ae OXFORD Stiny Wi Answers con pages 235-238 QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 UNIT 3 TOPIC 2 - ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS QUESTION 1 Producing a small number of offspring and providing a high level of care for them is a trait of (A) eukaryotic organisms, (B) K-strategists. (©) strategists. (D) predators. QUESTION 2 ‘The amount of energy available for herbivores in an ecosystem is referred toas (A) _ biomass. (B) gross primary production, (C) _ net primary production. (©) _ photosynthetic efficiency. QUESTION 3 ‘The upwards movement of water from the soil through the roots to the leaves of a plant is called (A) absorption. ®) adhesion, (C) transpiration. (D) transportation, QUESTION 4 ‘The ability of one species to outcompete another for the same ecological niche is called (A) competition. B) competitive exclusion. (C) energy transfer, @) evolution.Chapter 3 | Practice questions ©xFORD St00y Budi QUESTION 5 Carrying capacity describes the (A) maximum number of different species that can be supported by an ecosystem, (B) maximum population e species can reach based on the number of predators in the ecosystem. (©) maximum population of a species that can be supported by the resources of an ecosystem, (@) minimum amount of resources required to support a population of a species. QUESTION 6 ‘Which of the following locations does not store carbon for long periods of time? (A) mangrove habitats B) leaf litter in a rainforest ' (C) the ocean floor - (D) underground coal deposits QUESTION 7 ‘The Lincoln Index is used to measure (A) diversity, (B) evenness. (C) population. () _ species richness. QUESTION 8 Which of the following is a transformation of energy? (A) a beaver breaks a tree to build a dam (B) a plant converts carbon dioxide gas to glucose during photosynthesis (C) plant moves water from its roots to its leaves during transpiration (D) aseal catches and kills a fish QUESTION 9 Which of the following organisms is an autotroph? (A) bacteria (B) _ phytoplankton (©) panda (@) zooplanktonQCE Biology Units 3.84 QUESTION 10 “The impact of removing 2 keystone species from an ecosystem is best described as (A) beneficial. (B) detrimental. (© minimal. () temporary. QUESTION 11 ‘The energy transferred from one trophic level to the next higher level is approximately (A) 0.5%, (@B) 1%, (CC) 3%. @D) 10%. QUESTION 12 A species in an ecosystem that has no predators is referred to as a (A) consumer. (B) predator. (© _ producer. (D) top predator. QUESTION 13 All autotrophs (A) _ are herbivores, ®) are plants. (C) _ produce energy from the sun, (D) produce their own energy. QUESTION 14 Grasshoppers that swarm are likely to follow a pattern of population growth that produces which graph shape? (A) Feurve (B) linear (C) parabolic (D) S-curveE Chepter 3 | Practice questions FE QUESTION 15 ‘An ecological niche is best described as (A) a disturbance in an ecosystem that creates an opportunity for new species to grow. (B) a group of different species sharing the same geographic location within an ecosystem. (©) the maximum population of one species an ecosystem can support, (D) _ the role a species occupies in an ecosystem, including its abiotic and biotic requirements. QUESTION 16 Denitritying bacteria (A) _ convert ammonia to nitrite, and nitrite to nitrate. - (B) convert ammonia to nitrate. (C) convert nitrite to ammonia. _(D) convert nitrates to atmospheric nitrogen. - QUESTION 17 ‘The figure below shows a model of two species populations, species A and species B, competing for the same resource over time, . 160 : ‘Species A—+—+ Species B. Population density ‘Time (dimensionless) Identify the response that describes the relationship between the two | species over time. (A) _ species A competitively excludes species B (B) _ species B competitively excludes species A - (C) there is no competitive exclusion, coexistence occurs between species (D) either species competitively excludes the other based on population densities © State of Queensland (QCA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 15oxFORD Stuny Buddy “A Population © Population QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 18 Which of the figures below represents a logistic population growth of a species over time? Time Time ) ) A 5 2 8 3 a S a eS Time A s S 2 3B 3 s a Time © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 17 QUESTION 19 A bird survey was conducted on an island with the following results recorded: Species Number of | Average mass of individuals individuals Fratercula arctica 116 3758 Phalaropus lobatus 63 45g Stercorarius parasiticus 102 450g ‘Troglodytes troglodytes fridariensis 8 Rg Which species contributes the highest biomass to the island? (A) Fratercula arctica (B) Phalaropus dobatus (C) Stercorarius parasiticus @) Troglodytes troglodytes fridariensisCChapter3 [Practice quesions OXFORD Stuny Buddy QUESTION 20 “The figure