Manjusri Secondary School Lower Secondary Science roam 5076 Science (Physics) Name __ Class ‘Date — [ don Liw | oF i laf fe Chapter htto:/neww jodhanibrothers.com ittps:mwsiiceshare.neVsubratatVoptical-fiber-55382806 itps:Varctickingdom.com/6-ways-see-northern-ights-canadian-arctic/ BUILDING LEARNING POWER WITH SCIENCE Strengthen your BLP muscles and leam science better. | BLP Science Focus Noticing Questioning Reasoning Making Links ao ‘Ask questions and explore deeper into what you learn. | Draw links between different concepts and real life experiences. Observe details and patterns in experiences. Use logic to work things out step by stepCONTENT Da Distant is being bared — pul out tho essen etures - caryng th oat tray learning; being your own learning coach. Reflection of Light Refraction of light Total internal reflection Thin lenses Bens SUCCESS CRITERIA Mete-learning | Knowing yourself as a learner — how you learn best; how fo talk about the learning process. Success Criteria incidence and angle of reflection 2 | of reflection and use this principle in constructions, measurements and calculations = Tam able to recall and use the terms for refraction, including normal, angle of Tam able to recall and use the terms for reflection, including normal, angle of > =— Tam able to state that, for reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle Lg 3 | incidence and angle of refraction Tam able fo recall and apply the relationship : sini 4 refractive index, n= "+ sinr to new situations or to solve related problems | Lam able fo define refractive index of a medium in terms ofthe ratio of speed of light in vacuum and in the medium 6 | am able to explain the terms critical angle and total internal reflection describe the action of a thin lens (both converging and diverging) on a beam of light 8 | lam able to define the term focal length for a converging lens Tam able to draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of real and virtual images of an object by a thin converging lens References: S| Marshall Cavendish Education, Discover Physics for GCE O-Level Science 4" Edition Chapter 10REFLECTION OF LIGHT 4. How does light travel? Both students look at the flame of candle through a straight hose and a bend hose. Who can see the flame of the candle? The flame of a candle can be not be seen through a straight hose. However, the flame can seen through a bent hose. + Lighttravelsin a straight line. ! + (Speed of light in vacuum = 3,0 x 10° mis! + _Inphysics, we use straight lines with arrows to represent paths of light. The arrow represents the direction in which the light travels. eee oe See aes + Allight beam can be a bundle of parallel rays, convergent rays or divergent rays. (2) Parallel light rays (b) Convergent light rays (¢) Divergent light rays + symbol for plane mirror: front of the mirror (smooth surface) back of the mirror (rough surface) 2. How do we see things? * We see objects around us only if light from them enters our eyes. Luminous objects, such as a lamp or a fire, can be seen because they give out their own light. Non-luminous objects, such as a flower, are Visible to us because they reflect light from a light, source into our eyes.3. Laws of reflection Recap from Lss Light ray that hits the reflecting surtace Point’ot incidence The point at whic. the incident ray hits the retlecting surface Normal ‘The perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence ray box Retlection Reflected ray ‘The rebounding of light at a surface Light ray that bounces off the teflecting surface Incident ray Angle of incidence / ‘The angle between the incident ray and the normal Angle of reflection r The angle between the reflected ray and the normal 4, Type of reflection All surface reflect light. However the type of surface affects how light is reflected off it Type of reflection Characteristics reflection, > Occurs on smooth surfaces. > Parallel light rays are reflected in the same direction because the surface is smooth. Alllrays have the same angle of incidence and > The normal at all points of incidence are parallel to one another. another. Occurs on rough surfaces. > Parallel light rays are reflected in different directions because the ‘surface is rough. The angle of incidence and reflection of one ray are different from those of another ray. > The normal at all points of incidence are not parallel to one 4Recap 5. Image in a plane mirror from LSS + Experiment to find the position of image in a plane mirror (figure on the right) «Characteristics of a plane mirror image: ® The image is of the same size as the object. The image is upright. ® The image is virtual. The image is laterally inverted. © The distance from the mirror is equal to the distance of the object from the mirror. HOT: label MN, the minimal length of the mirror, for which the boy can stil see the top of his: head and his shoes. 