International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211

Volume 10, Issue 1, January-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

Issuing a Secondary Currency and its Impact on the

Execution of Interest free Loans: Buy and Sell as a Model
Abdulla Faroog Ibrahim
PhD candidate, University of Malaya, Retired Magistrate, Addu City, Maldives

abdullafaroog@gmail.com

-----------------------------------------------------------------------*****************---------------------------------------------------------------

ABSTRACT
The problem of usury (Riba) cannot be resolved as long as loans are lend and repaid in one currency. Therefore, this
study aims to reveal a new mechanism for issuing Riba free loans. The study adopted the deductive and historical
approaches to investigate the problem. The study proposed a new loan repayment mechanism in which banks offer
loans in the form of a secondary currency. There is no prohibition (no harm) in issuing a secondary currency by the
state or banks to deal particularly with loan contracts as long as such currency can be exchanged among people, can
be used for valuation of items, and can be used to store value. Banks can profit from capital investments made through
buy-and-sell transactions, thus, avoiding usury and protecting Sharia principles. The researcher urges scholars in the
field of Islamic banking to conduct more research on the potential of issuing a secondary currency to avoid usury in
loan financial contracts, as well as doing more research on the feasibility of adopting electronic currencies by Islamic
banks following Sharia standards.
Keywords: Secondary currency, loans, usury, the state, financial contracts.

INTRODUCTION
All praise be to Allah, and may His prayer and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah, Muhammad and his household and
companions,
Problem Statement
Loans are important for the economy and for public interest, but the interest (Riba) charged on loans is forbidden for Muslims,
and even non-Muslims may find it unfair, necessitating a review of the adoption of loans that is compliant with Islamic law.

It should be emphasized that while the law acknowledges that loans should be returned in the same amount and type, this is
not the case in practice. Islamic banks have expressed worry about reinstating Islamic regulation in their financial operations
and offering loans for society, yet this is being done in a limited scope owing to the risk of compromising the Islamic banks'
and shareholders' interests. Therefore, the research problem arises from a question that must be answered: What mechanism
can be utilized for offering loans with no usury in line with Sharia and legal provisions?

Research Significance
The prohibition of usury (Riba) is plainly stated in the Holy Quran and the Prophet's Sunnah, and it has been prohibited by
virtuous ancestors and scholars, as usury breeds indifference and contempt. The public interest, on the other hand, may need
taking out loans to support personal necessities or advancing life interests such as commerce, agriculture, industry, and other
investments. This would carry out the goal of developing the world, which is not the case when imposing Riba. As a result,
banks must use a monetary system to provide loans to customers that can be paid and repaid in line with Islamic law.

Research Hypothesis
This research assumes that loan funds can be paid and repaid with no interest (Riba), provided that the researcher proposal is
accepted on the issuance of a secondary currency by banks according to Sharia guidelines and can be supported by Islamic
jurists.

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Research Methodology
The researcher is adopting the deductive approach to identify the determinants of currency issuance in Islam, as well as
employing a historical approach to understand the evolution of the issuance process among Muslims in relation to their needs
and interests. Also, presenting jurists views regarding issuing currencies for the public interest.

Definition of a secondary currency?

It is an independent currency which has its own price set by the bank to deal with loan contracts as long as it is valid to be
exchanged among people and the with a fixed value of the secondary currency against local currency.
1. The Concepts of Secondary Currency and Loans
1.1 The Concept of Secondary Currency
The concept of “Currency" is based on valuation of what people are accustomed to and have widely accepted. Imam Malik:
said "And if people recognized leathers as a form of currency, I would call it Makrooh (means non-recommended) to sell it
for gold and silver".1

If leathers are widely recognized and accepted by people as a form of currency, then all ruling of usury (Riba) apply to it, just
like gold and silver, according to Imam malik.

