Answers on pages 257-260 Chapter 3| Practice questions OXFORD Suny Bully UNIT 4 TOPIC 2 - CONTINUITY OF LIFE ON EARTH MULTIPLE CHOICE QU QUESTION 1 An accumulation of microevolutionary changes over time results in (A) extinction, (B) genetic drift. (C) macroevolution, (D) mutation. TONS QUESTION 2 Stabilising phenotypic selection occurs when (A) a disturbance occurs in the ecosystem. (B) anew ecological niche becomes available. (C) _ ecosystems remain the same for long periods of time. (D) _ unlimited resources are available in an ecosystem, QUESTION 3 Unrelated species adapting similar structures to survive in the same environment are an example of (A) _ convergent evolution. (B) divergent evolution, (C)__ microevolution. (@) _ parallel evolution. QUESTION 4 Microevolution occurs (A) _ in microscopic organisms only. (B) only at a molecular level and does not produce visible changes to an organism. (C) over a short period of time, and changes do not persist in the species over several generations, (D) over a short period of time, and changes accumulate, resulting in macroevolutionoxrore stung Buty QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 5 Species with low genetic diversity (A) _ are at increased risk of extinction. (B) are the hybrid offspring of two different species. (C) find it difficult to find a suitable mate. (D) _ produce infertile offspring. QUESTION 6 Since the installation of street lights in a new residential development, two populations of the same species of moths have stopped reproducing with each other since their diurnal cycles are no longer aligned. The resulting reduction in gene flow between the populations can be attributed to (A) geographic isolation, ®) reproductive isolation. (© _ spatial isolation, @) _ temporal isolation, QUESTION 7 Sudden changes in environmental pressures can result in individuals fh phenotypic traits at the extremes of the range of tolerance having a survival advantage. This trend in phenotypes against the mean average of the population is called (A) directional selection. @) disruptive selection, (C) _ natural selection, (D) _ stabilising selection, QUESTION 8 ‘Two populations of a species of plant separated by an area without pollinating insects do not interbreed for several decades. The resulting changes in genotype and phenotype are an example of (A) geographic isolation, (B) reproductive isolation, (C) spatial isolation, (D) _ temporal isolation,Chapter 3 | Practice questions ©xFORED tly Buty | QUESTION 9 In order to keep it neatly condensed in chromosomes, DNA winds itself around proteins called (A) centromeres. (B) _ histones. (C) ribosomes. (©) spindle fibres. QUESTION 10 Homologous structures found in different animals are (A) _ identical in structure and purpose, (B) only present when both animals belong to the same genus. © sim internal structure but adapted for different purposes. (D) useful in determining molecular similarities. QUESTION 11 Natural selection that favours one extreme of a phenotypic range is called (A) _ directional selection. (B) disruptive selection. (C) extreme selection. (D) stabilising selection. QUESTION 12 ‘The movement of alleles into or out of a population is referred to as (A) allelic frequency. (B) equilibrium, (C) gene flow. (D) genetic drift. QUESTION 13 Parapatric speciation occurs when (A) habitat differences within a single species’ population range cause reproductive isolation of two subpopulations. (B) two populations of a species are separated by a geographical barrier. (C) two species with the same niche live in the same habitat. (D) _ populations sharing the same geographical area become reproductively isolated due to polyploidy.OXFORD Stuy Bud QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 14 Sympatric species are (A) able to interbreed but are separated by a geographic barrier, (B) able to interbreed but produce infertile, hybrid offspring. (C) not closely related but have adapted similar morphological features due to similar selection pressures. (D) reproductively isolated but share a geographic range. QUESTION 15 Gene flow is greater when (A) different species are able to interbreed to produce interspecific hybrid offspring. (B) _ separate populations share a geographical range. (C) the number of males is greater than the number of females in the population, (D) _ the species is