General Systems

theory.
by: Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972)

WHAT'S IN HERE?
General systems theory is a general science
of 'wholeness'.
Systems theory has been applied in
developing nursing theories and conducting
nursing research.
Systems theory may be considered as a
specialization of systems thinking and a
generalization of systems science.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMS

"Systems" refer specifically to self-

regulating systems.
Systems are self-correcting through
feedback.
Systems have a structure that is
defined by its parts and processes.
Systems are generalizations of reality.
Systems tend to function in the same
way.
Every living organism is essentially an
open system.

Adonis, Honey B. - BSN 1B

INFOGRAPHIC

LEWIN'S CHANGE
THEORY
BY KURT LEWIN

This theory is his most influential theory. He theorized a three-stage model of change

known as unfreezing-change-refreeze model that requires prior learning to be rejected

and replaced. Lewin’s definition of behavior in this model is “a dynamic balance of

forces working in opposing directions.”

three stages in three major

nursing theory concepts
Unfreezing is the process which involves
Driving forces are those that push in
finding a method of making it possible for
a direction that causes change to
people to let go of an old pattern that was
occur.
somehow counterproductive.
Restraining forces are those forces
Change stage, which is also called “moving that counter the driving forces.
to a new level” or “movement,”
Equilibrium is a state of being where
Refreezing stage is establishing the
driving forces equal restraining
change as the new habit, so that it now
forces, and no change occurs.
becomes the “standard operating

procedure.” Adonis, Honey B. - BSN 1B