Name/s ______________________________ Date:

Year and Section: Score: _________________________

How to determine molecular shape of a molecule?
Use: Periodic Table of elements (To use for Electronegativity values) and Table of Features of Molecular shape

Ozone
1. Determine the central atom (if a structure is shown, it is technically placed at the center), a.) the least
electronegative (compare the given element`s electronegativity value, the lower value means least
electronegative (if it`s the same elements, as shown in the example above, look for the atom with least
number of lone pair and/or without double or triple bond) and lastly, it should never be a Hydrogen (H).
Materials: Periodic Table of Elements.
2. Once the central atom is determined, only focus on its surrounding groups to determine the designation of
the molecule and use the formula ABxNy.
3. Basically, subscripts x and y are the only needed values to look for. X is the number of bonding groups,
either single, double or triple bonds connected directly to the central atom. In the given example, there`s
one single bond and one double bond surrounding the central atom O, so x = 2. Then, AB 2Ny. Afterwards,
look for the lone pair there is on the central atom. As shown in the example above, there`s one lone pair so
y = 1. Finally, the designation will be AB2N. (Note: If the subscripts turned out equals to 0 then the
coefficient should be removed, Ex. y = 0, then it will have a designation of AB 2)
4. Look for the designation on the table of features of molecular shape. On the left side of it shows the
Electron Group Geometry (Trigonal Planar) and on the right is its molecular shape (Angular or bent).
Materials: Table of Features of Molecular shape.

How to determine molecular polarity?

Use: Periodic Table of elements (To use for Electronegativity values)

Hydrogen cyanide
1. Identify the central atom and the elements/atom that is directly connected to your central atom. If in any
case, the central atom is the same or identical element to each other just like ozone, know that more lone
pair and having double bond means it`s more electronegative. If there`s 3 different elements just like shown
in hydrogen cyanide, find the most electronegative element and the rest will be least electronegative.

2. Draw the partial charges once the more and least electronegative elements are determined (refer to
electronegativity values and guide on step no. 1). Partial negative charge is drawn anywhere near the most
(or more) electronegative element and Partial positive charge is drawn anywhere near the least
electronegative element. Lastly, dipole moment is illustrated on either top or bottom of the bonds (always
follow how the bond are oriented) and the arrow head should always in direction to the most (or more)
electronegative element.

3. As a molecule, look to where the dipole moments are directed. If it goes to one direction where the
electrons are being pulled to, then it is a POLAR MOLECULE. But, if the arrows cancel out or pointed to
opposite directions then it`s a NONPOLAR MOLECULE.

4. Carefully observed the bonds if it`s exactly oriented along x and y axis, if it`s not just like the ones in
ozone. The arrows should be observed in vectors along x and y axis. If there`s one direction to where
partial negative charge was pointed out, then it becomes a POLAR MOLECULE if neither on both axis
then it`s NONPOLAR MOLECULE. (See illustration below)
Name/s ______________________________ Date:
Year and Section: Score: _________________________

As shown above, along x-axis (red arrows) will cancel out and along the y-axis (blue arrows) it will add up to
one direction which is downward. So, ozone is a polar molecule.
Lastly, note that polar molecules can only be dissolved to other polar molecules and nonpolar molecules to
nonpolar molecules. This is what “like dissolves like” means.

How to determine the Intermolecular forces of Attraction and trend of Physical properties of a
molecule?
REMEMBER: IMFA occur between molecules so there should ALWAYS BE two or more given molecules.
1. Determine what kind of molecule is involved.
a. Ion has a positive and negative side
b. Dipole has a partial positive and partial negative side
c. Induced dipole is for noble gases, and nonpolar molecules (partial charges cancel out)
2. If there is only one molecule shown and is asked to find its IMFA. Then, just identify the kind of molecule
there is and imagine the same molecule will be bonded to it. If there`s two different molecule , individually
determine what kind of molecule are they and refer to the possible IMFA to exist below:

 IMFA from strongest to weakest

a. Ion – ion interaction: Exist between ions (positive charge of one molecule is attracted to the negative
charge of the other molecule and vice versa). Force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
b. Ion – dipole interaction: Exist between an ion and polar molecule (positive charge of one molecule
(ion) is attracted to the partial negative charge of the other polar molecule and vice versa.
c. Hydrogen bonding: Exist between polar molecules containing a hydrogen bonded to any of the most
highly electronegative atom – F, O and N. (Just the presence of Hydrogen and Fluorine, Oxygen and
Nitrogen is not considered H-bonding, F,O,N should be directly bonded to H)
d. Dipole – dipole interaction: Exist between polar molecules due to attraction of partial charges (partial
positive charge of one molecule is attracted to partial negative charge of another molecule and vice
versa). Note that H-bonding may have a dipole-dipole interaction but a dipole-dipole interaction cannot
be considered an H-bonding.
e. Dipole – induced dipole interaction: Exist between polar molecule and nonpolar covalent molecule.
f. Induced dipole – induced dipole interaction also known as “London Dispersion interaction”: exists on
all elements and molecules primarily nonpolar molecules and noble gases. It`s the instantaneous partial
charges of molecules once they interacted.

 Trend of Physical Properties

a. Vapor pressure is inversely proportional to IMFA. Meaning the stronger the attraction the harder it can
be vaporized so the weaker the attraction higher tendency for it to evaporate.
b. Boiling point, melting point, Viscosity and Surface tension is directly proportional to IMFA. The
stronger the attraction means that the harder it is to melt, boil, more viscous and is tightly held together.
 What if the molecules have similar Intermolecular Forces of Attraction?
c. This time, focus on the way it was structured, like if it has longer chains (more atoms bonded to the
central atom) then it means that it could be harder to break apart so seems like a much stronger IMFA.
Name/s ______________________________ Date:
Year and Section: Score: _________________________

Flexible Learning Activity No. 1

Properties and Chemical Structure of Matter

Part 1. Molecular shape and Molecular Polarity

Instructions: Fill in the necessary information needed to complete the table below
LEGEND:
A = central atom, x = no. of bonding groups surrounding A, and y = no. of lone pair
Molecule Designation Molecular shape Molecular polarity
Example: Ozone
A: Oxygen
x: 2 Bent or Angular Polar Molecule
y: 1
AB2N
1. Dihydrogen sulfide

2. Water

3. Methanol

4. Ethanol

5. Carbon tetrachloride

6. Methane

7. Acetic acid

8. Acetone
 Group No. Date:
Year and Section:

Guide question for generalization:

 Given that ozone is a polar molecule, which of the compounds given in Part 1 will likely be
soluble in water? Why?

Part 2. Intermolecular forces of Attraction

Instructions: For each pair of molecules, identify which one has higher boiling point (BP), melting point
(MP), viscosity (V), surface tension (ST), and vapor pressure (VP). Write letter A or B depending on
the given molecule with higher physical properties and briefly explain your choice.

Molecules BP MP V ST VP Explanation
EXAMPLE: Both of them have dipole-
A. dihydrogen sulfide B. water dipole interaction (both are
B B B B A polar molecules) but only
water may have hydrogen
bonding which is
greater/stronger than dipole-
dipole interaction.
A. methanol B. ethanol

A. Carbon tetrachloride B. Methane

A. Acetic Acid B. Acetone

Generalizations:
 Carefully observe the structure of each molecules that are being compared from each other,
what have you observed with the structures and how it affects their property?
Group No. Date:
Year and Section:

Reading references:

STRENGTH OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION (IMFA)

Table 1. Summary of IMFA arranged from strongest to weakest

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1. The vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure exerted by its vapor state; it indicates a
liquid`s evaporation state
2. Boiling point of a liquid refers to the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals
the atmospheric pressure.
3. Melting point refers to the temperature at which its solid and liquid state coexist in equilibrium
4. Viscosity refers to the resistance to flow of a liquid.
5. Surface tension is a measure of the energy required to increase the surface area by a certain
unit amount.
Group No. Date:
Year and Section:

 Boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension rise as the strength of
intermolecular forces increases.
 Vapor pressure rises as the strength of the intermolecular forces decreases.

Guidelines in determining the property of each molecule:

Step 1: Identify each of the compound if it is a molecule (polar or nonpolar) or an ion.
Step 2: Determine the type of interaction involved between each group based from the knowledge if a
compound is a polar molecule, nonpolar molar or exists as ions.
Step 3: Refer to the strength of IMFA ((Refer to Table 1 above).
Step 4: Determine which pair of molecules has higher boiling point (BP), Melting point (MP), viscosity
(V), surface tension (ST), and vapor pressure (VP).