Imam Al-Qurtubi stated: Every good trait minds and hearts accept is "Custom, the known, and the widely accepted"2,
According to Ibn Battal, who also stated: "Custom is considered by jurists as applicable"3, which is the fifth principle of
Universal Maxims of Islamic Law that states: "Customary usage is the determining factor,which means that custom makes a
ruling to prove a legitimate provision if there is no text in Quran or Sunnah that negates it - then custom is considered".4 It
means that the customs of the people are recognized and acknowledged by Islamic Law as long as certain conditions are met.
The most important of these conditions is that the custom in question does not violate the dictates of the sacred texts. Another
condition is that the custom is indeed the prevailing practice in society and is applied in society on a consistent basis. The
third condition is that the custom must have been in place at the time when a certain activity was first undertaken, without
any clear indication to the contrary from the parties involved. Finally, the custom must be of such a kind that its application
can be regarded as obligatory by the parties involved.

In conclusion, as Imam Malik pointed out, the concept of currency arises from the fact that valuation is a customary practice
during economic downturns.

1.2 The Concept and Governance of Loans

1.2.1 The Concept of Loans
The concept of loans stems from the consideration of a specific contract between two parties, whereby one party takes money
from the other party and agrees to return it back or return its equivalent amount5, thus,money is paid to the borrower on the
condition of paying it back to the creditor.6.7

1
Malik Ibn Anas, Al-Mudawwanah Al-Kubra, Sahnoun's narration,(Riyadh: Happiness Press, D. I, 1324H), C3, p. 5.
2
Al-Qurtubi, Mohammed Ibn Ahmed, Aljamea Le Ahkam Al-Quran: Abdul Hamid Hindawi Review, (Beirut: Modern
Comprehensive Library, D.I., 1425H), C7, p. 346.
3
Sahih Al-Bukhari with explanation of Al-Aini, C12, p. 16.
4
Doctrinal rules and their applications in the four schools of Fiqh, P. 298,"Rule of customary usage" ،Modern
Comprehensive Library.
5
- "Majma Al-Anhur Fi Sharh Multaqa Al-Abhur "Abdul Rahman bin Mohammed-Sheikhizadeh (2/82), Arab Heritage
Revival House, D.B.T.
6
- See: "Al-Mahtar's response to al-Dur al-Mukhtar" ،Mohamed Amin Bin Abedin ،(5/161) ،Dar Al , Fikr ،BeirutLebanon,
i: 2nd, 1412H - 1992.
7
- See: "Persuasion in the jurisprudence of Imam Ahmed Ibn Hanbal" ،Musa Bin Ahmed Al-Hijawi ،(2/147), Reviewed
by: Abdul-Latif Mohammed Musa Al-Sebki ،Knowledge House Press ،Beirut - Lebanon ،D.B.T. ،"The square garden
explaining the convincing increased" ،Mansour Ibn Younis Al-Bahouti, (P: 361), MessageFoundation, Beirut- Lebanon,
[D.B.T.] ،"Jurisprudence questions and answers" ،Abd El-Aziz Ibn Mohamed Al-Salman ،(4/353) ،[D.B.T].

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1.2.2 Loan Governance

The majority of Islamic scholars pointed out three pillars of loan’s contract8, as follows: they are between two parties: the
lender and the borrower; and the medium: which is the money borrowed; and the content: which is the agreement and
acceptance. On the other hand, the Hanafi school views the prominent pillar of loan as the agreement and acceptance between
the two parties, while the two parties and the medium are just conditions.9

It should be highlighted that such a contract should not be formed with the intention of charging an interest or getting a social
benefit in exchange for the loan. The prophet (PBUH) states that: (Every loan, which leads to a benefit, is usury).10 Ibn Al-
Munther conveyed the consensus of the Islamic scholars on this matter, stating: "They agreed that if the lender requires an
interest or a gift, then such a benefit is usury".

