A report on

CPM 16 HOUR ASSIGNMENT

Submitted by,

Chetansinh Jayrajsinh Thakur

Registration No.: CE21305

Roll No.: 21CEM3R06

Under the guidance of,

Prof. Dr. Vishnu sir

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING DIVISION

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL
L INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, WARANGAL – 506004

December 2021
 DECLARATION
I declare that the written submission represents my ideas and review in my own words with the
help of words used from others sources which I have adequately cited and referenced. I also
a
declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic integrity and honesty without any
fabrication or misrepresentation of any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understood that
any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary acti
action
on by the Institute and can also
evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom
proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Signature of the Student:

Name of the Student: Chetansinh Jairajsinh Thakur

Registration No.: CE21305
Roll No.: 21CEM3R06
Date: 17/12/2021

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my guide Dr. Vishnu, Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal for his inspiration and valuable guidance
throughout this assignment. He has consistently invited my questions and assisted me with
clearing my doubts and also encouraged me with steady motivating direction all through the
assignment I had taken under. I also wish to put across my gratitude to every one of the
individuals who encouraged me directly or by implication in the fulfillment of this report.

Chetansinh Jayrajsinh Thakur

CE21305

3
 ABSTRACT
The results presented in this report are for an oscillation-frequency temperature sweep test
carried out for 6 different unaged binders named as A, B, C, D, E, and F. The report contains
Storage modulus or elastic modulus variation of these binders with respect to temperature and
frequency of loading similarly, Loss modulus variation of binders is also included. Using the
data of the test upper continuous PG grade temperature of all 6 binders is determined. Binder
black space diagram is plotted. Complex modulus against the frequency and at different
temperature condition is plotted to find out the Master curve of all the binders. By analyzing the
data we can make conclusions about the performance of these bitumen binders when used in
pavement as a mix.

4
 CONTENTS
Declaration 2
Acknowledgement 3
Abstract 4
1. Storage modulus variation with temp. and frequency of loading 5-10
1.1 Binder A
1.2 Binder B
1.3 Binder C
1.4 Binder D
1.5 Binder E
1.6 Binder F
2. Loss modulus variation with temp. and frequency of loading 11-14
1.1 Binder A
1.2 Binder B
1.3 Binder C
1.4 Binder D
1.5 Binder E
1.6 Binder F
3. The upper continuous grade PG temperature of the binders 15-21
1.1 Binder A
1.2 Binder B
1.3 Binder C
1.4 Binder D
1.5 Binder E
1.6 Binder F
4. Binder black space diagram 22-24
1.1 Binder A
1.2 Binder B
1.3 Binder C
1.4 Binder D
1.5 Binder E
1.6 Binder F
5. Complex modulus variation with frequency and temperature. 24-28
1.1 Binder A
1.2 Binder B
1.3 Binder C
1.4 Binder D
1.5 Binder E
1.6 Binder F
5
6. Master curves for complex modulus 28-
General 29
1.1 Binder A
1.2 Binder B
1.3 Binder C
1.4 Binder D
1.5 Binder E
1.6 Binder F
References 30

6
 Chapter 1
Storage modulus variation
General:
This section plots graph for understanding the variation of storage modulus with respect to
temperature and frequency of loading. Storage modulus also called elastic modulus is the ratio of
elastic stress to strain, which shows the capacity of material to store energy in it elastically.

The following graphs are plotted for Log scale on both x and y axis:-

1.1. Binder A:

Storage modulus variation A

10000

1000
48
Storage modulus Pa

100
54
10 60
66
1
72
0.1
78
0.1 1 10
frequency Hz

Fig. no. 1.1 storage modulus variation A

7
1.2. Binder B:

Storage modulus variation B

100000

10000
Storage modulus Pa

48
1000 54
60
100
66
72
10
78

1
0.1 1 10
frequency Hz
Fig. no. 1.2 storage modulus variation B

1.3. Binder C:

Storage modulus variation C

100000

10000
Storage modulus Pa

48
1000
54

100 60
66
10
72
1 78
0.1 1 10
frequency Hz

Fig. no. 1.3 storage modulus variation C

8
1.4. Binder D:

Storage modulus variation D

1.00E+06

1.00E+05
Storage modulus Pa

48
1.00E+04
54
60
1.00E+03
66
1.00E+02 72
78
1.00E+01 84

1.00E+00
0.100 1.000 10.000
frequency Hz

Fig. no. 1.4 storage modulus variation D

1.5. Binder E:

100000 Storage modulus variation E

10000
Storage modulus Pa

48
1000
54

100 60
66
10 72
78
1
0.1 1 10
Frequency Hz

Fig. no. 1.5 storage modulus variation E

9
1.6. Binder F:

Storage modulus variation F

100000

10000
Storage modulus Pa

48
1000 54
60
100 66
72
10 78
84
1
0.100 1.000 10.000
Frequency Hz

Fig. no. 1.6 storage modulus variation F

10
 Chapter 2
Loss Modulus variation
General:
This section plots graph for understanding the variation of loss modulus with respect to
temperature and frequency of loading. Loss modulus also called viscous modulus is the measure
of energy lost per cycle of sinusoidal deformation.

