1, width = dy and area = ( x - 1 ) dy. Þ 2x + y - 2z = 3
Since, the approximating rectangle can move from y = 0 to and - x + 2y + 2z = 3
y = 4 a. Þ 2x + y - 2z - 3 = 0
So, required area A is given by and x - 2y - 2z + 3 = 0
4a
A=ò ( x - 1 ) dy Or
0
Given, equation of lines can be rewritten as
®
4a y2 r = (2 $i - 3 $j + 5 k$ ) + l($i - $j + k$ )
Þ A=ò dy
0 4 a2 and
®
r = (- $i - $j + 5 k$ ) + m (2 $i + 4 $j - 3 k$ )
[Q P( x, y) lies on y2 = 4 a2 ( x - 1 ) On comparing the above equations with standard vector
® ® ®
\x - 1 = y2 / 4 a2 ] form of equation of line, r = a + l b , we get
4a ® ®
1 é y3 ù 1 æ 64 a3 ö a = 2 $i - 3 $j + 5 k$, b = $i - $j + k$,
Þ A= ê ú = ç ÷ 1 1
4 a2 ë 3 û 0 4 a2 çè 3 ÷ø ® ®
a2 = - $i - $j + 5 k$ and b2 = 2 $i + 4 $j - 3 k$
16 a
= sq units $i $j k$
3 ® ®
®
Now, consider b1 ´ b2 = 1 -1 1
8. We have, n1 = ( $i + 3 $j ), d1 = 6 2 4 -3
®
and n2 = ( 3$i - $j - 4k$ ), d2 = 0 = $i(3 - 4) - $j(-3 - 2) + k$(4 + 2)
® ® ®
Using the relation, r × ( n1 + l n2 ) = d1 + d2 l Þ
® ®
b1 ´ b2 = - $i + 5 $j + 6 k$
®
Þ r × [( $i + 3 $j ) + l ( 3$i - $j - 4k$ )] = 6 + 0 × l ® ®
Þ |b1 ´ b2| = (-1)2 + (5)2 + (6)2
®
Þ r × [( 1 + 3l ) $i + ( 3 - l ) $j + k$( -4l )] = 6 …(i) = 1 + 25 + 36 = 62
On dividing both sides by ( 1 + 3l ) + ( 3 - l ) + ( -4l ) , 2 2 2
® ®
Also, a2 - a1 = (- $i - $j + 5 k$ ) - (2 $i - 3 $j + 5 k$ )
we get
®
= -3 $i + 2 $j
r × [( 1 + 3l ) $i + ( 3 - l ) $j + k$( -4l )] We know that, shortest distance between two lines is
( 1 + 3l ) 2 + ( 3 - l ) 2 + ( - 4l ) 2 ® ® ® ®
(b1 ´ b2 ) × (a2 - a1 )
6 given by d =
= ® ®
( 1 + 3l ) 2 + ( 3 - l ) 2 + ( - 4l ) 2 | b1 ´ b2|
Since, the perpendicular distance from origin is unity.

