The Fundamental Unit of Life Structural Organisation of cell/ Components

of cell
Facts
1. Plasma Membrane/ Cell Membrane/
• Robert Hooke: Discovered Cell, 1665 Universal membrane
• Leeuwenhoek: Discovered free living in pond, • Outermost covering of cell
1674
• Allow entry & exit of some material in & out
• Robert Brown: Discovered nucleus in cell, 1831
of cell (Selective permeable movement)
• Purkinje: Coined term Protoplasm
• Cell theory (all plant & animal are made of cell
• Made up of Lipids and Protein
& cell is basic unit of life), presented by • Allow movement of water and CO2 in and out
Schleiden & Schwann & Virchow- (suggested by Diffusion. (Movement from region of
all cell arise from pre-existing cell with electron high concentration to low concentration)
microscope in 1940) • Diffusion plays important role in gaseous
• A number of cells can work together to form exchange
tissues and organs. • Movement of Water from high to low
• Study of cell: cytology concentration is called Osmosis.
• Smallest cell: Mycoplasma Gallisepticum
• Longest cell: Neuron Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic Solutions
• Biggest cell: Egg of ostrich
• Surrounding of cell has high water
Q) How does a living cell perform basic functions? concentration than cell & cell gain water
called Hypotonic solution. (Cell swell)
Ans) Division of labour (different parts of human
• Surrounding of cell has low water
body perform different function)
concentration than cell & cell loose water
Cell are of 2 type called Hypertonic solution. (Cell shrink)
• Surrounding have same water concentration
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes as cell & no net movement of water called
• does not possess • Well defined Isotonic solution. (Cell remain same)
membrane- nucleus with
bound cell nuclear 2. CELL WALL
organelles such membrane/ • Present only in Plant
as a nucleus/ possess a cell • Lies outside plasma membrane
lack nuclear wall • Made of Cellulose
membrane • Bigger • Provide structural strength to plant
• Comparatively • also contain • When cell lose water there is shrinkage or
smaller mitochondria, contraction of content of cell away from cell
• Reproduction which are wall called Plasmolysis.
happens through responsible for
• Cell wall of Bacteria made up of
the process of the creation of
Peptidoglycans
binary fission. energy
• Ex: Bacteria, • Ex: All • Cell wall of Fungi made up of Chitin
Blue-green multicellular • Allow cells of plant, fungi & bacteria
algae, archaea. organism withstand dilute external media without
• Single • Multiple bursting.
Chromosome chromosome 3. NUCLEUS
• Has double layered covering called nuclear
membrane (has pores allow transfer of
material from nucleus to cytoplasm)
• Contain Chromosomes (23 pair (46) of
chromosomes, contain information for
inheritance of character from parents to
 next generation in form of DNA, Composed iii) GOLGI APPARATUS
of DNA and Protein) • Made up of Cisterns.
• Functional segment of DNA called Genes. • Function:
• Functions: Cellular reproduction, 1. Storage, Modification and packaging of
Reproduction, Inheritance things from ER
• Nucleic acid called Nucleoid (genetic 2. Complex sugar converts into simple sugar
material is present) 3. Formation of Lysosomes
4. CYTOPLASM iv) Lysosomes
• Fluid content inside plasma membrane • Filled with digestive enzymes
• Gives the structure to the cell • Made by RER
• Virus lack Cell membrane & hence don’t • Waste disposal system of cells
show life until entre in living body. • Help to keep cell clean by digesting any
5. CELL ORGANELLES (structures present foreign material
in the cytoplasm) • Known as Suicide bags.
v) Mitochondria
i) Endoplasmic Reticulum • Powerhouse of cell
• Tube like structure • Two membranes (outer is porous and inner is
• deeply folded)
ER • Have their own DNA and Ribosomes
• Generate ATP (Energy currency of cells)
RER SER • Able to make their own Protein

Rough ER Smooth ER Vi) Plastids

• Rough because • Help in • Present only in plants
Ribosomes manufacturing
(Site of protein Fats or Lipids. Chromoplasts

manufacture.) (Help in (Coloured )

attached to its building cell Plastids

Leucoplast
surface. membrane)
(White or
• • Membrane Colourless)
Biogenesis:
process of • In leucoplast starch, oil , food and protein
making plasma are stores
membrane by • Also have their own DNA and Protein
lipids and vi) Vacuoles (Like almari of house)
protein • Storage sacs for cells
• SER help in
• Small size in animals and big in plants
detoxifying
many poisons • 50-90% of cell volume
and drugs • Provide turgidity and rigidity to the cells
• Function: • Amino acids, Sugar, various organic acids
1. Provide channel for transport of material and some proteins are stored.
between cytoplasm and nucleus • Help to expelling excess water and some
2. Provide surface of biochemical activities waste from cell
CELL DIVISION
• Process by new cells is made
Mitosis
Cell
Division
Meiosis

Mitosis: Mother cell divide in 2 daughter

cells (Daughter have same no. of
Chromosomes),
Meiosis: Mother cell divide in 4 new cells
instead of just 2 (new cell only have half
number of chromosomes)