Imam Ibn Baz has commented on the above Hadith, saying: "The hadith is weak; however, its meaning is true as stated by
Islamic scholars if loan is conditional on a benefit to the lender. However, if the loan does not imply a benefit to the lender,
it is desirable, and it brings a great reward because it is a type of cooperation to do good and to stand with the people in
need".11

There are two basic issues observed on loan pillars and its condition:
First, loans should be returned in the same form they were given. So, if the loan was given in Dollars, then it should be paid
back in Dollars, or if it was given in Rupees, it should be paid back in Rupees, as agreed by Islamic scholars.
Second, loan contracts should not include a condition of an interest or a benefit when returning the loan,12

2. Views of Jurists on Currency Issuance and Regulations

2.1 Views of Jurists on Currency Issuance
The consensus among Islamic jurists is that currency could be issued if the ruler approves it, however, scholars have different
opinions in currency issuance if the ruler does not approve it.
There are two views in this matter, where the majority of Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools, as well as Abu Yusuf of Hanafi
stated that issuing currency without the approval of the ruler is a kind of infringement on the right of the ruler.13
Moreover, as stated by Imam Al-Nawawi: "It is not recommended (means Makrooh) to issue Dirhams and Dinars as it is the
ruler’s responsibility, and due to the reason that it may cause fraud and corruption". 14

On the other hand, Imam Abu Hanifa and Al-Thawri believe that it is possible (no harm) to issue a currency if gold and silver
amount is of types and weights that the state is issuing on15.
Al-Thawri and Abu Hanifa and their followers argue that it is fine to issue currency as long as it does not undermine Islam
or Muslims.16

In conclusion, there is no jurisprudence objection to issuing a secondary currency by the ruler based on the consensus of most
Islamic jurists. Moreover, it is permitted to issue a special currency by the bank according to Imam Abu Hanifa and Al-
Thawri.

8
- See: "Encyclopedia of the Kuwaiti Jurisprudence" ،Ministry of Wakaf and Islamic Affairs - Kuwait ،(33/114) ،Dar Al-
Safwa Press, Cairo- Egypt ،I: First Ed.
9
See: "Explanation of Fateth al-Qadeer" ،Mohamed Bin Abdul Wahid Ibn Al-Hammam, (6/248), Dar Al-Fikr ،Beirut-
Lebanon ،[D.T.] ،"Ibn Abdeen's Margin" ،(7/14).
10
Narrated by Ibn Majah raised to The Prophet, peace be upon him, and the right to be conveyed through Ibn Massoud ،Nayl
Al-Awtar،C5 ،P , 243.
11
Published in Da'wa Magazine ،Issue 1569 ،May 17, 1417 H.
12
Collection of Fatwas and articles of Sheikh Ibn Baz, C25, p. 256.
13
Al-Qurafi, Ahmed Ibn Idris, Al-Dakhirah, (Beirut: Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, i1, 1414H) ،C10, p. 96 ‫؛‬Al-Baji, Suleiman
Ibn Khalaf, Al-Muntaqa Sharh Al-Muatta, (Cairo: Happiness Press, i1, 1332H), C3, p. 402 ‫؛‬
14
Al-Nawawi, Yehia Ibn Sharaf, Al-Majmou’a, (Beirut: Arab Heritage Revival House, T1, DT), C6, p. 11
15
Baladari, Ahmed Ibn Yahia, Futouh Al-Buldan (Beirut: Dar and Library of the Crescent, D.I., 1988), C3, p. 577.
16
Former reference, Indian Fatwas (Balazari, Ahmed Ben Yahia, The conquest of countries (Beirut: Crescent House and
Library, D.I., 1988) ،C3, p. 577.

