Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Available
Availableonline
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect 
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 418–425
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering

The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering
Analysis
Analysis of of Charge
Charge Plate
Plate Configurations
Configurations in in Unipolar
Unipolar Capacitive
Capacitive
Power
Power Transfer System for the Electric Vehicles Batteries Charging
Transfer
Manufacturing System
Engineering for
Society the Electric
International Vehicles
Conference 2017, Batteries
MESIC Charging
2017, 28-30 June
2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
Mohammed Al-Saadia,a, *,
Ammar Al-Gizibb, Sadiq Ahmedbb, Sarab Al-Chlaihawicc, Aurelian
Mohammed Al-Saadi *, Ammar Al-Gizi , Sadiq Ahmed , Sarab Al-Chlaihawi , Aurelian
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off
0F

Craciunescuaa
0F

Craciunescu
a
a
b
between used capacity and operational efficiency
Electrical Engineering Faculty, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Splaiul independenței 313, 060042, Romania
Electrical Engineering
Electrical Faculty,Department,
Engineering University Politehnica
Engineering ofFaculty,
Bucharest, Bucharest, Splaiul
Al-Mustansiriyah independenței
University, Baghdad,313, 060042,
10001, IraqRomania
b
Electrical Engineering
c
Najaf Department,
Technical Engineering
Institute, Al-Furat Faculty,Technical
Al-Awsat Al-Mustansiriyah University,
University, 54001, Baghdad,
Najaf, Iraq 10001, Iraq
A. Santana , P. Afonso , A. Zanin , R. Wernke
a a,* Technical University,
b b
c
Najaf Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat 54001, Najaf, Iraq

Abstract
a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Abstract b
Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
This paper analyzes the ring and square plates configurations in a unipolar capacitive power transfer (CPT) system for electric
This paper
vehicle (EV)analyzes
batteriesthe ring andItsquare
charging. plates
is shown thatconfigurations
the ring plates in a unipolar
coupler capacitive
provides power transfer
better coupling (CPT)and
capacitance system for electric
coefficient than
the square one. In this paper, the vertical, lateral, angular and rotational misalignments were actively researched. Furthermore,than
vehicle (EV) batteries charging. It is shown that the ring plates coupler provides better coupling capacitance and coefficient the
Abstract
the square one. In this paper,
interoperability between the the vertical,
different lateral,
plates angular andhas
configurations rotational misalignments
been analyzed. wereplate
The ring actively researched.
showed Furthermore,only
good compatibility the
interoperability between the different plates configurations has been analyzed. The ring
with a ring plate, while the square plate showed good compatibility with the square and disc plates.plate showed good compatibility only
Under theplate,
with a ring concept
whileofthe"Industry
square plate4.0",
showedproduction processes
good compatibility will
with the be pushed
square to plates.
and disc be increasingly interconnected,
information
© based on a real time basis and,
Ltd. necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization
© 2018
2019 The Authors.
The Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd.
© 2018
goes The
beyond Authors.
the Published
traditional by
aim Elsevier
of Ltd.maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value.
capacity
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is
Indeed, an open
lean access article
management under
and the CC BY-NC-ND
continuous
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the license
improvement
12th (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
approaches
International Conferencesuggest capacity optimization
Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.instead of
Selection and peer-review
maximization. The studyunder responsibility
of capacity of the 12thand
optimization International Conference
costing models is anInterdisciplinarity
important research in Engineering.
topic that deserves
contributions from
Keywords: electric bothbattery
vehicles; the practical and theoretical
charging; capacitive perspectives.
power transfer; This paper
unipolar system; presents and
plate configurations; discusses a mathematical
interoperability.
Keywords: electric vehicles; battery charging; capacitive power transfer; unipolar system; plate configurations; interoperability.
model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s
1. Introduction
value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity
1. Introduction
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
The The
© 2017 wireless
Authors.power transfer
Published (WPT) B.V.
by Elsevier technology has gained much attention recently due to its striking features,
Theplays
which wireless
an power transfer
important role in (WPT)
the technology
electric vehicleshas gained
(EVs) much attention
popularity recently
[1,Engineering
2]. Based on duetechnology,
this to its striking power
features,
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Society International the
Conference is
which plays an important role in the electric vehicles (EVs) popularity [1, 2]. Based on this
transferred from a fixed transmitter to a fixed/movable receiver without any galvanic connection between them. Two
2017.
technology, the power is
transferred from a fixed transmitter to a fixed/movable receiver without any galvanic connection
technologies are usually used in the wireless battery charging: the capacitive power transfer (CPT), which is based between them. Two
technologies
Keywords: arefield
usually
Cost Models;
on the electric ABC; used
TDABC;
coupling inand
the inductive
wireless
Capacity battery
Management; charging:
powerIdle the capacitive
Capacity;(IPT),
transfer Operational ispower
basedtransfer
Efficiency
which on the (CPT), which is based
electromagnetic field
on the electric field coupling and inductive power transfer (IPT), which is based on the electromagnetic field