On putting above values, we get 10. (i) (c) Since the sum of all the probabilities in a probability
distribution is always unity.
( - $i + 5 $j + 6 k$ ) × ( -3 $i + 2 $j )
d= Therefore,
62
P( X = 0) + P( X = 1 ) + K + P( X = 7) = 1
3 + 10 + 0 13 13 62 Þ 0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k 2 + 2k 2 + 7k 2 + k = 1
= = =
62 62 62
Þ 10k2 + 9k - 1 = 0
13 62
Hence, required shortest distance is units. Þ ( 10k - 1 ) ( k + 1 ) = 0
62
[Q k ³ 0; \ k + 1 ¹ 0]
9. The given differential equation is
Þ 10k - 1 = 0
( x - y)( dx + dy) = dx - dy 1
Þ ( x - y - 1 ) dx = - ( x - y + 1 ) dy Þ k=
10
dy x - y-1
Þ =- …(i)
dx x-y+1
(ii) (b) P( X < 6) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1 ) + P( X = 2)
Let x - y = v
dy dv dy dv + P( X = 3) + P( X = 4) + P( X = 5 )
Then, 1 - = Þ =1 - Þ P( X < 6) = 0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k2
dx dx dx dx
dy dv Þ P( X < 6) = k2 + 8k
On putting x - y = v and =1 - in Eq. (i), we get
dx dx 2
æ1ö 8 é 1ù
dv v -1 Þ P( X < 6) = ç ÷ + êëQ k = 10 úû
1- =- è 10 ø 10
dx v+1
81
dv v - 1 Þ P( X < 6) =
Þ = +1 100
dx v + 1 (iii) (b) P( X ³ 6) = P( X = 6) + P( X = 7)
dv 2v
Þ = Þ P( X ³ 6) = 2k2 + 7k2 + k
dx v + 1
v+1 Þ P( X ³ 6) = 9k2 + k
Þ dv = 2 dx 9 1 é 1ù
v Þ P( X ³ 6) = + êëQ k = 10 úû
æ 1ö 100 10
Þ ç1 + ÷ dv = 2 dx
è vø 19
Þ P( X ³ 6) =
æ 1ö 100
Þ ò çè1 + v ÷ø dv = 2 ò dx (iv) (a) P( 0 < X < 5 ) = P( X = 1 ) + P( X = 2)
Þ v + log| v| = 2x + c + P( X = 3) + P( X = 4)
Þ x - y + log| x - y| = 2x + c Þ P( 0 < X < 5 ) = k + 2k + 2k + 3k
Þ log| x - y| = x + y + c …(ii) Þ P( 0 < X < 5 ) = 8k
It is given that y( 0) = - 1, i.e. when x = 0, y = - 1.
8 4 é 1ù
Þ P( 0 < X < 5 ) = = êëQ k = 10 úû
10 5
On putting x = 0 and y = - 1 in Eq. (ii), we get
(v) (a) P( X = 7) = 7k2 + k
log 1 = - 1 + c Þ c = 1
2
On putting c = 1 in Eq. (ii), we get æ1ö 1
= 7ç ÷ +
log| x - y| = x + y + 1 è ø
10 10
7 1 17
Þ | x - y| = e x + y + 1 = + =
100 10 100
Þ x - y = ± ex + y + 1
Mathematics
Practice Paper 2 *
(Unsolved)
Max. Marks : 40

dy
1. Solve + 2y = e 3x .
dx
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
2. If a + b + c = 0 and| a| = 5,| b| = 6 and| c |= 9, then find angle between a and b .
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Or Show that the area of a parallelogram having diagonals 3 i + j - 2 k and i - 3 j + 4 k is 5 3 sq units.
3. One card is drawn at random from a pack of well-shuffled deck of cards.
Let E : the card drawn is a spade; F : the card drawn is an ace. Are the events E and F independent?
Or 10% of the bulbs produced in a factory are red colour and 2% are red and defective. If one bulb is picked
at random, determine the probability of its being defective, if it is red.
4. If the sum of two unit vectors a$ and b$ is a unit vector, show that the magnitude of their difference is 3.
5. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are represented by the vectors 2 $i - 3 k$ and 4 $j + 2 k$.
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Or If a and b are two vectors such that| a + b| =| a|, then prove that vector 2 a + b is perpendicular to
®
vector b .

6. Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of Manager in a private company. Chances of their selection (A, B
and C) are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4. The probabilities that A, B and C can introduce changes to improve profits of
the company are 0.8, 0.5 and 0.3, respectively. If the change does not take place, find the probability that it
is due to the appointment of C.
Or In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, B and C manufacture respectively 30%, 50% and 20% of
the bolts. Of their outputs, 3%, 4% and 1% respectively are defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random from the
product and is found to be defective. Find the probability that this is not manufactured by machine B.
p 3p
7. Draw a rough sketch of y = sin 2x and determine the area enclosed by the curve, X-axis and lines x = and .
4 4
® ®
$ then find a vector ®
8. If a = $i + $j + k$ and b = $j - k,
® ® ® ® ®
c such that a ´ c = b and a × c = 3.
® ®
Or Find the equation of the plane containing the lines r = $i + $j + l( $i + 2 $j - k$ ) and r = $i + $j + m ( - $i + $j - 2k$ ).
Find the distance of this plane from the origin and also from the point (2, 2, 2).
p / 4 sin x + cos x
9. Evaluate ò dx.
0 9 + 16 sin 2x
p x
Or Evaluate ò dx.
0
a cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
2 2

