Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The most valuable class I took this semester was Medical- Surgical Nursing.
The class was a series of real-world case studies followed by discussion. At the end of every
lecture, everyone in the class share their personal insight and experience about the topic they
have reported. Sharing your personal knowledge and experience is an effective tool for student
to learn. It gives real case scenario of the disease or disorder and keep students interested and
intellectually stimulated. Every time I listen from my classmates’ experience and opinion it
challenge my abilities, teach me new skills and still give me the experience as a nurse.
Everyone in the class has given assigned topic by Ma’am Sophie. Endocrine
System and its disorder is the assigned topic for me. This system was interesting because of the
fact that it influences nearly all cells, organs, and functions of the human body. The endocrine
system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and
development, tissue function, reproduction, sleep, and mood among other things.
physiological balance. In order for the body to develop properly and maintain physiological
balance it requires many different types of information. The endocrine system is one way in
which these communications happen. By using hormones, organs and tissues alike contribute to
parathyroid glands, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testicles (in males). The
endocrine system gets some help from other organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and
gonads, which have secondary endocrine functions. The kidney for example, secretes hormones
Hormones levels that are too high or too low indicate a problem with the
endocrine system. Hormone diseases also occur if your body does not respond to hormones in
the appropriate ways. Stress, infection and changes in the blood’s fluid and electrolyte balance
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland has been, and still often thought as the “master
gland” because of its role controlling the functions of many of the other endocrine glands. The
pituitary gland secretes many different hormones into the bloodstream to target organs and is
controlled by hypothalamus. There are two parts to the pituitary gland; one is called the
anterior lobe, and the other is the posterior lobe. One of the major roles of the pituitary gland
is to produce growth hormones which control growth. Too large an amount of these hormones
causes gigantism. A condition where facial features, hands, etc become abnormally large. Too
little causes dwarfism, where the overall stature of a person is very small.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone. In DI and SIADH the body has a problem
producing Anti diuretic hormone (ADH) too much or not enough. This hormone is produced in
the hypothalamus, and stored and eventually released in the posterior pituitary gland. Each
condition is related the secretion of ADH which plays a major role in how the body retains
water. Each condition presents oppositely of each other, in SIADH the patient retains water vs.
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland produces and stores the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4)
and triiodothyronine (T3), as well as secretes calcitonin. T4 and T3 increase the rate cells
metabolize energy. Calcitonin produces calcium balance in the blood by inhibiting the
loss of function, the diseases bring about systemic changes that affect the metabolic
produces hyper metabolic state. Thyroid storm is the severe form of hyperthyroidism. It results
from a sudden surge of large amounts of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream that causes an
even greater increase in body metabolism. Hypothyroidism occurs from an inadequate amount
of circulating thyroid hormone that causes a decrease in metabolic rate that affects all body
system. Myxedema is a life threatening condition, can occur when hypothyroidism is untreated
Parathyroid Glands
the correct balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body.PTH regulates the level of Calcium in
the blood, release of calcium from bone, absorption of calcium in the intestine and excretion of
calcium in the urine. Disorders of the Parathyroid glands includes Hyperparathyroidism, High
secretion of PTH by parathyroid gland and presents with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
and Hypoparathyroidism, Low secretion of PTH by parathyroid gland and presents with
Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney. They
produce hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. Cortisol helps
you respond to stress and has many other important functions. With adrenal gland disorders,
Autoimmune causing body to attack the cortex due to cancer, TB, trauma.
Diabetes
There are two types of Diabetes mellitus, Type 1 and Type 2 DM. Glucose-a
simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organism and is a component of many
carbohydrates. Insulin- a hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that
regulate the amount of glucose in the blood. Glucagon- a hormone formed in the pancreas that
effective insulin and resulting in major hyperglycemia and acidosis from abnormal
carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, occuring in persons with Diabetes mellitus(DM).
emergency resulting from a lack of effective insulin, or severe insulin resistance, that causes
extreme hyperglycemia. Affected patients often are older adults, with undiagnosed or
inadequately treated type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Often HHNK is precipitated by a stressor,
The main goal for treatment in DKA and HHNK is to correct hyperglycemia and treat
underlying diseases.
