Hsslive Xii Maths Focus Based Notes by SSK

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Contents
1. Relation and Functions - 3-8

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions - 9-15
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3. Matrices - 16-24
4. Determinant
ve - 25-35
5. Continuity and Differentiability - 36-48
6. Application of Derivatives - 49-57
7. Integrals - 58-73
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8. Application of Integrats - 74-77
9. Differential Equation - 78-81
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10. Vector Algebra - 82-90

11. Three Dimensional Geometry - 91-98
12. Linear Programming - 99-104
13. Probability - 106-115
Samagra Shiksha Kerala Mathematics
Class : Plus Two
Chapter - 1
Relations and functions
Worksheet 1
Focus Area – 1 . 3
At a Glance
* A function f:A B is said to be one-one function or an injective function if distinct elements of

A have distinct images in B. Otherwise f is said to be many-one.
* To prove a function f is one-one we have to show that · f ( x 1 ) = f ( x2 ) Þ x1 = x 2
.in
· A fuction f:A B is said to be an onto function (surjective) if each element of B is the image
of some element of A under f. Otherwise f is said to be into function.
· A function f is onto then range of f= Codmain of f
·
ve
To prove f:A B is onto, take some element y B, such that their exist an element x A such
that
· A function f : A ® B is a bijection if it is both one-one and onto
· The number of onto functions from the set to itself is n!

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Activity - 1
Let A= and let f = be a fucntion from A to B.

Check whether f is one-one, onto or bijective
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Ans:
f(1)=................................, f(2)=......................................., f(3)=...................................
Different elements in A have different images in..........................................
f is ...............................................’
The element 7 has no pre-image
Hence f is ..................................
Since f is not onto, f is ..................................
3
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 2
Show that f :N N given by , is one-one but not onto
Ans:
f ( x 1 ) = f ( x2 )
.................................
.....................................
\ f is.............................................
Let y N and let f(x)=y
................................................
.in
................................................
y
x= Ï ________
2
Activity - 3
ve Hence f is not onto
Consider f : R R given by f(x)=5x+2, show that f is bijective.
Ans:
sli
Let f(x1) = f(x2)
..............................
...............................
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x1 = x2
\ f is one - one
Let y Î R and f ( x) = y
..............................................
..............................................
y-2
x= ÎR
5
\ f is ........................................
Since f is is both one-one and onto it is bijective.
4
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 4
Consider the functions
(i) f : R R given by f(x)=x2
(ii) f : R R given by f(x)=x3
(iii) f : R R given by f(x)=|x|
check the injectivity and surjectivity of the above functions.
(i) f(-1) = ..........................................
f(1) = .............................................
.in
\ f is .................................................
-2 has no pre-image
f is ...................................................................
from horizonal line test it is clear that f is......................................

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Horizontal line test
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1. If we draw horizontal lines in a graph and if they intersect the graph only one point
then the function is 1-1, otherwise many one.
2. If we draw horizontal lines and if they intersect the graph at atleast one point then the
function is onto.
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(ii) f(x)=x3
using horizontal line test it is clear
that f is.......................
f is onto since ............................
(iii) f(x) = |x|
The horizontal line meets the curve
at more than one point hence f is -------
f is not onto since....................................
5
Class : Plus Two
Focus Area 1.4
At a glance
* Let f:A ® B, g : B ® C be two functions then composition of these functions
denoted by gof is a function from A ® C such that
gof (x) = g (f(x))
Also fog (x) = f(g(x)

A function f : A ® B is invertibile if there exist g:B ® A such that gof = IA
and fog = IB
* A function f is invertibile iff f is bijective
Activity - 1
.in
Find fog and gof, if f:R ® R and g: R ® R given by f(x) = cosx, g(x) = 3x2
fog(x) = f [g(x)]
ve =.......=.......
gof(x) = g [f(x)]
=.......=.......
Activity - 2
Find fog and gof if f(x) = 8x3, g(x)=x1/3
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Ans:
fog(x) = f [g(x)]
=...........=............
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gof(x) = g [f(x)]
=...........=............
Activity - 3
Let f:{1,3,4} ® {1,2,5} and g:{1,2,5} ® {1,3}given by f={(1,2), (3,5),
(4,1)}, g={1,3), (2,3), (5,1)} write down gof
Ans:
gof(1) = g[f(1)] = g(2)=................
gof(3) = g[f(3)] =........................
gof (4) =.............................
gof = {(1,.....), (3,....), (4,.....)}
6
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 4
Consider f: R ® R given by f(x) = 4x+3, show that f is invertibile. Also find f -1
Ans:
Let f(x1) = f(x2)
.............................
x1 = x2
\ f is ....................
Let y Î R and let f ( x ) = y
.........................
.in
...........................
x = .................... Î R
\ f is ....................
Since f is both one-one and onto f is....................
ve f -1 = ........................
Activity 5
4x + 3 2
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If f(x) = , x ¹ , find fof and hence find inverse off?
6x + 4 3
Ans:
fof(x) = f[f(x)]
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=..........
=.........
=x
Since fof (x) = x, f -1 =..........................................
Activity - 6
Let f : {2,3,4,5} ® {7,9,11,13} be a function defined by f={(2,7), (3,11), (4,9), (5,13)}
Is f is invertibile. If invertibile find f -1
7
Class : Plus Two
Ans:
f (2) = 7, f (3) = ..............., f (4)=................., f (5).........................
\ f is...........................
Since range of f = .................
f is onto
Since f is both one - one and onto it is ......................, hence f is invertibile
\ f -1 = {(7,2), (11,.....), (9,.....), (13,......)}
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8
Class : Plus Two
Chapter - 2
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Worksheet 1
Focus Area 2.3
At a glance
p
* sin -1x + cos-1 x = , x Î[ -1,1]
2
p
* tan -1 x + cot -1 x = ,xÎR
.in
2
p
* cos ec -1x + sec-1 x = ,| x |³ 1
2
*
ve æ x+ y ö
tan -1x + tan-1 y = tan-1 ç ÷, xy <1
è1- xy ø
æ x- y ö
* tan -1 x - tan -1 y = tan -1 ç -
÷ , xy > 1
è 1 + xy ø
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* sin -1(- x) = - sin -1 x, x Î[ -1,1]
* tan -1 (- x) = - tan -1 x, x Î R
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* cos ec-1(-x) =-cosec-1x,| x |³1
* cos -1(-x) = p - cos-1 x, x Î[ -1,1]
* sec -1 (- x) = p - sec -1 x, x ³ 1
* cot -1(-x) = p - cot -1 x, x Î R
-1
1
* sin = cos ec -1 x, x ³ 1 or x £ -1
x
1
* cos-1 = sec-1 x, x ³1 or x £-1
x
1
* tan -1 = cot - 1 x , x > 0
x
9
Class : Plus Two
Activity 1
-1 2 7 1
Show that tan + tan -1 = tan -1
11 24 2
Ans:
2 7
LHS = tan -1 + tan -1
11 24
æ 2 7 ö
ç + ÷
= tan -1 ç 11 24 ÷
2 7
ç1- ´ ÷
è 11 24 ø
æ ö
= tan -1 ç
.in
÷
è ø
æ1ö
= tan -1 ç ÷ = RHS
è2ø
Activity -2
ve
-1 -1 p
Solve tan 2 x + tan 3 x =
4
ö p
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æ
Ans: tan -1 ç ÷=
è ø 4
5x p
= tan = 1
1- 6x 2
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4
6 x + 5x -1 = 0
2
x=
Activity -3
-1 3 8 æ 84 ö
show that sin - sin -1 = cos -1 ç ÷
5 17 è 85 ø
3 8
Ans: Let sin -1 =x and sin -1 =y
5 17
3 8
sin x = and sin y =
5 17
10
Class : Plus Two
cos x = 1 - sin 2 x =
cos y = 1 - sin 2 y =
We have cos( x - y ) = cos x.coy + sin x.sin y
84
=
85
æ 84 ö
\ x - y = cos -1 ç ÷
è 85 ø
.in
æ3ö æ 8 ö æ 84 ö
sin -1 ç ÷ - sin -1 ç ÷ = cos -1 ç ÷
è5ø è 17 ø è 85 ø
Acitity -4
Find value of (i) cos éësec -1 x + cos ec -1 x ùû

ve æ -1 ö
(ii) cos -1 ç ÷
è2ø
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(iii) cot -1 3
Ans:
p
cos éësec-1 x + cos ec -1 x ùû = cos = _____________
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(i )
2
æ -1 ö æ1ö
(ii ) cos -1 ç ÷ = p - cos -1 ç ÷ = ________________
è2ø è2ø
1
(iii ) cot -1 3 = tan -1 = ____________
3
11
Class : Plus Two
Worksheet 2
Focus Area 2.3
At a glance
é -p p ù
sin -1 (sin x) = x, x Î ê ,
ë 2 2 úû
*
* cos -1 (cos x ) = x , x Î [ 0, p ]
æ -p p ö
* ta n - 1 (tan x ) = x , x Î ç , ÷
è 2 2 ø
* cot -1 (cot x ) = x, x Î ( 0, p )
.in
* sec -1 (sec x ) = x, x Î [ 0, p ] - p { 2}
* cos ec -1 (cos ecx) = x, x Î é -p , p ù - {0}
ve ë 2 2û
é 2x ù
2 tan -1 x = s in -1 ê ,| x |£ 1
ë1 + x úû
* 2
é1 - x 2 ù
2 tan -1 x = cos -1 ê , x ³, 0
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* 2 ú
ë1 + x û
é 2x ù
2 tan -1 x = tan -1 ê , -1 < x < 1
ë1 - x úû
* 2
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Activity -1
Find value of (i) sin sin 3p 5

