Module 5

Gender and
Development
Gender and Development
I. SCOPE
• Gender and Development
• Gender Equality
• Gender Stereotype
• Gender Socialization
• Gender Sensitivity
Gender and Development

II. OBJECTIVES
 At the end of the module, the students are
able to:
•create awareness on gender and
development
•develop consciousness on gender equality
•eliminate gender biases and gender
stereotyping
•promote gender socialization
Gender and Development GAD

• GAD refers to the development perspective

and process that is participatory and
empowering, equitable, sustainable, free
from violence, respectful of human rights,
supportive of self-determination and
actualization of human potentials.
Gender and Development GAD

• It seeks to achieve gender equality as a

fundamental value that should be reflected in
development choices and contends that
women are active agents of development, not
just passive recipients of development.
-Commission on Population, Philippines
Gender and Development

• GAD focuses on the socially constructed

basis of differences between men and women
and emphasizes the need to challenge
existing gender roles and relations.
Gender and Development

• GAD is not concerned specifically with

women, but with the way in which a society
assigns roles, responsibilities and
expectations for both men and women.
Gender and Development

GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the

ways in which men and women work
together, presenting results in neutral terms
of economics and efficiency. In an attempt to
create gender equality, (denoting women
having same opportunities as men, including
ability to participate in the public sphere).
Gender and Development
At work, equality between men and women
includes the following elements as the
International Labour Organization suggests:
1. Equality of opportunity and treatment in
employment
2. Equal remuneration for work of equal
value
3.Equal access to safe and healthy working
environment and social security
Gender and Development

4. Equality in association and collective

bargaining
5. Equality in obtaining meaningful career
development
6. A balance between work and home life
that is fair for both women and men
7. Equal participation in decision-making at
all levels
Gender Equality
What is Gender Equality?

Gender equality is achieved when men and

women enjoy the same rights and
opportunities across all sectors of society,
including economic participation and
decision-making, and when the different
behaviors, aspirations and needs of women
and men are equally valued and favored.
Gender Equality

How Do We Measure Gender Equality?

Gender equality is measured by looking at

the representation of men and of women in a
range of roles.

Are men and women equal?

Gender Equality

• Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity

• “Gender equality is equality between men

and women…does not mean that men and
women have to become the same, but that
their rights, responsibilities and opportunities
will not depend on whether they were born
male or female.
Gender Equality

Gender equity means fairness of treatment

for men and women according to their
respective needs. This may include equal
treatment or treatment that is different but
which is considered equivalent in terms of
rights, benefits, obligations, and
opportunities.”

–United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Sex and Gender Comparison

• Sex refers to the anatomical and other

biological differences
between females and
males that are determined
at the moment of
conception and develop in
the womb and throughout childhood and
adolescence.
Sex and Gender Comparison

• Gender is a social concept. It refers to the

social and cultural differences a society
assigns to people based on their (biological)
sex. A related concept, gender roles, refers to
a society’s expectations of people’s behavior
and attitudes based on whether they are
females or males.
Sex and Gender

• “An extremely important part of an

individual’s identity and one that begins at
least at birth, is gender.” – Dr. Kenneth
Cushner, American Professor (Human
Diversity in Education: An Intercultural
Approach)
Sex and Gender

• Sex is a biological characteristic; Gender is

social characteristic Gender role can be
affected by: race, ethnicity, social class,
religion, and geographical region (Crushner,
2012).
Sex and Gender
Sex Gender
 Categorized as  Masculinity and
male or female femininity
 Biological  Socially, culturally &
historically determined
 Fixed at birth  Learned through
socialization
 Does not change  Varies over time and
across time and space space
 Equally valued  Unequally valued
(masculinity as the norm)
C. Gender Stereotypes
• Gender stereotypes can be a result of gender
socialization: girls and boys are expected to
act in certain ways that are socialized from
birth. Children and adults who do not
conform to gender stereotypes are often
ostracized by peers for being different.
C. Gender Stereotypes

A. Gender stereotype. A form of

prejudgment, bias or limitation given to roles
and expectations of males and females.
C. Gender Stereotypes
B. While individuals are typically socialized
into viewing gender as a masculine-feminine
binary, there are individuals whose gender
identity does not align with their assigned
gender, which indicates that the gender binary
is not universally applicable.
C. Gender Stereotypes
C. Individuals are socialized into conceiving
of their gender as either masculine (male) or
feminine (female).
C. Gender Stereotypes

D. Sociologists explain through gender

socialization why human males and females
behave in different ways: For example, girls
learn to do different household chores than
boys; girls learn to bake and clean, and boys
learn to mow the lawn and take out the
garbage. Gender socialization occurs through
such diverse means as parental attitudes,
schools, how peers interact with each other,
and mass media.
C. Gender Stereotypes

E. Sometimes gender roles lead to inequality;

for example, women's social roles were once
more restricted regarding politics, and United
States law prohibited women from voting.
Some researchers believe that biological
differences underlie some behavioral
differences between males and females; others
disagree.
C. Gender Stereotypes

F. However, some individuals do not fall into

the gender binary. For example, individuals
that identify as transgender have a
gender identity that does not match their
assigned sex. For example, they may have
been assigned male at birth because they have
a male organ, and a gender identity that is
feminine.
C. Gender Stereotypes