10. Consider the following curves x 2 + y 2 £ 1 and x + y ³ 1.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Both curves intersect at
(a) (1, 0) (b) (0, 1) (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Do not intersect
(ii) Common region bounded by both curves
Y Y
Y (0, 1) (0, 1)
(0, 1)
(a) X¢
(0, 0) X (b) X¢
(0, 0)
X (c) X¢ (0, 0) X (d) None of these
(1, 0) (1, 0) (1, 0)
Y¢ Y¢
Y¢
(iii) Area of common region (in sq unit)

p 1 p 1 1 p
(a) + (b) - (c) - (d) None of these
4 2 4 2 2 4
(iv) ò a 2 - x 2 dx is equal to
x 1 x
(a) sin -1 +c (b) sin -1 + c
a a a
x 2 a2 x x 2 a2 x
(c) a - x 2 + sin -1 + c (d) a - x 2 - sin -1 + c
2 2 a 2 2 a
(v) Area of uncommon region is (in sq unit)
3p 1 3p 1 p 1 3p 1
(a) + (b) - (c) + (d) -
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4
Answers
1 -1 æ 1 ö 1 11
1. y = e 3x + c e -2x 2. q = cos ç ÷ 3. Yes Or 5. 4 14 sq units 6. 0.7 Or
5 è3ø 5 31
1 2 1 p2
7. 1 sq unit 8. (5 i$ + 2 j$ + 2 k$ ) Or -x + y + x = 0; 0; units 9. I = log 3 Or I =
3 3 20 2ab
10. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (b) (iv) (c) (v) (a)
Mathematics
Practice Paper 3 *
(Unsolved)
Max. Marks : 40

3 5
1. The probability of two students A and B coming to the school in time are and respectively. Assuming
7 7
that the events ‘ A coming in time’ and ‘B coming in time’ are independent. Find the probability of only one
of them coming to the school in time.
Or A couple has 2 children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is known that
(i) one of them is a boy. (ii) the older child is a boy.
2p 1
2. Evaluate the integral ò dx.
0
1 + esin x
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
3. Find the angle between the vectors 5 i + 3 j + 4 k and 6 i - 8 j - k.
4. If a line makes angles 90°, 135°, 45° with the X, Y and Z-axes respectively, find its direction consines.
® ® ® ® ® ®
Or If a and b are two unit vectors such that a + b is also a unit vector, then find the angle between a and b .
5. Find the value of l if the vectors 2$i + l$j + 3k$ and 3$i + 2 $j - 4k$ are perpendicular to each other.
r
Or Write the sum of intercepts cut off by the plane r × ( 2$i + $j - k$ ) - 5 = 0 on the three axes.

p/2 p/4
6. Show that ò f (sin 2x ) sin x dx = 2 ò f (cos 2x ) cos x dx.
0 0
7. Find the equation of the line passing through ( 2, - 1, 2) and (5, 3, 4) and of the plane passing through (2, 0, 3),
(1, 1, 5) and (3, 2, 4). Also, find their point of intersection.
Or Find the distance between the point ( -1, - 5, - 10) and the point of intersection of the line
x - 2 y +1 z - 2
= = and the plane x - y + z = 5.
3 4 12
dy x( 2 log x + 1) p
8. Find the particular solution of the differential equation = , given that y = , when x = 1.
dx sin y + y cos y 2
y é y ù
Or Solve the following differential equation xy log dx + êy 2 - x 2 log dy = 0.
x ë x úû
sin x + cos x
9. Evaluate ò dx.
9 + 16 sin 2x
x2 +1
Or Evaluate ò dx.
( x - 1) 2 ( x + 3)