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2.2: Currency Issuance Regulations

Sharia does not precisely indicate what should be done regarding currency issuance, hence it is dependent on the economy's
status, which is unstable. So, currency issuance in Islamic law is governed by general rules. Islamic jurists have identified
criteria of currency function that should be observed while issuing any physical currency, as follows:

Firstly: Can be exchanged among people: One of the most essential characteristics of money is its use in the sale and
purchase, as well as exchange of goods and services. As stated by Imam Al-Ghazali: "God created them (i.e., currency; gold
and silver) for trading, and to be governedexchanged in a fair use for all things".17

Secondly: To serve as a measurement for items’ valuation: This is done to increase financial transaction, participation,
payments, and reconciliation. Ibn Rushd stated that: "Due to the difficultly of equalizing different items, Dinars and Dirhms
were used for valuation".18

Thirdly: To be used as a store of value and a repository of wealth: One of the functions of currency is that it is a store of
value and a repository of wealth. According to Al-Mawardi: "If cash is free from fraud and manipulation, then money can be
stored, and transactions are paid in cash, therefore goodness will spread among people".19

3.1 Challenges in Issuing a Secondary Currency

It is anticipated that issuing a secondary currency by banks will have a beneficial effect among Muslims in avoiding usury
and suspicions in financial contracts of loans. But the questions and challenges arise because of money characteristics and
whether to apply secondary currency on loan contracts. Therefore, this chapter clarifies the questions and challenges
surrounding the use of a secondary currency in loan contracts, as well as proposing regulations to implementintroduce a
secondary currency.
Key Concept
Assume that one of the Islamic banks issued its own currency under a unique name (for example, Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal) with
the permission of the ruler or the law. A customer then might apply for a loan of $100 million (in Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal) which
the bank grants in the special currency of Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal. After that, the customer sells the special currency and obtains
an amount of 100 million Saudi Riyals in official local currency. The customer is free to consume the loan as much as he
desires. When it comes time to repay the loan, the customer come back to the bank and purchase the special currency in order
to refund the loan in the same currency. As a result, the customer requests to purchase 100 million Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal, the
bank then sells the requested amount for 120 million Saudi Riyal based on the special currency buy and sell exchange rates.
The customer repays 100 million Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal with the same item that he borrowed without interest (Riba), and the
bank makes a 20% profit on such sale.

Question 1: Is it permissible for a bank to issue a secondary currency if the ruler or state’s law permitted it? Can the
government issue a secondary currency to avoid Riba?
Answer: It is permissible for the government or a bank to issue a secondary currency for exchange purposes in order to
improve the economic sector if the ruler or state's law approves it. The consensus among Islamic jurists is that currency could
be issued if the ruler approves it, however, scholars have different opinions in the issuance of currency if the ruler does not
approve it. There are two views in this matter, where the majority of Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools, and Abu Yusuf
from Hanafia believe that currency should not be issued if the ruler does not approve it because it is a kind of
disobeyinfringement to the ruler. As stated by Imam Al-Nawawi: "It is not recommended to Issue Dirhams and Dinars as it
is the ruler’s responsibility authority, and due to the reason that it may cause fraud and corruption". On the other hand, Imam
Abu Hanifa and Al-Thawri believe that no harm in currency issuance if the gold and silver amount is of types and weights

17
Al-Ghazali Mohammed Ibn Mohammed, Revival of Religious Sciences (Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, D.I. ،DT.) ،C4, p. 91.
18
Ibn Rushd, Mohammed Ibn Ahmed, The beginning of the hardworking and the end of the minimalist(Beirut: Dar Ibn
Hazm, i1, 1999), P, 502.
19
Al-Mawardi, Ali Ibn Mohammed, Facilitate consideration and accelerating the achievement in the ruler's morals,
(Beirut: Dar al-Nahda Al-Arabia, D.T.) ،P. 255.

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that the state is issuing on. Al-Thawri and Abu Hanifa and their studentsfollowers argue: "It is fine to issue currency as long
as it does not undermine Islam or Muslims".

