Raecel A.

Estebat
GAD Resource Center
Cavite State University
 Aims of Seminar on Gender
Sensitivity …

Develop gender awareness,

knowledge, and skills as well
as to change perceptions,
attitudes and behaviors in
relation to gender.
 Gender Sensitivity…

is the ability to recognize

gender issues, women’s
different perceptions and
interests arising from their
different social location,
and different gender roles.
 Four Premises
of GAD

1. GAD is not a war of the

sexes;
2. Both men and women are
victims of gender inequality,
although victims are more
often women than male
 Four Premises
of GAD

3. GAD is not anti-male; and

4. Both women and men have
a share in the struggle for
gender equality
Gender and Development
(GAD)

is a development
perspective that
recognizes the
unequal status and
situations of
women and men in
society.
 Topics for Presentation

1. Difference between Sex and

Gender Roles
2. Agents of Gender
Socialization
3. Gender Issues
 Activity 1:

Typical Roles,
Characteristics,
Expectations, Attitude,
Behavior and Values of
Women and Men
 Activity 1:
1. Role
2. Work
3. Characteristic
4. Expectation
5. Behavior
6. Values
7. Can be frequently seen at
8. Frequently carrying
9. Attitude
10. Things that a only a woman/man can
do
 What is Sex?

Sex is a biological
Characteristics of
being a
female or a male
 What is Sex?
 generally
permanent
 universal
 categorize as
male and female
 attributes are
equally valued
 What is Sex Role ?

A role which can be

performed by only one
of the sexes.
 Sex Roles

Female Male
 Child-bearing /  Ovum
gestation fertilization
 Giving birth  Produces
 Lactation spermatozoa
which determine
child’s sex
What is Gender?
 Gender refers to...
differentiated roles, attitudes and
values assigned by culture and
society to women and men
Gender refers to...
 Gender refers to...
expectation held about the
characteristics, aptitudes, and likely
behaviors of both women and men
 What is Gender?

 categorize as feminine and

masculine

 attributes are marked by

inequality
 What is
Gender Role?
 What is Gender?

 sociologically constructed

 changing, time and place

bound

 present in both women and

men
Gender Roles are

 learned behaviors in a given

society or community of social
groups and influenced by
perceptions and expectations

 arising from cultural, economic,

environmental, social and
religious factors.
 Women Men
Nag-aalaga ng Naghahanap-
anak buhay
Maalalahanin Responsable
Masipag Matapang
Malambing Mainitin ang ulo
Mahinhin Maliksi
Pamilya Pamilya
 Women Men
Make-up) Belt
Market / Beer house /
Church Church
Gender Division of Labor
 Gender Division of Labor

GENDER ROLES

MALE FEMALE

Reproductive
Productive Role
Role

Community Role
 Three Main Spheres of Work
1. Productive activities - paid work
done outside the home and in the
public arena & is usually attributed
to men - bread winner
 Three Main Spheres of Work
1. Productive activities - women’s
productive work is often less visible
and less valued than men’s work.
 Three Main Spheres of Work
2. Reproductive
Activities - unpaid,
domestic work assigned
primarily to women and
may include such task
as managing the
household chores,
taking care and
nurturing children and
other family members.
 Three Main Spheres of Work
2. Reproductive
Activities - This is
mostly done within the
private domain of the
home.
 Three Main Spheres of Work
3. Community activities - Involves the
collective organization of social activities
and services in the community.
 Three Main Spheres of Work
3. Community activities - Has no monetary
value and involves voluntary service.
 Differentiating SEX from GENDER QUIZ

Statement G S
1. Women give birth to babies, men do not.
2. Little girls are gentle, boys are rough.
3. According to UN statistics, women do 67% of
the world’s work, yet their earnings amount
only to 10% of the world’s income.
4. In the rural areas, women are paid lower than
the wage for men.
5. Women can breast-feed babies, men can
bottle-feed babies.
 Differentiating SEX from GENDER QUIZ

Statement G S
6. Most-building site workers in the Philippines are men.

7. In Ancient Egypt, men stayed at home and did

weaving. Women handled family business. Women
inherited property and men did not.
8. Men’s voices break at puberty, women’s do not.

9. In one study of 224 cultures, there were 5 in which

men did all the cooking and 36 in which women did all
the house building.
10. In one documented case, a child who was brought up
as a girl, then learned that he was actually a boy, his
school marks improved dramatically.
 Topic 4

Socialization is
the process by which an
individual learns to
conform to the norms
of the group
 Agents of Gender
Socialization

Family School

Media
Roots of Gender Socialization
1. Family Child-Rearing
Gender begins
the moment a
child is born.