10. In a bolt factory, machines A, B and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the total bolts. Of their
output 5%, 4% and 2% are respectively defective bolts.
On the basis of above information answer the following
(i) The probability that bolt drawn is defective given that bolt is manufacture by B is
(a) 0.05 (b) 0.04 (c) 0.02 (d) 0.01
(ii) The probability that, if drawn bolt is defective, then it is manufacture by B is
28 19 17 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
69 69 69 69
(iii) The total probability of drawn bolt is defective, is
(a) 0.0435 (b) 0.0534 (c) 0.0345 (d) 0.0355
(iv) If drawn bolt is defective, then the probability that it is not manufacture by B is
39 40 41 42
(a) (b) (c) (d)
69 69 69 69
(v) Let E1 , E 2 , E 3 be the event that bolt is manufacture by A, B, C respectively and F be the event that drawn bolt is
3
defective, then the value of å P( E i / F) is
i =1
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1
Answers
26 1 1 æ 2 ö –1 1 2p
1. Or (i) (ii) 2. I = p 3. q = cos - 1 çç ÷
÷ 4. 0, and Or .
49 3 2 è 5 101 ø 2 2 3
5 x -2 y + 1 z -2
5. l = 3 Or units 7. = = ; x - y + z = 5; (2, - 1, 2) Or 13 units
2 3 4 2
p é y ù
8. y sin y = x 2 log x + Or x 2 ê2 log + 1ú + 4 y 2 log |y |= 4 y 2C
2 ë x û
1 5 + 4 (sin x - cos x ) 3 1 5
9. log + C Or log |x - 1 |- + log |x + 3 |+ C
40 5 - 4 (sin x - cos x ) 8 2 (x - 1) 8
10. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (c) (v) (d)

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CBSE Term II

Case Based Questions

Short/Long Answer Questions

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)

Administrative & Production Offices

þ Video Solutions of CBSE Sample Papers

One Paper Max Marks:

. Applications of the Integrals

UNIT-IV VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

. Three - dimensional Geometry

Internal Assessment 10 Marks

Periodic Test 5 Marks

Exam Scheme Term I & II

Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Indefinite integrals Some Standard Formulae

Some Standard Integrals and Methods to Evaluate it dx 1 x-a

ò sin px cos qx dx, the following trigonometrical identities

Integral Substitution integrand P( x) and decompose it into suitable partial fraction

Fundamental Theorem Properties of Definite Integrals

This property shows that, when we interchange the

that the given integral reduces to a known form. ò0 f ( x ) dx =

( 3 sin x - 2) cos x \ From Eq. (ii), we get

cos 2x + 2 sin 2 x 2 + sin x 2 + sin x

t é mù 18. (b) Let I = ò e x (sin x + cos x ) dx

= log| 1 + log 3| - 0 [Q log 1 = 0] = 2 ´ 0 = 0 ê ò0 ú

(iv) (a) We have, (v) (a) Let k( x ) = sin 7 x

Let sin x + cos x = t 1 æ x ö é 1 x ù

Then, Eq. (i) becomes g( x + p ) = g( x ). Hence proved.

2 cos 2 4x 1 sin [( x - a) - ( x - b)]

sec 2 x ( 1 + tan 2 x ) 54. Let I = ò

Now, put tan x = t Þ sec 2 x dx = dt x A B C

Putting t = - 1 in Eq. (i), we get é ìd ü ù

Let sin x - cos x = t Þ (cos x + sin x ) dx = dt a2

= e t tan t - ò e t tan t dt + ò e t tan t dt + C \ I = e t sin t + C

So,the given integral is of the form

Area of Bounded Region Area of Region Bounded by Y-axis, Lines

y Area of Region when Curve is Below the

Example 4. Find the area of region bounded by the

15. The figure below shows a DAOB and the parabola 1

the lines x = 1 to x = 3 is (iii) Area of region ABCD is

(iv) Area of DADC is Y

\Required area = Area of OACO + Area of OBDO

(iii) (b) Area of region ABCD Þ ( x - 0) 2 + ( y - 0) 2 = ( 2) 2

x=3 x=5 y=–x3

15. We have, y2 = 4ax é 32 ù é 42 æ9 öù

x -4 -5 -6 = [log|sin x|] 3pp/ /24

Y On squaring both sides, we get

\Required area y= 9–x2

As y = 3x + 4 is a positive square root, so we take a upper When y = 2, then x + 2 = 3Þ x = 1.

Now, the point of intersection of curve x = y2 and line é æ1 ö ù

So, curve lies above X-axis. 1

An equation involving independent variable (variables), 2

Particular Solution of a Differential Equation A differential equation of the form

Homogeneous Differential Equations Integrating Factor (IF)

ë n+1 û From Eq. (i), we get

Sol. Let x and y be the x and y-coordinates of the point on the dy

é æ vx ö æ vx ö 2 ù On integrating both sides, we get

The doctor estimated the time of death using dy

(iv) Which method of solving a differential equation

helped in calculation of the time of death? integrating factor (IF).

Based on the above information, answer the (c) y = e x + Ce 3x (d) y = - e x + Ce -3x