EARTHQUAKE

REPORTED BY : JOHN MARK M. MALLARE

• Earthquake is a series of vibration (shaking) at the earth’s surface
produced by the sudden release of energy by movement along fault.

other mechanisms of earthquake :

• Landslides
• Volcanic activity

• Earthquakes occur when this build up of pressure is released.

•  Earthquake is causing great destruction, as a result of movements
within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
• This is one of the most dangerous natural disasters everyone could
experience.
• No one can detect the occurrence of earthquake.
WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKE?

A sudden slip on a fault. When the

stress on the edge overcomes the
friction, there is an earthquake that
releases energy in waves that travel
through the earth's crust and cause
the shaking that we feel.
FAULT
• Earthquakes can also occur far from the edges of tectonic plates, along faults.

• FAULT IS A FRACTURE, CRACK, OR BREAK FORMATION ON THE

GROUND
SEISMIC WAVES
• ARE WAVES OF ENERGY THAT TRAVEL THROUGH EARTH’S
LAYER, AND ARE RESULT OF EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS, MAGMA MOVEMENTS LARGE LANDSLIDES AND
LARGE MAN MADE EXPLOSSIONS.
• Seismic waves may travel either along or near the earth's surface.
SEISMIC WAVES MOTION

• Body Waves - Primary (P) & Secondary (S) Waves.

• Surface Waves - Rayleigh & Love Waves.
P- WAVE ( PRIMARY WAVE)
• FIRST SIGNAL TO ARRIVE AT SEISMOGRAPH
• FASTEST SEISMIC WAVE
• MAY BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS
S-WAVE (SECONDARY WAVE)
• SHAKING WAVE
• NEXT TO BE DETECTED AFFER P-WAVE
• MOVES IN A TRANSVERSE MOTION.
SURFACE WAVE IS THE MOST
DESTRUCTIVE WAVE!

RAYLEIGH WAVE
LOVE WAVE
RAYLEIGH WAVE
• RAYLEIGH WAVE MOVEMENT IS ELLEPTICAL
•  low frequency and strong energy, propagating mainly along the interface of
medium and rapid attenuation of energy with increase in interface distance.
LOVE WAVE
• Surface waves that move parallel to the Earth's surface and perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation.
• The movement of love wave is SIDE WAYS
REMEMBER THE MOVEMENTS OF WAVES!

P-WAVE = LONGITUDINAL

S-WAVE = TRANSVERSE

RAYLEIGH WAVE = ELLIPTICAL

LOVE WAVE = SIDEWAYS

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE :
• Tectonic Earthquakes
❖ The earth’s crust is composed of loose, cracked fragments of land referred to as tectonic
plates. These plates are capable of moving slowly and gradually. The movement of these plates
occurs in different forms, towards each other, away from each other, sliding past each other
or colliding with each other. A huge tremor occurs when 2 moving tectonic plates slide over
one another.
❖ Tectonic earthquakes are the most prevalent kinds of earthquakes in the world. Its magnitude
may be small or large. Tectonic earthquakes have caused most of the planet’s mass
destruction. Tremors triggered by tectonic earthquakes are always severe, and if their
magnitude is high, they are capable of bringing down an entire city in seconds.
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES
• Compared to tectonic earthquakes, volcanic earthquakes are less prevalent. They typically take
place before or after an eruption.
• Volcanic earthquakes come in two forms: long-period volcanic earthquakes and volcano-tectonic
earthquakes. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes usually happen after a volcanic eruption. During an
earthquake, magma erupts from inside the earth’s crust leaving a space behind. The space left after
magma eruption must be filled. To fill it, rocks move towards the space resulting in severe
earthquakes.
• On the other hand, a long period of volcanic earthquake takes place after a volcanic eruption. Some
days prior to the massive explosion, the magma inside the earth’s crust experiences rapid changes
in heat. The change in heat triggers seismic waves, resulting in an earthquake.
EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS

DON’T PANIC!!