2.1. Binder A:

100000 Loss modulus variation A

10000

48
Loss Modulus Pa

1000
54
60
100
66
72
10
78

1
0.1 1 10
frequency Hz

Fig. no. 2.1 Loss modulus variation A

11
2.2. Binder B:

Loss modulus variation B

1.00E+06

1.00E+05
Loss Modulus Pa

1.00E+04 48
54
1.00E+03
60
1.00E+02 66
1.00E+01 72
78
1.00E+00
0.1 1 10
frequency Hz

Fig. no. 2.2 Loss modulus variation B

2.3. Binder C

Loss modulus variation C

1.00E+06
Loss Modulus Pa

1.00E+05
48
1.00E+04
54
1.00E+03 60
66
1.00E+02
72
1.00E+01
78
1.00E+00
0.1 1 10
Frequency Hz

Fig. no. 2.3 Loss modulus variation C

12
2.4. Binder D:

Loss modulus variation D

1.00E+06

1.00E+05
48
Loss Modulus Pa

1.00E+04
54
1.00E+03 60
66
1.00E+02
72

1.00E+01 78
84
1.00E+00
0.100 1.000 10.000
frequency Hz

Fig. no. 2.4 Loss modulus variation D

2.5. Binder E:

Loss modulus variation E

1.00E+06

1.00E+05
Loss modulus pa

1.00E+04 48
54
1.00E+03
60
1.00E+02 66

1.00E+01 72
78
1.00E+00
0.1 1 10
frequency Hz

Fig. no. 2.5 Loss modulus variation E

13
2.6. Binder F:

Loss modulus variation F

1000000

100000
48
Loss modulus pa

10000
54
1000 60
66
100
72
10 78
84
1
0.100 1.000 10.000
Frequency Hz

Fig. no. 2.6 Loss modulus variation F

14
 Chapter 3
The upper continuous grade PG temperature of the binders
General: The upper continuous grade PG temperature of binders is found out by plotting rutting
parameter G*/sin (delta) parameter with respect to temperature. As rutting is high temperature
phenomena we use G*/ sin (delta) which is super pave rutting parameter and for unaged binders
the its value should be minimum 1kPa whereas for short term aged it should be min. 2.2 kPa.

All below graphs are plotted with log scale on Y-axis only and normal scale on X-axis.

3.1. Binder A:

G*/sind Vs. Temp A

100

A
1kpa
G*/Sin(Delta) kPa

10

0, 1 74.10, 1
1

0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature °C

Fig. no. 3.1 Upper PG grade temperature for A

G*/ sin (delta) G*/ sin (delta)

Temp
Pa kPa
48.09 2.67E+04 26.67
54.09 9842 9.842
60.15 4173 4.173
66.18 1810 1.81
72.26 1206 1.206

15
 78.32 528.2 0.5282

0 1
74.10 1
74.10 0

Hence, upper PG temp for binder A =74.10 ℃

3.2. Binder B:

G*/sin(delta) Vs. temperature B

100
G*/Sin(Delta) kPa

10

1kpa
0, 1
1 B
77.27, 1

0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature °C

Fig. no. 3.2 Upper PG grade temperature for B

48.11 6.69E+04 66.9

54.12 2.51E+04 25.06
60.13 9897 9.897
66.16 3979 3.979
72.2 1792 1.792
78.25 846.9 0.8469
Using trend function of excel
0 1
77.27 1
77.27 0

Hence, upper PG temp for binder B =77.27 ℃

16
3.3. Binder C:

G*/sind Vs. Temp C

100
G*/Sin(Delta) kPa

10

1 kpa
1 C

0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature °C

Fig. no. 3.3 Upper PG grade temperature for C

48.09 8.50E+04 85.04

54.1 3.17E+04 31.74
60.09 12390 12.39
66.1 5159 5.159
72.11 2283 2.283
78.19 1101 1.101

Using trend function of excel

0 1
78.71 1
78.71 0

Hence, upper PG temp for binder C =78.71 ℃

17
3.4. Binder D:

1000
G*/sind Vs. Temp D

100
G*/Sin(Delta) kPa

10
1kpa
D
1

0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature °C

Fig. no. 3.4 Upper PG grade temperature for D

48.02 162662.99 162.66

54.02 67377.34 67.38
60.04 30531.05 30.53
66.01 14828.71 14.83
72.02 7607.69 7.61
78.01 4071.06 4.07
84.02 2241.58 2.24

Using trend function of excel

0 1
88.10 1
88.10 0

Hence, upper PG temp for binder D =88.10 ℃.