G. Individuals that identify themselves

as gender queer have gender identities that
challenge classifications of masculine and
feminine, and may identify as somewhere
other than male and female, in between male
and female, a combination of male and
female, or a third (or fourth, or fifth, etc.)
gender altogether.
Gender Differentiations in 3 aspects:

• Social roles
• Capacities
• Traits and characteristics
 Gender Stereotype in Social Roles
Men Women
 provides financially  takes care of the
for the family household and
 works as managers, children
construction builders  works as nurses,
and engineers teachers and
secretaries.
 portrayed as leaders  portrayed as
followers
 Gender Stereotype in Capacities

Men Women
 good at math and  good at arts and less
science intellectual in pursuit
 physically strong  physically weak and
fragile
 firm decision-makers  wishy-washy or
fickle- minded in
decision making
 Gender Stereotype in Traits and
Characteristics
Men Women
 active  passive
 aloof  loving
 aggressive  peaceful
 independent  dependent
 brave  fearful
D. Gender and Socialization

• Gender socialization is the process by which

individuals are taught how to socially behave
in accordance to their assigned gender, which
is assigned at birth based on their sex
phenotype.
D. Gender and Socialization

• Gender socialization is the process of

educating and instructing males and females
to the norms, behaviors, values, and beliefs
of group membership as men and women.
Today, it is largely believed that differences
in gender expression are mostly attributed to
differences in socialization, rather than
genetic and biological factors.
Areas of Gender Socialization

A. Family
B. Church
C. Mass Media
D. School
Areas of Gender Socialization
A. Family

Four processes involved in gender

socialization:

1. Manipulation – means that people handle

girls and boys differently as infants.
Areas of Gender Socialization
Examples:

 Mothers tend to use more physical

stimulation to male infants and more verbal
stimulation to female infants.

 Baby boys are tossed into the air.

 Baby girls are delicately handled.
Areas of Gender Socialization

2. Canalization – means that people direct

children’s attention to gender-appropriate
objects.
Areas of Gender Socialization

Examples:

The choice of toys, boys are given toy cars

and machines on the other hand girls are
given dolls and tea sets.

• Toys teach children their prescribed

roles in life will be.
Areas of Gender Socialization

3. Verbal Appellation – telling children what

they are and what are expected of them.

Examples:
• brave boy, pretty girl
• Boys do not cry, girls do not hit their
playmates.
Areas of Gender Socialization
4. Activity exposure – familiarizing children
to their gender-appropriate tasks.

Examples:
•Girls help their mother with housework.
•Boys play outside the house.
Gender-Free Education

1. Shared parenting

•Taking care of the baby

•Helping the children with their homework
•Disciplining the children
Gender-Free Education

2. Shared decision-making

•Family council
•Giving permission to children
•Deciding to the affairs of the children
Gender-Free Education

3. Shared home management

•Fixing the house, cleaning the house

•Doing the laundry
•Going to groceries
•Cooking, setting the table, doing the dishes
Gender-Free Education
 Church

• Gender roles in Christianity vary

considerably today as they have during the
last two millennia. This is especially true
with regards to marriage and ministry.
Gender-Free Education

 Mass Media

• What are examples of mass media?

ex. the internet, etc.
media’s sexualization of young female
celebrities
marketing of unrealistic beauty standards
through fashion magazines
Gender-Free Education
Video games that promote violence and
negative stereotypes.
Lyrics and music videos that promote
negative stereotypes and violence.
sex stereotypes on TV programs for kids
Gender-Free Education
 School

•Instructional Language
•Classroom Management
•Instructional Materials
Gender-Free Education

1. Instructional Language
• The use of generic words to refer to both
girls and boys.

Examples:
• he, his, man
Gender-Free Education

Usage of stereotyped language

Examples:

• freshman …. first year student

• mankind …. humanity
• fisherman …. fisher folk
• chairman …. chairperson
Gender-Free Education

3. Instructional Materials

•Textbooks
•Direct teaching materials
•Peripheral teaching materials
Activity:

Think of Myths or Truths about gender

stereotyping.

Examples:
a) If a father does the household work, he is
considered as a henpecked husband or
locally termed as “under de saya.”
b) Men are better leaders and administrators
than women.
Activity:

a) It is the fault of the woman if she is

sexually harassed when she wears skimpy
clothes.
b) It is not proper for a girl to be the first to
say “I love you” to a boy.
c) The mother should be the only one
responsible for child-rearing and
parenting.
Activity:

2. List down characteristics, capabilities, roles

etc. that you know about men and women.

3. Classify the ones you have listed in item

two as myth or fact.
Activity:

4. Choose eight myths and eight facts that you

want to explain to your group.

Note: Myth is a false idea or belief, lie,

fiction.

Fact is reality, certainty, actuality.

Picture Credits
•Adobe stock
•Arloo
•Ben Wiseman
•change.org
•DeArmond, Genna Reeves, Washington Examiner
•Ellentube
•episcopal café
•Frieda Pinto
•Pngimg.com
Picture Credits
•iStock
•legallyinsanemommy.wordpress.com
•Sales force search
•Shutterstock.com
•trailblaze-wordpress.com
•Ted Ideas
•Treepik.com
•worldblaze
•Unesco’s iStock Getty Images Plus