17MT418 INTELLIGENT C

S.No Question
The main point of difference between human & machine intelligence is             .

The function of Axon in biological neural network is            .

2

How does the transmission/pulse acknowledged in biological neural network?

3

The cell body of neuron can be analogous to                 mathamatical operation

4

5 Which is not the advantage of Artificial neural

networks?
A connection between two neurons in sequential layers is called               .
6

7 The speed at which the model changes weights and bias terms with each iteration
is called             .
8 In single layer feedforward network, input layer is         .

9                feedback networks with closed loops.

10 defined as
the input to obtain an exact output. the extra
force or
11 Which is not the processing element of Artificial neural effort
networks? applied over
12 Example of a unsupervised feature map is           .

13 Radial basis function (RBF) networks typically have three layers:

14 Hebb’s rule of learning deals with            .

15 STM in neural network is represented as           .

16 Binary sigmoidal function is represented as           .
17 Supervised learning is also called           .
18 Identify the Unsupervised Learning network:
19 The role of teacher in reinforced learning is           .

20 can
memorize
previous
inputs due to
their

internal memory.
If the change in weight vector is represented by ∆wij, what does it mean?
21

22 Identify the Hebb's Law learning method.

Identify the Artificial neural network components analogous to the given
23 biological neural network
component. a. Soma b. Dentrides c. Synapse d. Axon
24 By increasing the learning rate, the speed of learning is
increased at the cost of           .
25 Sigmoid function is suitable to             .

26 Non linear activation function differs from linear

activation function as it                   .
Identify the suitable network to solve the problem of classifying nonlinearly
27 separable pattern in a hybrid manner

28 Steps for training Radial basis networks are:

29 In a backpropagation algorithm, if the error is too large, then which of the

following is not applicable?

Analyze the general limitations of back propagation rule.

30

31 In an RBF network, (i) Only Nodes in the hidden layer perform the radian basis
transformation function.(ii)Output layer performs the linear combination of the
32 Application of Radial basis function networks is             .

33            network has Long short term memory.

34 In Recurrent Neural Network, the formula for calulating current state is             .
Recurrent Neural Network converts the independent activations into dependent
35 activations by providing
              .
36          is widely used in digital system design.
37 In Fuzzy sets, degree of membership function varies between           .
38 Membership function provides a measure of               .

39 Membership function can be thought of as a technique to solve empirical

40 problems
The room on the basis of            .
temperature is hot. Here the hot (use of linguistic variable is used) can
41 be represented by way to represent uncertainty.
                             is
42 In classical set, A = B represents,

43 The property of Crisp set and Fuzzy set are same except,
44 Fuzzy set whose support is a single point in X with μA
45 (x) =1
The is called
action to take when IF (temperature=Hot) AND
(target=Hot)
Which of the THEN?
following is not true regarding the principles of fuzzy logic ?
46

47 The scope of fuzzy propositions can be extended using             

48 Having two fuzzy sets A˜ and B˜, this property states A˜∪B˜=B˜∪A˜ is
49 converts the
quantities in the fuzzy inference system. fuzzy
50              is a collection of rule base and database is
formed upon the conversion of crisp input into fuzzy input
51 Fuzzy logic is usually represented as                        

The true values of traditional set theory is

52                          and that of fuzzy set is                      
                 is the process if obtaining the overall consequent from the
individual consequent provided by each rule.

Aggregation
53
of rules
 The rules that are connected by “AND” connectives satisfy the Disjunctive
connective system of rules is called            . system of
rules

54

The consequence of a fuzzy rule is computed using the hierarchical Computing

steps                   . the rule
strength,
Clipping the
output
membership
function at
the rule
strength

55
56 In Fuzzy set operation, Union is represented by           . μAuB (x)
= Avg
(μA(x),
μB(x))

57 Let A= {(x1, 0.5), (x2, 0.7), (x3, 0)}, B = {(x1, 0.8), (x2, 0.8, 0.7, 1
0.2), (x3,1)} Find A U B.

Let A= {(x1, 0.4), (x2, 0.6), (x3, 0.2)}, Complement of A is           .

58 0.4, 0.6, 0.2

 The following sequence of steps taken in designing a fuzzy logic Rule
machine evaluation
→
Fuzzification
→
Defuzzificati
on

59

There are about 10 students in a given class whose fluency in

English is high. The quantifier here is           .

60 about 10
 Which of the following is not a part of fuzzy logic Systems
Architecture?