Sharia does not state clearly what should be done in case of currency issuance, so it depends on economy status which is not
stable. So, currency issuance in Islamic law is governed by general rules. Islamic jurists have identified criteria of currency
functions that should be observed while issuing any physical currency: Can be exchanged among people, can be used as a
measurement for items’ valuation, and can be used as a store of value.Therefore, a secondary currency issued by states or
banks according to permission of the ruler is considered legal if certain characteristics are met because the concept of "money"
is based on the valuation of what people are accustomed to and have widely accepted. As Imam Malik stated: "And if people
recognized leathers as a form of currency, I would call it Makrooh (means non-recommended) to sell it for gold and silver".20

The researcher concluded that there is no harm in issuing a secondary currency by state or banks in order to deal particularly
with loan contracts and financial contract aspects, as long as it is valid to be exchanged among people, used for valuation of
items, and used to store value, thus avoiding usury and protecting Sharia principles. Consequently, it is anticipated that issuing
a secondary currency by state or banks will help Muslims avoid usury by requiring that loans must be repaid with the same
item that was lent, with the condition that the item be returned with no Riba.

Question 2: If a customer applies for a loan with a principal amount of 100 million (in Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal) and repay
the amount in 100 million (in Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal), does this imply Riba?
Answer: The concept of loans stems from the consideration of a specific contract, whereby one party borrows money from
the other party and agrees to return it back or return its equivalent value, thus,money is paid back to the borrower on the
condition of getting it back.21

Loans are bound by two conditions: First: Borrowed items should be returned in the same form they were lent. Second: Loan
contract should not include a condition of an interest charged upon repayment, or a condition of getting a benefit to the
creditor.22

So, when a customer takes 100 million (in Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal) and repays the loan in 100 Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal, then there
is no Riba implies in such transaction.

Question 3: Is it permissible for a bank to sell 100 million (in Al-Rajhi Saudi Riyal) for 120 million (in official Saudi
Riyal)?
Answer: When a bank sells a currency as exchange for another currency hand-to-hand, such transaction does not imply Riba
because the interest is forbidden if the borrowed item is of the same type, but it is permissible if the item is of two types. As
the Prophet (PBUH) said: “Gold is to be paid for by gold, silver by silver, wheat by wheat, barley by barley, dates by dates,
and salt by salt, like for like and equal for equal, payment being made hand to hand. If these classes differ, then sell as you
wish if payment is made hand to hand.” reported by Muslim of Hadith Obada Ibn Al-Samet.
Question 4: What is the perception of a secondary currency? Is it independent or linked to another currency?
Answer: It is an independent currency which has its own price set by the bank for a purchase price of 0% against the
official local currency, and at a sale price of 20% over the official local currency.

20
Malik Ibn Anas, Al-Mudawwanah Al-Kubra , Sahnoun's narration,(Riyadh: Happiness Press, D. I, 1324H), C3, p. 5.
21
"Persuasion in the jurisprudence of Imam Ahmed Ibn Hanbal" ،Musa Bin Ahmed Al-Hijawi ،(2/147), Reviewed by:
Abdul-Latif Mohammed Musa Al-Sebki ،Knowledge House Press ،Beirut - Lebanon ،D.B.T. ،"The square garden
explaining the convincing increased" ،Mansour Ibn Younis Al-Bahouti, (P: 361), Message Foundation, Beirut-
Lebanon, [D.B.T.] ،"Jurisprudence questions and answers" ،Abd El-Aziz Ibn Mohamed Al-Salman ،(4/353) ،
[D.B.T].
22
Collection of Fatwas and articles of Sheikh Ibn Baz,C25, p. 256.

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Question 5: Can a secondary currency be exchanged exclusively between the bank and the customer, or can it be
exchanged widely?
Answer: Money should be able to be exchanged among individuals, as this is one of its characteristics; consequently, if
money cannot be exchanged and used as a unit of measurement for the valuation of goods, it is not regarded as money and
may be dealt with as a commodity. To address this issue, the researcher suggests that such a currency be utilized for trading
among bank customers, allowing them to pay for their daily purchases and services. The researcher suggests using this
currency as cash for loan contracts, and it can be used in various financial transactions electronically with smart cards, such
as paying utility bills and payments in restaurants and other areas where the state has an interest.
Question 6: To whom can the debtor sell the secondary currency borrowed from a bank?

