ASSIGNMENT-1

NAME : KINGSHUK CHAKRABORTY (13001618099)

Subject name: Renewable & Non-Conventional Energy (501C)
Subject Code: 501C
Students: 5th SEM, 3rd year
Department: Electrical Engineering, Techno Main Salt Lake
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Date: 31st August 2020

Q1>Describe the prospects in detail of any five different Renewable Energy Sources
in India at the current situation 2020.
Ans>
India is one of the countries with large production of energy from renewable
sources.] As of 31 March 2020, 35.86% of India's installed electricity generation
capacity is from renewable sources, generating 21.22% of total utility electricity in the
country.
In the Paris Agreement India has committed to an Intended Nationally Determined
Contributions target of achieving 40% of its total electricity generation from non-fossil
fuel sources by 2030. The country is aiming for even more ambitious target of 57%
of the total electricity capacity from renewable sources by 2027 in Central Electricity
Authority's strategy blueprint.]According to 2027 blueprint, India aims to have 275
GW from renewable energy, 72 GW of hydroelectricity, 15 GW of nuclear energy and
nearly 100 GW from “other zero emission” sources. In the quarter ending September
2019, India's total renewable electricity capacity (including large hydro) was 130.68
GW. This represents 35.7% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in the
country, which is around 366 GW.
Government of India has also set a target for installation of Rooftop Solar Projects
(RTP) of 40 GW by 2022 including installation on rooftop of houses.
As of October 2019, of the 175 GW interim target, 83 GW is already operational, 29
is under installation, 30 GW is under bidding, and remaining 43 GW is under
planning. 175 GW interim target is 100 GW of solar, 60 GW of wind, 10 GW of bio
mass and 5 GW of small hydro. As of 2019, 35% total power production comes from
renewable energy, 13% or 45.399 GW of the total from all sources comes from large
hydro projects, 10% or 36,686.82 GW of the total from all sources from wind power
which is fourth-largest in the world,] 8% or 9.1 GW of total power from all sources
from Biomass power from biomass combustion, biomass gasification and bagasse
India is running one of the largest and most ambitious renewable capacity expansion
programs in the world. In 2019 at UN climate summit, India announced that it will be more
than doubling its renewable energy target from 175GW by 2022 to 450GW of renewable
energy by the same year.[12] Newer renewable electricity sources are projected to grow
massively by nearer term 2022 targets, including a more than doubling of India's large wind
power capacity and an almost 15 fold increase in solar power from April 2016 levels. These
targets would place India among the world leaders in renewable energy use and place India at
the centre of its "Sunshine Countries" International Solar Alliance project promoting the
growth and development of solar power internationally to over 120 countries.Energy plays a
vital role in the economic development of all countries. India ranks second position in terms
of population that accounts to 18% of world’s overall population. The increase in standard of
living and population in India makes India to rank fourth place in consumption of energy in
the globe. As fossil fuels are depleting and creating more pollution causing global warming,
and also since energy demand is increasing day by day, energy production from renewable
energy resources becomes the best solution in present condition as renewable energy
resources are not exhaustible, clean, and green energy.
The government target of installing 20 GW of solar power by 2022 but it was achieved four
years ahead of schedule in January 2018, through both solar parks as well as roof-top solar
panels.[8] India then set a new target of achieving 100 GW of solar power, 60GW of wind
power, 10GW of bio mass and 5GW of small hydro power by 2022. Three of the top Five
largest solar parks worldwide are in India including the second-largest solar park in the world
at Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, with a capacity of 1000 MW. The world's largest solar power
plant[citation needed], Bhadla Solar Park is in Rajasthan with a capacity of 2255 MW.
The 2022 electrical power targets include achieving 227GW (earlier 175 GW) of energy from
renewable sources - nearly 113 GW through solar power, 66 GW from wind power, 10 GW
from biomass power, 5GW from small hydro and 31GW from floating solar and offshore
wind power.[13] The bidding process for the further additional 115 GW or thereabouts to meet
these targets of installed capacity from January 2018 levels will be completed by the end of
2019–2020.[14] The government has announced that no new coal-based capacity addition is
required beyond the 50 GW under different stages of construction likely to come online
between 2017 and 2022. With the expansion of renewable power generation capacity, the
outstanding payment dues from the power purchasers are also increasing due to their weak
purchasing capacity.[15]
Unlike most countries, until 2019 India did not count large hydro power towards renewable
energy targets as hydropower was under the older Ministry of Power instead of Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy. This system was changed in 2019 and the power from large
hydropower plants is since also accounted for. This was done to help the sale of the power
from the large Hydropower plants, as this reclassification has made such plants able to sell
their power under the Renewable Energy Purchase Obligation. Under the Renewable Energy
Purchase Obligation, the DISCOMs (Distribution Company) of the various states have to
source a certain percentage of their power from Renewable Energy Sources under two
categories Solar and Non-Solar. The power from the large Hydropower plants now classifies
under the Non-Solar Renewable Energy Category.

Installed grid interactive renewable power capacity (excluding large

hydropower) as of 31 March 2020

Total Installed 2022 target

Source
Capacity (MW) (MW)

Wind power 37,693.75 60,000

Solar power 34,627.82 100,000

 Installed grid interactive renewable power capacity (excluding large
hydropower) as of 31 March 2020

Total Installed 2022 target

Source
Capacity (MW) (MW)

Biomass power
(Biomass & Gasification and Bagasse 9,875.31
Cogeneration)
*10,000

Waste-to-Power 147.64

Small hydropower 4,683.16 5,000

175,000
TOTAL 87,027.68

Q2> How the non-conventional sources are economic with respect to the
conventional energy sources?