Synthesis on Cancer of Female and Male Reproductive System and Family Planning
As we all know, cancer is often untreatable, unbearably painful disease with no cure. However
popular this view of cancer may be, it is exaggerated and over-generalized. Cancer is undoubtly
I have given the chance to discuss the cancer of female and male
reproductive system. I focused on two popular cancer of reproductive system, the cervical
What is Cancer?
Our body is composed of many millions of tiny cells, each a self- contained
living unit. Normally, each cell coordinates with the others that compose tissues and organs of
our body. One way that this coordination occurs is reflected in how our cells reproduce
themselves. Normal cells in the body grow and divide for a period of time and then stop
growing and dividing. Thereafter, they only reproduce themselves as necessary to replace
defective or dying cells. Cancer occurs when this cellular reproduction process goes out of
determines whether a species will survive. The reproductive system produces human offspring.
Cervical Cancer
One of the cancer affecting female is the cervical cancer. Cervix is located in the vagina.
Cervical cancer is a disease that can be very serious. However, it’s a disease that you can help
prevent. Carcinoma of the cervix is predominantly squamous cell cancer. Cervical cancer is less
common than it once was because of early detection of cell changes by Pap smear. Pap
screening can identify preinvasive lesions and prevent cancer (Bernard et al., 2004). Cervical
cancer occurs when normal cells in the cervix change into cancer cells. The exact cause of the
cervical cancer is not known, but certain things appear to increase the risk such as; human
papilloma virus (HPV), Sexual activity, Multiple sex partners, Early age( younger than 20) at first
coitus( exposes the vulnerable young cervix to potential viruses from a partner), Sex with
uncircumcised males, Sexual contact with males whose partners have had cervical cancer,
early childbearing and exposure to human papillomavirus. HIV infection and other causes of
(DES) in utero, family history of cervical cancer, Low socioeconomic status ( may be related to
early marriage and early childbearing), Nutritional deficiencies (folate, beta-carotene, and
vitamin C levels are lower in women with cervical cancer than in women without it), Chronic
cervical infection , and overweight status . The symptoms that cervix cancer causes are;
abnormal vaginal bleeding, abnormal vaginal bleeding after the menopause, and discomfort
during intercourse. Diagnosis of cervical cancer includes; Pap test, Cervical Cone Biopsy
(Conization), HPV DNA Test and Examine your cervix, during an exam called colposcopy, your
doctor uses a special microscope to examine your cervix for abnormal cells. Treatment option
Prostate Cancer
androgen dependant adenocarcinoma. The tumour is slow growing and often begins in the
1. Usually asymptomatic
2. Nodule felt within the substance of the gland or extensive hardening in the posterior lobe.
Advanced Stage
2. Obstructive symptoms occur late in the disease; difficulty and frequency of urination, urinary
4. Symptoms of metastases include backache, hip pain, perineal and rectal discomfort, anemia,
weight loss, weakness, nausea, and oliguria: hematuria may result from urethral or bladder
invasion.
It is important for men to know signs and symptoms and screening measures to
detect the disease. Detecting prostate cancer can be accomplished by Digital Rectal Exam
examination as part of his regular health check-up- key to a higher cure rate.
Treatment is based on the stage of the disease and on the patient’s age and
cancer therapy and detect local progression and early recurrence. Treatment may include
rehabilitation process. Help patient and family to cope with diagnosis, alterations in usual
Family Planning
Family planning is the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth
control and other techniques to implement such plans. The Philippines has now ranked as the
13th most populated country in the world. Family planning is the basic principle that is used by
families in determining how many children they are going to have and how the family is going
to be spaced in terms of age. There are two types of Family planning methods; the Natural and
Artificial Methods.
foreign body introduction into the human body. Most people who are very conscious of their
religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural way of birth control. Some want to use
The success of the Natural Family Planning methods depends on: the accuracy of
the method in identifying the woman’s actual fertile days, couples’ ability to correctly identify
the fertile time, Couples’ ability to follow the rules of the method they are using.
In this method, the live sperm is prevented from entering the uterus either by
killing them with spermicidal or by obstructing them through the use of condom and
diaphragms.
Each individual has their own choice in what they contraceptive they want to use.