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Biology Unit 1 exam revision sheet

Biology

Biology Unit 1 Revision Sheet

Sub Topic: Cell membrane

Date
Checklist√                                                                                                                  6
completed
hours
• describe the structure of the cell membrane (including protein
□ channels, phospholipids, cholesterol and glycoproteins) based on Untitled
the fluid mosaic phospholipid bilayer model

• describe how the cell membrane maintains relatively stable

□ internal conditions via the passive movement (diffusion, osmosis) of Untitled
some substances along a concentration gradient
• explain how the cell membrane maintains relatively stable internal
□ conditions via the process of active transport of a named substance Untitled
against a concentration gradient

• understand that endocytosis is a form of active transport that

□ usually moves large polar molecules that cannot pass through the Untitled
hydrophobic cell membrane into the cell

□ • recognise that phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis Untitled

• predict the direction of movement of materials across cell

□ membranes based on factors such as concentration, physical and Untitled
chemical nature of the materials

• explain how the size of a cell is limited by the relationship between

□ Untitled
surface area to volume ratio and the rate of diffusion.
Sub Topic: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Checklist√ Untitled
                                                                               6 hours

·       recognise the requirements of all cells for survival, including

·       energy sources (light or chemical) ·       matter (gases such as
carbon dioxide and oxygen) ·       simple nutrients in the form of
□ monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides ·       amino acids, Untitled
fatty acids, glycerol, nucleic acids, ions and water ·       removal of
wastes (carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, ammonia, uric acid, water,
ions, metabolic heat)

Biology Unit 1 exam revision sheet 1

 Sub Topic: Cell membrane
Date
Checklist√                                                                                                                  6
completed
hours

·       recognise that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many

□ features in common, which is a reflection of their common Untitled
evolutionary past
•    recall that prokaryotic cells lack internal membrane bound
organelles, do not have a nucleus, are significantly smaller than
□ Untitled
eukaryotes, usually have a single circular chromosome and exist as
single cells
•    understand that eukaryotic cells have specialised organelles to
facilitate biochemical  processes: o   photosynthesis (chloroplasts)
o   cellular respiration (mitochondria) o   synthesis of complex
□ molecules including proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), Untitled
carbohydrates, lipids and steroids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum),
pigments, tannins and polyphenols (plastids) o   the removal of
cellular products and wastes (lysosomes)

•     identify the following structures from an electron micrograph:

□ chloroplast, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Untitled
lysosome

□ •    compare the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Untitled

Sub Topic: Internal membranes and

Checklist√ Untitled
enzymes                                                                            4 hours
• explain, using an example, how the arrangement of internal
membranes can control biochemical processes (e.g. folding of
□ Untitled
membrane in mitochondria increases the surface area for enzyme-
controlled reactions)
• recognise that biochemical processes are controlled and regulated
□ Untitled
by a series of specific enzymes

□ • describe the structure and role of the active site of an enzyme   Untitled

• explain how reaction rates of enzymes can be affected by factors,

□ including temperature, pH, the presence of inhibitors, and the Untitled
concentrations of reactants and products.
Sub Topic: Energy and
Checklist√ Untitled
metabolism                                                                                               6 hours
• recall that organisms obtain the energy needed to recycle
□ Adenosine Triphosphate ATP from glucose molecules in the Untitled
process of cellular respiration
• recall that the process of photosynthesis is an enzyme-controlled
series of chemical reactions that occurs in the chloroplast in plant
□ cells and uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds Untitled
(glucose), and the overall process can be summarised in a balanced
chemical equation

Biology Unit 1 exam revision sheet 2

 Sub Topic: Cell membrane
Date
Checklist√                                                                                                                  6
completed
hours

•     summarise the process of photosynthesis in terms of the light-

□ Untitled
dependent reactions and light-independent reactions

• demonstrate the relationship between the light-dependent

□ Untitled
reactions and light-independent reactions

• recognise that cellular respiration is an enzyme-controlled series

of chemical reactions and that the reaction sequence known as
□ Untitled
aerobic respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transfer
chain) requires oxygen.
• summarise the reactions of aerobic respiration by the chemical
□ Untitled
equation
•    recall that, with an undersupply of oxygen, ATP is produced from
□ glucose by the reaction sequence known as anaerobic respiration Untitled
(glycolysis with ‘fermentation’)

• analyse multiple modes (i.e. diagrams, schematics, images) of

□ Untitled
energy transfer.