Fuzzification
61
Module

If y is very cool then stop. This statement belongs to             

Assignment
62
statements
 Mamdani fuzzy systems use            as rule consequent whereas fuzzy sets,
Takagi Sugeno fuzzy systems employ                 as rule consequent. non linear
functions of
input
variables

63

"Goto sum." Analyze the statement of the given expression          .

Assignment
64
statements
 For mathematical analysis                inference system is selected.

65 Mamdani

The fuzzy rules in Mamdani FIS are formed

using               statements and            connectives

IF THEN,
66
EXOR/AND

67 Mamdani method was first designed to control A steam

engine and
boiler
combinatio
n

68 The format of Takagi sugeno model is              

69 Analyse the fuzzy model if In f(x,y), if f is a constant.

70

optimization and adaptive techniques.

71 Which term is used for describing the judgmental or
commonsense part of problem solving?
In washing machine,           provides external input signals into the machine from which decisions can be
72 made.
73 The degree of dirt in washing machine is determined by
        .

In the following, which is not the advantage of using fuzzy logic in washing machine?

74

75 Computer-controlled machines that mimic the motor

activities of living things are           .
76 Which among the following represents an illustration of
closed loop system?

77 is the process of finding appropriate

PID controller parameter for
             is capable of optimizing its own internal running parameters in order to maximize or minimize the
78 fulfilment of an objective function.

79 Processes always require some degree of control action

to achieve setpoint.

pH control is the process of adding              substance to a liquid in order to bring the measured pH within a
80 desired range.
81             is used for a pH neutralization process

82 Fuzzy logic is extension of Crisp set with an extension

of handling the concept of             .
83 Ziegler Nichols method is            

84 In Zielger Nichols closed loop method, in PI controller,

85 Value of Kp isascalculated
pH is defined         . using         .

86 Why PI controller is not suitable for pH reactor?

87 Fuzzy logic control is suitable for mobile robots as

obstacle
avoidance,
taget seeking
88 The two basic behaviours of mobile robots are           .
behaviour

The mobile robot has            IR range sensor to

                  . 1, measure
89
speed

90 The inverted pendulum has been used for              . testing

efficacy
of
various
types of
                is an example of a rule based system with Fuzzy logic. If
Temperature
is 30˚,
then Switch
91 on the
Condenser to
80%

Inner drum
is perforated
and allow
water in and
out, Outer
drum stops
92 Analyse why Washing machines have two hubs           . water
leakage

To automate the washing machine, parameters needed are             .

Volume of
93
clothes only

Cost
94 Analyse the reason for using fuzzy logic in washing machine.
effective

Identify Fast, self-regulating processes typically respond well to

95 aggressive control action Nonlinear

96 Analyse the type of pH neutralization         . linear

process
97 In PID controller if proportional gain is increased what increase,
happen to rise time and overshoot? decrease
In PID Controller, in order to reduce overshoot and settling time Proportional
98            should be increased. gain
Hierarchial steps for Ziegler Nichols closed loop
a. Remove integral and derivative action
b. Record gain values and period of osciilation
99 a,b,c,d
c. Plug values into Ziegler Nichols closed loop equation
d. Create small disturbance in the loop
100 In pH titration process, the Fuzzy controller works as a varying gain Fuzzy
controller because               . controller
uses
different
membership
functions for
different
regions of
standard pH

101 The dynamics of an inverted pendulum finds application not in           .

The controller design for an inverted pendulum is difficult because of
102 the                .
103 A physical pendulum finds stability in its inverted
position when driven at the               .
In Robot manipulator, forward kinematics determine
104           .

In Robot manipulator, mathematical model of the robotic arm is necessary to

105 determine               .
106 is the
connection
between the
axon and

other neuron dendrites.

107
Error correction learning is type of            .

108

What is the objective of backpropagation algorithm?