18
3.5. Binder E:

G*/sind (Kpa) Vs. Temp E

100
G*/Sin(Delta) kPa

10

1kpa

1 E

0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature °C

Fig. no. 3.5 Upper PG grade temperature for E

48.05 7.72E+04 7.72E+01

54.07 3.01E+04 3.01E+01
60.06 13120 1.31E+01
66.08 6179 6.18E+00
72.11 3142 3.14E+00
78.2 1626 1.63E+00

Using trend function of excel

0 1
80.71 1
80.71 0

Hence, upper PG temp for binder D =80.71 ℃.

19
3.6. Binder F:

G*/sind Vs. Temp F

100
G*/Sin(Delta) kPa

10

1kpa
1 F

0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature °C

Fig. no. 3.6 Upper PG grade temperature for F

48 82873.68239 82.87368
54.02 37598.98443 37.59898
60.03 17694.5921 17.69459
66.01 8568.572494 8.568572
72.04 4369.897339 4.369897
78.03 2282.450894 2.282451
84.02 1225.011353 1.225011

Using trend function of excel

0 1
85.29 1
85.29 0

Hence, upper PG temp for binder D =85.29 ℃.

20
 1000
G*/sind Vs. Temp for all binders
A

100 B
G*/Sin(Delta) kPa C
D
10
E
F

0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature °C

Fig. no. 3.7 Combined for all binders

21
 Chapter 4

Binder Black space diagram

General:
Binder black space diagrams are plotted between complex modulus and phase angle to
understand the bitumen.

4.1. Binder A:

60000 Binder black space A

50000
complex modulus

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
80 82 84 86 88 90 92
phase angle

Fig. no. 4.1 binder black space diagram for A

4.2. Binder B:

1.40E+05
Binder black space B
1.20E+05
Complecc modulus Pa

1.00E+05
8.00E+04
6.00E+04
4.00E+04
2.00E+04
0.00E+00
70 75 80 85 90 95
Phase angle

Fig. no.4.2 binder black space diagram for B

22
4.3. Binder C:

Binder black space C

1.60E+05
1.40E+05
1.20E+05
Complex modulus pa

1.00E+05
8.00E+04
6.00E+04
4.00E+04
2.00E+04
0.00E+00
60 70 80 90 100
Phase angle

Fig. no.4.3 binder black space diagram for C

4.4. Binder D:

Binder black space D

2.50E+05

2.00E+05
Complex modulus pa

1.50E+05

1.00E+05

5.00E+04

0.00E+00
62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Phase angle

Fig. no.4.4 binder black space diagram for D

23
4.5. Binder E:

Binder black space E

1.40E+05

1.20E+05
Complex modulus pa

1.00E+05

8.00E+04

6.00E+04

4.00E+04

2.00E+04

0.00E+00
68 70 72 74 76 78 80
Phase angle

Fig. no.4.5 binder black space diagram for E

4.6. Binder F:

Binder black space F

120000

100000
Complex modulus pa

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
40 50 60 70 80 90
Phase angle

Fig. no.4.6 binder black space diagram for F

24
 Chapter 5

Complex modulus variation

General:

Bitumen is thermorheologically simple material as it exhibits time temperature superposition

phenomenon because of which it can have same parametric values such as complex modulus at
different frequencies and temperatures. Hence, by plotting this we can generate master curves at
particular reference temperature and reduced frequency.

All below graphs are plotted with log scale on Y-axis and normal scale on X-axis.

5.1. Binder A:

Complex modulus variation A

100000

10000
Complex modulus Pa

48
54
1000
60
66

100 72
78

10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency Hz

Fig. no.5.1 Complex modulus variation for A

25
5.2. Binder B:

Complex modulus Vs. Frequency B

1.00E+06

1.00E+05
Complex modulus Pa

1.00E+04 48
54
1.00E+03
60
1.00E+02 66
72
1.00E+01
78
1.00E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency Hz

Fig. no.5.2 Complex modulus variation for B

5.3. Binder C:

Complex modulus Vs. Frequency C

1.00E+06

1.00E+05
Complex modulus Pa

1.00E+04 48
54
1.00E+03
60
1.00E+02 66
72
1.00E+01
78

1.00E+00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency Hz

Fig. no.5.3 Complex modulus variation for C

26
5.4. Binder D:

Complex modulus Vs. Frequency D

1.00E+06

1.00E+05
Complex modulus Pa

48
1.00E+04
54
1.00E+03 60
66
1.00E+02
72
1.00E+01 78

1.00E+00 84

0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000

Frequency Hz

Fig. no.5.4 Complex modulus variation for D

5.5. Binder E:

Complex modulus Vs. Frequency E

1.00E+06

1.00E+05
Complex modulus Pa

48
1.00E+04
54
1.00E+03 60

1.00E+02 66
72
1.00E+01
78
1.00E+00
0 1 2 3 4
frequency Hz

Fig. no.5.5 Complex modulus variation for E

27
5.6. Binder F:

Complex modulus Vs. Frequency F

1000000

100000
Complex modulus Pa

48
10000
54
1000 60

100 66
72
10
78
1 84
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500
frequency Hz

Fig. no.5.6 Complex modulus variation for F

28
 Chapter 6

Master Curves
General:
Master curves are plotted using time te
temperature
mperature superposition concept for performing test and
obtaining results at a particular reference temperature and reduced frequencies. Reduced
frequencies can be obtained using equation:

………. Equation no. 1

Where,, fred is the reduced frequency (Hz) at which the master curve should be read (Hz), f is
loading frequency (Hz), T is the experimental temperature, Tref is the reference temperature for
which master curve is developed and C1 and C2 are empirical constants. Sayegh (1967)
considered the values of C1 and C2 to be 9.5 and 95 respectively. Lytton et. al. (1993) adopted
the values of 19 and 92 for C1 and C2 respectively.

………………… Equation no. 2

Where, delta is minimum complex modulus, delta +alpha is maximum modulus

lus or span of the
data, beta and gamma are location and slope steepness parameters of the sigmoidal curve, fred is
the reduced frequency obtained
ained from shift factor (Eq. 11) and test frequency.

We can plot master curves using these formula and excel’s solve
solverr function by keeping
constraints to these constant values such as C1, C2, delta and alpha.

I have plotted master curves for complex modulus at reference temperature of 60℃ and by
initially assuming C1 = 4, C2= 80, alpha = 3, Beta= 1 and gamma= -1
1 by referencing from thesis
of Dr. Vishnu sir.

29
6.1. Binder A:

Master curves for Complex Modulus

100000

10000
complex modulus Pa

1000

100

10

1
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00

Reduced frequency Hz

Fig. no.6.1. Master curve for binder A

C1 4.728942447
C2 80.48815026
alpha 2.741644437
Beta -0.835011609
gamma 0.833756353

Tref 60
min G* 116.1 2.065
SSE 0.2947

30
6.2. Binder B:

Master curves for Complex modulus

1000000

100000
complex modulus Pa

10000

1000

100

10

1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Reduced frequency Hz

Fig. no.6.2. Master curve for binder B

C1 8.354513
C2 123.6423
alpha 3.108801
Beta -0.90077
gamma 0.527357

Tref 60
min G* 172.4 2.236537

SSE 0.206

31
6.3. Binder C:

Master curves for Complex Modulus

1000000
Complex modulus pa

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1
0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000

Reduced frequency Hz

Fig. no.6.3. Master curve for binder C

C1 8.235544
C2 120.3887
alpha 3.065813
Beta -0.89583
gamma 0.532791

Tref 60
min G* 2.30E+02 2.362294

SSE 0.200851

32
6.4. Binder D:

Master Curves for complex modulus

1000000

100000
Complex modulus Pa

10000

1000

100

10

1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reduced frequency Hz

Fig. no.6.4. Master curve for binder D

C1 33.39977
C2 476.707
alpha 3.070195
Beta -1.31807
gamma -0.18205

Tref 60
min G* 602.7 2.780101

SSE 0.281598

33
6.5. Binder E:

Master curves for Complex Modulus

1.00E+06

1.00E+05
Complex modulus Pa

1.00E+04

1.00E+03

1.00E+02

1.00E+01

1.00E+00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Reduced frequency Hz

Fig. no.6.5. Master curve for binder E

C1 6.55776
C2 96.17163
alpha 2.649408
Beta -0.86645
gamma 0.598411

Tref 60
min G* 4.04E+02 2.606811

SSE 0.185948

34
6.5. Binder F:

Master curve for complex modulus

1000000

100000
Complex modulus Pa

10000

1000

100

10

1
0 5 10 15 20
Reduced frequency Hz

Fig. no.6.6. Master curve for binder F

C1 366.8358
C2 5758.83
alpha 3.224175
Beta -9.06054
gamma -7.92624

Tref 60
min G* 284.8 2.45454

SSE 0.357898

35
6.7 Combined Master Curves:

Combined Master curve for complex modulus

1000000
Complex modulus Pa

100000

10000

1000

100

10

1
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Reduced frequency Hz
A B C D E F

Fig 6.7 Combined master curve

Link for excel sheets: CE21305

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1rj8_ChQ4cmGWSDPpPePVAK2phYUdQth4/edit?usp
=sharing&ouid=113971805616796634785&rtpof=true&sd=true

36
 References
1. Dr. Vishnu sir Thesis
2. Binder characterization pdf for reference.

37