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40736117994; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
* The
Corresponding
cost
E-mail author.
of idle
address: Tel.: +40736117994;
capacity fax: +0-000-000-0000
is a fundamental
mohamedshihab91@gmail.com . companies and their management of extreme importance
information for
E-mail address: mohamedshihab91@gmail.com
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©ways:
2351-9789 tons
2018 The of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789
This © 2018
is an Afonso.
open The Authors.
access Published by Elsevier Ltd.
* Paulo
This is an and Tel.:article
openpeer-review
access article
under
+351 253
under
the761;
510 CC BY-NC-ND
the CC fax: +351 253license
BY-NC-ND 604 741
license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mailandaddress: under responsibility
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
Selection peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review
2351-9789 © under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.235
 Mohammed Al-Saadi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 418–425 419
2 Mohammed AL-SAADI et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

induction[3]. In recent years, much studies have focused on the CPT technology because of its worthwhile features,
which offer less electromagnetic interferences and makes the power transmission through metal obstacles possible
[4, 5].
The capacitive coupler takes two forms, unipolar and bipolar. The unipolar capacitive coupler can be used in the
EVs batteries charging. The unipolar capacitive coupler structure is very simple. It consists of one plate in the
transmitter side and another one plate in the receiver side, to form a path for the current-sending. The path of the
current-returning is through the parasitic capacitance which arises between the vehicle chassis and the ground. The
bipolar coupler consists of four plates, two in the transmitter side and two in the receiver side, to form the current
sending and returning paths [1].
One way to improve the power transfer density and enhancing the power transfer transmission of a CPT system is
by increasing the plates size of the capacitive coupler [4]. When the effective coupling area or plates size are
increasing, this result in increasing the coupling capacitance (Cm) and coupling coefficient (k) between the
capacitively coupled plates. The parameters Cm and k are specifying not only the power transfer capability of a CPT
system but also the total system performance.
The parameters Cm and k are geometrical parameters. These parameters are dependent on a plate configuration.
Disc plates were used, for example, to realize a bipolar coupler of a CPT for which a coupling capacitance Cm of as
many as 222 pF was achieved [6]. Square plates were used, for example, to realize a unipolar CPT for a small
electronic device battery charging for which were analyzed the air-gap variation, lateral, and angular misalignments
[7]. The first unipolar CPT system for an EV charging was used in 2018. This first CPT was formed of two identical
conductive square plates of 0.45m2 each and was capable to transfer a power of 350W through an air-gap of 110mm
with an efficiency of 70% [8]. However, although high power transfer capability is required in the EVs batteries
charging, little attention has been paid to the selection criteria of the plate configuration to enhance the parameters
Cm, and k. In this paper, we have analyzed the effects of the ring and square plates configurations on the parameters
Cm and k, in a unipolar CPT system. Also, all possible misalignment cases influence on the CPT performance and
the compatibility between the plates configurations are investigated.