-1
( )
(ii) tan
-1
( tan 3p 4 )
Ans:
æ pö p æ -p p ö
1. sin -1 ç sin 3 ÷ = 3 Ï ç , ÷
è 5ø 5 è 2 2ø
æ 3p ö æ æ 3p ö ö
sin-1 ç sin ÷ = sin-1 ç sin çp - ÷ ÷
è 5ø è è 5 øø
= ..........
= ...........
12
Class : Plus Two
æ 3p ö 3p é p p ù
tan -1 ç tan ÷ = Ï - ,
4 ø 4 ëê 2 2 ûú
2.
è
æ 3p ö æ æ 3p ö ö
tan-1 ç tan ÷ = tan-1 ç tan ç -p ÷ ÷
è 4ø è è4 øø
3p
= -p
4
= .............
Activity -2
-1
1 - cos x
,x <p
.in
Simplity (i) tan
1 + cos x
-1
cos x - sin x
(ii) tan ,0 < x < p
ve cos x + sin x
Ans:
x
2 sin 2
1 - cos x 2
(i) tan - 1 = tan - 1
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1 + cos x 2.......
= ta n - 1 ........
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= ..........
x
=
2
(ii)
é cos x - sin x ù
tan-1 ê = ................(Dividing Numerator and Denominator by cosx)
ë cosx+sinx úû
é1- tan x ù
= tan-1 ê
ë1+ tan x úû
= ...................
p
= -x
4
13
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 3
é -1 1 ù
If sin êsin + cos -1 x ú = 1 then find x
ë 5 û
é 1 ù
sin êsin -1 + cos -1 x ú = 1
ë 5 û
1
sin -1 + cos -1 x = .................
5
p 1
cos -1 x = - sin -1
2 5
.in
x = ..................
x = ..................
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14
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 4
æ 1 + x2 - 1 ö
Simplify tan -1 ç ÷, x ¹ 0
ç x ÷
è ø
Ans:
x = tan q
Put
q = tan -1 x
é 1 + x 2 - 1ù é 1 + tan 2 q - 1 ù
tan -1 ê ú = tan ê
-1
ú
.in
ëê x úû ëê tan q ûú
é .............. - 1 ù
= tan -1 ê ú
ë tan q û
é ............. - 1 ù
= tan -1 ê
ë tan q úû
ve é ù
-1
ê ............. - 1 ú
= tan ê
sin q ú
ê ú
ë cos q û
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é1 - .......... ù
= tan -1 ê
ë sin q úû
é ù
-1 ê 2........ ú
= tan ê ú
q
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ê 2sin ........... ú
ë 2 û
= tan [.............]
-1
=......................
=.......................
15
Class : Plus Two
Chapter - 3
Matrices
Worksheet-1
Activity - 1
(i) Construct a 3x2 matrix A = éë aij ùû for which aij = 2i - j
é3 2ù
ê ú
Ans: (ii) If B = ê11 4 ú , find the matrix X such that 2A + X = B
.in
êë14 10 úû
(i) a11=2x1-1=.........., a12=2x1-2=...........

a21=2x2-1=..........,
ve a22=2x2-2=...........
a31=....................., a32=.....................
é1 0 ù
A = ê3 2 ú
ê ú
êë5 4 úû
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(ii) 2A + X = B
é3 2ù
X = B - 2 A = ê11 4 ú - 2 ...........
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ê ú
êë14 10 úû
é 3 2 ù é 2 0ù
= ê11 4 ú - ê6 4 ú = ...............
ê ú ê ú
êë14 10 úû êë10 8 úû
Activity - 2
é5 3ù é-1 -1ù
Find the matrix X and Y if X + Y = ê ú and X - Y = ê ú
ë3 4 û ë7 2û
16
Class : Plus Two
é5 3ù
Ans: X +Y = ê ú ®(1)
ë3 4û
é-1 -1ù
X -Y = ê ú ®(2)
ë7 2û
(1) + (2) Þ
é5 3ù é-1 -1ù é.... ....ù
2X = ê ú+ê ú=ê ú
ë3 4û ë 7 2 û ë.... ....û
1 é 4 2ù é.... ....ù
X= ê =
2 ë10 6úû êë.... ....úû
.in
é5 3ù é5 3ù
Y= ê ú -X =ê -.......... =...........
4úû
From (1)
ë3 4û ë3
Activity - 3
éx yù éx y+ xù é 3 7ù
If 2 ê
ëz
ve +
w úû êë 4 2 ú = ê5 y
û ë 4 z úû
find the values of x,y,z and w..
é2 x 2 y ù é x y + xù é 3 7ù
Ans: ê 2 z 2wú + ê 4 =
2 úû êë5 y 4 z úû
ë û ë
sli
é ....... 3 y + x ù é 3 7ù
ê 2 z + 4 ........ ú = ê5 y 4 z úû
ë û ë
Hs
3
3x =3, x = =1
3
6
3y + x = ......... Þ 3y +1 = 7 Þ 3y = 7 -1 = ......... Þ y = = ........
3
2 z + 4 = 5 y Þ 2 z + 4 = 5 ´ ..... Þ 2 z + 4 = 10
6
Þ 2 z = 1 0 - 4 = ..... Þ z = = ......
2
2w + 2 = 4 z Þ 2 w + 2 = 4 ´ ....... Þ 2 w + 2 = 12
10
Þ 2 w = 12 - 2 = ..... Þ w= = .....
2
17
Class : Plus Two
Worksheet - 2
Activity - 1
(i) If A is a 3x2 matrix and AB is a 3x4 matrix, then order of B =.......
é2 1 ù é1 - 2 3 ù
(ii) If A = ê ú and B = ê ú
ë 3 -2 û ë5 2 0 û
Ans: (a) Fnd AB (b) Is BA defined ? justify.
(i) Order of B = 2´ 4
.in
because if A has order m ´ p and B has order p ´ n , then AB has order
m´ n
é 2 1 ù é 1 -2 3ù
(a) AB = ê úê 0 úû
(ii)
ë 3 -2 û ë 5 2
ve
é....... ....... .......ù é 7 -2 6 ù
=ê =ê
ë....... ....... .......û ë -7 -10 9 úû
ú
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(b) BA is not defined because number of columns of B ¹ number of ........... of A
Activity - 2
é 2 3ù é -1 4 ù é3 1 ù
If A = ê ú ,B = ê ú ,C = ê ú , then
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ë1 5û ë 2 1û ë0 2û
prove that (A B) C = A (B C)
é 2 3 ù é -1 4 ù é 2 ´ -1 + 3 ´ 2 ................ ù
Ans: AB = ê úê ú=ê ú
ë 1 5 û ë 2 1 û ë .................. 1´ 4 + 5 ´ 1û
é ........ ....... ù é4 1 1ù
= ê ú = ê
ë ........ ....... û ë9 9 úû
é4 1 1ù é3 1 ù é ........ ......... ù
( A B )C = ê =
ë9 9 úû ê0
ë 2 úû êë ........ ......... úû
é12 + 0 4 + 22 ù é... ...ù

=ê =
ë 27 + 0 9 + 18 úû êë... ...úû
18
Class : Plus Two
é-1 4ù é3 1 ù é .......... ........... ù
BC = ê =
ë 2 1 úû ê0
ë 2 úû êë .......... ........... úû
é... ...ù é -3 7 ù é -6 + 18 14 + 12ù é12 26ù

A( BC ) = ê úê ú=ê ú=ê ú
ë... ...û ë 6 4û ë-3 + 30 7 + 20 û ë 27 27 û
Hence (A B) C = A(BC)
Activity - 3
é 3 1ù
Consider the Matrix A = ê ú
ë -1 2 û
(a) Find A2
.in
(b) Find the scalar K , such that A2 = KA - 7 I
é 3 1ù é 3 1ù
Ans: (a) A2 = A ´ A = ê úê ú
ë -1 2û ë -1 2û
ve é3 ´ 3 + 1 ´ -1 3 ´1 + 1´ 2 ù
=ê ú
ë -1´ 3 + 2 ´ -1 -1´ 1 + 2 ´ 2 û
é...... .....ù é 8 5ù
=ê ú =ê
3 úû
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ë...... .....û ë - 5
é 3 1 ù é 3K K ù
KA = K ê ú=ê 2 K úû
(b)
ë -1 2 û ë - K
Hs
é... ... ù é7 0 ù
7I = 7 ´ ê ú=ê ú
ë... Kû ë0 7 û
é 3K K ù é 7 0 ù é3K - 7 K ù
KA - 7 I = ê ú -ê ú =ê
ë-K 2 K û ë 0 7 û ë ...... .........úû
A2 = KA - 7 I
é8 5 ù é3 K - 7 K ù
ê -5 =
ë 3 úû êë - K 2 K - 7 úû
K =.....
19
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 4
é cos x - sin x ù
(a) Consider the matrix A = ê ú , then
ë sin x cos x û
é c o s( 2 x ) - s in ( 2 x ) ù
prove that A 2 = ê
ë s in ( 2 x ) co s ( 2 x ) úû
é cos x - sin x ù
(b) If A( x ) = ê , then
ë sin x cos x úû
.in
prove that A(x) A(y) = A(x+y)
Ans:
é cos x - sin x ù
(a) A=ê
cos x úû
ve ë sin x
é cos x - sin x ù é cos x - sin x ù

A2 = A ´ A = ê
ë sin x cos x úû êë sin x cos x úû
sli
é cos 2 x + - sin 2 x ..........................ù
=ê ú
ë sin x cos x + cos x sin x ..........................û
é cos 2 x - sin 2 x - cos x sin x - sin x cos x ù éK K KK ù

Hs
=ê ú=ê
ë 2 sin x cos x cos 2 x - sin 2 x û ëK K K K úû
é cos x - sin x ù éKK KKù

(b) A( x) ´ A( y ) = ê úê ú
ë sin x cos x û ëKK KKû
écos x cos y + - sin x sin y ..................................... ù

=ê ú
ë ..................................... - sin x sin y + cos x cos y û
écos x cos y - sin x sin y -(sin x cos y + cos x sin y)ù

=ê
ësin x cos y + cos x sin y cos x cos y - sin x sin y úû
écos( x + y) - sin( x + y)ù