109 The backpropagation law is also known as

110 Membership function can be thought of as a technique to solve empirical

problems on the basis of             
 17MT418 INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM
Option1 Option2 Option3
Human have sense organs Human have more IQ & Human perceive everything as
intellect a pattern while machine
perceive it merely as data

receptors Stimulation Transmission

by lowering electric by raising electric potential

potential of neuron body of neuron body by the sensors

difference differentiator summing

Model non linear and inadequate knowledge is Parallel processing ability

complex relationships sufficient

Sensor Tensor Thershold

Learning rate Bias Weights

partially connected to partially connected to the fully connected to the

the output layer hidden layer output layer
Multilayer feedforward Single layer feedforward
network network Non reccurent networks

Bias weights Activation function

Inputs and outputs weights Activation function

voice recognition image recognition

text recognition

an input layer, a hidden an input layer, a hidden layer an input layer, a hidden layer
layer with a linear RBF with a linear RBF activation with a non-linear RBF
activation function and a function and a linear output activation function and a linear
non- linear output layer. layer. output layer.

the system learns from its the system learns from the system recalls previous
past mistakes prediction reference inputs & respective
ideal outputs

short topology memory stimulated topology stimulated term memory

memory
 1/1+exp(−x) 1/1+exp(x) –1/1+exp(−x)
bias based learning error based learning output based learning
Perceptron Adaline Madaline
To compare target and To reward and penalize To find error
error
Max network Back propagation network Radial basis network

describes the change in describes the change in describes the change in

weight vector for ith weight vector for jth
processing unit, taking processing unit, taking
supervised reinforcement
a. Node b. Input c. a. Weights b. Input c.
Weights d. Output Nodes d. Output
Complex design More number of iteration
to find statistical data to predict the probability
as an output
Makes network simple Easy training
Recurrent neural networks
Hebbian network
weight vector for jth & ith
processing unit.
regenerative
a. Node b. Input c. Weights
d. Output
Global minimum will not
be found easily
to determine bipolar data
Turns network into 1
layer
Radial basis network

Determine hidden node Find the Error, Train output Determine hidden node
centres, Train output layer layer weights centres, Find the Error
weights
Use the output error to Use the error signals to send back the error value to
compute error signals for compute weight adjustments input as a feedback until error
pre-output layers reduces to zero

local minima problem slow convergence only scaling only

(i) is true, (ii) is false (i) is false, (ii) is true (i) and (ii) are true
prediction, approximation and
function approximation classification time series prediction

Max network Recurrent neural Radial basis network

networks
ht-1=f(ht-1, xt) ht=f(ht, xt) ht=f(ht-1, xt)
the same weights and the same weights and the different weights and
biases to all the layers different biases to all the layers same biases to all the layers

Fuzzy set Crisp set Uncertainity

 1 - 100 1 - infinity 0 - infinity
degree of dissimilarity degree of dissimilarity of degree of similarity of an
of a fuzzy set. an an element to a fuzzy set. element to a fuzzy set.
examples knowledge experience
Fuzzy Set Crisp Set Fuzzy & Crisp Set
Combinations Permutation Array
A is subset of B, B is A is not subset of B, B is A is subset of B, B is not
subset of A subset of A subset of A
Associativity commutivity Law of contradiction
Idempotency Fuzzy inference Fuzzy Singleton
No_Change Heat Cool
Fuzzy logic is a concept of Fuzzy logic follows the Japan is currently the most
`certain degree'. principle of Aristotle active users of fuzzy logic.
Fuzzy inference fuzzy quantifiers Fuzzy crisp
Associative Property Commutative Property Distributive Property
Defuzzification Rule Base Decision-making Unit
Interface Unit
Defuzzification Fuzzification Interface Decision-making Unit
Interface Unit Unit
IF-THEN-ELSE rules IF-THEN rules Both IF-THEN-ELSE
rules & IF-THEN rules
Either 0 or 1, either 0 Between 0 & 1, either 0 or Either 0 or 1, between 0
or 1 1 &1
Compounding rules Complex rules Combining rule
Conjunctive system of Compounding system of Combining system of rule
rules rules

Fuzzification and Computing the rule strength, Fuzzification, Clipping the

defuzzification defuzzification output membership function at
the rule strength
μAuB (x) = min (μA(x), μAuB (x) = max (μA(x), μAuB (x) = Mean
μB(x)) μB(x)) (μA(x), μB(x))

0.5, 0.7, 1 0.5, 0.2, 0 0.8, 0.2, 0

0.6, 0.4, 0.8 0.6, 0.4, 1 0.6, 0.4,0

Rule evaluation → Fuzzification → Fuzzification → Rule
Defuzzification → Defuzzification → Rule evaluation → Defuzzification
Fuzzification evaluation

given class is high whose fluency

 Knowledge Base Defuzzification Module Interference base

Conditional statements Unconditional statements Direct statements

 crisp sets, non linear crisp sets, linear functions of fuzzy sets, linear functions of
functions of input variables input variables input variables