2. Methodology

The unipolar capacitive coupler consists of two plates: a transmitter plate and receiver plate. In the EV CPT
batteries charger, the transmitter plate is usually placed under the EV. The receiver plate is fixed at the bottom of the
EV. The EV chassis and ground will be considered as conductive plates during the analysis of the unipolar CPT
system.
The capacitive coupler parameters Cm and k are usually calculated by using the electric field finite element
analysis (FEA) in the ANSYS Maxwell software [9]. The copper material was chosen to represent the transmitter
and receiver plates during this analysis. In practice, the plates are coated with a dielectric material for purpose of
isolation and enhancing the Cm value [10]. Here, the dielectric was considered as air.
This study analyzes and compares the ring and the square plates configurations and the compatibility between
them in a unipolar CPT system for the EV batteries charging. This aiming to identify which structure has high values
of Cm and k, and test the immunity of each plate configuration to a misalignment. In this work, four misalignments
cases were considered: vertical, lateral, angular, and rotational. Our aim was to study the effect of a misalignment on
the parameters Cm and k. These geometrical parameters can be used to predict the behavior and the power transfer
capability of the CPT. The power transfer capability is affected also by the quality factor (Q) which is a function of
the frequency and compensation resonant topology [7]. The interoperability the plates configuration was analyzed.
The investigation involved fixed transmitter plate area and different receiver plate area and/or configuration. The
interoperability investigation was aiming to study the compatibility between the similar and different plates
configurations.

2.1. System structure

The unipolar CPT system structure for the EV batteries charging is shown in Fig. 1, where d, d1, and d2 are the
air-gap between P2 and P4, P1 and P2, and between P3 and P4, respectively; C12, C14, C23 and C34, are parasitic
420 Mohammed Al-Saadi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 418–425
Mohammed AL-SAADI et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 3

capacitances which are arising in the system between the transmitter plate (P2) and ground (P1), receiver plate (P4)
and P1, P2 and chassis (P3), and between P4 and P3, respectively. The equivalent useful capacitance is Cm. The Cm is
given by equations (1). The relation between Cm and k is described by equation (2) [1], the C1 and C2 are self-
capacitances of the transmitter and receiver sides, respectively.
𝐶𝐶13 𝐶𝐶24 − 𝐶𝐶14 𝐶𝐶23
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = (1)
𝐶𝐶13 + 𝐶𝐶14 + 𝐶𝐶23 + 𝐶𝐶24

𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑘 = (2)
�𝐶𝐶1 . 𝐶𝐶2

Chassis P3
C34 d2
P4 C13
C23 C24 C14
P2
C12 d1
Ground P1

Utility grid Filters

Battery Compensation
Rectifier circuit
pack
Inverter Rectifier Parasitic
P4 Chassis
Capacitance P2 Ground

Compensa-
Power cable
tion circuit

Fig. 1. Unipolar capacitive wireless power transfer system.

The system is shown in Fig. 1 consists of an off-board part (i.e. transmitter side) and onboard part (i.e. receiver
side). The transmitter side is composed of: filters which block the harmonics injected back into the electrical utility
grid, followed by a rectifier, and an inverter which provides a high voltage at high frequency to trigger the P2
through a power cable. The receiver side consists of P4, a compensation circuit, and a half/full bridge rectifier which
delivers the DC electric power to the EV batteries [3]. The purpose of a compensation circuit in the transmitter and
receiver sides to improve the overall system performance [11].

2.2. Plates configurations

The ring and square plates configurations are analysed in this paper. The ring plate has an outer radius r2, and an
inner radius r1, and the square plate has a dimension (L), as shown in Fig. 2. Despite the P1 and P3 configurations,
when the P2 and P4 are rings, a ring coupler is formed. Similarly, if the P2 and P4 are squares, a square coupler is
formed. If the P2 is ring and P4 is square or vice versa, a hybrid coupler is formed.

a b

r2
r1

Fig. 2. Plate configurations; (a) ring; (b) square.

 Mohammed Al-Saadi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 418–425 421
4 Mohammed AL-SAADI et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

2.3. Plates modeling and spacing

As mentioned earlier, the copper was chosen to model the plates P2 and P4. The dielectric between all plates was
modelled as air. The plates placed along the x-axis during the 3D electric field FEA, with dimensions and spacing
for the system depicted in Fig. 1, are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Plates dimension and spacing.
Parameter Description Value (cm)
P2 Transmitter plate 40x40x0.1
P4 Receiver plate 40x40x0.1
P3 Chassis plate 150x100x0.2
P1 Ground plate 150x100x0.2
d Air-gap between P2 and P4 10
d1 Air-gap between P1 and P2 4
d2 Air-gap between P3 and P4 4