Checklist√ Sub Topic: Cell differentiation and specialisation 3 hours Untitled

understand that stem cells differ from other cells by being

□ Untitled
unspecialised, and have properties of self-renewal and potency
recognise that stem cells differentiate into specialised cells to form
□ Untitled
tissues and organs in multicellular organisms
recognise that multicellular organisms have a hierarchical structural
□ Untitled
organisation of cells, tissues, organs and systems.

Checklist√ Sub Topic: Gas exchange and transport 7 hours Untitled

- explain the relationship between the structural features (large

surface area, moist, one or two cells thick and surrounded by an
□ extensive capillary system) and function of gaseous exchange Untitled
surfaces (alveoli and gills) in terms of exchange of gases (oxygen,
carbon dioxide)

□ • explain how the structure and function of capillaries facilitates

□ the exchange of materials (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions and Untitled
nutrients) between the internal environment and cells
□ • use data presented as diagrams, schematics and tables to
□ predict the direction in which materials will be exchanged between o Untitled
alveoli and capillaries o capillaries and muscle tissue.

Checklist√ Sub Topic: Exchange of nutrients and waste 7 hours Untitled

Identify the characteristics of absorptive surfaces within the

□ Untitled
digestive system and relate to the structure and function of the villi

Biology Unit 1 exam revision sheet 3

 Sub Topic: Cell membrane
Date
Checklist√                                                                                                                  6
completed
hours

describe the role of digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) in

□ Untitled
chemical digestion

recognise the different types of nitrogenous wastes produced by

□ Untitled
the breakdown of proteins

explain the function of each of the sections of the nephron and its
□ function in the production of urine (glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Untitled
proximal and distal tubules, Loop of Henle, collecting tubule)

explain how glomerular filtration, selective reabsorption and

□ secretion across nephron membranes contribute to removal of Untitled
waste.

Sub Topic: Plant systems – gas exchange and transport systems 6

Checklist√ Untitled
hours

describe the role of stomata and guard cells in controlling the

□ movement of gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour) in Untitled
leaves
explain how the leaf facilitates that gas exchange (oxygen, carbon
□ Untitled
dioxide and water vapour) in plants
explain the relationship between photosynthesis and the main
□ tissues of leaves (spongy and palisade mesophyll, epidermis, cuticle Untitled
and vascular bundles)
describe and contrast the structure and function of xylem and
□ Untitled
phloem tissue (sieve tubes, sieve plates, companion cells)
explain how water and dissolved minerals move through xylem via
□ the roles of root pressure, transpiration stream and cohesion of Untitled
water molecules

discuss the factors (light, temperature, wind, humidity) that

□ Untitled
influence the rate of transpiration
explain the transport of products of photosynthesis and some
□ Untitled
mineral nutrients via translocation in the phloem.

Checklist√ Cell Membrane Untitled

cell membrane, fluid mosaic model, phospholipids, hydrophilic

(polar), hydrophobic (non-polar), cholesterol, proteins, protein
channels, passive transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
concentration gradient, osmosis, solvent, solute, solution,
□ selectively permeable, hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic, turgid, Untitled
plasmolysis, contractile vacuole, active transport, ADP and ATP, ion
pumps, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated
cyotosis, exocytosis, surface area to volume ratio, cytoplasmic
streaming

Biology Unit 1 exam revision sheet 4

 Sub Topic: Cell membrane
Date
Checklist√                                                                                                                  6
completed
hours

Checklist√ Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Untitled

organic compound, monomer, polymer, carbohydrate,

monosaccharide, disaccharide, glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose,
polysaccharide, lipid, triglyceride, fatty acid, glycerol, protein, amino
acid, nucleic acid DNA/RNA, nucleotide, ammonia, urea, uric acid,
□ Untitled
prokaryotic, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, organelles, cell membrane,
nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosome, vesicle, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall,
chloroplast.

□ Key Formuale Untitled

Checklist√ Internal membranes and enzymes Untitled

activation energy, enzyme, active site, substrate, product, lock and

□ Untitled
key hypothesis, induced-fit hypothesis, inhibitor.