6. Ray diagram for plane mirrors | + We cannot capture a mirror image on a screen because it is a virtual image. However we can locate its position by drawing ray diagrams. + Example: draw two light rays from object O, reflected by mirror M, to the eye. MX z «point object O A Follow the steps shown below to draw the ray diagram of a point object in front of a plane mirror M. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Locate the position of the Draw the reflected rays. Draw the incident rays. image I behind the mirror. 1 Gor es soo =e G iS © e A7. Applications of mirrors Recap from Ls Application 1. Vision testing Explanation eS To allow a vision test to be carried outin a small room, mirrors are used to make the letters and numbers on the eye chart appear further away. distance between the eyes and the chart distance between the eyes and the image of the chart 2. Concave mirror + Surface of the mirror bends inwards. __-—| «They are also called converging mirrors as they can reflect ight rays from a point source into a paralle! | light beam. + Virtual and magnified image is formed + Applications: torch light and head light of the car. + Surface of the mirror bends outwards. Seema + They are also called diverging mirrors. + They cover a wider field of vision. + They form images that are upright, distorted and ‘smaller. + Applications: blind comer mirror 4. Instrument scale ‘hepaeer | A mirror placed below the pointer of scale can help us avoid parallax error when taking readings. To avoid parallax error, we need to make sure that the pointer is aligned with its mirror image. |5. Periscope ‘A periscope comes with two plane mirrors inclined at 45°. It helps a person look over obstacles such as a high wall or other spectators in a game of an event. 6. Teleprompter ‘The reporter is able to read the news and yet maintain eye contact with the video camera, by mounting the tablet on the teleprompter. 7. Other uses Telescopes overhead projectors CD playersREFRACTION 1. What is refraction? (or air) and 2.0 x 10° mis in a particular type of glass. bend, Recap from LSS Light can travel through transparent materials like glass and water. . Light travels at different speeds in different optical media. i.e. its speed is 3.0 x 10* mis in vacuum ‘When light travels from air to glass, its speed decreases. The change in speed causes light to Refraction is the bending of light as light passes from on optical medium to another of different density, + Refraction of light 2 2 < ~ EENTETE Label the ray diagram of refraction, using the terms provided in the table. incident ray: the light ray that strike the surface. refracted ray: the light ray that enters a medium and undergoes 2 change of direction. << a surface. Normal: an imaginary line perpendicular to a surface. Point of incidence: the point at which an incident ray strikes angle of incidence, i: the angle between an incident ray and the normal, at the point of incidence. angle of refraction, r: the angle between an refracted ray and the normal, at the point of incidence. bends towards the normal and denser to a less dense medium, it bends away from the normal and 1 2 3 ‘When a ray of ight travels from a | When a ray of light travels froma _| When a ray of light enters the less dense to a denser medium, it surface of two optical medium at 90°, angle of incidence = 0° sm the speed of light decreases. the speed of light increases. angle of refractor Lee ey a omer in ems) pet ey grey ; ge ey gs wa) t2. Laws of refraction and refractive index, n First Law of refraction states that the incident ray, in the same plane, the normal and the refracted ray app le Second Law of refraction states that, for two given media, the ratio ofthe sine of the angie Of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant. where iis the angle of incidence in vacuum or air and ris the angle of refraction in the medium, We call this constant value the refractive index of a medium. This is also known as Snell's Law. * Refractive indices of ifferent optical media 25 Siem eg 200 ee 200 2 | vee aaa 225 kee 1.30 2.30 fie 1.000.288 2099 Two methods to find the refractive index of an optical medium, Method 1, sini where i = angle of incidence in vacuum or air —— ingle of refraction in the medium refractive index, n=— sinr vacuum vacuum apiece of paper Example: A ray of light travels from water into the air. The ray is incident upon the boundary at an angle of 45°. Calculate the angle of refraction in air if the refractive index of water is 1.33.Method 2. speed of light in vacuum _ speed of light in air speed of light inmedium speed of light in medium where speed of light in vacuum = 3 x 10° m/s Example: ‘The speed of light in an optical medium is 2.4 x 10 mis. Determine its refractive index. refractive index, n= Example 4. Drawa light ray diagram to explain why the pencil appears to be bent in water. light rays as seen by the eye actual path of light raysTOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION ( * Total internal reflection can only occur when light pass: medium. The figure below shows a turtle's reflection un boundary and itis due to the total internal reflection of light. 