below is an energy diagram for a mangrove ecosystem. GP. = Gross production (productivity) i | i ite tee | not utilised |] respiration 94 2 ‘decom- |{ not utilised |[xespiration ||” decom- | not utilised |{ respiration || decom- position & 1 6 potition 1 || 0.5 2.5 _|\ position 1 ‘The percentage of energy transferred to herbivores is (A) 7.9% B) 18%. © 124%. @) 12.9%. QUESTION 21 Tn 1978, a population of a migratory shore bird was estimated at 90 000 individuals. An analysis of monitoring data in 2018 showed the population is now at 50000. ‘The change in population growth for this species is (A) 29%. B) -44%, (©) -55% (D) -80%, © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 3 QUESTION 22 Which feature makes pioneer species effective colonisers? (A) large seeds (B)_ slow-growth rate (C) _ shade-tolerant seedlings (D) ability to fixate nitrogen © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper { Question 8QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 23 Which symbiotic interaction occurs when one species is harmed and the other species benefits? (A) _ parasitism (B) mutualism (©) amensalism ©) commensalism © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 12 QUESTION 24 ‘The graph below shows a species accumulation curve that estimates species richness at one study site. — beta-PiModel Number of species 0 400 200 300 400 soo 600 700 S00 900 1000 Humber of individuals caught Determine the estimated species richness for this study site. (A) 25 B) 35 © 45 @) 55Chapter 3 | Practice questions QUESTION 25 ‘This figure shows an energy pyramid for a hypothetical ecosystem. Decomposers ‘Second order consumer = 16.276 kilnyear = 201 kulmyear First order consumer = 2494 klim'year Primary producers = 36380 kJ/m'/year ‘The trophic level transfer efficiency of primary producers to herbivores in this situation would be A) 0.6%. (B) 6.9%. © 74%. @) 44.7%. © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 14 QUESTION 26 Atmospheric nitrogen can be converted to nitrates through (A) assimilation by plants. (B) denitrifying bacteria. (C) _ lightning and volcanoes. (D) _ nitrifying bacteria, QUESTION 27 Island populations are often isolated and can face an increased risk of extinction because of (A) _ improved reproductive fitness, (B) reduced genetic diversity. (©) decreased genetic drift. @) unrestricted gene flow. © State of Queensland (QCA) Sample asoessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 22OXFORD Stil Buddy OCE Biology Units 384 4 QUESTION 28 ‘The table below shows the probability of the replacement of one individual tree by another of the same or different species in SO years’ time, Occupant in $0 years Ee Present occupant | Grey birch | Red maple | Blackgum Beech Grey birch 0.05 0.50) 0.36 0.09 Red maple 0.00 0.53 014 O34 Blackgum 0.01 0,25 0.57 017 Beech 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.96 Which species is most likely to replace grey birch in a 50-year temporal successional change in this forest? (A) _ grey birch (B) red maple A (©) blackgum | (@) beech ff ‘© State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 25, QUESTION 29 One of the reasons multiple definitions of species are required is because (A) _ asexually reproducing organisms replicate too quickly to classify. (B) _ extinct organisms of which we only have a fossil record are no longer alive so cannot be classified based on their ability to reproduce. (© _ some organisms have not yet been identified and named. (D) _ variation between organisms is too great to define the term : ‘species’. ‘ti QUESTION 30 ‘The human head louse requires human blood to survive, while humans are affected negatively by their presence, This relationship is an example of tl (A) amensalism. i (B) commensalism. i (C) _ parasitism. ! (®) predation.Chapter 3 | Practice questions QUESTION 31 ‘The role a species fills in its environment including biotic and abiotic factors is called its (A) _ ecological niche. (B) habitat, (C) taxonomic rank. @) tolerance range. QUESTION 32 ‘The figure below shows similarities between developing individuals before birth. human chickon snake Bail salamander fish This type of study is called (A) _ analogous structure comparison. (B) comparative embryology. (©) Linnacan classification. (D) _ vestigial structure comparison. QUESTION 33 One of the characteristics of a climax community is (A) dominance by pioneer species. (B) high level of competition for available ecological niches. (C) low biodiversity. (D) _ stable community structures,QCE Biology Units 3.& 4 QUESTION 34 ‘The following diagram shows the Holdridge life zone system for classifying ecosystems. 