able to reproduce both sexually and asexually. QUESTION 16 Allele frequency determines (A) the sex of the individual. (B) _ the phenotype of an individual (©) __ the phenotypes of individuals across a population. (D) whether an individual is heterozygous or homozygous. QUESTION 17 Genetic mutations unsuitable for current abiotic selection pressures can provide an evolutionary advantage to a population when (A) __ another population moves into the geographic area and gene flow changes. (B) environmental conditions change. (C) _ food becomes scarce. (D) _ predators increase in number. QUESTION 18 Characteristics of K-strategists include (A) abandoning offspring within hours of birth. (B) high fecundity, (C) _ large body size, (D) low survival rate of offspring,Chapter 3 | Practice questions OM FORD StUny Buty | QUESTION 19 An environment that does not change over a long period of time (A) _ can increase risk of extinction of a species. (B) encourages speciation. (©) leads to stable allele frequency in a population. (D) _ reduces the likelihood of genetic mutations in 2 population. QUESTION 20 Natural selection acts on the (A) _ fecundity of a population, (B) _ genotype of a population. (©) mutations in a population (©) _ phenotype of a population. QUESTION 21 Female Komodo dragons (Véranus komodoensis), in the absence of a mate, can produce offspring in which the growth and development of the embryo can occur without the joining of gametes. Identify which of the following methods of reproduction would be used to classify this species. (A) _ binary fission ®) parthenogenesis (C) internal fertilisation (D) external fertilisation ‘© State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 1 QUESTION 22 ‘The graph below shows the range of phenotypes in a population before and after natural selection. population after natural selection original population \ ‘Number of individuals ‘with phenotypes: Range of phenotypesOXFORD Stupy Buddy Number of individuals 40 30 20 10 0 QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 Which type of phenotypic selection is shown in the figure? (A) adaptive (B) directional (C) disruptive (D) stabilising QUESTION 23 ‘The graphs below show the trait distribution of a hypothetical population before and after selection. The dotted line indicates the mean of cach population. Before selection After selection w 40 i S 3 3 30 = = 2 5 210 E Zo Our ima 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 ae 10 12 14 ! i Phenotype mean Phenotype mean ‘The type of phenotypic selection represented in the graphs is, (A) divergent. (B) disruptive. (C) stabilising. (D) directional. © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 20 QUESTION 24 Evolution, during successive generations, is a change in the (A) _ small-scale variation of species’ allele frequencies. (B) _ genetic transmission of characteristics. (C) _ genetic composition of a population. (D) divergence of taxonomic groups. © State of Queensland (QCA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 18Chapter 3| Practice questions OXFORD Stiby Buddy | QUESTION 25 | ‘The figure below shows an evolutionary timeline indicating episodes of \ evolutionary radiation. if Mammis Therepsida I ids - Syapsica E ‘Sauropsida Archosauria Reptiles Permian | Tnesio | Jurasso Cretacsous | Paleogene | Neo ip Painaozoe ‘Mesozoie Cenezsie Sat RY SURE REED POUR 250 200 160 100 0 ‘Million years ago (Ma) Tn which period did the radiation of mammals occur? - (A) Triassic \ () Jurassic (C) Cretaceous (D) Palacogene © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 24 QUESTION 26 ‘A mutation produced allele b in a population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. ‘The allele frequency changes of allele a and allele b were tracked over a period of 10 years, as scen in the graph below. ales allele ¢ 10% & 80% 5 com & E 4% i 20% o% 5 10 ‘Time after mutation (years) ‘The process responsible for changes in allele frequency of allele a is (A) disruptive selection. (B) negative selection. (©) _ positive selection stabilising selection,FA. oxrere sims uab QCE Biology Units 3.