=ê = A( x + y)
ë................ ............... úû
20
Class : Plus Two
Worksheet-3
Activity - 1
é u x+ y z ù
ê -5 v -3 úú is
1. (i) If the matrix ê
êë 4 x - y w + z úû
skew-symmetric find u, v, w, x, y, z.
é2 3ù
.in
1 2 -3ù
(ii) A = éê ê ú
ú and B = ê5 4ú prove that ( AB)' = B ' A'
ë 2 1 -1û êë1 6úû
Ans: (i) For a skew-symmetric matrix daigonal elements are 0

ve Hence u=0, v=o, w+z=0----(1)
also aij = -aji
Henace x + y = -(-5) = 5 ® (2)

sli
z = ..........
x - y = ............ ® (3)
(2)+(3) gives
Hs
2x = 8
8
x = = .............
2
from (2) 4+ y =5
y = 5 - 4 = ..........
from (1) w+z=0

w+-4=0
w = ..........
x = 4, y = 1, z = - 4, u = 0, v = 0, w = 4
21
Class : Plus Two
- é2 3ù
é1 2 3ù ê
AB = ê - úê
5 4 úú
(ii)
ë2 1 1û
êë1 6 úû
é1´ 2 + 2 ´ 5 + - 3 ´1 1´ 3 + 2 ´ 4 + - 3 ´ 6 ù é.... ....ù

=ê - ú=ê ú
ë 2 ´ 2 + 1´ 5 + 1 ´ 1 2 ´ 3 + 1´ 4 + -1´ 6 û ë.... ....û
é9 8ù
( AB) ' = ê - ú
ë 7 4û
é1 2 ù
.in
ê ú
A ' = ê 2 1 ú B ' = é2 5 1ù
, ê3 4 6 úû
êë - 3 -1úû ë
é1 2ù
ve é2 5 1ù ê
B ' A' = ê
ë 3 4 6 úê2 1 ú
ûê-
ú
ë 3 1úû
-
é 2 ´ 1 + 5 ´ 2 + 1´ - 3 2 ´ 2 + 5 ´ 1 + 1´ -1 ù
sli
=ê - - ú
ë3 ´ 1 + 4 ´ 2 + 6 ´ 3 3 ´ 2 + 4 ´ 1 + 6 ´ 1û
é 2 + 10 - 3 ............. ù é .... 8ù
=ê =
ë ............. 6 + 4 - 6 úû êë - 7 ....úû
Hs
\ ( AB) ' = B ' A '

Activity - 2
é1 3 6ù
ê ú
Consider the matrix A = ê -1 2 4ú
ê-2 2 0 úû
ë
Find A + A
1
(i)
Find A - A
1
(ii)
(iii) Express A as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix
22
Class : Plus Two
é1 3 6ù
ê ú
A = ê7 2 4ú
Ans: (i)
êë 2 2
-
0 úû
é1 7 - 2 ù
ê ú
A ' = ê3 2 2 ú
êë6 4 0 úû
é 1 3 6 ù é1 7 -2 ù éK K Kù
A '+ A = êê 7 2 4 úú + êê 3 2 2 úú = êêK K Kúú
êë -2 2 0 úû êë 6 4 0 úû êëK K Kúû
.in
é 1 3 6ù é1 7 -2ù éK K Kù
A - A' = êê 7 2 4úú - êê3 2 2 úú = êêK K Kúú
(ii)
ve êë-2 2 0úû êë6 4 0 úû êëK K Kúû
1 1
(iii) A= ( A + A1 ) + ( A - A1 ) ® (1)
2 2
é2 10 4ù é 0 -4 8ù
sli
1 ê ú 1 ê
= 10 4 6 + 4 0 2ú
2ê ú 2ê ú
êë 4 6 0 úû êë - 8 -2 0 úû
Hs
é1 5 2ù é0 -2 4ù
= êK K ú + êK Kú
ê ú ê ú
K K
êëK K K úû êëK K K úû
Clearly first matrix is symmetric and second matrix is skew-symmetric
Activity - 3
æ 2 3ö
(i) For the matrix A = ç ÷
è 5 2ø
prove that AA' is symmetric matrix
é cos x - sin x ù
(ii) If A = ê ú prove that AA' = I
ë sin x cos x û
23
Class : Plus Two
é 2 3ù éK Kù
Ans: (i) A=ê ú , A' = ê ú
ë5 2û ëK Kû
é2 3ù é2 5ù
AA1 = ê úê ú
ë5 2 û ë 3 2û
é2´ 2 + 3´ 3 2´ 5 + 3´ 2ù
=ê ú
ë5´ 2 + 2 ´ 3 5´ 5 + 2 ´ 2û
éK K K K ù éK Kù
= ê =
ëK K K K úû êëK K úû
.in
é13 16 ù
( AA ') ' = ê ú = AA '
ë16 29 û
ve Hence AA1 is symmetric
é cos x - sin x ù 1 é cos x sin x ù

(ii) A = ê ú , A = ê - sin x cos x ú
ë sin x cos x û ë û
é cos x - sin x ù é cos x sin x ù

AA ' = ê úê ú
sli
ë sin x cos x û ë - sin x cos x û
é co s x ´ co s x + - sin x ´ - sin x .................................... ù

= ê
ë ............................................ sin x sin x + co s x co s x úû
Hs
é co s 2 x + sin 2 x cos x sin x - co s x sin x ù

ê ú
= ë .................... ............................... û
é1 0 ù
=ê ú=I
ë0 1 û
24
Class : Plus Two
Chapter - 4
Determinants
Worksheet - 1
Activity - 1
5 3
(i) Evaluate -
4 2
x 8 1 2
= -
.in
(ii) If 2 x find x
4 1
5 3
Ans: (i) = 5 ´ 2 - ( - 4) ´ 3 = .......
ve -4 2
x 8 1 2
(ii) =
2 x -4 1
Þ 2
- 2 ´ 8 = 1 ´ 1 - (- 4) ´ 2
sli
x
Þ x 2
- 1 6 = ........
Þ x 2
= 9 + 1 6 = ......
Þ x = 25 = ±5
Hs
Activity - 2
2 -4 5
1 2 3
(i) Let A= find A
-3 1 4
(ii) State whether A is singular or non-singular
2 - 4 5
Ans: (i) A = 1 2 3
- 3 1 4
= 2 (8 - 3 ) + 4 ( 4 + 9 ) + 5 (1 + 5 )
= . . . .. . . ... . . ..
(ii) since A ¹ 0 , A is non-singular
25
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 3
co s q - sin q
(i) Find
sin q co s q
co s 2 0 sin 2 0
(ii) Find
sin 7 0 co s 7 0
cosq - sin q
Ans: (i) = cos2 q - (- sin 2 q ) = cos2 q + sin 2 q = .....
sin q cosq
cos 20 sin 20
(ii) = cos 20cos 70 - sin 20sin 70 = ............. = .........
.in
sin 70 cos 70
Activity - 4
ve
é 4 -2 3ù
ê ú
Consider A = ê1 5 2ú find minors and co-factors of the elements - 2, 5 and - 3
êë0 -3 6 úû
sli
1 2
Ans: Minor of -2 = M 12 =
0 6
= 1 ´ 6 - 0 ´ 2 = .......
Hs
Co-factor -2 = A12 = (-1)1+ 2 M 12 = ( -1)3 ´ 6 = -6
4 3
Minor of 5 = M 22 =
0 6
Co-factor 5 = f 132+ 2 (24)
= 24
= 4 ´ 6 - 0 ´ 3 = .........
4 3
Minor of -3 = M 32 =
1 2
= 4 ´ 2 -1´ 3 = 8 - 3 = ......
Co-factor of - 3 = A32 = (- 1)3+ 2 M 32 = (-1)5 ´ 5 = -1´ 5 = -5
26
Class : Plus Two
Worksheet - 2
Activity 1
é2 -5ù
(i) Consider A = ê ú find adj A
ë3 1 û
-1
(ii) Find A
é2 -5ù
Ans: (i) A= ê ú
ë3 1 û
é 1 5ù
adj A = ê ú
ë -3 2 û
.in
(ii) 2 -5
A = = 2 ´ 1 - 3 ´ - 5 = ...........
3 1
1 1 é 1 5 ù éK Kù
ve A -1 =
A
a d jA =
17 ê-3
ë
=
2 úû êëK K úû
Activity 2
é2 5ù é1 -3ù
sli
Consider A = ê ú and B=ê ú
ë-4 3û ë2 -4û
(i) Find A-1 and B -1
(ii) Prove that ( AB)-1 = B -1 A-1

