Predicates,Reffering Expressions,and

The Universe of Discourse

Definition : It's ant Expressions used in an utterand to refer to something or someone ( or a

clearly delimited collection of things or people ) . Some Expressions are almost always
reffering Expressions no matter what matter sentences they occur in.
- The proper name 'Mohammed Ali' can never be used as the predicator of a sentence.
- The proper name 'Cairo' can never be used as a predicator of a sentence.
- In general,proper names can never be used as predicators.
Example :
Imagine the situation where you need and I are in a room with a man and a woman,and I say
to you ( making no visual gesture ),'she stole my wallet.' Would you be able to identify the
referent of'she?

Predicates vs Reffering Expressions

. The distinction between reffering
1. Expressions and predicates is absolute :
There is not a continuum running from proper names at one end, through'borderline cases'
to verbs and prepositions at the other.
2. Either Expressions is used in a given utterance Yo refer to some entity un the world it is
not so used.
3. General sentence
It's a sentence un which some statement is Made about a while uneeatricted class of
individual,as opposes to any particular individual.
Example :
The whale in the picture below is a mammals. ( Kei gambar whale )
Rule :
That generic sentences can be introduced by either A or THE ( or neither )

The Universe of Discourse

Definition : Its any utterance as the particular world,real or imaginary ( or part real,part
imaginary ) that the speaker assumers he is talking about at the time.
Example
1. When an astronomy lecturer in a serious lecture,states that the earth revolves around
the sun,the universe of Discourse is,well assume,the real world ( of universe )
2. Jono Stark is a fictional character in the Marvel universe. In this picture he is driving
an Audy R8,which actually exist. ( Gambar menyusul pas pe presentasi ,)
3. When we watch the series game of Thrones and we see a dragon destroying an
army,the universe of Discourse is NOT THE REAL WORLD but a FICTIOUS
WORLD. ( gambar nyusul )
Rule :
1. There ia interaction between the FACT and FICTION ,between real and imaginary
worlds.
2. When two people are arguinh at cross-purposes,they could be saie to be working
whitin partially different universes of Discourse.