Ans>

The energy crisis which began in 1973 caused petroleum supplies to decrease and
prices to rise exorbitantly. This crisis forced developing countries to reduce or
postpone important development programs, so they could purchase petroleum to
keep their economies operating. It created the urgent necessity to find and develop
alternative energy sources, such as other fossil fuels (coal, gas), nuclear energy, and
renewable energy resources.

Coal is found primarily in industrialized countries, with Latin American and African
reserves making up less than 1 percent of the world total. Thus, it is unlikely that this
part of the Third World will be able to use large quantities of coal. The nuclear
alternative is undesirable; the associated accident risks, waste disposal difficulties,
nuclear terrorism, and nuclear weapon proliferation are dangerous in themselves,
and make this form of energy excessively expensive (Brown et al, no date).
Acquiring nuclear energy from the industrialized world could, moreover, result in
greater technological and economic dependence on developed countries. A more
feasible alternative to petroleum, coal, and nuclear reactors in developing countries
is the direct and indirect use of solar energy, which is renewable, abundant,
decentralized and non-polluting.
Each day, the sun sends to earth many thousands of times more energy than we
attain from other sources (the equivalent of 200 times the energy consumed by the
United States of America in one year). This energy can be captured directly as
radiation or - even more significantly - indirectly in waterfalls, wind, and green plants.
Countries in the humid tropics in particular contain enormous forest biomass
resources, which, properly managed, could significantly contribute to the solution of
their energy problems, as well as provide wood for other uses. Countries in the
humid tropics also possess abundant water resources and high levels of solar
radiation, which show promise in generating electrical and thermal energy.

Taking into account that the technology needed for exploiting renewable energy
resources is simple and relatively economical, it is important from a strategic point of
view that energy planning in Third World countries, particularly in the humid tropics,
be oriented to developing the solar alternative. It offers them one of the few
opportunities to develop independently of the industrialized countries. To this end,
energy planning also must encourage energy conservation and optimize the use of
organic by-products and residues generated by economic and domestic activities.

Q3> What are the impacts of Renewable Energy Generation on the environment?
Discuss in
details.

Ans> Renewable energy sources have a large potential to contribute to the

sustainable development by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic
and environmental benefits. Renewable sources of energy are currently unevenly
and insufficiently exploited. Although many of them are abundantly available, and the
real economic potential considerable, renewable sources of energy make a
disappointingly small contribution. There are environmental benefits from renewables
other than reduction of greenhouse gas and other air emissions. Every type of
energy utilization for electricity generation has environmental consequences. The
main consequences of burning fossil fuels and of nuclear power are well-known.
Renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass, hydroelectric, geothermal, etc.)
are generally thought of as harmless, but this doesn’t mean they have no
environmental consequences at all. Most of them have a significant aesthetic impact
and require large areas of land. Some also have a significant impact on the eco-
system. This paper identifies some of the key environmental and socio-economic
impacts associated with renewable technologies. The environmental impacts of
renewable energy are site specific, but generalizations are still possible. Renewable
energy is usually more environmentally friendly than alternative energy sources,
especially with regard to air emissions. Environmental impacts are site-specific and
there are a number of ways to minimise the effects, which are usually small and
reversible.

Q4> Describe the differences between Renewable Energy sources and Non-
Renewable Energy sources. Discuss the merits and demerits of the both.

Ans>

Advantages:
 Renewable energy is a super-smart choice for humans and the environment. Here
are some of the big benefits of using renewable sources for our energy supply:

 They’ll never run out. That’s right - these natural energy sources can replace
themselves, making them sustainable and abundant natural resources.

 They don’t damage our planet. These clean energy sources are non-pollutant,
produce minimal or no waste products, and don’t contribute to global warming - great
news for the environment!

 They’re low-maintenance energy sources. Renewable energy facilities tend to

require less maintenance than traditional generators. And as they come from natural,
abundant resources, the operating costs are generally lower too.

 They’re good news for regional areas. As most renewable energy projects are
located in regional areas - away from the big cities - they can bring economic
benefits to these places. For example, this could come from more people using local
services

Disadvantages:

As you can see, there are plenty of positives about using renewable energy. But
what about any potential disadvantages? Here are some of the reasons why
renewable energy can sometimes present problems:

 Unreliable weather can affect energy supply. As renewable energy often relies on
certain weather conditions, this can impact the reliability of a constant energy supply.
For example:
o Hydro generators need enough rain to fill dams for their supply of flowing water.
o Wind turbines need wind to turn their blades.
o Solar panels need clear skies and sunshine to get the heat needed to generate
electricity.
 It’s hard to produce the same amounts as non-renewable sources. It can be
difficult to generate quantities of electricity that are as large as those produced by
traditional fossil fuel generators.

Conventional energy sources are also known as a non-renewable energy source and
have the following advantages:

 The efficiency of the energy source is high

 This energy source is a well-known source
 The production expenses are low
 The government gives a lot of subsidies on natural gas and coal for both
domestic as well as industrial purpose.
 The most dependable source of energy for past 300 years
 If consumed sustainably they will last a longer period of time.

Disadvantages of conventional source of Energy:

 It is not environmentally friendly and causes an increase in the amount of

carbon dioxide and sulphur amounts in the atmosphere causing adversaries
like ozone layer depletion.
 When used on a longer run, can deplete soon since it is a limited source of
energy.
 Starting a farm or plant that leverages solar, wind, algae, geothermal,
nuclear, hydropower and ocean avenues requires hefty funding and
investments So initial setup cost is very high
 Its harmful to the ecological balance and the diverse vegetation and the
animal life
 They are not very efficient source as for example coal energy yields only 60-
65% of the production of electricity whereas nuclear power plants have
higher efficiency of about 90-95%.