2.4. Misalignment

The misalignment is a relative movement of the receiver module (i.e. EV) with respect to a charger [3]. The P1
and P2 are fixed into the ground side, whereas P4 is fixed under the bottom of the vehicle and it is movable
according to the vehicle condition. However, the P4 and P3 are moving together with same distance and/or angle.
The normal case is that in which all plates have been aligned. During static or dynamic charging, an air-gap
variation (or vertical misalignment, △d), lateral misalignment (△l), angular misalignment with angle 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼, or rotational
misalignment with angle θ, probably happening between the transmitter and receiver modules. The four possible
interfaces between the transmitter module (which includes P1 and P2) and receiver module (which includes P4 and
P3) are shown in (Fig. 3). The lateral and rotational misalignments are the most probably to happen in the practical
condition.

a b c d
Receiver module
△l θ
△d Receiver module
Receiver module 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 Receiver module
d d d d
Transmitter module Transmitter module Transmitter module Transmitter module

Fig. 3. Misalignment cases; (a) vertical; (b) lateral; (c) angular; (d) rotational.

3. Simulation results and discussion

The results of the FEA electric field calculation are presented in the sections 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 for identical plates
configurations i.e. P2 and P4 are identical. In literature, only square plates were used in the unipolar CPT systems
[8]. In this section, the ring coupler and square coupler are investigated at four misalignment cases; the behaviour of
both configurations was compared. Besides, the interoperability between the plates configurations is investigated.
The highest Cm and k would be a desirable outcome. These parameters are desired to be a constant during a battery
charging.

3.1. Ring radii ratio

A unipolar CPT system with ring plates P2 and P4 have been analysed. There is an infinite number of
combinations of r1 and r2 for a specified area. To get an optimum value for Cm and k, different radii ratio (r1/r2) for
422 Mohammed Al-Saadi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 418–425
Mohammed AL-SAADI et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 5

some areas (i.e. 800, 1600 and 2400cm2) were analysed. A disc plate can be obtained when r1=0. To investigate the
effect of the radii ratio (r1/r2) on the Cm and k for the same area, the simulations results were conducted at three
different areas. The electric field analysis results are shown in Fig. 4.
As it can be seen in the Fig. 4, for a constant plates area, the Cm stills increasing as the r1/r2 increases. The
maximum value of Cm is obtained at larger plates area, i.e. 2400cm2. On the other hand, the k is slightly decreasing
as r1/r2 increases for a constant plates area; the maximum value of k is obtained at the area of 1600cm2 and radii
ratio r1/r2 of 0. The plates with the minimum area (i.e. 800cm2) showed better immunity of k to the r1/r2 variation
among the other areas. The rest of the analysis will be carried out at area 1600cm2, r1/r2=0.46 i.e. r1=20cm,
r2=42.57cm.

30 0.25

25 0.2
20
0.15
Cm(pF)

15

k
0.1
10 Cm, A=800
Cm, A=1600
Cm, A=2400 0.05
5 k, A=800
k, A=1600
0 k, A=2400 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
r1/r2
Fig. 4. Effect of r1/r2 variation of ring coupler on the Cm and k, at d=10cm.

3.2. Vertical and lateral misalignments

In this section, the effect of △d on the Cm and k is illustrated in Fig. (5a). The △l along the y-axis has the higher
impact on the Cm and k than the one along the x-axis, that is because of the coupling area between P1 and P3
decreases along the y-axis greater than that of the x-axis. However, only the △l along the y-axis is presented here.
To study the effect of plates dimension with the same plates area on the Cm and k at △l condition, a rectangular
coupler with a dimension for each plate of 32x50cm (i.e. A=1600cm2) is also presented in Fig. (5b).

a 50 0.35 b 30 0.25
Cm, ring
45 Cm, ring Cm, square
Cm, square 0.3 25 Cm, rectangular
40 k, ring 0.2
k, ring
35 0.25 k, square
k, square 20 k, rectangular
30 0.2 0.15
Cm(pF)

Cm(pF)

25 15
k

20 0.15
0.1
15 0.1 10
10 0.05
0.05 5
5
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
△d (cm) △l (cm)

Fig. 5. Effect of misalignment on the Cm and k a) vertical misalignment; b) lateral misalignment along the y-axis at d=10cm.