Answer: The debtor may sell to licensed agents or authorized money exchangers; therefore, bank should specify points of
sale for such currency in order to avoid any doubts in such a transaction.
Question 7: To what extent can the bank control the currency exchange rate?
Answer: The currency exchange rate is set by banks or states against the official local currency; therefore, it is far from being
volatile like cryptocurrencies. As long as the buying and selling price is determined and licensed by state or announced in the
media, the risk is minimal on customers.
Question 8: How does the valuation of the secondary currency be defined for the bank?
Answer: Prior to 1971, the value of the currency was determined by the state's gold holdings, with an exchange rate tied to
a specific weight of gold. Following that date, various exchange methods were used to determine the currency's value against
other currencies, including the floating exchange system, which decides the currency's value based on supply and demand.
There is a peg to a single currency, in which the currency is tied to a worldwide base currency like the dollar or euro, which
is usually the currency of state's main trading partner. There's also a link to a currency basket, from which the most essential
trading partners can be chosen.
Accordingly, there is no harm for a bank or the ruler or state's legislation determining the value of the bank's secondary
currency against local currency, (0% in buying, i.e., equal to the official currency, and 20% increment of sale rate).
Question 9: Will the issuance of a secondary currency have an impact on the economy, given that each country only
has one currency?
Answer: A country's secondary currency will have no impact on the economy because it is an independent currency used by
citizens to deal with loan contracts in particular and financial aspects in general, and it can only be limited in certain financial
transactions such as smart cards.
Question 10:Is it possible for the government or a bank to issue an electronic secondary currency in order to avoid
Riba?
Answer: Most contemporary jurists oppose electronic currencies like Bitcoin due to lack of legal reference that can be
consulted when needed and holds the currency's accountability in front of the law. Therefore, if a bank or a state issues an
independent currency with defined exchange rate that is governed by the Central Bank, there is no issue in permitting the
issuance of a secondary currency by state or the bank.
Non-Riba Loan Model

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Findings
1. The concept of "Currency" is based on the valuation of what people are accustomed to and widely accepted.
2. Two conditions must be met to avoid usury (Riba). First, the borrowed item must be returned in the same form in
which it was lent; for example, if the loan was given in Dollars, it must be repaid in Dollars; and if the loan was
given in Rupees, it must be repaid in Rupees. As such, if an identical item is returned then there is no jurisprudence
disagreement. Second, loan contracts should not include a condition of an interest or a benefit charged upon
repayment of the loan.
3. The government has the authority to allow banks to issue a secondary currency in order to provide interest-free loans
and aid in the development of the country's economy.
4. According to Islamic jurists views, currency should have three characteristics: it should be able to be exchanged by
people, it should be able to measure and value things, and it should be able to store value.
5. Based on the motivation to avoid usury (Riba), banks should issue a secondary currency to protect the principles of
Islam, as such, the researcher argues that such currency issuance will have a favorable impact among Muslims by
avoiding usury and doubtful matters in loan contracts. Therefore, Islamic banks (and Muslims) can excel in Islamic
investing practices, allowing them to be more efficient, profitable, and devoted to meeting global quality standards
that are compliant with Sharia financial guidelines.

Recommendations:
The researcher urges Islamic economic experts to conduct a study to assess the viability of issuing a secondary currency by
governments to avoid usury (Riba) in the loan financial contracts. Payment and repayment of loans can be facilitated by
employing a secondary currency in a form of sell and buy model, which is the basis of capital.