1. Critical Angle, c + The video investigates the behaviour of a light ray entering a semicircular glass block at various angles. Observe and draw the path of the light ray below: 1. The light ray is perpendicular to the surface at the point of entry, / semicircular _7 dass block refracted away from the normal | f weak 7. reflected / Viva \_ semicircular glass block 10 ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT) ‘es from an optically denser to a less dense derwater. This reflection is at the water-aip ci atch the video an the QR code to | | Reasoning @ | 1g Links3. When the glass block is rotated to | aah For this particular piece of semicircular glass block: angle of incidence = angle of refraction critical angle = critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence in an optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90°. 4, When the glass block is rotated toi ___ 42° air oO. cS reflected ray ‘When the angle of incidence in the glass block is larger than the critical angle, the light ray reflects off the flat surface of the glass block. There is no refraction at the flat surfa Conclusion: > Total internal reflection occurs when > Total internal reflection follows laws of reflection. (True / False) total internal reflection is the complete reflection of a light ray inside an optically denser medium at its boundary with an optically less dense medium. > Total internal reflection only occurs in the optical denser medium. (True / False) 1"2. Applications of total internal reflection * Glass prisms binoculars © Optical fibre total internal reflection coating ee refractive index) Wi ‘cove (high refractive index) © ‘Diamond rae Very ood Excelent PoorREFRACTION BY THIN LENSEs rk ——_——" 4. What is lens? Se eee ; Noticing ‘ = eee al Links «A thin lens is a piece of clear plastic or glass with curved surfaces 2. Different types of lenses + There are two types of lenses: converging lens and diverging lens Cerin usec Double = Plan erging Double = Plano- Diverging convex convex meniscus concave concave meniscus + A converging lens causes light rays to + Adiverging lens causes light rays to diverge converge to a point. from a point. + Itis thicker in the centre. + Itis thinner in the centre light rays converge: light rays verge Path of light through a diverging lens Path of light through a converging lens a a EMS) 13Terminology in thin converging lens ad Principal axis ‘The horizontal line passing through the optical centre of the lens ‘Sioa ans Focal parallel length ¢— om A plane i is lar “The principal axis is perpendicul to the vertical plane of the lens. All (0° pina focus) Optical centre C The midpoint between the surfaces iy ofthe lens on its principal axis ‘The point at which all rays parallel : to the principal axis converge after cere Fae eae rail refraction by the lens Alens has two focal points, one on each side of the lens. 3. Ray diagram for thin converging lenses + There are countless number of light rays passing through a lens. We ident three parioys, light that behave in a predictable way whenever they pass through any thin converging a A jase faye | ray 2 ray} > passes through optical centre C parallel to principal axis passing through foca mae ‘An incident ray through the | An incident ray parallel to the | An incident ray passing trough 7 optical centre C passes without | principal axis is refracted to | the focal point Fis refracted | bending. pass through focal point F. _| parallel to the principal ais * By using any two of the three rays, we can draw a ray diagram to locate the position of an mege produced by thin converging lens. 14project a ona screen. (realWirtual image?) © The image formed is and magnified *how come what we see on the screen is upright? *refer to notes page te eE Magnifying glass is used to make objects look bigger. In order to get a magnified image, the object should be positioned at a distance row for ray diagram. * People who are long-sighted are unable to see objects close to their eyes clearly. * Spectacles with converging