As can be seen from Fig. 5a, when the △d increases, the Cm and k are sharply declining for the ring and square
couplers. Both couplers showed the similar response of Cm to the △d. However, the k of the ring coupler is a little
 Mohammed Al-Saadi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 418–425 423
6 Mohammed AL-SAADI et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

bit higher than that of the square one. The Cm of the ring coupler is extremely higher than that of the square one, that
is because of fringing capacitance due to the hole in the ring plates i.e. r1.
The Fig. 5b showed that the Cm and k are significantly decreasing of both couplers in the case of △l. Based on
this approach, at △l=20cm the Cm declined from 24pF, 12pF to 14pF and 7pF for the ring and square couplers,
respectively. On the other hand, the k decreased from 0.15, 0.19 to 0.09 and 0.11 for the ring and square couplers,
respectively. The response of the square plates to △l, along the y-axis, was slightly improved, when the plates were
made of the dimension along y-axis higher than that of the x-axis (i.e. 32x50cm2) for the same plate area (i.e.
1600cm2). All configurations showed the same response to △l. However, the △d has the higher negative impact on
the Cm and k than that of the △l.

3.3. Angular and rotational misalignment

In this section, the angular and rotational misalignment were investigated. The angular misalignment along the x-
axis only researched, since it has an impact higher than the one along the y-axis. That is because of P1 and P3
becomes closer in the angular misalignment along the x-axis than that along the y-axis. The electric field analysis
results are shown in (Fig. 6).

a 35 0.4 b 30 0.25
30 0.35
25 0.2
25 0.3
20
0.25 0.15
20
Cm (pF)
Cm(pF)

0.2 15
k

k
15 0.1
0.15
Cm, ring 10 Cm, ring
10 0.1
Cm, square Cm, square 0.05
5 k, ring 5 k, ring
0.05
k, square k, square
0 0 0 0
0 5 10 15 0 50 100
α (deg)
θ (deg)

Fig. 6. Effect of misalignment of the ring and square couplers at A=1600cm2, d=10cm; a) angular misalignment; b) rotational misalignment.

As can be seen from Fig. 6a, the Cm and k response of the ring and square configurations are significantly
different. For the ring plates, the obtained outcomes showed that the Cm and k are slight increasing as the α
increases, whereas for the square plates, the Cm and k are approximately constant with 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 variation, For the ring and
square couplers in a unipolar CPT system, the Cm and k are almost unaffected by θ, as can be seen from Fig. 6b.
The sensitivity of the ring and square couplers in a unipolar CPT system to each misalignment condition in terms
of Cm and k are listed in Table 2.
Table 2: Misalignment sensitivity of the ring and square couplers.
Vertical Lateral Angular Rotational

Ring very sensitive slightly insensitive

sensitive insensitive
Square very sensitive insensitive insensitive
sensitive

3.4. Interoperability

The interoperability of the charge plates means that the receiver plate can be charged with a different transmitter
plate area and/or configuration. It is a fundamental matter for the commercial wireless capacitive charging [12]. The
essential purpose of studying interoperability is to investigate the compatibility between the plates in a CPT system.
424 Mohammed Al-Saadi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 418–425
Mohammed AL-SAADI et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 7

The compatibility between the capacitively coupled plates that is formed a hybrid coupler (i.e. P2 and P4 are of
different configurations). Based on this approach, the compatibility of the ring plate as P2 with radii ratio of
r1/r2=0.46 i.e. r1=20cm, r2=42.57cm was examined at d=10cm with the followings plates as P4: ring plate with
r1=20cm and variable r2; disc plate with r1=0cm and variable r2; square plates of variables area, the electric field
analysis results are illustrated in Fig. 7a. Furthermore, the compatibility of the square plate as P2 was examined with
the followings plates as P4: ring plate with r1=20cm and variable r2; disc plate with r1=0cm and variable r2; square
plates of variables area, the results illustrated in Fig. 7b. The dimension of the EV chassis and ground plates are
constant during the electric field analysis as it is listed in Table 1.

a 30 0.25 b
Cm, ring 16 0.25
Cm, disc
25 Cm, square 14
0.2
k, ring 0.2
12
20 k, disc
k, square 0.15 10 0.15
Cm(pF)

Cm(pF)
15
k
8

k
0.1
6 0.1
10

0.05 4
5 Cm, square Cm, disc 0.05
2 Cm, ring k, square
0 0 k, disc k, ring
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Receiver plate (P4) area (cm2) Receiver plate (P4) area (cm2)

Fig. 7. Interoperability between the plates configurations with constant transmitter plate (P2) area of 1600cm2 and variable receiver plate (P4)
area; a) ring plate as a transmitter; b) square plate as a transmitter.

