Module 3: Gender Inequality

Gender Inequality
- Acknowledges that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an
individual’s lived experience.

Three Specific Characteristics of Gender Inequality

1. Gender inequality dwells not only outside the household but also centrally within it.
2. Gender inequality stems not only from pre-existing differences in economic endowments
(wealth, income, etc.) between women and men, but also from pre-existing gendered
social norms and social perceptions.
3. Gender inequalities not only pre-exist in the noted forms, but they can arise from newly
defined rules and procedures that structure the functioning of the governance institution
itself.

Major Determinants of Gender Inequality

Social setup
Culture
Religion
Geographical conditions
Economic setup
Moral standards
Education level of the society

All these factors individually or

combination make up the face of
gender discrimination
 Male Chauvinism

- It does not stop on bias categorization of

the society in two groups but further it
glorifies one as more privilege and
another as merely less privilege.

Indicators of Gender Inequality

Indicators of gender inequality is a vital step in addressing gender related problems and
issues. These measuring indicators can be used for advocacy and can help make the case for
action by highlighting key issues, backed up with statistics and other evidences.

Several indicators have been developed by many organizations like:

* UNDP ( United Nations Development Programme )

UNDP developed two distinct indicators:
>Gender-related Development Index (GDI)
>Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

* OECD ( Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development )

OECD has developed:

> Gender Institutions and Development (GID) database.

* The World Economic Forum has develop

>Gender Gap Index (GGI)
>MDGs ( Millenium Developmental Goals ) speak of measuring indicators of gender
inequality

Thus, many indicators are being used to measure gender inequality from time to time.
These international and regional gender indices are useful because they allow for cross-national
comparison of gender inequality and they condense complex data into clear messages about
the extent of gender inequality that prevails worldwide.
Seven Types of Gender Inequalities

1. Mortality inequality
2. Natality inequality
3. Basic facility inequality
4. Special opportunity inequality
5. Professional inequality
6. Ownership inequality
7. Households inequality.

1. Mortality Inequality
Bride burning in India is common and very
- Inequality between women and men
important public health problem. It is a form
of domestic violence where a groom or his directly involves matters of life and
family kills the bride over his dissatisfaction death, and takes brutal form of
on the amount of dowry presented to them. unusually high mortality rates of women
and a consequent preponderance of men
in the total population

-
2. Natality Inequality

- Parents wanting the newborn to be a boy rather than a

girl.
- The availability of modern techniques to determine the
gender of the fetus, sex-selective abortion has become
common in many countries.
-

.
 Afghanistan may be the only country in the
world the government of which is keen on
actively excluding girls from schooling.
There are many countries in Asia and
Africa, and also in Latin America where
girls have far less opportunity of schooling
than boys.
3. Basic Facility Inequality
- Excluding girls from schooling (where girls have far less
opportunity of schooling than boys do)
- there are other deficiencies or shortage in basic
facilities available to women, varying from
encouragement to cultivate one's natural talents to fair
participation in rewarding social functions of the
community

4. Special Opportunity Inequality

- The opportunities of higher education may be far fewer

for young women than for young men. Indeed, gender
bias in higher education and professional training can
be observed even in some of the richest countries in the
world.

-
5. Professional Inequality

- In terms of employment as well as promotion in work

and occupation, women often face greater handicap
than men.

6. Ownership Inequality

- Even basic assets such as homes and land may be very

asymmetrically shared.
- The absence of claims to property can not only reduce
the voice of women, but also make it harder for women to
enter and flourish in commercial, economic and even some
social activities.

-
7. Household Inequality

- Basic inequalities in gender relations within the family or

the household.
- The family arrangements can be quite unequal in terms
of sharing the burden of housework and child care.

Thus, different facets of gender inequality color our life from the day we are born until
the day we die. These different forms of gender inequalities impose advertise not only
on the lives of women and girls, but also on men and boys.

By the end of this lesson, please click or copy the links to watch the videos.

Emma Watson at the HeForShe Campaign

- Official UN Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
gkjW9PZBRfk
Hidden Figures

https://fb.watch/7hInZVLFJh/

Gender Equality in the Philippines

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=Jbt731HYVrg

References:

3GE E-Learning (2008). Gender, Class and Education. Edited by 3G-Learning. New York: 3GE
Learning.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkjW9PZBRfk