Conditional statements Unconditional statements Direct statements

 Sugeno Fuzzification Defuzzyfication

IF ELSE, EXOR/AND IF THEN, AND/OR IF ELSE, AND/OR

Locomotive control DC motor control Temperature control

IF x,y= f(x,y) THEN x=y IF x is A and y is B THEN

z=f(x,y)
 First order Sugeno fuzzy Radial basis function
model network

method works well with Sugeno Mamdani

linear technique,

Critical Heuristic

hine from which decisions can be

actuator system drum system

transparency of the quality of dirt

wash water

hing machine? mimics human intuituion Constant wash time for all
type of dirt

Virtual reality Robotics

Automatic washing Automatic electric iron

machine

the process of finding appropriate Calibrating Tuning

arameter for
order to maximize or minimize the
on off system self tuning system

Integrating, Derivative Integrating, Feedforward

er to bring the measured pH within a

alkaline alone alkaline or acidic
 Continuously Stirred Discrete Stirred Tank
Tank Reactor Reactor

finite value real time

Z shaped curve method S shaped curve method

Kcr/2 Kcr/1.7
pH= log[H+] pH= -log[H-]

excessive time excessive non lineaity of

consuming pH process

Simple design Easy implementation

obstacle avoidance, light Light detection, taget seeking Light detection and less
detection behaviour programming

2, required to wheel 3, measure the distance

movement 1, find target direction between the robot and
obstacles
testing non linearity of Modelling different types Designing different
inputs of controllers types of controllers
 If traffic has 20 cars, If mark is 81, then Grade is A. If Temperature is high,
extend the Green light by then Switch on Condenser
30 sec. High

Inner drum stops water Inner drum has clothes, outer Inner drum has water, outer
leakage, Outer drum drum has water. drum has clothes.
perforated and allow water
in and out

Volume of clothes, Degree of

Degree of dirt only Type of dirt only dirt, Type of dirt

There is no easy way to

Time saving to wash formulate mathematical
relation ship between input and Less water usage
clothes
output

Derivative Proportional Reset

non linear process discontinuous process Time variant

decrease, constant decrease, increase constant, decrease

Proportional and integral gain

Integral gain Derivative gain

a,d,b,c c,d,b,a b,c,d,a

Uses 1 Fuzzy controller, 1
PI controller and 1 PID same membership functions for
controller for different different regions of standard functions for same region of
regions of standard pH
walking
multi-variability and
inherent instability.
Mass and length equal
combination
Joint angles from the given
end - effector
position and
Position by the sensor
dentrites
Supervised learning
to develop learning
algorithm for multilayer
feedforward
neural network
generalized data rule
knowledge
Fuzzy controller uses
pH
aircraft roll control
single-variability and
inherent instability.
Mass and amplitude
combination
end-effector position and
orientation from the given
set of joint angles
Angle required by the
actuators
axon
unsupervised learning
to develop learning algorithm
for single layer feedforward
neural
network
normalized data rule
examples
Fuzzy controller uses
different membership
standard pH
planar robot arm control
single-variability and
inherent stability.
proper frequency and
amplitude combination
Joint anlges only
forces and torques required by
the actuators
soma
reinforcement learning
to develop learning algorithm
for multilayer feedforward
neural network, so that
network can be trained to
capture
the mapping implicitly
gaussian data rule
experience
 Option4 Answer
Human do not have Human perceive everything as
emotions a pattern while machine
perceive it merely as data

Decision making Transmission

both by lowering & raising both by lowering & raising

electric potential electric potential

integrator summing

Definite time of Definite time of learning

learning

Output Tensor

Activation function Learning rate

fully connected to the fully connected to the

hidden layer output layer

Recurrent networks Recurrent networks

Threshold Activation function

Soma Soma

Handwriting recognition voice recognition

an input layer, a hidden an input layer, a hidden layer

layer with a non-linear RBF with a non-linear RBF
activation function and a activation function and a linear
non- linear output layer. output layer.

the strength of neural the strength of neural

connection get modified connection get modified
accordingly accordingly

short term memory short term memory

 –1/1+exp(x) 1/1+exp(−x)
weight based learning error based learning
Hamming network Hamming network
To compare target and To reward and penalize
actual output
Recurrent neural Recurrent neural
networks networks

describes the change in describes the change in

weight vector for jth & ith weight vector for ith
input values processing unit, taking
unsupervised unsupervised
a. Output b. Input c. Node a. Node b. Input c. Weights
d. Weights d. Output
Less accuracy Global minimum will not
be found easily
to classify different to predict the probability
classes as an output
Allows backpropagation Allows backpropagation