Hs
Ans: (i)
2 5
A = = 2 ´ 3 - ( - 4 ) ´ 5 = .......
-4 3
-
é3 5ù
a d jA = ê ú
ë4 2 û
1 1 éK Kù
A -1 = adjA = êK
A 26 ë K úû
é1 -3ù
B=ê ú
ë2 -4û
27
Class : Plus Two
1 -3
B= = 1´ -4 - 2 ´ -3 = -4 + 6 = ......
2 -4
é-4 3ù
adjB = ê ú
ë-2 1û
1 1 é-4 3ù
B-1 = adjB = ê
B 2 ë-2 1úû
1 é-4 3ù 1 éK Kù
B-1 A-1 = ê ´
2 ë-2 1úû 26 êëK Kúû
(ii)
1 é -4 ´ 3 + 3 ´ 4 -4 ´ -5 + 3 ´ 2 ù 1 éK K ù
.in
= =
52 êë - 2 ´ 3 + 1 ´ 4 - 2 ´ - 5 + 1 ´ 2 úû 52 êëK K úû
é 2 5ù é1 -3ù
AB = ê úê ú
ë-4 3û ë2 -4û
ve é ........ ....... ù
= ê ú
ë ........ ....... û
é12 -26ù
=ê
sli
ë2 0 úû
12 -26
AB = = 1 2 ´ 0 - 2 ´ ( - 2 6 ) = ..........
2 0
Hs
é 0 26 ù
adj( AB ) = ê
ë-2 1 2 úû
1 1 é 0 2 6 ù éK Kù
( A B ) -1 = adj( AB ) = =
AB 5 2 êë - 2 1 2 úû êëK K úû
( A B ) -1 = B -1 A -1
28
Class : Plus Two
Activity 3
é 2 -3 5 ù
ê ú
Consider A = ê 3 2 -4ú
êë1 1 -2úû
-1
(i) Is A invertible? (ii) find A
é 2 -3 5 ù
A = êê 3 2 -4úú
Ans: (i)
êë1 1 -2úû
= 2 ( - 4 + 4 ) + 3( - 6 + 4 ) + 5(3 - 2) = ........
.in
Since A ¹ 0, A is invertibale
(ii) co- factors are
ve A11 = (-1)1+1
2 -4
= (-1) 2 (2 ´ -2 - 1´ -4) = 1(-4 + 4) = 1´ 0 = 0
1 -2
3 -4
A12 = (-1)1+2 = ( -1)3 (3 ´ -2 - 1´ -4) = -1( -6 + 4) = -1´ -2 = 2
1 -2
sli
3 2
A13 = (-1)1+3 = (-1) 4 (3 ´ 1 - 1´ 2) = 1(3 - 2) = 1´ 1 = 1
1 1
Hs
-3 5
A21 = (-1)2+1 = (-1)3 (3 ´ -2 - 1´ 5) = -1(6 - 5) = -1´1 = 1
1 -2
2 5
A22 = (-1)2+2 -
= (-1)4 (2 ´-2 -1´5) = 1(-4 - 5) = 1´-9 = -9
1 2
2 -3
A23 = (-1)2+3 = (-1)5 (2´-1-1´-3) = -1(2 + 3) = -1´ 5 = -5
1 1
-3 5
A31 = (-1)3+1 = 12 - 10 = 2
2 -4
29
Class : Plus Two
2 5
A32 = (-1)3+ 2 -
= ( -1)5 (2 ´- 4 - 3 ´ 5) = 1(-8 - 15)
3 4
= -1´ - 23 = 23
-
2 3 - 6
A33 = (-1)3+3 = ( 1) (2 ´ 2 - 3 ´ - 3)
3 2
= 1(4 + 9) = 13
é0 2 1ù
Co-factor matrix = ê -1 -9 -5ú
ê ú
êë 2 23 13 úû
.in
éK K Kù
ê ú
adj A = êK K Kú
êëK K Kúû
ve 1 ê
é0 -1 2 ù éK K Kù
2 3 úú = êê K K úú
-1 1
A = a d jA = 2 -9
-1 ê
K
A
êë 1 -5 1 3 úû êë K K K úû
sli
Activity - 4
(i) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A|=4 , find |adjA|
é 1 3ù
(ii) If A = ê ú prove that A2 - 5 A + 10 I = 0 use this to find A-1
Hs
ë -2 4 û
é 5 -1ù
(iii) A=ê ú verify that A (adj A )= (adj A)A=|A| I
ë2 4 û
Ans: (i) |adj A|=|A|n-1= |A|2=42=.........
é 1 3ù é 1 3ù
(ii) A2 = A ´ A = ê úê ú
ë-2 4û ë-2 4û
éKK KK ù éK Kù
=ê =
ëKK KK úû êëK K úû
30
Class : Plus Two
é1 3 ù éK Kù
5A = 5´ ê =
ë -2 4 úû êëK Kúû
é1 0 ù éK Kù
10 I = 10 ´ ê =
ë0 1 úû êëK Kúû
é -5 15ù é 5 15ù é10 0 ù
A2 - 5 A + 10 I = ê - ú-ê ú+ê
ë 10 10 û ë -10 10 û ë0 10 úû
éK Kù
=ê ú=0
ëK Kû
A2 - 5 A + 10 I = 0
.in
Multiplying by A -1 on both sides
A -1A 2 -5 A -1 A + 10 A -1I = 0
ve A - 5..... +10 A -1 = 0
10 A -1 = - A + 5I
1
A -1 = ( - A + 5I )
10
sli
1 ìï é1 3ù é1 0ùüï
= í-ê ú +5 ý
10 ïî ë - 2 4û êë0
1úûïþ
1 ìïé 1 3ù éK Kùüï
- -
Hs
= íê ú+ ý
10 ïîë2 - 4û êëK Kúûþï
1 é4 -3ù éK Kù
= ê ú=
10 ë2 1 û êëK Kúû
-
é5 1ù
(iii) A=ê ú
ë2 1 û
31
Class : Plus Two
-
5 1
| A |= = 5 ´ 4 - 2 ´ -1 = 20 + 2 = ......
2 4
é5 -1ù é4 1 ù
A(adjA) = ê
ë2 4 úû êë-2 5úû
é5 ´ 4 + -1´ -2 5 ´1 + -1´ 5ù
=ê ú
ë2 ´ 4 + 4 ´ -2 2 ´1 + 4 ´ 5 û
éKK KKù
=ê ú
ëKK KKû
é1 0 ù
= 22 ´ ê ú = 22 I =| A | Í
.in
ë0 1 û
é4 1ù é5 -1ù
(adjA) A = ê ú´ê
ve ë-2 1û ë2 4 úû
é 4 ´ 5 + 1´ 2 4 ´ -1 + 1´ 4 ù
=ê ú
ë -2 ´ 5 + 5 ´ 2 -2 ´ -1 + 5 ´ 4û
é 20 + 2 -4 + 4 ù é 22 0 ù
=ê =
ë -10 + 10 2 + 20 úû êë0 22úû
sli
éK Kù
= 22 ´ ê = 22 ´ I =| A | Í
ëK Kúû
Hs
32
Class : Plus Two
Worksheet - 3
Activity - 1
Solve the system of equations 5 x + 2 y = 4, 7 x + 3 y = 5 using matrix method
Ans: Writing the equations in matrix from
é5 2ù é x ù é4ù
ê7 =
ë 3 úû êë y úû êë5 úû
éK Kù é x ù an d B = é 4 ù
AX = B, where A = ê , X = ê5 ú
.in
ú ê yú ë û
ëK Kû ë û
5 2
| A |= = 5 ´ 3 - 7 ´ 2 = 15 - 14 = .....
7 3
Since
ve
A ¹ 0 , the system of equations is consistent and has unique solution X = A -1B
é3 -2 ù
adjA = ê
ë -7 5 úû
sli
-1 1 1 é3 -2 ù éK Kù
A = adjA = ê =
| A| 1 ë -7 5 úû êëK Kúû
Hs
-
-1
é3 2 ù é 4ù é 3 ´ 4 + - 2 ´ 5ù é12 - 10 ù éKù
X = A B = ê- ú ê ú = ê- ú=ê ú = êKú
ë 7 5 û ë 5 û ë 7 ´ 4 + 5 ´ 5 û ë -28 + 25 û ë û
éx ù é 2 ù
ê y ú = ê - ú
ë û ë 3û
x = 2, y = -3
Activity -2
é1 -1 1 ù
ê
Consider the matrix A = ê 2 1 -3ú
ú
êë1 1 1 úû
33
Class : Plus Two
-1
(i) Find A
(ii) Use this result to solve the system of equations
x - y + z = 4, 2 x + y - 3 z = 0, x + y + z = 2
1 -1 1
| A |= 2 1 -3
Ans: (i)
1 1 1
= 1(1´1-1´-3) +1(2´1-1´-3) +1(2´1-1´1)

= .............................
.in
Co-factors are
1 -3
A1 1 = ( - 1) 1+ 1 = ( - 1) 2 (1 ´ 1 - 1 ´ - 3) = 1(1 + 3) = 4
ve 1 1
2 -3
A12 = ( - 1)1+ 2 = ( - 1) 3 (2 ´ 1 - 1 ´ - 3) = - 1(2 + 3) = ........
1 1
2 1
A13 = ( - 1)1+ 3 = ( - 1) 4 (2 ´ 1 - 1 ´ 1) = ...........
1 1
sli
-1 1
A21 = ( - 1) 2 +1 = ( - 1) 3 ( - 1 ´ 1 - 1 ´ 1) = ..........
1 1
1 1
A22 = ( - 1) 2 + 2 = ( - 1) 4 (1 ´ 1 - 1 ´ 1) = ...........
1 1
Hs
1 -1
A23 = ( - 1) 2 + 3 = ( - 1) 5 (1 ´ 1 - 1 ´ - 1) = .........
1 1
1 -1
A23 = ( - 1) 2 + 3 = ( - 1) 5 (1 ´ 1 - 1 ´ - 1) = ........
1 1
-1 1
A31 = ( - 1) 3+1 = ( - 1) 4 ( - 1 ´ - 3 - 1 ´ 1) = .......
1 -3
1 1
A32 = ( - 1) 3 + 2 = ( - 1) 5 (1 ´ - 3 - 2 ´ 1) = ........
2 -3
1 -1
A33 = ( - 1) 3 + 3 = ( - 1) 6 (1 ´ 1 - 2 ´ 1) = .........
2 1
34
Class : Plus Two
é 4 -5 1 ù
= ê 2 0 -2úú
Co-factors matrix ê
ëê 2 5 3 úû
éK K Kù
adjA = êêK K Kúú
êëK K Kúû
é4 2 2ù
1 ê
-5 0 5 ú
-1 1
A = adjA =
| A| 10 ê ú
êë 1 -2 3 úû
.in
(ii) Given system of equations can be written in matrix form as
é1 -1 1 ù é x ù é4ù
ê2 1 -3ú ê y ú = ê0 ú
ve ê úê ú ê ú
êë1 1 1 úû êë z úû êë2úû
é1 -1 1 ù éx ù é4ù
ê ú
AX = B where A = ê2 1 -3ú X = ê y ú and B = êê0úú
ê ú
sli
êë1 1 1 úû êë z úû êë2úû
Since A ¹ 0 , the system of equations has a unique solution X = A -1B

Hs
é 4 2 2ù é4ù
X = ê -5 0 5 úú êê 0 úú
1 ê
10
êë 1 -2 3 úû êë 2 úû
é4 ´ 4 + 2 ´ 0 + 2 ´ 2 ù
1 ê
= - 5 ´ 4 + 0 ´ 0 + 5 ´ 2 úú
10 ê
êë1 ´ 4 + - 2 ´ 0 + 3 ´ 2 úû
é16 + 0 + 4 ù é20 ù éKù

