REVIEWER

GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia

CELL

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE CELL

• Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane

• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm

CELL MEMBRANE / PLASMA MEMBRANE

• Acts as a physical barrier to enclose cell contents; regulates

material movement into and out of the cell; establishes and
maintains an electrical charge difference across the plasma
membrane; functions in cell communication.

TYPES OF CELL

• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia

Cilia

• Move substances (e.g., mucus, and dissolved materials) over the Nuclear Envelope
cell surface.
• Separates nucleus from cytoplasm.
Flagellum
Nuclear Pores
• Propels sperm.
• Allow passage of materials between the cytoplasm and
Microvilli nucleoplasm, including ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, ions, and
small water-soluble molecules.
• Increase membrane surface area for greater absorption.
Nucleolus
NUCLEUS
• Functions in synthesis of ribosomes.
• Control center of the cell.
• Houses the DNA that serves as the genetic material for directing CYTOPLASM
protein synthesis.
• The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium
for chemical reaction.
• It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate
within the cell.
• Responsible for many cellular processes.
• With organelles, inclusions and cytoskeleton.

Cytosol

• Provides support for organelles; serves: as the viscous fluid

medium through which diffusion occurs.
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOSKELETON

1. Mitochondrion • Maintains intracellular structural support and organization of

2. Ribosomes cells; participates in cell division; facilitates movement.
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. Golgi Apparatus
5. Lysosomes

CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS

• Are non-living substances that are not able to carry out any
metabolic activity and are not bound by membranes. Inclusions
are stored nutrients, secretory products, and pigment granules.
1. Glycogen
2. Lipid
3. Pigments Microfilaments
i. Exogenous
ii. Endogenous • Maintain cell shape; support microvilli; separate two cells during
a. Lipofuscin cytokinesis (a process of cell division); facilitate change in cell
b. Melanin shape; participate in muscle contraction.
c. Hemoglobin Intermediate Filaments
d. Bilirubin
4. Crystals • Provide structural support; stabilize junctions between cells.
a. Crystals of Reinke
b. Crystals of Charcot-Bottcher
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia

Microtubules

• Maintain cell shape and rigidity: organize and move organelles; CELL CYCLE
support cilia and flagella; participate in vesicular transport;
separate chromosomes during the process of cell division.

Centrosome

• Organizes microtubules; participates in mitotic spindle formation

during cell division.
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia

INTERPHASE CELL DIVISION

• 18-24 hours TYPES OF CELL DIVISION

• Inactive / resting phase
• Mitosis
FOUR PHASES OF INTERPHASE • Meiosis

1. G1 (gap 1) Phase MITOSIS

• (-) DNA synthesis. • Two daughter cells with exactly the same genetic material.
• (+) RNA and protein synthesis. • Cellular division for growth, maintenance and repair.
• 30-50% of length of interphase.
MEIOSIS
2. GO Phase
• Four daughter cells with half the genetic material.
• Cells pull out of the cycle. • Cellular division for reproduction.

3. S (synthesis) Phase

• DNA synthesis/replication.
• 35-45% of length of interphase.

4. G2 Phase

• Phase before onset of mitosis.

• 10-20% of length of interphase.
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia

PHASES OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telophase

• Mitosis – 1 round

• Meiosis – 2 rounds
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia

CONNECTIV TISSUE
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia
 REVIEWER
GENERAL MICRO ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Prepared by: Deborah Rei Ayon and Rachell Andrea Galicia