Back propagation
network Radial basis network

Feedforward, Determine hidden node

backpropagate error centres, Train output layer
weights
send back the error value to Use the error signals to
input as a feedback until compute weight adjustments
error goes to infinity

slower convergence due to slower convergence due to

local minima and scaling local minima and scaling

(i) and (ii) are false (i) and (ii) are true
prediction, approximation and
classification classification
Back propagation Recurrent neural
network networks
ht=f(ht-1, xt-1) ht=f(ht-1, xt)
the different weights the same weights and biases
and different biases to all to all the layers
the layers
Unsharp boundaries Crisp set
 0-1 0-1
degree of similarity of a degree of similarity of an
fuzzy set. an element element to a fuzzy set.
learning experience
Traditional set Fuzzy Set
Probability Probability
A is not subset of B, B A is subset of B, B is
is not subset of A subset of A
Idempotency Law of contradiction
Core (A) Fuzzy Singleton
Very Cool No_Change
Boolean logic is a subset Fuzzy logic follows the
of fuzzy logic. principle of Aristotle
fuzzy linguistic fuzzy quantifiers
Idempotency Property Commutative Property
Fuzzification Interface Defuzzification Interface
Unit Unit
Knowledge base Knowledge base

IF ELSEIF rule IF-THEN rules

Between 0 & 1, between Either 0 or 1, between 0

0&1 &1
Aggregation of rules
 Conjunctive system of
rules

Clipping the output

membership function at the
rule strength, Computing the
rule strength
μAuB (x) = max (μA(x),
μB(x))

0.8, 0.7, 1

0.6, 0.4, 0.8

Fuzzification → Rule
evaluation →
Defuzzification

about 10
 Interference base

Conditional statements
fuzzy sets, linear functions
of input variables

Unconditional statements
 Sugeno

IF THEN, AND/OR

A steam engine and boiler

combination

IF A=B, THEN z= f(x,y) IF f(x,y) = f(A,B) then IF x is A

A=B and y is
B
THEN
z=f(x,y)
Zero order Sugeno fuzzy Third order Sugeno Zero
model Fuzzy network order
Sugeno
fuzzy
model

Fuzzification Defuzzificcation Sugeno

Value based Analytical Heuristic

sensor
sensor system motor system
system
time of saturation color of water transpare
ncy of
the wash
water

Different wash time for Differe

different types of dirt nt wash
time
for
differe
Situation analysis ability nt
types
of dirt

Knowledge-based systems Machines that think like Robotics

a human
Bread toaster Electric hair drier Automat
ic
washing
machine

modelling Designing Tuning

self
PID control system PI control system tuning
system
Runaway, Linear Self-regulating, Integral Self-
regulatin
g,
Integral

alkaline
acidic alkaline and acidic
or acidic
 Random Stirred Tank Stirred Tank reactor Continuo
using on of controller usly
Stirred
Tank
Reactor

Partial Truth Associativity Partial

Truth
O shaped curve method linear curve method S shaped
curve
method

Kcr/2.2 Kcr/1.2 Kcr/2.2

pH= -log[H-] pH= -log[H+] pH= -
log[H+]
excessive cost involved excessive linearity of excessiv
pH process e non
lineaity
of
pH
process

Cost effective Decision making even Decision

under uncertainity making
even
under
uncertain
ity

obstacle avoidance, taget

seeking behaviour

3, measure the distance

between the robot and
obstacles
testing efficacy of
various types of
 If Temperature is high,
then Switch on Condenser
High

Inner drum is perforated and

allow water in and out,
Outer drum stops water
leakage

Volume of clothes, Degree

of dirt, Type of dirt

There is no easy way to

formulate mathematical
relation ship between input
and output

Reset

non linear process

decrease, increase

Derivative gain

a,d,b,c
 Fuzzy controller uses
different membership
functions for different
regions of standard pH

pH reactor control pH reactor control

multi-variability and multi-variability and
inherent stability. inherent instability.
proper frequency and proper frequency and
length combination amplitude combination
end effector postion only end-effector position and
orientation from the given
set of joint angles
forces and torques required by
orientation by the sensor the actuators

synapses synapses

supervised and unsupervised

learning Supervised learning
to develop learning algorithm
for multilayer feedforward
neural network, so that
network can be trained to
capture
to apply to all type of neural the mapping implicitly
networks
basic law in neural network
generalized data rule

learning experience