= ê-20 + 0 + 10ú = 10 êê-10úú = êêKúú
1ê ú
10
êë4 + 0 + 6 úû êë10 úû êëKúû
é x ù é2 ù
ê y ú = ê -1ú
ê ú ê ú
êë z úû êë1 úû \ x = ......, y = ......., z = ......
35
Class : Plus Two
Chapter - 5
Continuity and Differentiability
Define the continuity of a function f ( x ) at a point ‘a’ of its domain:
A function f ( x ) is said to be continuos at the point x = a if
lim f ( x ) = f ( a )
x® a
ie lim- f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( a )
x® a x® a
.in
Worksheet-1 ve
Activity - 1
ì3 x - 5 if x£5
(i) Consider f ( x ) = í . For what value of k, f ( x ) is
î 2 k + 3 if x>5
continuous at x = 5
sli
Ans:
Hs
Þ lim f ( x) = f (5)
x®5
Þ lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (5)

x ®5 x ®5
Þ lim.......... = lim 2k + 3 = 3(5) - 5

x®5 x ®5
Þ ........ = 2k + 3 =
3(5) - 5
7
Þ 2k + 3 = 10 Þ 2k = 7 Þ k =
2
36
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 2
ì5, if x £ 5
ï
f ( x) = íax + b, if 2 < x < 10
Consider the function
ï21, if x ³ 10
î
a) Find the relationship between a and b if f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2
b) Find the relationship between a and b if f ( x ) is continuous at x = 10
c) Find f (5) if f ( x ) is a continuous function.
Ans: a) f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2
Þ lim f ( x ) = f (2)
.in
x® 2
Þ lim- f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (2)

x® 2 x® 2
Þ ....... = lim ( ax + b ) = ........

x® 2
ve Þ 2a + b = 5 ® (1)
b) f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2
Þ lim f ( x ) = f (10)
x ®10
Þ lim- f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = 21
x ®10 x ®10
sli
Þ lim ......... = lim 21 = ........
x ®10 x ®10
Þ 10 a + b = 21 ® (2)
c) f ( x ) is a continuous function
Hs
Þ f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2 and x = 10
10 a + b = 21 ® (1)
2a + b = 5 ® (2)
(1) - (2) Þ 8a = ........
Þ a = .......
\ Eqn (2) Þ b = 5 - 2 a
= 5 - 2(......) = .....
Þ b =1
d)
ì5 if x £ 2
ï
f ( x ) = í 2 x + 1 if 2 < x < 1 0
ï21 if x ³ 1 0
î
\ f (5) = 2(5) + 1 = .. .. ..... ..
37
Class : Plus Two
Activity 3
ìx
ï , x¹0
Consider f ( x ) = íx
ï0, x=0
î
Discuss the continuity of f ( x )
_______________
Ans: case (i) if x < 0

-x
Then f ( x) = = -1, a constant function hence continuos
.in
x
case (ii) if x > 0
x
Then f ( x ) = = 1, a constant function hence continuous
ve x
case (iii) if x = 0
Then x=0
x
lim- f ( x) = lim- = lim........ = .........
x®0 x®0 x x®0
sli
x
lim f ( x) = lim+ = lim........ = ........
x®0 + x®0 x x®0
\ lim- f ( x ) ¹ lim+ f ( x )
x ®0 x ®0
Hence xlim f ( x) does not exist

Hs
®0
\ f ( x ) is not continuous at x = 0
Activity - 4
Discuss the continuinty of the following functions

a) f ( x) = sin | x |
ì 1
ï x sin , x¹0
b) g ( x) = í x
ïî 0, x=0
________________
Ans: a) f ( x) = sin | x |
Let h( x) = sin x and g ( x) =| x | both are continuous functions
Now hog ( x ) = h( g ( x)) = h(............) = ................
38
Class : Plus Two
Since composition of two continuous functions is continuous,
h o g ( x) = sin | x | is continuous
ì 1
ï x sin , x¹0
g ( x) = í x
b) ïî0 , x=0
1
case (i) If x ¹ 0 , then g ( x ) = x sin is continnous funtion
x
case (ii) if x = 0
1
lim f ( x ) = lim x s in = ...............
.in
x® 0 x® 0 x
f (0) = .............
\ f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0
A function f ( x ) is said to be differestiable at the point x = a if

ve lim
f ( a + h) - f ( a )
= f 1 (a ) exists and finite.
h ®0 h
sli
Remarks (i) Differentiability implies continuity.
(ii) Continuity need not imply Differentiability
Hs
39
Class : Plus Two
Worksheet -2
Activity -1
Is f ( x ) =| x | is differentiable at x = 0 ? why?
Ans: f ( x) = x is not differentiable at x = 0
f '(0 ) = lim f (0 + h ) - f (0 )
h® 0
Since
h
= lim| 0 + h | - | 0 |
h®0
.in
= lim| h |
h®0
which does not exist.
h
é |h| h ù
êSince lim = lim - = -1ú
x®o - h x ® o h
ê ú
ve êand
ëê
lim
|h|
x®o + h x ®o
h
= lim - = 1 ú
h ûú
Remarks f ( x) =| x + a | is not differentiable where

x = -a
sli
x+a =0 or
Derivatives of composite functions :- (When? - How?)

dy
When y = f ( g ( x)) then = f '[ g ( x)].g '( x )
dx
Hs
Activity - 2
dy
Find for the following functions.
dx
(i) y = sin x (ii) y = tan( x 2 .cos x)

(iii) y = tan(sin 2 x) (iv) y = sec(tan x )
(v) y = 2 cot( x 2 )
Ans: (i) y = sin x
40
Class : Plus Two
dy é 1 ù
= [ cos..........] ê ú
dx ë2 x û
(ii) y = tan( x 2 cos x)
dy
= éSec 2 ( x 2 .cos x ) ùû éë x 2 (-.......) + (cos x)(.........) ùû
dx ë
(iii) y = tan(sin 2 x)
dy
= éëSec 2 (..........) ùû [ 2sin x ][..........]
dx
(iv) y = sec(tan x )
dy é
= ëSec(tan x ) tan(tan x ùû éësec 2 x ùû [........]
dx
.in
(v) y = 2 cot( x 2 )
Derivatives of implicit functions (When? How?)

When we are given a relation connecting x and y where it is difficult or
ve
impossible to express y a function of x alone.
dy
Then we differentiate term by term with reference to x and solve for
dx
sli
Activity 3
dy
Hs
Find for the following

dx
(i) x 2 + xy + y 2 = 100
(ii) sin 2 x + cos 2 y = 1
(iii x 3 + y 3 = 3a ´ y
41
Class : Plus Two
Ans: (i) x 2 + xy + y 2 = 100

diffentiating w. r. t x
dy dy
2 x + x + y (1 ) + 2 y = 0
dx dx
dy dy
Þ x + 2 y = - y - .........
dx dx
dy
Þ (x + 2 y) = - ( y + ..........)
dx
dy ( y + 2 x) \
Þ = -
dx ( ..........)
.in
(ii) Sin 2 x + cos 2 y = 1
diffentiating w.r.t x
ve 2Sin x....... - 2 cos y sin y
dy
dx
=0
dy
2 cos y sin y = ...............
dx
dy
= ..............
sli
dx
(iii) x3 + y 3 = 3axy
diffentiating wrt x
Hs
dy dy
........ + 3 y 2 .= 3a ( x + ........)
dx dx
dy dy
Þ x2 + y 2 = ax + ay
dx dx
dy
Þ ( y 2 - ax ) = ............
dx
dy ay - x 2
Þ =
dx ...........
42
Class : Plus Two
(ii) s in 2 x + cos 2 y = 1
diffentiating w.r.t x
dy
2sin x....... - 2 cos y sin y =0
dx
dy
2 cos y sin y = ...............
dx
dy
= ..............
dx
(iii) x3 + y 3 = 3axy
.in
diffentiating wrt x
dy dy
........ + 3 y 2 .= 3a ( x + ........)
dx dx
dy dy
Þ x2 + y2 = ax + ay
ve dx
Þ ( y 2 - ax )
dy
dx
= ............
dx
dy ay - x 2
Þ =
dx ...........
sli
Derivatives of Inverse Trgonometric functions

Hs
d 1 d -1
(i ) (sin -1 x ) = (ii ) (cos -1 x ) =
dx 1 - x2 dx 1 - x2
d 1 d -1
(iii ) (tan -1 x) = (iv) (cot -1 x) =
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + x2
d 1 d -1
(v ) (sec -1 x ) = (vi ) (cos ec -1 x) =
dx x x2 -1 dx x x2 -1
43
Class : Plus Two
Activity 4
dy
Find in the following
dx
æ 2x ö
(i ) y = tan -1 (2 x 2 ) (ii ) y = cos -1 ç 2 ÷
è 1+ x ø
æ 1 - x2 ö
(iii ) y = sin -1 ç 2 ÷
(iv) y = sin -1 2 x 1 - x 2
è 1+ x ø
æ 1 ö
(v ) y = sec -1 ç 2 ÷
è 2x -1 ø
Ans:
.in
(i) y = tan -1 (2 x 2 )
æ ö
dy 1 ÷ [2 ( 2 x ) ] = 4x
= ç
dx ç 1 + ( 2 x 2 )2 ÷ 1 + ......
è ø
ve æ 2x ö
y = cos -1 ç
(ii) 2 ÷
è 1+ x ø
p pù
sli
æ 2x ö é
y= - sin-1 ç ÷ êsince sin -1
x + cos-1
x =
2 è 1+ x ø ë
2
2 úû
Put x = tanq
Þq = tan-1 x
Hs
p é 2 ´ ......... ù
Þy= - sin -1 ê
ë1 + tan q úû
2
2
p
= - sin -1 (sin 2q )
2
p
= - 2q
2
p
= - 2 ..........
2
dy æ 1 ö -2
= 0 - 2ç 2 ÷
=
è 1+ x ø 1+ x
2
dx
44
Class : Plus Two
æ 1 - x2 ö
(iii) y = sin -1 ç 2 ÷
è 1+ x ø
p æ 1 - x2 ö
y= - cos -1 ç 2 ÷
2 è1+ x ø
Put x = tan q
Þ q = tan -1 x
p æ 1 - ......... ö
Þ y= - cos - 1 ç ÷
è 1 + tan q ø
2
2
p
.in
= - cos - 1 (..........)
2
p
= - 2q
2
p
ve = - 2..........
2
dy æ 1 ö -2
= 0 - 2ç 2 ÷
=
è1+ x ø 1+ x
2
dx
y = sin - 1 2 x 1 - x 2
sli
(iv)
Put x = sin q
Þ q = sin -1 x
Hs
Þ y = s in - 1 ( 2 .......... 1 - s in 2 q )
= s in - 1 ( 2 s in q c o s q )
= s in - 1 (..........)
= 2q
= 2 ..............
dy 2
\ =
dx 1- x2
45
Class : Plus Two
æ 1 ö
(v) y = sec - 1 ç ÷
è 2 x 2
- 1 ø
Put x = cosq
Þq = cos-1 x
æ 1 ö
Þ y = sec-1 ç ÷
è 2 cos q - 1 ø
2
æ 1 ö
= s ec -1 ç ÷
è . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ø
= s e c - 1 ( s e c . . .)
.in
= 2q
= 2 . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
dy -2
\ =
dx 1- x2
ve
Rolle’s Theorem :
A real function f is such that

sli
(i) f is continuous in [a,b]
(ii) f is differentible in (a, b)