Checklist√ Energy and metabolism Untitled

ADP, ATP, photosynthesis, light-dependent reaction, light-

independent reaction, Calvin cycle, cellular respiration, aerobic
□ respiration, anaerobic respiration, glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron Untitled
transport chain, fermentation, pyruvate, lactic acid, ethanol, carbon
dioxide.

Each process of photosynthesis (light-dependent reactions and

light-independent reactions, cellular respiration, glycolysis,
fermentation, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain) should only
□ be summarised in terms of total inputs and outputs and how they Untitled
are interrelated. Recognise that glycolysis is the first stage of
cellular respiration occurring in the cytoplasm and the second stage
occurs in the mitochondria.

UNIT 1 Cells and Multicellular organisms: Topic 2. Multicellular

□ Untitled
Organisms

Checklist√ Cell differentiation and specialisation Untitled

Adult stem cells, Cell, Cell differentiation, Connective tissue,

Ectoderm, Embryonic stem cells, Endoderm, Epithelial tissue, Gene
expression, Germ layers, Mesoderm, Multicellular, Multipotent,
□ Untitled
Muscle tissue, Nerve tissue, Organ, Organism, Phloem, Pluripotent
(cell), Specialised cell, Stem cell, Stem cell therapy, System, Tissue,
Totipotent, Unicellular, Unipotent, Vascular tissue, Xylem

Checklist√ Gas exchange and transport Untitled

Biology Unit 1 exam revision sheet 5

 Sub Topic: Cell membrane
Date
Checklist√                                                                                                                  6
completed
hours

Gas Exchange: Aerobic (cellular) respiration, Alveoli, Bronchi,

Bronchioles, Capillaries, Cilia, Diaphragm, Diffusion, Epiglottis,
Exhalation, Expiratory reserve volume, Gas exchange, Counter-
current, Inhalation, Intercostal muscles, Inspiratory capacity,
Inspiratory reserve volume, Intercostal muscles, Lamellae, Larynx,
Lungs, Oxygen carrying capacity, Oxyhaemoglobin, Partial pressure,
Pharynx, Residual volume, Ribcage, Trachea (wind-pipe),
□ Tracheales, Tidal volume, Total lung capacity, Ventilation Untitled
(breathing), Vital capacity. Transport: Aorta, Artery, Atria, Blood,
Blood pressure, Capillary, Closed circulatory system, Coronary
circulation, Diastole phase, Haemoglobin, Heart, Interstitial fluid,
Lymph vessel, Open circulatory system, Plasma, Platelets,
Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary circulation, Pulmonary veins, Pulse,
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), Systemic circulation, Systole phase,
Valves, Vein, Vena cava, Ventricle, White blood cells (leucocytes).

Checklist√ Exchange of nutrients and waste Untitled

Exchange of Nutrients: Alimentary canal (digestive tract), Amylase,

Bile, Bolus, Caecum, Caecum fermenter, Carnivore, Cellulose,
Chemical digestion, Chyme, Colon, Colon fermenter, Digestion,
Duodenum, Enzyme, Epiglottis, Foregut fermenter, Gastric juice,
Glycogen, Herbivore, Hindgut fermenter, Hydrolysis, Ileum,
Ingestion, Jejunum, Larynx, Lipases, Liver, Mouth, Non-ruminant,
Nutrient, Oesophagus, Omnivore, Pancreas, Peristalsis, Pharynx,
□ Untitled
Physical (mechanical) digestion, Protease, Ruminant, Salivary
glands, Small intestine, Stomach, Teeth, Villi. Exchange of Wastes:
Bladder, Bowman’s capsule, Collecting tubule, Cortex (of kidney),
Counter-current multiplication, Distal tubule, Glomerulus, Hypertonic
urine, Kidney, Loop of Henle, Medulla, Nephron, Nitrogenous waste,
Pelvis (of kidney), Proximal (convoluted) tubule, Reabsorption,
Secretion, Ureter, Urethra

Checklist√ Plant systems – gas exchange and transport systems Untitled

Key Terms: Casparian strip, Companion cells, Cuticle, Guard cells,

Lenticels, Lower epidermis, Mesophyll, Palisade mesophyll, Phloem,
Root hairs, Root pressure, Sieve tube cell, Spongy mesophyll,
□ Untitled
Stoma, Tracheids, Translocation, Transpiration, Transpiration
stream, Upper epidermis, Vascular bundles, Vascular tissue, Xylem,
Xylem vessels

Biology Unit 1 exam revision sheet 6