GENDER SENSITIVITY the ability to recognize gender issues, women’s different perceptions and interests

arising from their different social location, and different gender roles

Aims of Gender Sensitivity Develop gender awareness, knowledge, and skills as well as to change
perceptions, attitudes and behaviors in relation to gender.

Four Premises of GAD

*GAD is not a war of the sexes;

*Both men and women are victims of gender inequality, although victims are more often
women than male;
*GAD is not anti-male; and
*Both women and men have a share in the struggle for gender equality

Gender and Development GAD) is a development perspective that recognizes the unequal status and
situations of women and men in society.

Topics

1. Difference between Sex and Gender Roles

2. Agents of Gender Socialization

3. Gender Issues

Sex and Gender

What is Sex? Sex is a biological characteristic of being a female or a male

Sex physical attributes pertaining to a person’s body contours, features, hormones, genes,
chromosomes and Reproductive organs

Sex is generally permanent universal attributes are equally valued categorize as male and female

Primary sex characteristics refers to the sexual and reproductive organs.

Secondary Sex Characteristics development of the breast pelvic widens & hips broaden voice deepens
slightly

Secondary Sex Characteristics hair grown under the arms & in the pelvic region ovaries start to function
regular menstruation the body become more muscular shoulder & chest become broader adam’s apple
grows vocal cord enlarge underarm, pubic hair & hair on the face, chest & shoulders start to grow
penis & testes enlarge testes begin to make sperm
What is Sex Roles? A function in which a male or female assumes because of the basic physiological or
anatomical difference between the sexes.

A role which can be performed by only one of the sexes.

Sex Roles - Female, Male, Child-bearing, Lactation, Gestation

Ovum fertilization, Produces spermatozoa which determine child’s sex

What is Gender? Gender refers to assigned by culture and society to women and men.

differentiated roles, attitudes and values and likely behaviors of both women and men.

Expectation held about the characteristics, aptitudes, sociologically constructed changing, time and
place bound present in both women and men categorize as feminine and masculine attributes are
marked by inequality

What is Gender Role? Gender Roles are learned behaviors in a given society or community of social
groups and influenced by perceptions and expectations arising from cultural, economic, environmental,
social and religious factors.

Women - Nag-aalaga ng anak, Maalalahanin, Masipag, Malambing, Mahinhin, Pamilya

Men - Naghahanap-buhay, Responsible, Matapang, Mainitin ang ulo, Maliksi, Pamilya

Women - Make-up), Market / Church, vagina, ovary, clitoris, nanganganak

Men – Belt, Beer house / Church, testes, penis, sperm, nakakabuo ng bata

Gender Roles

Women – Cooking, Childcare, Housekeeping

Men – Leader, Providing income for the family

Gender Division of Labor GENDER ROLES – MALE (Productive Role), FEMALE (Reproductive Role) -
Community Role

Roles of Women and Men

Three Main Spheres of Work

Productive activities - paid work done outside the home and in the public arena & is usually
attributed to men - bread winner
- Women’s productive work is often less visible and less valued than men’s work.
Reproductive activities - Unpaid, domestic work assigned primarily to women and may include
such task as managing the household chores, taking care and nurturing children and other family
members.
- This is mostly done within the private domain of the home.
- Involves the collective organization of social activities and services in the community.

Community activities Has no monetary value and involves voluntary service.

The Economy Sectors

Sector
Private Sector Commodity Economy – Characteristics - Produces market-oriented goods & services for
profit

Private Sector Commodity Economy – Characteristics - Produces social & physical infrastructure for
consumption & investment
- Employees are paid
- Financed through taxation
- Many services are free at the point of consumption
Socialization is the process by which an individual learns to conform to the norms of the group.

Agents of Gender Socialization

- Family
- School
- Media

Family
- socialization starts when the baby is born
- influential in the formative years of the child
Roots of Gender Socialization

Child-Rearing

1. Family

1. The process of MANIPULATION ..

people handle girls and boys differently even as infants.

Roots of Gender Socialization

Child-Rearing

2 .The process of

CANALIZATION … people direct children’s attention

to gender appropriate objects.

Roots of Gender Socialization

1. Family

Child-Rearing

CANALIZATION … as in the case of choice of toys for girls and boys.

Boys - cars and machines Girls - dolls and toy kitchen utensils

Child-Rearing
Roots of Gender Socialization

3 .The process of VERBAL APPELLATION … telling children what they are and what is expected of
them.

1. Family

Roots of Gender Socialization

Child-Rearing

1. Family

Verbal Appellations

“brave boys” and “pretty girls”

“boys don’t cry” and “girls don’t climb trees”

Roots of Gender Socialization

Child-Rearing

1. Family

Activity Exposure

The girls are encouraged to play house and mimic domestic chores of their mothers.

The association with different kinds of toys teaches the children their prescribed roles in life in
the future.

Feminine

Masculine

Submissive

Gentle

Emotional
Talkative

Passive

Dominant

Aggressive

Adventurer

Not emotional

Assertive

Gender Socialization

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Agents of Gender

Socialization

2. School

Gendered lessons

Unequal treatment of teachers to female male and students

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Agents of Gender

Socialization

3. Media

TV, Prints & Cyberspace

Influence of pornography

Media and Societal violence

What is Gender

Discrimination?

Gender Discrimination
means to give differential treatment to individuals on the grounds of their gender

Gender Subordination

Secondary status of women in society, because of this they have less access to and control over
resources for development and its benefits.

Gender Issues

1. Economic Marginalization of Women

Women are considered to be non-essential force in the economy despite their crucial role in production.

Marginalization. . .

Society does not give much recognition and value to women’s contribution to the
economy and

pays scant attention to their need for loans, as consumers and as workers.

Gender Issues

2. Political Subordination

of Women

… the secondary position of women compared to men in the society.

due to force or violence, or being under the authority of one sex.

results in women having no control over available resources &

having no personal autonomy

Subordination …

Gender Issues

3. Gender Stereotyping
… biased perception of women as the weaker sex and their roles, functions, and abilities are
primarily tied to the home.

Gender Stereotyping…

society’s perceptions and value systems that instill an image of

women as weak and dependent

men are strong, independent, powerful, dominant, decisive and logical.

Gender Issues

4. Multiple Burden

doing unpaid

work in the home,

paid work as members of the workforce,

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Gender Issues

4. Multiple Burden

volunteer work

in the community

and

all other works

necessary for the

survival of the family.

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Double/ Multiple Burden

Longer hours of work and greater responsibility at

home, in the

community, and

at the workplace.

Double/ Multiple Burden

A situation referring to

the heavy workload of women and

the many, overlapping tasks involved, which

if computed in terms of hours would total to more than

24 hours.