Dressing girl
babies in pink
and boy babies in
blue.
FAMILY
 socialization starts
when the baby is
born
 influential in the
formative years of
the child
Roots of Gender Socialization
1. Family Child-Rearing
1. The process of
MANIPULATION...
people handle
girls and boys
differently even
as infants.
Roots of Gender Socialization
Child-Rearing
2 .The process of
CANALIZATION …
people direct
children’s attention
to gender
appropriate objects.
Roots of Gender Socialization
1. Family Child-Rearing
CANALIZATION … as in the
case of choice of toys for girls
and boys.
Boys - cars and machines
Girls - dolls and toy kitchen
utensils
Roots of Gender Socialization
1. Family Child-Rearing
3 .The process of
VERBAL
APPELLATION …
telling children
what they are and
what is expected of
them.
Roots of Gender Socialization
1. Family Child-Rearing
Verbal Appellations
“brave boys” and “pretty
girls”
“boys don’t cry” and “girls
don’t climb trees”
Roots of Gender Socialization
1. Family Child-Rearing
Activity Exposure
The girls are encouraged to play
house and mimic domestic chores of
their mothers.
The association with different
kinds of toys teaches the children
their prescribed roles in life in the
future.
 Gender Socialization

Feminine Masculine
Submissive Dominant
Gentle Aggressive
Emotional Adventurer
Talkative Not emotional
Passive Assertive
Agents of Gender
Socialization

2. School
 Gendered lessons
 Unequal treatment of
teachers to female
and male students
 Agents of Gender
Socialization
3. Media
 TV, Prints & Cyberspace
 Influence of pornography
 Media and Societal
violence
Agents of Gender Socialization
 Video Presentations…

• Ariel Power Gel Juanwash With Ramir

• Daddy Mommy One SKY
• ShareTheLoad
Gender Subordination
Secondary status of
women in society,
because of this they
have less access to
and control over
resources for
development and its
benefits.
 Gender Issues
Obstacles to
Personhood
Development
Violence
Against Economic
Women Marginalization

Women
Political
Subordination
Multiple of Women
Burden
Gender
Stereotyping
Gender Issues
1. Economic
Marginalization of
Women
Women are considered
to be non-essential
force in the economy
despite their crucial
role in production.
Gender Issues
2. Political
Subordination of
Women
the secondary
position of women
compared to men
in the society.
Subordination …
due to force or violence,
or being under the
authority of one sex.

results in women having

no control over
available resources &
having no personal
autonomy
 Gender Issues

3. Gender Stereotyping
… biased perception of
women as the weaker
sex and their roles,
functions, and abilities
are primarily tied to the
home.
 Gender Issues

4. Multiple Burden
 doing unpaid
work in the home,
 paid work as
members of the
workforce,
 Gender Issues

4. Multiple Burden
 volunteer work
in the community
and
 all other works
necessary for the
survival of the family
 Double/ Multiple Burden

Longer hours of
work and greater
responsibility at
home, in the
community, and
at the workplace.
 Double/ Multiple Burden
A situation referring to
 the heavy workload of women
and
 The many, overlapping tasks
involved, which
 if computed in terms of hours
would total to more than
24 hours.
Impossible Dream
Equality
Equity
Cause of inequity was addressed
Woman’s Best E-mail of the Year
 God in his infinite wisdom, granted
the man’s wish. The next morning,
sure enough, the man awoke as a
woman.

He rose, cooked breakfast for his

mate, awakened the kids, set out their
school clothes, fed them breakfast,
packed their lunches, drove them to
school, come and picked up the dry
cleaning, took it to the cleaners and
stopped at the bank to make a deposit,
went grocery shopping, then drove
home to put away the groceries, paid
the bills and balanced the checkbook.
He cleaned the cat‘s litter box and
bathed the dog. Then it was already
1:00 p.m. and he hurried to make the
beds, do the laundry, vacuum, dust,
sweep and mop the kitchen floor. Ran
to the school to pick up the kids and
got into an argument with them on the
way home.
 Set out milk and cookies and got
the kids organized to do their
homework, then set up the ironing
board and watched TV while he did
the ironing.

At 4:30 p.m. he began peeling

potatoes and washing vegetables for
salad, breaded the pork chops and
snapped fresh beans for supper.
 After supper, he cleaned the
kitchen, ran the dishwasher, folded
laundry, bathed the kids, and put
them to bed.
At 9:00 p.m. he was exhausted
and, though his daily chores weren’t
finished, he went to bed where he
was expected to make love, which he
managed to get through without
complaint.
 The next morning, he awoke and
immediately knelt by the bed and
said: “Lord, I don’t know what I was
thinking. I was so wrong to envy my
wife’s being able to stay home all
day.”
“Please, oh please let us trade
back!”
The Lord, in his infinite wisdom,
replied: “
 My son, I feel you have
learned your lesson and I will be
happy to change things back to the
way they were.”
“You’ll just have to wait for
nine months, though. You got
pregnant last night.”
 My father raised me like a real
man! I can fix the washing
machine, I can put something on
the wall, I can repair a car, I have
my own toolbox, I help the weak
and the needy. The only problem is
that my husband doesn’t like it.
After all, I’m also a mother and a
wife.
Thank you!