1.125, 62.5 potential evapotranspiration ratio annual precipitation {mm] {atitudinat altitudinal regions belts potar alvar | 18° subpolar alpine 3c 2000 boreal subalpine cool temperate > > > BA _ XT A_AX Wa ETE, [lms NY ay Zin wt Wi subtropical JN ZNF FP Arecciandh PENN NEN rernontane premontane ING 1 super" perard” arid sembarid au humid" per= auper- oe ce puma sums umd er humidity provinces Which of the following characteristics is not useful for classifying ecosystems using this system? (A) distance from the equator (B) height above sea level i (C) rainfall | (@) tree height QUESTION 35 / ‘The term used to describe how individuals of a population are spread | across a sample area is (A) abundance. (B) distribution. (C) evenness. (D) richness,Answers con pages 239-244 Chapter 3 | Practice questions OXFORD Sty Buddy | SHORT RESPONSE QUESTIONS QUESTION 36 (5 marks) Explain the process and purpose of capture-mark-recapture sampling, PEELE PEPE PPE EE Eee ee Pee EEE Ht | MY MARK | i /6 QUESTION 37 (3 marks) Evaluate the use of line transects in sampling a terrestrial ecosystem. | MY MARK i | | 2 QUESTION 38 (1 mark) Contrast the quadrat and transect sampling methods. | | MY MARK | | A i QUESTION 39 (4 marks) Describe four ways bias can be minimised during sampling. : ; | | | | | | he ! QUESTION 40 (2 marks) Explain the importance of random sampling.| OXFORD Stlny Buddy QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 41 (1 mark) Explain the advantages of using the Menhinick Index when calculating species richness rather than simply counting the total number of species, ~] MY Mage QUESTION 42 (1 mark) Contrast commensalism and mutualism. QUESTION 43 (2 matks) “1 Define chonping and explain the reasons itis the most common pattern of distribution in living organisms. f QUESTION 44 (1 mark) 7 QUESTION 45 (4 marks) Explain the flow of energy from the sun to decomposers. MY MARK /2 Describe the ways energy not transferred between trophic levels is lost. eee Bee eee eee ee ee tree MAY MARK ‘4 MY MARK /AChapter 3 | Practice questions FORD Stuy Wu | QUESTION 46 (2 marks) Describe what would happen if matter was not recycled in the ecosystem. MY MARK /2 QUESTION 47 (2 marks) Contrast generalist consumers and speciali MY MARK: /2 | QUESTION 48 (3 marks) Use Simpson’s Diversity Index to calculate the diversity of the following study site: : ‘Species name ‘Number of individuals ‘Homo sapiens 30 (Carcharodon carcharias 1 ‘Mobula birostris 5 Pseudomugit signifer 6000 SDI=1- | My MARK | 7 QUESTION 49 (2 marks) Explain how measures of species evenness can be used to make decisions about conservation,oxrorb Stuny Buddy QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 50 (3 marks) Use Simpson’s Diversity Index to calculate the diversity of the following study site: Species name Number of individuals Ficus macrophylla 5 ‘Howea fosteriana 1 Hibiscus tiliaceous 17 Dendrobium moorei 22, Qyathea macarthurit 42 SDI= MY MARK /3 QUESTION 51 (4 marks) Explain how the process of classifying ecosystems is an important step towards effective ecosystem management of an old-growth forest. } | MY MARK | 4 © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 2 Question 2 QUESTION 52 (2 marks) Explain the advantages generalists have when ecosystems change suddenly. MY MARK /2Chapter3 | Practice questions OXFORD StUby Buddy. QUESTION 53 (6 marks) ‘The diagram below is a food web of biota in an Australian rainforest. eae — oe = Sion en Eo ose Seoree]| 1 Seam Fam p< \ [Rivet] [Bocas] / [ae rs peas ‘oe ms Sepaassoa] [Seaman] Yipee] [Pea] ~] Liga ganar] [ames] [aon] [ass] [eke a) Analyse the given information to identify the keystone species. LH mark] | MY MARK z | b) Predict the outcome for the ecosystem of removing the keystone species. Give a reason. {2 marks} {MY MARK i /2 €) If this rainforest habitat was to become fragmented, identify which mechanism of isolation would most likely influence the gene flow of species. Give two reasons to support your response. 13 marks] 1 MY MARK ls © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 2 Question 10oxrorD tiny Buddy QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 54 (4 marks) ‘The following samples of small animals were taken 48 hours apart in Lamington National Park. The capture-mark-recapture technique was used to obtain a more accurate population estimate of each species, Species Number | Numberof ] Number originally | individuals | of markea marked (M) | captured | individuals in second | recaptureg sample (n) | insecond sample (mm) Therstes richmondiana 23 2 Hadvonyehe formidabilis 2 i Ornithoptera richmondia 12 10 ri Buastacus vuleats 27 25 2 a) Estimate the population size of Ornithoptera richmondia using the Lincoln Index: Size of population(N) = 4X" where M = number originally marked, n = total number captured in the second sample and m= number recaptured (marked) individuals in the second sample. £2 marks} | 1 i ' b) Estimate the population size of Buastacus sulcatus using the Lincoln Index: Size of population(N) = 4X" where M = number originally marked, n = total number captured in second sample and m = number recaptured | MY MARK /2 (marked) individuals in the second sample. {2 