lenses can be used to the light ray before they enter the eyes, so that a sharp image is produced on the retina ‘Afilm camera uses converging lens to produce a real, and image on film. To get a sharp image, we vary the lens-to-film distance, 23ck Point Questions (Reflection): @ is reflected from a plane mirror. incident ray eck Poin Cray ofligh not to scale xP K 30 B 30 c 60 D 60 2, Amirroris placed in the path of a ray of ight. Through which angle does the direction of the ray of light change? Incident ray "MA! reflected ray path of light without the mirror 3, Complete the light ray diagram by drawing two light rays from point A on the object. a object A ES plane mitor I 74, Aray of light travels from water Check Point Questions (Refraction) 1 fo alr as shown below. Calculate the refractive index of glass. \ _ 2. Light in a vacuum strikes a glass surface at an angle of incidence of 55°, Int tefraction is 33°. Calculate the speed of light in glass © Glass, thea Hey 1. Aray of light strikes the surface of a }own in the diagram, glass block as shi pha min the diagram. The refractive indexoy By how many degrees does the li rect ight ray change directi entering the glass? oe 18ck point Questions (Critical Angle & Total Internal Reflection): @ \e ‘the diagram shows a right-angled prism being used to tum a ray of light through 90° what is the etical angle forthe ight in the glass? ‘a, less than 45° B, equal to 45° greater than 45° , equal to 90° ‘xray of lightis incident on one side of 2 rectangular block. The angle of refraction is 40° in the block. ‘The eritical angle for light in the block is 44°. Wich diagram shows the path of this ray? A B 3, Light travelling from glass into air is incident on the surface at an angle of 42°, as shown below. | air ray emerges along surface of glass The light emerges into the air along the surface of the glass. Calculate the refractive index of the glass for this light. 194, (a) The refractive index of glass in air for light is 1.60. Calculate the critical angle fo, Uahtin tg Glagy (b) Light is incident on face LN of a glass prism, as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 The angle of incidence on face LN is 80°. The light enters the glass and is incident on face LM of the prism at an angle x. (i) Calculate the angle of refraction r, (li) For the prism in Fig. 4 angles r and x are related by r+x=45° Discuss, with reasons, what happens tothe light incident on face LM. [3 marks] 20Point Questions (Think Lens) evr forms a blurred image ofan object on a screen, object lens. sow can the image be focused onthe screen? 2, Anobjectis placed in front of a thin converging lens ata distance equal to twice the focal length of the * ‘ens. Which description of the image formed by the ens is corect? real, inverted, same size as object real, upright, same size as object virtual, inverted, magnified virtual, uptight, magnified POPP ‘An object of height 5.0 om is placed 2.0 om from a converging (convex) lens which is being used as 8 magnifying glass. “The image produced is 6.0 cm from the lens and has height 15.0 cm. ‘converging lens. (a) Complete the light ray diagram above. (b) State the focal lenath of the lens. (c) Describe two characteristics of the image formed, (6) How would you vary the distance between the object and lens to make the image look bigger? anof a thin converging lens as shown in Fig.4 .0 cm in front : 6.0 the object and 6.0 cm from the leng he imag 4, An object is placed ted, the same size a’ formed is real, inve! thin converging lens Fig. 4 (a) On Fig. 4, draw a ray diagram to determine the focal length of the lens, (0) Describe how the image changes as the object's moved slowly towards the len is approximately 1 cm from the lens. 'S Until itFig. 5 The diagram is drawn to a scale where 1 cm represents 5 cm. The lens forms an image | of the object 0, as shown in Fig, 5. (2) The image formed is inverted. State one other property of this image. (1) (c) Determine the focal length of the lens. (1 (d) The magnification of the image may be calculated using the formula: Magnification = mage distance object distance Use this formula to calculate the magnification of the image | of the object O shown in Fig 3] 5, t| My Notes and Concept Map 's governed by of which image postion ean be Tocated by “otal internal In (onal of retreat : sia ‘ occurs when cts y texms, sueh as ee atte ae T pues von en pcan denser medium | + feallengh) ‘to an optically less dense medium. ] * principal axis | saan eet eaine opialy descr | optical centw | trum greater than te eical angle ¢ > cal point eage * fecal plane nots ca ee tna) glass prism | + magnifying glass. | e ‘+ projector + camera + spectacle lenses | 24