CN Assignment 1

Name: Shubham Shah

Class: TE3
Batch: D
Roll No: 69

Q1) What is topology? Explain the types of topology.

Sol:
The topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected
to each other.

There are two types of topology:

Physical topology
Logical topology

Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.

Logical topology is the arrangement of network devices and nodes to form a logical or physical
structure.

A logical topology is how devices appear connected to the user. A physical topology is how they
are actually interconnected with wires and cables.

Types of Network Topology

Bus
Ring
Tree
Star
Mesh
Hybrid
Q2) Discuss design issues for various layers.

Sol:
A number of design issues exist for the layer to layer approach of computer networks. Some of
the main design issues are as follows:
Reliability
Internetworking
Scalability
Addressing
Error Control
Flow Control
Congestion
Resource Allocation
Protocol layering
Statistical multiplexing
Routing
Security
Quality of service
Confidentiality,
Integrity
Availability.

Reliability:
Network channels and components may be unreliable, resulting in loss of bits while data
transfer, so, an important design issue is to make sure that the information transferred is not
distorted.

Internetworking:
An aspect of growth is that different networks technologies often have different imitations.

Scalability:
These parading design should be done so that the network are scalable and can accommodate
such additions and alterations.

Addressing:
At a particular time, innumerable messages are being transferred between large numbers of
computers. So, a naming or addressing system should exist so that each Layer can identify the
sender and receiver of each message.

Error Control:
Unreliable channels introduce a number of errors in the data streams that are communicated.
Flow control:
Rate of data produced by sender is higher than the rate of data received by receiver, there are
chances of overflowing.

Congestion:
Sometimes the problem is that the network is over subscribed because there are too many
computers that want to send too much traffic, and the network cannot deliver at all. This
overloading of the network is called congestion.

Resource Allocation:
The main design issue is to allocate and deallocate resources to processes.

Protocol Layering:
We have recently seen the key structuring mechanism used to support change by dividing the
overall problem and hiding implementation details.

Statistical Multiplexing:
It is not feasible to allocate a dedicated path for each message while it is being transferred from
the source to the destination.

Routing:
There may be multiple paths from the source to the destination. Routing involves choosing an
optimal path among all possible paths.

Security:
A major factor of data communication is to defend it against threats like cave dropping and
surreptitious alteration of messages.
Q3) Compare TCP / IP and OSI reference models.

Sol:
OSI model TCP / IP model

OSI model has been developed by ISO It has been developed by ARPANET

It is an independent standard and generic It consists of standard protocol that leads to

protocol used as a communication gateway the development of an internet.
between the network and the end user.

In the OST model, the transport layer The transport layer does not provide the
provides guarantee. surety for the delivery of packets.

This model is based on a vertical approach. The model is based on a horizontal approach.

It consists of 7 layers. It consists of 4 layers

The usage of this models is very low, The model is highly used

In this model, the network layer provides both The network layer provides only
connection -oriented and connectionless connectionless service
service.

Layer 3, the network layer is the most Layer 2, Internet layer from here Routing
commonly known as the layer where routing layer.
takes place.
Q4) Explain LAN, MAN and WAN.

Soln:
Local Area Network:
A LAN is a privately owned network that operates within and nearby a single building like a
home, office or factory.

Metropolitan Area Network:

MAN is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A Man Network is
optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to
entire to entire cities

Wide Area Network:

WAN can be established in many ways but there are two main types of WAN connections.

LAN MAN WAN

LAN is often owned by MAN ownership can be public WAN ownership can be
private organizations. or private. public or private

LAN speed is quite high Man speed is average. WAN speed is lower than that
of LAN.

Network Propagation Delays Network Propagation Delays Network Propagation Delays

are shorter in LAN. is moderate in MAN are longer in WAN.
Q5) Compare various network topologies.

Soln:
Comparison of Topologies.
Bus Star Ring Tree Mesh

It is a topology Is a topology for Is a network In tree Topology A network setup

for a LAN in LAN in which all configuration all the computer all the
which all nodes nodes are where device is connected to computers are
are connected to individually connections the central hub connected to
a single cable. connected to a create a circular in computer each other in a
The cable to central data path networking, also network. Difficult
which the nodes connection point, known as to establish.
connect is called like a hub or a combination of
backbone. switch. star and bus
topology.

Slow response Good response Data has to Slow because of Manages high
time because of time depends on make a lot of mere traffic. amounts of
one computer the delay of the stops. traffic because
transmitting at a hub. multiple devices
time. can transmit
data
simultaneously.

Easy to connect Average Complexity More complex Installation is

or remove nodes complexity of because of because of the complex in mesh
in a network each device simple to data to tree is the topology as each
without affecting connects to the devices combination of a node is
any other node. central device star network connected to
with only one topology and more than one
link only. Bus topology. node
If the common If the hub fails, If the cable fails In case of any Allows a routing-
cable fails, then then the whole or any computer node failure, based network
the whole system will crash shuts down, then other to operate in
system will crash down. the whole hierarchical case a node
down. system will crack networks are not when a
down. affected. connection
becomes Finally,
the network
becomes as
there is often
more than
between a
destination in
source itself.