Hs
(iii) f (a)= f (b).
Then there exits some c Î ( a, b) such that f 1 (c) = 0
Mean Value Theorem:

Let f be a real function such that
(i) f is continuous in [a,b]
(ii) f is differentaible in (a,b).
f (b) - f (a )
Then there exists some c Î ( a , b) such that f (c) =
1
.
b-a
46
Class : Plus Two
Activity 5
(i) Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x - 8 for x Î [ -4, 2]
(ii) Verify Mean Value Theorem for f ( x) = x 2 - 4 x - 3 in [1,4]
(i) f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x - 8
(i) f ( x ) is ................... is [-4,2] being a polynomial
(ii) f 1 ( x) = 2 x + 2
(iii) f ( -4) = 16 - 8 - 8 = .........
.in
f (2) = 4 + 4 - 8 = .................
\ f ( x ) statisfies conditions of Rolle’s Theorm.
Hence there exise some c Î (-4, 2) such that.

ve f 1 (c) = 0
Þ 2c + 2 = 0
Þ 2 c = ..............
sli
Þ c = ................
Clearly -4 < -1 < 2 . Hence Rolle’s Theroem is verified.
Hs
(ii) f ( x) = x 2 - 4 x - 3 in [1, 4]
(i) f ( x ) is continuous in [1, 4], being a polynomial
(ii) f 1 ( x ) = 2 x - 4 exists on (1,4). Hence f ( x ) is differntiable in (1,4)
\ f ( x ) satisfies conditions of Mean value theorem. hence there exist some
c Î (1, 4) such that
47
Class : Plus Two
f (b ) - f ( a )
f ' (c ) =
b-a
f (4 ) - f (1)
2c - 4 =
4 -1
........... - ...........
2c - 4 =
3
-3 + 6
=
3
= ...............
.in
2C = 1 + 4
C = ............
5
Clearly 1 < < 4 . Hence Mean Value Thereom is verifed.
ve 2
sli
Hs
48
Class : Plus Two
Chapter -6
Applications of Derivaties
Rate of change of Quantities
dy
Consider the function y = f ( x). Then = f 1 ( x ) is called rate of change of y
dx
w.r.t. x Further if both x and y vary w.r.t a third varibale t then
æ dy ö
dy èç dt ø÷ dy æ dy öæ dx ö
= Þ = ç ÷ç ÷
dx æ dx ö dt è dx øè dt ø
.in
ç ÷
è dt ø
dy dx
Þ = f '( x). - - - -(1)
ve dt dt
From (1) If the rate of change of one variable is known, the rate of change
of other cand be calculated.
Activity - 1
sli
A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by puming in
900 cubic centimeteres of gas per second. Then
(i) what is the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases when the radius is 15cm?
Hs
(ii) what is the rate at which the surface area of the balloon increase when the radius is 15cm?
Ans: Let V , r , S be volume, radius, surface area of the baloon at any time t.
dV
Given that = 900cc / sec .
dt
4
Now V = p r3
3
dV 4 dr
= p ............
dt 3 dt
dr
Þ 900 = ..........
dt
dr 900 900
Þ = = = ............cm/sec
dt 4p (15) 2
900p
49
Class : Plus Two
Activity -2
A ladder 5m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder pulled along the
ground, away from the wall at the rate of 2cm/sec. How fast is its height on the wall
decreasing when the foot of the ladder 4m away from the wall.
Ans:
Let AB = 5m, length of the ladder
OA= x, distance of the foot of the ladder from the wall
OB= y, height of the ladder on the wall.
dy 2
Given = 2cm / sec = m / sec.
dx 100
B
.in
F ro m DOAB, ym 5m
x + y
2 2
= 25
O xm A
differentiating wrt. t,
ve
dx
.......+ ........
dy
= 0
dt dt
æ 2 ö dy
Þ 2xç ÷+ 2y = 0
è 100 ø dt
sli
dy -4 x
Þ 2y =
dt 100
dy -4 x
= = .............
dt 2 y (1 0 0 )
Hs
When x = 4m, y = 25 - 42 = ...........m
æ dy ö -2(4)
\ç ÷ = = ..............cm/sec (Q x = 4m, y = 3m)
è dt ø 100( 3)
8
\ Height on the wall is decreasing at the rate of 3 cm/sec.
50
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 3
A particle is moving along the curve 6 y = x 2 + 2 , find the points on the curve at
which y-coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x-coordinate.
Ans: Given that 6 y = x3 + 2
differentiating wrt t
dy é dx dy dx ù
6 = .........
êëgiven dt = 8 dt úû
dt dt
æ dx ö dx
Þ 6ç 8 ÷ = 3x2
è dt ø dt
.in
Þ .......... = 3x2
Þ x2 = ............ Þ x = ±4
x3 + 2 43 + 2
ve
when x = 4, then y=
6
=
(-4)3 + 2
6
= ...............
when x = - 4, then y= = ..............

6
\ Required points are (......,11) and ( -4, .......)

sli
========
Activity - 4
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is given by
Hs
R( x) = 3x 2 + 36 x + 5 . What is the marginal revenue when x=15
Ans R( x) = 3x 2 + 36 x + 5
Differentiating wrt x, we have
dR
= ............. +36
dx
é dR ù
Marginal revenue = ê dx ú = 6(15) + 36 = .........
ë ûx=15
51
Class : Plus Two
Whorksheet -2
Increasing and Decreasing Functions.

A function is increasing on an open interval iff its derivative is positive in
the interval.
A function is decreasing on an open interval iff its derivative is negative in
the interval.
Activity 1.
Consider the function f ( x) = x 3 -3x 2 + 4 x + 5 . Is the function f is strictly increasing on R?
.in
Ans:
f ( x) = x 3 -3x 2 + 4 x + 5
f 1 ( x) = .....................
ve = 3x 2 - 6 x + 3 + 1
= 3(...............) + 1
= 3( x - 1) 2 + 1 > 0 always being a perfect squre and positive number
sli
\ f ( x ) is strictly increasing on R
Activity 2
Consider f ( x ) = log sin x, 0 < x < p . .Find the intervals in which f ( x ) is strictly increasing
Hs
or decreasing
Ans: f ( x ) = log sin x
é 1 ù
f '( x) = ê [..............] = cot x
ë sin x úû
p
Now f '( x) = cot x > 0 in 0 < x < , Ist Quadrant
2
æ p ö
\ f ( x ) = log sin x is strictly increasing in ç 0,
è
÷
2 ø
p
Also f ' (x) = cot x < 0 in 2 < x < p , IInd Quadrant
\ f ( x ) = log sin x is strictly decreasing in p 2 , p ( )
52
Class : Plus Two
Activity 3
Find the intervals in which the function f ( x) = 2 x 3 -3 x 2 -36 x + 7 is strictly incrasing or

strictly decreasing
f ( x ) = 2 x 3 - 3 x 2 - 36 x + 7
f 1 ( x ) = 6 x 2 - ..................
= 6(..............)
= 6( x + 2)( x - 3)
f ' ( x ) = 0 Þ x = - 2 or x - 3
-¥ -2 3 ¥
.in
Intervals Sign of f ' (x) = (6)(x + 2)(x - 3) Nature of f ( x )
( -¥, -2 )
ve f ( x ) is increasing
( -2,3) f ( x ) is ...............
( 3,¥ )
sli
f ( x ) is ................
\ f ( x ) is strictly increasing on ( -¥, -2) È (3, ¥ ) and f ( x ) is strictly decreasing on ........

Hs
53
Class : Plus Two
Worksheet -3
Tangents and Normals:

1. Slope of the tangent to the curve y = f ( x ) at ( x0 , y0 )
é dy ù
=ê ú = f ' ( x0 )
ë dx û( x0 , y0 )
2. Slope of the normal to the curve y = f ( x ) at ( x0 , y0 )
-1 -1
= =
é dy ù f ' ( x0 )
.in
êë dx úû
( x0 , y 0 )
3. Equations of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at (x0, y0) is

ve y - yo = f ' ( x 0 )( x - x0 )
4. Equation of the normal to the curve y = f ( x ) at ( x0 , y0 ) is

-1
y - yo = ( x - x0 )
f ' (x 0 )
sli
Activity 1.
Consider the curve y = x 4 - 6 x 3 + 13x 2 - 10 x + 5

Hs
(i) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at (1,3)

(ii) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at (1,3)
Ans:
y = f (x) = x 4 - 6 x3 + 13 x2 - 10 x + 5
dy
= f ' ( x ) = 4 x 3 - . . ... .. .. . .. ... . .. . .. ... . .
dx
é dy ù
êë d x úû = f ' (1) = 4 - 1 8 + 2 6 - 1 0 = ... .. .
(1 ,3 )
(i) Equation of tangent y - y 0 = f ' ( x0 )( x - x0 )
y - 3 = ..........(x -1)
54
Class : Plus Two
é -1 ù
(ii) Equation of normal y - y 0= ê ú ( x - x0 )
ë f ' ( x0 ) û
-1
y - ....... =
(x - .......)
2
Þ x + 2y - 7 = 0
Activity 2.
Consider the curve y = x 3 . Find the points on the curve at which the slope of the tangent is
equal to y-coordinate of the point
Ans:
.in
y = x3
dy
= 3.......
ve dx
Slope of the tangent = ....... coordinate
dy
Þ =y
dx
Þ x3 = 3x2
sli
Þ x3 - ........ = 0
Þ x2 ( x - 3) = 0 Þ x = ....... or x = ......
Hs
when x = 0, y = 03 = ......
when x = 3, y = 33 = ......
\ Required points are (0,...) and (....., 27)
55
Class : Plus Two
Activity - 3
x2 y 2
Find points on the curve + = 1 at which tangents are
9 16
(i) parallel to x-axis