& 4 QUESTION 27 A group of organisms that includes a species and all of its direct descendants is called a (A) _ bifurcation. ®) clade, (C) dadogram. (©) phylogeny. QUESTION 28 Individuals with identical genetic information to their parent are (A) clones. (B) homozygous. (C) _ hybrids. (D) infertile QUESTION 29 Divergent evolution occurs (A) after the extinction of a species (B) asa result of different selection pressures on two populations of a species. (C) due to intraspecific competition. (D) when a new ecological niche becomes available. QUESTION 30 ‘The gene pool of a species is determined by the individuals who (A) _ carry the most dominant alleles @B) live the longest. (C) survive long enough to reproduce, (D) take the role of leader within their populationChapter 3| Practice questions OXFORD StUy Buddy | SHORT RESPONSE QUESTIONS QUESTION 31 (3 marks) Define a population bottleneck and explain why it can lead to extinction of a species. Answers ‘on pages 260-265 | MY MARK QUESTION 32 (2 marks) Contrast macroevolution and microevolution, QUESTION 33 (2 marks) Describe a series of events that could lead to divergent evolution, pee | MY MARK | | | #2 QUESTION 34 (4 marks) Explain why species with shorter lifespans are able to evolve more rapidly than species with relatively long lifespans. ccoq OXFORD Stbpy Buddy QCE Biology Units 3. & 4 QUESTION 35 (2 marks) Explain how its possible that two species with a common ancestor exist while their common ancestor has become extinct, | MY MARK | /2 QUESTION 36 (2 marks) Explain what is meant by mass extinction. MY MARK /2 QUESTION 37 (2 marks) Explain how changing abiotic factors can lead to microevolution and provide an example. MY MARK /2 QUESTION 38 (2 marks) Describe the founder effect and explain why it can make a newly formed population vulnerable to selection pressures, “MY MARK /2 QUESTION 39 (2 marks) Define the term gene flow and provide an example. MY MARK‘Chapter 3 | Practice questions Ox FORD SpUoy Buddy | QUESTION 40 G marks) Explain parallel evolution and provide an example, MY MARK QUESTION 41 (1 mark) Describe stasis as a pattern of macroevolution. “MY MARK /4 QUESTION 42 (2 marks) Explain reproductive isolation. } (MY MARK | /2 QUESTION 43 (2 marks) Describe coevolution between plants and animals and provide an example, MY MARK /2 QUESTION 44 (2 marks) Explain disruptive selection and when it occurs. MY MARK /2i OXFORD SfUDY Buday QCE Biology Units 3. & 4 QUESTION 45 (6 marks) A recessive allele produces a white band across the body of pigs, as seen in the image below. In a population of 1200 pigs, only 213 individuals had this phenotype. | a) Calculate the frequency of each genotype in this population using j a the Hardy-Weinberg equation: (3 marks} q @+ar=1 MY MARK /3 i i | : | b) Calculate the frequency of each genotype if in the same 4 population of 1200 pigs, 400 individuals had this phenotype. Hl 3 marks} += QUESTION 46 (2 marks) Contrast fecundity and viability. i | : | My MARKChapter 3 Practice questions OXFORD StUny Buddy QUESTION 47 @ marks) Define the term genetic equilibrium, and describe conditions that may lead to a species reaching this point. i MY MARK j | /2 | QUESTION 48 (1 mark) Define an extant species. QUESTION 49 (2 marks) Explain convergent evolution and provide an example, [ | MY MARK \ | QUESTION 50 (2 marks) Explain the evolutionary advantage that sexually reproducing organisms have over asexually reproducing organisms. | MY MARK 12 QUESTION 51 (2 marks) Describe an evolutionary radiation event and explain the conditions potentially responsible for these events. | MY MARK | /2OXFORD stupy Buddy QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 52 @ marks) Approximately 1 in 700 human babies are born with an additional finger or toc. This is a genetically inherited condition caused by a recessive allele, Calculate the frequency of each genotype in the population using the Hardy-Weinberg equation: Where p = frequency of the dominant allele and q = frequency of the recessive allele, (@+gr=1 MY MARK | /3 QUESTION 53 (2 marks) ‘The figure below is a human karyotype. K phy k KHER Gay Aw wy 18 set xa Se it 1. Mt 4 at sf © 0 4 2Chepter3 | Practice questions OXFORD Stuy Buddy | a) Identify the ploidy change. U1 mark} | MY MARK : | /L | b) Using the table below, predict the genetic disorder that is likely to occur due to this ploidy change. [1 mark} ‘Chromosome number ‘Monosomy, i ‘Trisomy Jacobsen syndrome atau syndrome Edwards syndrome 23 ‘Turner syndrome | MY MARK | 1 © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 2 Question 6 QUESTION 54 (1 mark) i