RED

 BLOOD  CELLS  
(ERYTHROCYTES)  
 A  major  func9on  of  RBCs  
•  is  to    transport  hemoglobin,  which,    in    turn,    
carries     oxygen   from     the     lungs     to     the    
9ssues  
•  they   contain   a   large   quan9ty   of   carbonic  
anhydrase,   an   enzyme   that   catalyzes   the  
reversible     reac9on     between     carbon     dioxide    
(CO2)     and     water   to     form     carbonic     acid    
(H2CO3)  
 Shape    and    Size    of    Red    Blood    Cells  
•  a r e   b i c o n c a v e   d i s k s  
having   a   mean   diameter  
of  about  7.8  micrometers  
and   a   thickness   of   2.5  
micrometers     at     the    
thickest     point     and     1    
micrometer     or   less   in   the  
center.    
•  The   average   volume   of  
the   RBC   is   90   to   95   cubic  
micrometers  
  
Concentra)on    of    Red    Blood    Cells    in    the    Blood  
 
•  In  healthy  men,  the  average  number  of  RBCs  
per  cubic  mil-­‐limeter  is  5,200,000  (±300,000);  
in  women,  it  is  4,700,000  (±300,000).  
 Quan9ty  of  Hemoglobin  in  the  Cells  
•  RBCs  have  the  ability  to  concentrate  hemoglobin  in  the  
cell  fluid  up  to  about  34  grams  in  each  100  milliliters  of  
cells  
•  When  the  hematocrit  (the  percentage  of  blood  that  is  
in  cells—normally,  40  to  45  percent)  and  the  quan9ty  
of   hemoglobin   in   each   respec9ve   cell   are   normal,   the  
whole   blood   of   men   contains   an   average   of   15   grams  
of  hemo-­‐globin    per    100    milliliters;    for    women,    it    
contains    an  average  of  14  grams  per  100  milliliters  
•  each     gram     of     hemoglobin     can   combine   with   1.34   ml  
of  oxygen  if  the  hemoglobin  is  100  percent  saturated.  
 PRODUCTION  OF  RED  BLOOD  CELLS:  
Areas  of  the  Body  That  Produce  Red  Blood  Cells  
Forma)on of the mul)ple different blood cells from the original 
pluripotent hematopoie)c stem cell in the bone marrow.  
 Erythropoie)n  S)mulates  Red  Blood  Cell  Produc)on,  
and  Its  Forma)on  Increases  in  Response  to  Hypoxia.    

•  erythropoie)n,   a   glycoprotein   with   a   molecular  

weight  of  about  34,000  
•  In  the  absence  of  erythropoie9n,  hypoxia  has  licle  or  
no  effect  to  s9mulate  RBC  produc9on.    
•  However,   when   the   erythropoie9n   system   is  
func9onal,   hypoxia   causes   a   marked   increase   in  
erythropoie9n  produc9on  and  the  erythropoie9n,  in  
turn,   enhances   RBC   produc9on   un9l   the   hypoxia   is  
relieved.    
 Func)on of the erythropoie)n mechanism to increase   
produc)on of red blood cells when )ssue oxygena)on decreases.  

•  The  total  mass  of  RBCs  in  

the  circulatory  system  is  
regu-­‐lated    within    narrow    
limits,    and    thus      
•  (1)    an    adequate  number  of  
RBCs  are  always  available  to  
provide  sufficient  transport    
of    oxygen    from    the    lungs    
to    the    9ssues  
•  (2)  the  cells  do  not  become  
so  numerous  that  they  
impede  blood    flow.    
Erythropoie9n    Is    Formed    Mainly    in    
the    Kidneys  
 Erythropoie)n  S)mulates  Produc)on  of  Proeryth-­‐  
roblasts  from  Hematopoie)c  Stem  Cells  
 
•  When   an   animal   or   a   person   is   placed   in   an  
atmosphere   of   low   oxygen,   erythropoie9n   begins  
to   be   formed   within   minutes   to   hours,   and   it  
reaches  maximum  produc9on  within  24  hours.    
•  Yet  almost  no  new  RBCs  appear  in  the  circula9ng  
blood  un9l  about  5  days  later.    
•  The   important   effect   of   erythropoie)n   is   to  
s)mulate   the   produc)on   of   proerythroblasts  
from   hematopoie)c   stem   cells   in   the   bone  
marrow.    
 Matura9on  of  Red  Blood  Cells  
Requires    Vitamin  B12  
(Cyanocobalamin)  and    Folic  
Acid  
•  The  parietal  cells  of  the  gastric  glands  
secrete   a   glycoprotein   called   intrinsic  
factor,  which  combines    with    vitamin    
B12   in     food     and     makes     the     B12  
available    for    absorp9on    by    the    gut.    
 vitamin  B12  and  folic  acid  
•  Both   of   these   vitamins   are   essen9al   for   the  
synthesis  of  DNA  because  each,  in  a  different  
way,   is   required   for   the   forma9on   of  
thymidine   triphosphate,   one   of   the   essen9al  
building  blocks  of  DNA.    
•  Therefore,   lack   of   either   vitamin   B12   or   folic  
acid   causes   abnormal   and   diminished   DNA  
and,   consequently,   failure   of   nuclear  
matura9on  and  cell  division.    
 macrocytes  
•  Mainly   larger   than   normal   RBCs   and   the   cell   itself  
has   a   flimsy   membrane   and   is   oien   irregular,  
large,   and   oval   instead   of   the   usual   biconcave  
disk.    
•  These   poorly   formed   cells,   aier   entering   the  
circula9ng  blood,  are  capable  of  carrying  oxygen  
normally,  but  their  fragility  causes  them  to  have  a  
short  life,  one-­‐half  to  one-­‐third  normal.    
•  Therefore,   deficiency   of   either   vitamin   B12   or  
folic  acid  causes  matura)on  failure  in  the  process  
of  erythropoiesis.    
 HEMOGLOBIN  FORMATION  
•  Synthesis     of     hemoglobin     begins     in     the    
proerythroblasts     and     con9nues     even     into    
the    re9culocyte    stage    of    the  RBCs.      
•  Therefore,     when     re9culocytes     leave     the    
bone  marrow  and  pass  into  the  blood  stream,  
they   con9nue   to   form   minute   quan99es   of  
hemoglobin   for   another   day   or   so   un9l   they  
become  mature  erythrocytes  
Hemoglobin  Forma9on  
Hemoglobin  Combines  Reversibly  With  
Oxygen  
•  Oxygen   does   notcombine  
with   the   two   posi9ve  
bonds   of   the   iron   in   the  
hemoglobin  molecule.    
•  Instead,   it   binds   loosely    
with     one     of     the     so-­‐
called     coordina9on    
bonds    of  the  iron  atom.    
•  This   bond   is   extremely  
l o o s e ,   s o   t h e   c o m -­‐
b i n a 9 o n   i s   e a s i l y  
reversible  
 IRON  METABOLISM  
•  iron  is  important  for  the  forma9on  not  only  of  hemoglobin    but    also    of    
other    essen9al    elements    in    the  body    (e.g.,  myoglobin,    cytochromes,    
cytochrome    oxidase,  peroxidase,and  catalase)  
Destruc9on  of  Hemoglobin  
 ANEMIAS  
deficiency    of    hemoglobin    in    the    
blood,  which  can  be  caused  by  
either  too  few  RBCs  or  too  licle    
hemoglobin    in    the    cells  
Blood  Loss  Anemia  
Polycythemia  Vera