(ii) parallel to y-axis
Ans:
x2 y 2
+ =1
9 16
.in
Differentiating w. r. t. x
1 1 dy
....... + 2 y = 0
9 16 dx
y dy -2.....
=
ve 8 dx 9
dy -16 x
Þ =
dx 9.....
(i) Tangent is parallel to x-axis

sli
Þ Slope of the tangent = Slope of x-axis
dy
Þ = .......
dx
Hs
-16x
Þ = 0 Þ x = .......
9y
02 y2
when x = 0, + = 1 Þ y2 = ...... Þ y = ±.....
9 16
Therefore tangents at (0,4) and (0,-4) are parallel to x-axis
(ii) Tangent is parallel to y-axis
Þ Slope of the tangent = Slope of y-axis
dy -16 x
Þ = is not defined
dx 9y
Þ y=0
56
Class : Plus Two
x2 02
when y = 0, + = 1 Þ x 2 = ...... Þ x = ± ......
9 16
Therefore tangents at (3,0) and (-3, 0) are parallel to y-axis

Activity -4.
p
What is the slope of the normal to the curve x = a cos q , y = a sin q at q =
3 3
?
4.
Ans:
dy
x = a co s 3 q Þ = a éë 3 co s 2 q ùû [ - .........]
dq
= - 3 a s in q co s 2 q .
.in
dy
y = a sin 3 q Þ = a éë 3 s in 2 q ùû [........ ]
dq
= 3 a s in 2 q co s q .
æ dy ö
ç ÷
dq
= è ø = L L L L L = - tan q
dy
ve dx æ
ç
dx
dq
ö KKKKK
÷
è ø
p
sli
Slope of the normal at q =
4
- 1
=
æ d y ö
ç ÷
Hs
è d x ø q =
p
4
-1
= = .............
p
ta n
4
==================
57
Class : Plus Two
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ve
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58
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59
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60
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62
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ve
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66
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67
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ve
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68
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73
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ve
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ve
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81
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82
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ve
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83
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ve
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84
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ve
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ve
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99
Class : Plus Two
Chapter -12
Linear Progamming
Work Sheet - I
Graphical Method of Solving LPP
Activity -1
Consider the follwing LPP
Maximise Z= x+y
Subject to .
2x + y - 3 ³ 0
.in
x - 2y +1£ 0
y£3
x £ 0, y ³ 0
(a) ve Draw the feasible region
(b) Find the corner points
(c) Find the corner point at which z attains the maximum
-----------------------------
sli
Ans: Given problem is, Maximise z = x + y , such that
2x + y ³ 3
x - 2 y ³ -1
Hs
y£3
x £ 0, y ³ 0
First, draw the lines 2 x + y = 3, x - 2 y = - 1 & y = 3
2x + y = 3 x - 2 y = -1
x 0 3 x 0 -1
2
y 1 0 y =3
y 3 0 2
100
Class : Plus Two
At(0,0), 2 x + y ³ 3 Þ 0 ³ 3, which is false

\ feasible region lies at right side of the
line 2 x + y = 3
At (0,0),
x - 2 y £ - 1 Þ 0 £ -1, , which is false
\ feasible region lies above the line
x - 2 y = -1
for y £ 3, feasible region lies below the line
y=3
.in
shaded portion ABC respesents the feasible region.
corner points A(0,3)
To find corner point B
Solve the equations 2 x + y = 3 & x - 2 y = -1
ve
(Solve here)
x = 1, y =1
\ B (1,1)
sli
To find corner point C
Solve me equations x - 2 y = -1 & y=3
(Solve here)
x = 5, y = 3,
Hs
\ C (5 , 3 )
\ corner points are A(0,3), B(1,1) & C (5,3)
Corner points Value of

z = x+ y
A(0, 3) z = 0+3=3
B(1,1) z = 1+1 = 2
C (5, 3) z = 5+3= 8 Maximum value
\ corner points at which z attains its maximum is C (5,3)

Solution is x=5, y=3
\ Maximum value of z=5+3=8
101
Class : Plus Two
Activity 2
Solve the following LPP
Minimise z = 200 x + 500 y
Subject to the constraints x + 2 y ³ 10
3 x + 4 y £ 24
x ³ 0, y ³ 0
Ans: Draw the lines x + 2 y = 10 and 3 x + 4 y = 24
x 0 10 x 0 8
y 5 0 y 6 0
.in
ve Shaded portion ABC represents
the feasible region.
sli
Find the corner points A, B and C
A(0,5), C(0,6)
Hs
To find the co-ordinates of B, Solve x + 2 y = 10 & 3 x + 4 y = 24

(Solve here)
B (4,3)
Corner points Value of z = 200 x + 500 y
A(0, 5) --------
B (4, 3) --------
C (0, 6) ---------
Hence, minium value of z is 2300 attained at.........................
102
Class : Plus Two
Activity -3
Solve the following problem graphically

Minimise and Maximise z = 3 x + 9 y
Subject to the constaints
x + 3 y £ 60
x + y ³ 10
x£ y
x ³ 0, y ³ 0
Ans: Draw the lines

x + 3 y = 60
.in
x + y = 10 & x = y
ve x + 3 y = 60
x 0 60
y 20 0
x + y = 10
x 0 10
sli
y 10 0
Hs
Identify the region ABCD

The corner points are A(..,..), B(...,...), C( ...,..) and D(...,...)
The maximum value attains at C( ...,..)

Corner points Value of z = 3 x + 9 y and D(...,...)and it is 180 in each case. \
Every point on the line segment CD gives
A(...,... ) 90 maximum value.
B(....,....) 60 ® Minimum The minium value of z is 60 and occurs at
C( ...,... ) 180
D( ....,...) 180
}Maximum B(5,5).
103
Class : Plus Two
Activity :4
Solve : Minimise z = 3 x + 2 y
Subject to x+ y ³8
3x + 5 y £ 15
x ³ 0, y ³ 0
Ans:
Complete the graph
Draw the lines x + y = 8

x 0 8
y 8 0
.in
and 3 x + 5 y = 15
x 0 3
y 3 0
ve
There is no point satisfying all the constraints simultaneously. Thus the problem is has no
feasible region and hence no feasible solution.
sli
Hs
104
Class : Plus Two
CHAPTER 13
PROBABILITY
Worksheet-1
13.2. Conditional Probability
Let E and F be two events associated with the same sample space of a random experiment.
Then the probability of occurrence of the event E given that event F has already occurred is called the
conditional propability of E given F
It is denoted of by P(E|F)
.in
P( E Ç F )
P(E/F)= , provided, P ( F ) ¹ 0
P( F )
Properties of Conditional Probability
(i)
ve
Let E and F be events of a sample space S of an experiment
Then P ( S | F ) = P ( F | F ) = 1
sli
(ii) If A and B are two events of a sample space S and F is an event of S such that P ( F ) ¹ 0
Then P ( ( A È B ) | F ) = P ( A | F ) + P ( B | F ) - P (( A Ç B ) | F )
In particular, if A and B are disjoint events,

Hs
Then P ( ( A È B )| F ) = P (A | F )+ P (B | F )
(iii) P(E¢ | F ) = 1 - P(E | F )
Activity -1
A family has 2 children. What is the probability that both the children are boys given that atleast
one of them is a boy.
Ans: Let ‘b’ stands for boy and ‘g’ for girl.
Sample space, S = {(b, b), (b, g ),.........,..........}
Let E and F denote the following events.
105
Class : Plus Two
E : both the children are boys
F : atleast one of the children is boy.
Then E = {(b, b)}
F = {(b, b),........,........}
E Ç F = ........................
P( F ) = 3 P( E Ç F ) = 1
4 and 4
.in
\ P (both the children are boys given that atleast one of them is a boy)
= P (E | F )
P (E Ç F )
=
P (F )
ve = ............
= ............
Activity -2
sli
5 2
Evaluate P ( A È B ) , if 2 P ( A) = P( B ) = and P( A/ B) =
13 5
1
Ans: Given that 2 P ( A) = P ( B ) =
Hs
13
5 5
Then 2 P ( A) = and P ( B) =
13 13
i.e. P ( A) = ......................
We have, P ( A È B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )...............(1)
P ( B ) = .. . .. .. . .. .. . ... . . ... . . ... .
2
P(A |B) =
5
P( A Ç B)
P( A | B) =
P( B)
\ P( A Ç B) = P( B).P( A | B)
= ...........
106
Class : Plus Two
(1) becomes
5
P( A È B) = .... + - .....
13
= ..................
Activity :3
An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True/False questions, 200 difficult
True/False questins, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 difficult multiple choice questions. If
a question is selected at random from the question bank, what is the probability that it will be an easy
question given that it is a multiple choice question.
.in
Ans: Let E and F be the events,
E: getting an easy question
F: getting a multiple choice question.
Total no. of question = ..........................+.........................+....................+....................

ve =1400
N ( F ) = 500 + 400 = 900

N ( E Ç F ) = 500 (easy & multiple choice questions)
sli
500 5
P( E Ç F ) = =
- - - 14
-
P( F ) = = ------
1400
Hs
Required probability,
P( E Ç F )
P( E / F ) =
P( F )
=
=
Activity-4
A black and a red dice are rolled.