May prayers and salutations be upon the prophet Muhammad, and upon his pure family, and his companions.
REFERENCES
[1]. Malik Ibn Anas, Al-Mudawwanah Al-Kubra, Sahnoun's narration,(Riyadh: Happiness Press, D. I, 1324H), C3, p. 5.
[2]. Al-Qurtubi, Mohammed Ibn Ahmed, Aljamea Le Ahkam Al-Quran: Abdul Hamid Hindawi Review, (Beirut:
Modern Comprehensive Library, D.I., 1425H), C7, p. 346.

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
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[3]. Sahih Al-Bukhari with explanation of Al-Aini, C12, p. 16.

[4]. Doctrinal rules and their applications in the four schools of Fiqh, P. 298. ‫"؛‬Rule of customary usage" ،Modern
Comprehensive Library.
[5]. "Majma Al-Anhur Fi Sharh Multaqa Al-Abhur "Abdul Rahman bin Mohammed-Sheikhizadeh (2/82), Arab
Heritage Revival House, D.B.T.
[6]. See: "Al-Mahtar's response to al-Dur al-Mukhtar" ،Mohamed Amin Bin Abedin ،(5/161) ،Dar Al , Fikr ،
BeirutLebanon, i: 2nd, 1412H - 1992.
[7]. "Persuasion in the jurisprudence of Imam Ahmed Ibn Hanbal" ،Musa Bin Ahmed Al-Hijawi ،(2/147), Reviewed
by: Abdul-Latif Mohammed Musa Al-Sebki ،Knowledge House Press ،Beirut - Lebanon ،D.B.T. ،"The square
garden explaining the convincing increased"
[8]. 8-Mansour Ibn Younis Al-Bahouti, (P: 361), Message Foundation, Beirut- Lebanon, [D.B.T.] ، "Jurisprudence
questions and answers" ،Abd El-Aziz Ibn Mohamed Al-Salman ،(4/353) ،[D.B.T].
[9]. 9-
"Encyclopedia of the Kuwaiti Jurisprudence" ،Ministry of Wakaf and Islamic Affairs - Kuwait ،(33/114) ،Dar Al-
Safwa Press, Cairo- Egypt ،I: First Ed.
[10]. "Explanation of Fateth al-Qadeer" ،Mohamed Bin Abdul Wahid Ibn Al-Hammam, (6/248), Dar Al-Fikr ،Beirut-
Lebanon ،[D.T.] ،"Ibn Abdeen's Margin" ،(7/14).
[11]. Narrated by Ibn Majah raised to The Prophet, peace be upon him, and the right to be conveyed through Ibn Massoud ،
Nayl Al-Awtar،C5 ،P , 243.
[12]. Published in Da'wa Magazine ،Issue 1569 ،May 17, 1417 H.
[13]. Collection of Fatwas and articles of Sheikh Ibn Baz, C25, p. 256.
[14]. Al-Qurafi, Ahmed Ibn Idris, Al-Dakhirah, (Beirut: Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, i1, 1414H) ،C10, p. 96 ‫؛‬Al-Baji,
Suleiman Ibn Khalaf, Al-Muntaqa Sharh Al-Muatta, (Cairo: Happiness Press, i1, 1332H), C3, p. 402 ‫؛‬
[15]. Al-Nawawi, Yehia Ibn Sharaf, Al-Majmou’a, (Beirut: Arab Heritage Revival House, T1, DT), C6, p. 11
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[19]. Ibn Rushd, Mohammed Ibn Ahmed, The beginning of the hardworking and the end of the minimalist (Beirut: Dar
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[22]. "Persuasion in the jurisprudence of Imam Ahmed Ibn Hanbal" ،Musa Bin Ahmed Al-Hijawi ،(2/147), Reviewed
by: Abdul-Latif Mohammed Musa Al-Sebki ،Knowledge House Press ،Beirut - Lebanon ،D.B.T. ،"The square
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[23]. Mansour Ibn Younis Al-Bahouti, (P: 361), Message Foundation, Beirut- Lebanon, [D.B.T.] ، "Jurisprudence
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