MODIFIER

A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that provides description in sentences. Another definition in short,
a modifier is a describer. A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that describes another word, phrase, or clause.
1. Adjective, for examples: pretty, high, bitter.
2. Adjective Clause, for examples: who is singing on the stage, whose car is Ferrari.
3. Adverb, for examples: loudly, beautifully, friendly.
4. Adverb Clause, for examples: wherever she is, until he graduates from university.
5. Absolute Phrase, for examples: the train running late, his hands tugging on his mother’s shirttail, her voice
floating over the crowd.
6. Infinitive Phrase, for examples: to read a book, to walk around the park.
7. Participle Phrase, for examples: dining with the Bennets, carrying some oranges.
8. Prepositional Phrase, for examples: by doing, in the kitchen, before the dark.

A. Adjective Clause
A Clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate (or a verb).
There are two types of clauses:
1. Main (Independent) Clause is a complete sentence. It can stand alone and expresses a complete thought.
Examples:
a. I want some cereal.
b. Marie likes cats.
c. Joseph is a good soccer player.
2. Subordinate (Dependent) Clause contains a subject and a predicate, but it does not express a complete
thought and must be joined with an independent clause to be grammatically correct.
Examples:
a. When it is raining
b. Because you were late
c. Before you go to bed
Together with a main clause, a subordinate clause forms part of a Complex Sentence.
Here are two examples of sentences containing subordinate clauses:

After we have lunch, we will back to work.

[subordinate clause] [main clause]

You were sleeping when she arrived

[subordinate clause] [main clause]

There are three main types of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.

Adjective Clause is a dependent clause which has function as an adjective (to explain or describe a noun)
in a sentence. An adjective clause usually begins with the following relative pronouns.
1. Who is used for a person in the Subject Position.
Example: The women who just called me is my mother.
2. Whom is used for a person in the Object Position.
Example: The boy whom you asked for help is Jonathan.
3. Whose is used for a possessive pronoun.
Example: Jane whose hair is red got a free concert ticket.
4. Which is used for a noun in the Subject or Object Position.
Example: The car which is parked in front of my house belongs to my brother.
5. That can be used for a person or a noun in the Subject or Object Position.
Example: Milea that gave me the direction to the city park has just got accident.
B. Prepositional Phrase
A Phrase is any grouping of words that does not contain a subject and a verb. It is not a sentence because
it is not a complete idea with a subject and verb. A phrase is commonly characterized as a grammatical unit at a
level between a word and a clause. Common types of phrases are: noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial
phrase, prepositional phrase, infinitive phrase, gerund phrase, participial phrase, appositive phrase and
absolute phrase

Prepositional Phrase is a phrase made up of a preposition followed by a noun or pronoun. Here are the
formulas to form a prepositional phrase.

Preposition + Noun/Pronoun/Gerund/Clause

Example:
1. At home : at = preposition; home = noun
2. From you : from = preposition; you = pronoun
3. By learning : by = preposition; learning = gerund
4. For what you have done : for = preposition; what you have done = clause

Preposition + Modifier(s) + Noun/Pronoun/Gerund/Clause

Example:
1. On the wet floor : on =preposition; the, wet = modifier; floor = noun
2. Before crazily shopping : before = preposition; crazily = modifier; shopping = gerund
3. Into your heart : into = preposition; your = modifier; heart = noun

A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb.

1. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question “Which one?”
Example:
A : My dress in the basket was torn when I washed it using washing machine yesterday.
B : Which dress?
A : The one in the basket.
2. As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as “How?”, “ When?” or “Where?”
Example:
A : When did Amber ignore the dirty dishes?
B : After breakfast!

We use prepositional phrase for many purposes, for example:

1. As adverbials of time and place:
- We will back in a few days.
- They drove to Texas.
2. As a post modifier in a noun phrase:
- Helen is the girl in the red dress.
- We’ve got a new television with a thirty one inch screen.
3. To show who did something:
- The lion was killed by the hunter.
- I saw a wonderful painting by Van Gogh.
4. With double object verbs like give and get:
- We gave five pounds to the woman on the corner.
- They got a drink for me.
5. After certain verbs, nouns and adjectives:
- The book belongs to me.
- I had an argument with my brother.
Task 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct relative pronoun!
Example: The people who live on the island are very friendly.
1. Roland ………. eyes are green looks so cute in that black coat.
2. The thief ………. robbed my neighbor’s house has been put in jail.
3. The chair ………. is put in the terrace is repainted by Uncle Jim.
4. The doctor ………. I told you about is friendly.
5. The dog ………. is chasing the squirrels belongs to Alex.

Task 2
Provide the suitable adjective clauses to fill the blanks in the sentences below!
Example: The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
1. The car _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ belongs to my neighbor. (which)
2. I don’t know the man _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (who)
3. Elsa _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is always late. (whose)
4. The woman _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gave me some information. (whom)
5. Diana wore the shoes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (that)

Task 3
Combine the two sentences using relative pronoun!
Example: I like the person. The person was nice to me.
I like the person who was nice to me.

1. The boy is my brother. You just complimented him.

________________________________________

2. The teacher is Mr. Agus. He has punished some students.

________________________________________

3. The tall man is my uncle. His car is parked under the tree.
________________________________________

4. The gun was only a toy. It was on the table.

________________________________________

5. The letter was from Maria. It came yesterday.

________________________________________

Task 4
Choose a, b, c or d for the correct answer to the following questions!
1. Some students go to school .... car.
a. in b. on c. by d. at
2. The picture is ....the wall.
a. at b. near c. on d. in
3. The little girl is hidding ....
a. on the bushes b. behind the bushes c. with the bushes d. above the bushes
4. Kediri is famous .... its Jaranan.
a. of b. from c. for d. in
5. My sister is interested .... keroncong music.
a. with b. of c. at d. in
6. Why are you looking .... me like that?
a. at b. on c. to d. by
7. You'd better look it .... in the dictionary.
a. up b. down c. on d. through
8. We must stay .... the track.
a. an b. at c. on d. to
9. Lina came here for ....
a. to borrow a book b. a book c. borrowing a book d. in order to a book
10. Sinta : "Which soldier is kind and handsome?"
Luna : "The soldier .... is kind and handsome."
a. on the office b. after the office c. is in the office d. in the office