(i) Find the conditional probability of obtaining a sum greater than 9, given that the black
die resulted in a 5.
(ii) Find the conditinal probability of obtaining the sum 8, given that the red die resulted in
a number less than 4.
107
Class : Plus Two
Ans: (i) Here, the sample space ‘S’ has---- elements

E and F be events,
E: getting a sum greater than 9
F: black die resulted in 5
We have to find P (E | F )
E = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
F = {(5,1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)}
E Ç F = {.....,.......}
...
P( E Ç F ) = = ...................
36
P( F ) = ....................
.in
Required probabiltiy,
P (E Ç F )
P (E | F )=
P (F )
= .....................
(ii)
ve
E: getting sum 8
F: red die resulted in a number less than 4
E = {(2, 6), (3,5),(4, 4), (5,3), (6, 2)}
F = {(1,1), (1, 2), (1,3), (2,1),(2, 2),........(6,3)} (write all outcomes)

sli
E Ç F = {5 , 3 ) , ( 6 , 2 )}
P ( E Ç F ) = .............
Hs
18
P (F ) =
36
æ E ö P (E Ç F )
P ç ÷ =
è F ø P (F )
1
= ......... =
9
Activity 5
6 5 7
If P ( A) = , P( B) = and P ( A È B ) = .Find
11 11 11
(i) P( A Ç B)
(ii) P( A | B)
(iii) P ( B | A )
108
Class : Plus Two
6
Ans: (i) Given P ( A) =
11
5
P ( B) =
11
7
P( A È B) =
11
6 5 7
+ - P(A Ç B) =
11 11 11
6 5
P(A Ç B) = + - .............
11 11
4
\ P(A Ç B) =
11
.in
P( AÇ B)
(ii) P(B | A) =
P(B)
= ..........
ve = ..........
sli
P( A Ç B)
(iii) P ( B | A) =
P ( A)
= ..........
Hs
= ..........
109
Class : Plus Two
Worksheet II
13.4 Independent Events
Two events E and F are said to be independent if the probability of occurrence of any one of
them is not affected by the occurrence of the other.
In this case, P ( E | F ) = P ( E ), here P ( F ) ¹ 0
P ( F | E ) = P( F ), here P( E) ¹ 0
Thus, if E and F are independent events,
.in
P( E Ç F ) = P( E).P(F ).
* The term ‘independent’ is defined in terms of ‘probability of events’ where as ‘mutually
exclusive’ is defined in tems of events (subsets of sample space).
*
ve
Independent events may have common outcome
* Mutually exclusive ents never have a common outcome
* Two mutually exclusive events having non-zero probabilities of occurrence cannot be

sli
independent
* Three events A, B and C are said to be mutually independent, if
P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A).P ( B )
Hs
P ( A Ç C ) = P ( A).P (C )
P ( B Ç C ) = P ( B ).P (C )
P ( A Ç B Ç C ) = P ( A).P ( B ).P (C )
* If the events E & F are independent, then
(a) Eànd F are independent
(b) E and F` are independent
(c) E` and F` are independent
110
Class : Plus Two
Activity -1
A die is thrown E and F are events such that

E: the number appearing is a multiple of 3
F: the number appearing is even.
Find whether E and F are independent.
Ans: Here sample space S = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6}
Now E = {3, 6}
F = { ____, ____, ____}

E Ç F = {6}
.in
3 1
P( F ) = =
6 2
P ( E Ç F ) = ______ ...............(1)
11 1
P(E).P(F) = . = ...............(2)
ve
from (1) & (2)
32 6
\E and F are independent

sli
Activity -2
Three coins are tossed simultaneously.

E, F & G are events such that
Hs
E: three heads or three tails

F: alterast 2 heads
G: atmost 2 heads.
Of the pairts (E,F), (E,G) and (F,G), which are independent, which are dependent?
Ans: Here Sample space S = { HHH, HHT , HTH, THH, HTT , TTH, THT ,TTT}
E = {HHH , TTT }
F = { HHH , HHT , HTH , THH }
G = { HHT , HTH , THH , HTT , THT , TTH , TTT }
E Ç F = __________
E ÇG = __________
F Ç G = __________
111
Class : Plus Two
2 1 4 1 7
P (E ) = = , P (F ) = = , P (G ) =
8 4 8 2 8
1
P (E Ç F ) =
8
P (E Ç G ) = _______
P (F Ç G ) = _________
P ( F ).P (G ) = __________
1 1 1
P ( E ).P ( F ) = . = = P ( F Ç E )
4 2 8
Hence, the events E and F are independent events.
.in
The pairs of events (E,G) and (F,G) are dependent.
Activity -3
ve 1
Events A and B are such that P ( A) =
2
7
, P ( B ) = and P ( n o t A o r n o t B ) =
12
1
4
state whether A and B are independent.
Ans:
sli
1
P (not A or not B ) =
4
1 7
P( A) = , P( B) =
Hs
2 12
1
P( A¢ È B¢) =
4
1
Þ P ( A Ç B) ' =
4
1
Þ 1 - ________ =
4
1 3
Þ P( A Ç B) = 1 - =
4 4
Now, P(A). P(B) =____________ ´ ____________
= ..........
\ A and B are not indepedent
112
Class : Plus Two
Activity -4
1
(1) The probability of solving a problem independently by A and B are and
3
1
4
respectively. Find the probability that exactly one of them solves the problem
(2) A and B try to solve a problem independently.

1 1
The probability that A solves a problem is and that B solves the problem is .
2 3
Find the probability that
(a) Both of them solves the problem.
.in
(b) Problem is solved.
Ans:
1 1
(1) P ( A) = P ( B) =
3 4
ve P( A 1 ) = 1 - P( A) = _________
P( B1 ) = 1 - P ( B) = __________
Probability of ........... one of them solves the problem

sli
= P( A).P ( B 1 ) + P ( B ).P ( A 1 )
5
= ____________ =
12
Hs
(2) Let A: problem is solved by A
B: Problem is solved by B
1 1
P ( A) = , P ( B ) =
2 3
(a) P (both solve the problem) = P ( A I B )
1
= P ( A).P ( B) = ________ =
6
113
Class : Plus Two
(b) P(problem is solved) = 1 - P ( P ro b lem n o t so lved )
= 1 - P ( A 'I B ')
= 1 - P ( A 1 )( B 1 )
= 1 - ................
2 P( A1) = ______
=
3 P(B1) = ________
Activity -6
Rani and Joy appear in an interview for 2 vacancies in the same post. The probability of Rani’s
1 1
.in
selection is and that of Joy’s selection is . What is the probability that
7 5
(a) Rani will not be selected
(b) Both of them will be selected

ve
(c) None of them will be selected
Ans:
Let Rani’s selection be the event A & Joy’s selection be the event B.
sli
1 1
P ( A) = , P(B) =
7 5
(a) P(Rani will not be selected) = P( A 1 )

Hs
= 1 - P ( A)
= _______
6
=
7
(b) P(Both of them will be selected)
= P ( A I B ) = P ( A).P ( B )
=______________
1
=
35
114
Class : Plus Two
(iii) P(None of them will be selected)
= P ( A ' I B ')
= P ( A ') . P ( B ')
= ...... ´ ...........
= ...............
.in
ve
sli
Hs
115
Hs
sli
ve
.in

Hsslive Xii Maths Focus Based Notes by SSK

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1. Relation and Functions - 3-8

10. Vector Algebra - 82-90

* A function f:A B is said to be one-one function or an injective function if distinct elements of

* To prove a function f is one-one we have to show that · f ( x 1 ) = f ( x2 ) Þ x1 = x 2

· A function f is onto then range of f= Codmain of f

· A function f : A ® B is a bijection if it is both one-one and onto

· The number of onto functions from the set to itself is n!

Let A= and let f = be a fucntion from A to B.

Show that f :N N given by , is one-one but not onto

Let y N and let f(x)=y

Consider f : R R given by f(x)=5x+2, show that f is bijective.

Consider the functions

(i) f : R R given by f(x)=x2

(ii) f : R R given by f(x)=x3

(iii) f : R R given by f(x)=|x|

check the injectivity and surjectivity of the above functions.

(i) f(-1) = ..........................................

from horizonal line test it is clear that f is......................................

gof (x) = g (f(x))

Also fog (x) = f(g(x)

Consider f: R ® R given by f(x) = 4x+3, show that f is invertibile. Also find f -1

Let y Î R and let f ( x ) = y

Since fof (x) = x, f -1 =..........................................

Let f : {2,3,4,5} ® {7,9,11,13} be a function defined by f={(2,7), (3,11), (4,9), (5,13)}

Is f is invertibile. If invertibile find f -1

f (2) = 7, f (3) = ..............., f (4)=................., f (5).........................

\ f -1 = {(7,2), (11,.....), (9,.....), (13,......)}

* cos ec-1(-x) =-cosec-1x,| x |³1

* cos -1(-x) = p - cos-1 x, x Î[ -1,1]

* cot -1(-x) = p - cot -1 x, x Î R

We have cos( x - y ) = cos x.coy + sin x.sin y

Find value of (i) cos éësec -1 x + cos ec -1 x ùû

Find value of (i) sin sin 3p 5

(i) Construct a 3x2 matrix A = éë aij ùû for which aij = 2i - j

(i) a11=2x1-1=.........., a12=2x1-2=...........

Ans: (a) Fnd AB (b) Is BA defined ? justify.

é12 + 0 4 + 22 ù é... ...ù

é... ...ù é -3 7 ù é -6 + 18 14 + 12ù é12 26ù

é cos x - sin x ù é cos x - sin x ù

é cos 2 x - sin 2 x - cos x sin x - sin x cos x ù éK K KK ù

é cos x - sin x ù éKK KKù

écos x cos y + - sin x sin y ..................................... ù

écos x cos y - sin x sin y -(sin x cos y + cos x sin y)ù

écos( x + y) - sin( x + y)ù

Ans: (i) For a skew-symmetric matrix daigonal elements are 0

also aij = -aji

Henace x + y = -(-5) = 5 ® (2)

from (1) w+z=0

é1´ 2 + 2 ´ 5 + - 3 ´1 1´ 3 + 2 ´ 4 + - 3 ´ 6 ù é.... ....ù

\ ( AB) ' = B ' A '

Clearly first matrix is symmetric and second matrix is skew-symmetric

prove that AA' is symmetric matrix

ve Hence AA1 is symmetric

é cos x - sin x ù 1 é cos x sin x ù

é cos x - sin x ù é cos x sin x ù

é co s x ´ co s x + - sin x ´ - sin x .................................... ù

é co s 2 x + sin 2 x cos x sin x - co s x sin x ù

(ii) State whether A is singular or non-singular

(ii) since A ¹ 0 , A is non-singular

Co-factor -2 = A12 = (-1)1+ 2 M 12 = ( -1)3 ´ 6 = -6

Co-factor 5 = f 132+ 2 (24)

Co-factor of - 3 = A32 = (- 1)3+ 2 M 32 = (-1)5 ´ 5 = -1´ 5 = -5