Cost of the cable Star topology High cost Large cabling is The length of
is less. as requires more because of required as cable used
compared to wires & hubs, costly compared to star long,the cost to
another compared to the connection and bus implement is
topology. ring and bus devices. topology. higher than other
topology. network
topologies
Q6) OSI / ISO model

Ans:
There are the seven OSI layers, each layer has different functions.
Physical layer
Dava- link layer
Network layer
Transport layer
Session layer
Presentation layer
Application layer

Physical layer:
Physical medium for bit transmision.

Data- link layer:

It provides error free transfer of data frames.

Network layer:
Responsible for moving packets from source to destinations.

Transport layer:
Provide reliable message delivery from process to process.

Session layer:
Used to establish, manage and terminate sessions.

Presentation layer:
Responsible for translation compression and encryption.

Application Layer: Provide service to the user.

Diagram:
Q7) Explain the functionality of Repeater, Hub, 1-2 switch and Router.

Sol:
Network Hub.:
Function:
The network hub is one kind of networking device in a computer network, used to communicate
with various network issues and also the data transfersing.
The transferring of data in a computer network can be done in the form of packets. Whenever
the data processing can be done from a host to a network hub, then the data can transmit to all
the connected paths.

Classification of Network Hubs:

1. Active Hub :
These hubs have their own power supply and these hubs are used to clean, increase and
transmit the signal using the network.

2. Passive Hub:
These hubs collect wiring from the power supply and different nodes of an active hub. These
hubs transmit the signal over the network without improving and cleaning them.

3. Gent Hub:
It works like active hubs and includes remote management capabilities.

Network Switch:
Similar to a hub, this also works at the layer in the LAN and a switch is more clever compared
with a hub.
Use: The hub is used for data transferring, whereas a switch is used for filtering and forwarding
the data. So, this is the more clever technique to deal with the data packets.

Network Router:
A network router is one kind of network device in a computer network and it is used for routing
traffic from one network to another. These two networks could be private to a public company
network.

Repeater:
The operating of a repeater can be done at the physical layer.
Function: The main function of this device is to reproduce the signal on a similar network before
the signal gets weak otherwise damaged.

The significant point to be noted regarding these devices is that they do not strengthen the
signal whenever the signal gets weak, they reproduce it at the actual strength. A repeater is a
two-port device.
Q8) Explain the need of layering for communication and networking.

Sol:
The first computer networks were designed with the hardware as the main concern and the
software as an after thought this strategy no longer works. Network software is now highly
structured.

To reduce their design complexity, most networks. are organized as a stack of layers or levels.
Each one built upon the one below it.

The number of layers, the name of each layer, the contents of each layer, and the function of
each layer differ from network to network.

The purpose of each layer is to offer certain services to the higher layers while hiding those
layers from the details of how the offered services are actually implemented.
In a sense, each layer is a kind of virtual machine, offering certain services to the layer above it.
Therefore, Layered architecture modifies and develops network services.
Q9) Explain with a diagram the relationship between protocol, interface and service.

Sol:
Diagram:

Relationship Between:
PDU (Protocol Data unit )
SDU (Service Data unit )
IDU (Interface Data unit )

Service data unit :

SDU is a piece of information or data that is generally passed by layer just above the current
layer for transmission. unit of data or information is passed down to a lower layer or sublayer.

Protocol data unit :

PDU is a single unit of information or data that is transmitted or transferred among entities of
peer layers of a computer network when application data is passed down to protocol stack on
its way to being transmitted all over network media, some of protocols add information and data
to at each and every level.

Interface Data unit :

IDU & used to have an agreed way of communication among two layers in a network layered
architecture. It is passed from (N+1 to N).
Q10) Differentiate between connection oriented and connection less services.

Soln:
Connection Oriented Service. Connection Less Service.

It is designed and develop based on the It is service based on the postal system.
telephone system

It is used to create an end to end It is used to transfer the data packets between
connection between the senders to the senders to the receiver. without creating any
receiver before transmitting the data over connections.
the same or different network.

It creates a virtual path between the sender It does not create an virtual connection or path
and the receiver. between sender and receiver.

It requires authentication before It does not require authentication before

transmitting the data packets to the transferring data packets.
receiver.

It requires a higher bandwidth to transfer It requires low bandwidths to transfer the data
the data packets. packets.

There is no congestion as it provides an There may be congestion due to not providing

end-to-end connection between sender and an end-to end connection between the source
the receiver during transmission of data.

It is more reliable connection service It is not a reliable connection service because it

because it guarantees data packets transfer does not guarantee the transfer of data packets
from one end to the other end with a from one end to another for establishing a
connection connection.

Transmission control (TCP) is an example User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ,Internet

of a connection oriented service. Protocol (IP) and the Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP) are Examples of
Connectionless Service.