marks} | My MARK { /2Chapter 3 | Practice questions OXFORD @tUny Buddy QUESTION 55 (3 marks) ‘Use Simpson's Diversity Index to calculate the diversity of the following, study site: Species name ‘Number of individuals Gypaetus barbatus 12 Rupicapra rupicapra 2 Talpa eurepaca 12 Capra ibex 31 ‘Dryocopus martius 60 QUESTION 56 (5 marks) “The figure below is a diagrammatic representation of a grazing food chain showing inputs and losses of energy at each trophic level, d N N ; Primary ‘Secondary benaaieie Lieshac carnivore carnivore R, 4 Primary Secondary carnivore carnivoreOXFORD stuny Buddy QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 a) Identify what types of energy transfers are represented by the letters A and F in this figure. [2 marks) MY MARK 2 b) Explain the following processes: [2 marks + Bnergy transformation from solar radiation to autotrophs + Energy transfer from autotrophs to herbivores | | MY MARK Ht { | /2 ¢) Contrast the efficiency of the processes explained in b) with subsequent trophic energy transfers. [1 marky Peer ete | MY MARK. i a © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 2 Question § QUESTION 57 (3 MARKS) Explain the concept of ecological succession in a climax ecosystem exposed to a bushfire. MY MARK © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessinent 2020, Paper 2 Question 9Chapter 3 | Practice questions OXFORD Stuy Buddy | QUESTION 58 (6 marks) | ‘The graphs below show the seasonal patterns of soil temperature 3 (at 10 cm depth), litterfall and total soil respiration in a primary forest (PF) and secondary forest (SF). e 23) —Pr tA 24] oe SF B 12+ 3S a \y 184 : 84a : 3.09 = pr 28-4 SF 204 18-4 104 05-4 I Jan" Feb! Mar! Apr'May' Jun" Jul ' Aug’ Sep! Oct Nov Dec Month in 2012 a) Compare the ecosystems across a temporal scale using the given data, 4 marks}oxrorD stig Buddy grass seeds QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 b) Identify an effect of increasing the availability of nutrients on the carrying capacity of this primary forest ecosystem. Give a reasoq to support your answer, [2 maresy eee MY Mag 2 © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 2 Question 41 QUESTION 59 (8 marks) ‘The following food chain shows the feeding relationships between grass, animals and decomposers. native mouse kookeburra Note: The direction of the arrows indicates, “eaten by’ = direction of energy flow. a) Identify the first, second and third order consumers in this food chain, £3 marks} Sere | MY MARK | | | 13 ! b) Contrast the source of energy of the grass sceds and the snake. [2 marks) MY MARK | | /2Chapter 3 | Practice questions OXFORD Splny Bucy 2 I. ©) Explain the impact on the food web if kookaburras became 7 extinct. 13 marks} 2 ao Sete ae | | : | MY MARK . | - 7 - | i | i QUESTION 60 (2 marks) Explain how burning fossil fuels changes the carbon cycle. | | My MARK i j | — 2 i QUESTION 61 (2 marks) : Define carrying capacity. | | MY MARK | #2 ] QUESTION 62 (2 marks) 4 Describe the role of decomposers in cycling nutrients. { [MY MARK ~~ nNOXFORD StUDY Buddy QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 63 (4 marks) ‘The following is a simplified diagram of the carbon cycle: Explain the impact on the carbon cycle if a large volcanic eruption significantly reduced the light reaching the surface of Earth for several months, [2 marks} MY MARK Identify the location where carbon is stored for the longest period of time, Explain why carbon remains in this location and form for so long. [2 marks} ~ | MY MARK | | /2Chapter 3 | Practice questions QUESTION 64 (3 marks) Contrast the source of energy and energy lost in a herbivore diet and a carnivore diet, /3 | a | | | | QUESTION 65 (4 marks) ‘The following energy pyramid represents the biomass of each trophic level required to support the one above. Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Primary producers a) Describe the relationship between biomass of primary producers and tertiary consumers. {2 marks] 7 MY MARK ! z b) Explain what happens to the energy not converted to biomass between one trophic level and the next. [2 marks} Pee eee eae eee eet ~ | MY MARK 2QUESTION 66 (6 marks) ‘The diagram below shows fossilised marine organisms found in a site re li across seven stratum layers. | oxFore Stuy Buddy QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 a) Analyse the data above to identify three relationships that provide evidence of changes in past ecosystems. Identify at least one [ biotic change and at least one abiotic change. B marks} | : | My MARK /3 b) From the given information, determine the species richness (D) | for strata 2. Use the following formula: i Day Where s = the number of different species represented in the sample and N = the total number of individual organisms in the sample [2 marks} I | : i | My MARK 4 i i | \ i} c) Identify one limitation of using fossil evidence to determine [1 mark] [MY MARK 4