Hazard - A dangerous phenomenon, substance,
human activity or condition that may cause loss of
life, injury or other health impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social
and economic disruption, or environmental
damage.
Disaster - A serious disruption of the functioning of
a community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic, or environmental
losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own
resources.
Natural Hazards - Naturally-occurring physical
phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset
events
Manmade Hazards - A hazard originating from
technological or industrial conditions, including
accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructure
failures, or specific human activities.
Biological Hazard - Process or phenomenon of
organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors/
agents, including exposure to pathogenic
microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances
Geological Hazard - Geological process or
phenomenon
Hydro meteorological Hazard - Process or
phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature
Disaster Risk = Exposure to natural or man-made
hazards x vulnerability over Capacity to Cope
Disaster Risk factors are variables that either
aggravate or mitigate the effects of hazards,
affecting the degree or scope of a disaster.
 Physical factors would pertain to tangible
objects or infrastructure, like the availability
of fire exits, or the sturdiness of the building,
or the presence or absence of objects that
can harm you or help you, etc.
 Psychological factors include state of
mental capacity and health (e.g. are we
dealing with babies? Kids? Adults? People
with special needs?), perception of self (e.g.
self-assessment of capability to respond to
disasters, fear), etc.
 Socio-cultural factors include religion,
social status, traditions, perception by
society, etc.
 Economic factors include assets and
liabilities, income, economic class, etc.
 Political factors include government
structure, diplomatic issues, etc.
 Biological factors include flora and fauna
in environment, health, diseases, etc
Republic Act no. 10121 – Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Act
Risk - the possibility that something bad or
unpleasant (such as an injury or a loss) will happen
Risk - interaction between exposure to natural
hazards including the adverse effects of climate
changes and the vulnerability of societies. (World
Risk Report)
Capacity – combination of all the strengths,
attributes and resources available within a
community that can be used to achieve agreed
goals
Resilience – ability of persons, communities and
societies to resist, absorb, accommodate to and
recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and
efficient manner
Vulnerability – characteristics and circumstances
of a community, system or asset that make it
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard
Types of Vulnerability
 Physical Vulnerability may be determined
by aspects such as population density
levels, remoteness of a settlement, the site,
design and materials used for critical
infrastructure and for housing
 Social Vulnerability refers to the inability of
people, organizations and societies to
withstand adverse impacts to hazards due
to characteristics inherent in social
interactions, institutions and systems of
cultural values. It is linked to the level of well
being of individuals, communities and
society. It includes aspects related to levels
of literacy and education, the existence of
peace and security, access to basic human
rights, systems of good governance, social
equity, positive traditional values, customs
and ideological beliefs and overall collective
organizational systems
 Economic Vulnerability. The level of
vulnerability is highly dependent upon the
 economic status of individuals, communities
and nations The poor are usually more
vulnerable to disasters because they lack
the resources to build sturdy structures and
put other engineering measures in place to
protect themselves from being negatively
impacted by disasters.
 Environmental Vulnerability. Natural
resource depletion and resource
degradation are key aspects of
environmental vulnerability.
Quantifying vulnerability – quantifying the
tangible aspects of vulnerability and loss is useful in
estimating more precisely how much mitigation and
preparedness measures shall be applied
Reasons why certain sectors of society are
more vulnerable to disasters than others
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
 Population density – the more dense
population, the more efficient response
should be
 Age population – very old and very young
populations are less mobile and able to
respond to hazard events well
 Distribution of population – consider
human settlement planning and relocation
activities of government
SOCIO – ECONOMIC FACTORS
 Wealth – low income population are less
likely to be prepared
 Education – instruct populations how to
deal with hazard events
 Nature of Society – efficient emergency
response is the result of careful planning
and training
 Understanding of the area – struggle to
cope with hazard effects in the area
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
 Building codes – protect most buildings
from collapse
 Scientific monitoring and early warning
systems - prepare people for the onslaught
of any disaster
 Communication networks – allow
messages to be quickly shared
 Emergency planning – preparation is the
key element to prevention
DEALING WITH AFTER EFFECTS
 Insurance cover – to mitigate their loses
 Emergency personnel – trained for
emergency preparedness
 Aid request – outside help in the form of
humanitarian aid
Physical elements exposed to various hazards
 Essential Facilities – health and welfare of
whole population
 Industrial and high Potential loss
facilities/ Facilities containing hazardous
materials – producing industrial and
hazardous materials
 Transportation lifelines – infrastructural
network of transportation
 Utility lifelines – facilities and distribution
lines
Types of Hazards
 Atmospheric / meteorological
 Hydrologic
 Geologic
 Biologic
 Technologic
Types of Hazard Impacts
 Physical impact
 Psychological
 Socio – cultural
 Economic
 Environmental
 Biological
Earthquake - feeble shaking to violent trembling of
the ground produced by the sudden displacement
of rocks or rock materials below the earth’s surface
Fault - refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of
weakness where movement or displacement has
occurred or may occur again
Ground shaking - disruptive up-down and
sideways movement or motion experienced during
an earthquake.
Ground rupture - displacement on the ground due
to movement of fault
Tsunami - sea waves resulting from the
disturbance of ocean floor by an earthquake
Liquefaction - is a process that transforms the
behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid
to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely
intense shaking
Earthquake-induced landslide - failures in steep
or hilly slopes triggered by an earthquake
Local tsunamis are confined to coasts within a
hundred kilometers of the source usually
earthquakes and a landslide or a pyroclastic flow. It
can reach the shoreline within 2 to 5 minutes
Far field or distant tsunamis can travel from 1 to
24 hours before reaching the coast of the nearby
countries
Tsunami Signs:
 Animal Behavior
 Drawback
Magnitude of an earthquake refers to the amount
of energy released, measured by the amount of
ground displacement or shaking.
Intensity is the strength of an earthquake as
perceived and felt by people in a certain locality
WTD Earthquake: Dock, Cover, Hold
Elastic rebound theory – elastic strain energy
builds up in deforming rocks on either side of the
fault
Types of Seismic Waves
 P waves
 S waves
 Surface waves
Body waves – travel through rocks below the earth
surface
Surface waves – radiate out from rupturing fault;
travel slower than two seismic waves
Velocity – product of frequency and amplitude in
seismic waves
Acceleration – rate of change of velocity as
expressed as a ratio of gravity
Ground shaking intensity depends on:
 Magnitude
 Depth of focus
 Distance from epicentre
 Duration of shaking
Peak ground acceleration – expressed as a
ratio or percentage of g (acceleration of gravity
1g = 9.81 m/s² = 981 gal
 0.001g – perceptible by people
 0.1g – sufficient to produce some
damage
 01. To 0.2 – difficulty in balance
 1.0g – stretches close to surface
ruptures; cause total destruction of
building
Horizontal component – most destructive
Shear and Love waves – both destructive; both
horizontal component
Type of Liquefaction features
 Flow failures – most dangerous type of
ground failure; 3 degrees
 Lateral spreads – less than 3 degrees
 Ground oscillation – sand blows (conical
shaped mounds of sand)
 Loss of bearing strength – tilting of
houses and floating buoyant structures at
liquefied zones
Settlement – vertical readjustment within liquefied
zones
Earthquake – induced subsidence
Liquefaction related settlement – vertical
readjustments due to liquefaction features
Tectonic subsidence – significant subsidence
often accompany the ground rupture process
Velocity Frequency Amplitude
High High Low
Low Low High
TYPES OF FAULT
Normal Fault – mainly downward movement of the
ground across the fault called hanging wall
Thrust Fault – upward movement of hanging wall
Strike slip Fault – dominantly horizontal shifting of
the ground