As can be seen in the Fig. 7a, the best compatibility of the ring plate as P2 was obtained with a similar ring plate
as P4. As can be observed from the Fig. 7b, the best compatibility of the square plate as P2 was obtained with a
square plate or a disc plate as P4.
The compatibility evaluation between different charge plates configurations in a unipolar CPT system in terms of
Cm and k, are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Compatibility between the transmitter and receiver plates.

Ring Square disc

Ring good poor poor

Square fine good good

4. Conclusion

Power capacitive coupler can be realized with the ring, square or rectangular plates. The representative
parameters for the different capacitive coupler configurations are coupling capacitance and coefficient.
The aim of the present research was to examine the ring and square plates configurations in a unipolar CPT
system for EV charging. The misalignments results of both configurations were compared. This study has identified
that the square coupler has better angular misalignment than the ring one. The second major finding was that both
couplers have a good immunity to the rotational misalignments. These findings suggest that the plate configuration
plays a pivotal role in the CPT system evaluation.
 Mohammed Al-Saadi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 418–425 425
8 Mohammed AL-SAADI et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

The second aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility between the plates configurations with
similar/different configurations and/or areas. The results of this study indicate that the square plates configuration
showed good compatibility with square and disc plates configurations. These findings will be of interest for the
commercial wireless capacitive charging.

References

[1] Rozario D. Design of Contactless Capacitive Power Transfer Systems for Battery Charging Applications. 2016; 1–115.
[2] Rahman FKA, Saat S, Yusop Y, et al. Design and analysis of capacitive power transfer system with and without the impedance matching
circuit. Int J Power Electron Drive Syst 2017; 8: 1260–1273.
[3] Mohammed AL-SAADI, Ali AL-OMARI, Sarab AL-CHLAIHAWI, Ammar AL-GIZI, Aurelian CRACIUNESCU. Inductive Power
Transfer for Charging the Electric Vehicle Batteries. EEA2018; vol.66, no.4.(Accepted paper)
[4] Kannan R, Aizuddin M, Romlie MF. Design and implementation of material characteristics for capacitive coupling wireless power transfer
system. Int J Appl Eng Res 2017; 12: 797–803.
[5] Mohammed AL-SAADI, Layth AL-BAHRANI, Mustafa AL-QAISI, Sarab AL-CHLAIHAWI, Aurelian CRACIUNESCU. Capacitive
Power Transfer for Wireless Batteries Charging. EEA; vol.66, no.4.(Accepted paper)
[6] Sirbu IG, Mandache L, Smaranda AC. Analysis of the misalignment in a capacitively coupled contactless power transfer system. 2014 Int
Symp Fundam Electr Eng ISFEE 2014. Epub ahead of print 2015. DOI: 10.1109/ISFEE.2014.7050585.
[7] Zou LJ, Hu AP, Su YG. A single-wire capacitive power transfer system with large coupling alignment tolerance. 2017 IEEE PELS Work
Emerg Technol Wirel Power Transf WoW 2017 2017; 93–98.
[8] Lu F, Zhang H, Mi C. A Two-Plate Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications. IEEE Trans
Power Electron 2018; 33: 964–969.
[9] Maxwell 3D. 2010, https://www.ansys.com/products/electronics/ansys-maxwell.
[10] Huang L, Hu a P, Swain a, et al. An overview of capacitively coupled power transfer ; A new contactless power transfer solution. Ind
Electron Appl (ICIEA), 2013 8\textsuperscript{th} IEEE Conf 2013; 461–465.
[11] Mohammed AL-SAADI, Ammar IBRAHIM, Ali AL-OMARI, Ammar AL-GIZI, Aurelian CRACIUNESCU. Analysis and Comparison of
Resonance Topologies in 6.6kW Wireless Inductive Charging for Electric Vehicles Batteries. In: 12th International Conference on
Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Tîrgu-Mureş, Romania: Procedia Manufacturing, 2018.
[12] Bosshard R, Kolar JW. Inductive Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging. IEEE Power Electron Mag 2016; 22–30.