structure, Define a vesti | My MARK “4 QUESTION 55 (2 marks) Explain the advantage of genetic mutations in species living in an. environment with unstable abiotic conditions. | | MY MARK /2OXFORD Stupy Buddy QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 QUESTION 56 (1 mark) Describe one of the causes of extinction of a species. c Sete [MY MARK ' | jana i # | QUESTION 57 (6 marks) ‘The figure below is a cladogram of Darwin’s finches. ,-G. magnirostris 6. aifficlis lie. scandens 1G. conirostris L_6. fortis G. fuliginosa P. inornata C. pallida |. C. psittacula C. pauper tc. parwilus P. crassirostri - ©. olivacea 0 0.01 0.02 Genetic distance (percentage) a) What is one of the common assumptions of cladistics? [1 mark] fe MY MRK | | i /3Chapter 3 | Practice questions OXFORD StUDY Buddy b) _Infer which species is genetically closest to the common ancestor for the finches shown, Give a reason to support your answer. [2 marks} | | My Mark | f2 ©) Interpret the cladogram to infer the degree of DNA similarity of all of the species shown. [1 mark) | MY MARK a d) Identify two other types of evidence that could be used to determine the relatedness of these organisms. 2 marks} | My MARK 12 © State of Queensland (QGAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 2 Question 7 QUESTION 58 (4 marks) ‘The northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) was hunted extensively for its blubber in the nineteenth century, with populations falling below 100 individuals, Since a ban on hunting these seals was put in place in the 1920s, numbers have increased to well over 100000 individuals,OXFORD stupy Buddy QCE Biology Units 3 & 4 a) Explain the concept of a genetic bottleneck using the northern elephant seal as an example. 22 marks [MY Mag | 4 b) Define the term genetic drift, and explain why it is a threat to northern elephant seals. [2 marks, | MY MARK /2 QUESTION 59 (4 marks) Some lizards are able to shed their tails and regrow them, as seen in the image below. This behaviour is called autotomy. a) Using autotomy in lizards as an example, explain Darwin’s theory of natural selection. £3 marke] /3 | MY MARK | |> Selection coefficients © Chapter 3 | Practice questions OXFORD StUOY Buddy b) Identify one change in the environment of a lizard that could have Jed to this adaptation, Lt marky | MY MARK OM QUESTION 60 (4 marks) ‘An experiment compared different strains of bacteria. A wild type (WT) of bacteria and two mutant strains, mutant 1 (M1) and mutant (M2), that had different disrupted genes were investigated. Maximal growth rate was used as a determinant of success rate. ‘The results of the experiment are shown below. Competitive ability B Growth rate c ‘Maximal growth rate oad 7 02 - oa 00 ++ oa - Geowth rate + Mt M2 WT MI OM2) OWT MD oM2 WE Strain Strain Strain a) Draw conclusions about the competitive ability and growth rate of the wild type of bacteria used in this experiment. (2 marks) MY MARK: /2 b) Appraise the outcome of the data and determine the success rate of the mutations for this species. [2 marks] MY MARK /2 © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 27oxrore stuny Buddy QCE Biology Units 3.& 4 QUESTION 61 (4 marks) Explain microevolutionary change through mutation. MY MARK (4 State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 26 QUESTION 62 (5 marks) ‘The figure below shows a model of ecological niche occupation by species A-E, ~ D s 2 = Species C Niche axis 1 — Rainfall Cool Warm Niche axis 2— Temperature a) Identify which two species are occupying the same ecological niche. [1 marie] ~] MY MARK /t‘Chapter 3 | Practice questions OXFORD StUny Buddy b) Species A and B have a common ancestor. Which diversification pattern would have occurred between species A and species B for them to occupy these niches? [1 mark} \ i 7 MY MARK re ‘The table below shows the frequencies of genotypes and phenotypes for a particular trait in a generation of species E. ‘Genotype (% frequency) | Phenotype (% frequency) TT O Phenotype 1 (100) Tro) EY) Phenotype 2 (0) ©) Predict the next generation’s genotype and phenotype frequency. Which type of inheritance pattern is represented for Phenotype 1? [3 marks} © State of Queensland (QCAA) Sample assessment 2020, Paper 1 Question 28 MISSION SUCCESS! YOU HAVE COMPLETED A CHAPTER AND OBTAINED A KNOWLEDGE CRYSTAL. KEEP UP THE GREAT WORK!