GD GOENKA PUBLIC SCHOOL

SECTOR 10A, GURUGRAM

CHAPTER – 8
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
NOTEBOOK WORK
KEYWORDS:
1. DIFFUSION: it is the movement of gases from a region of higher concentration to
a region of lower concentration
2. STOMATAL APPARATUS: the stoma, guard cells and other nearby cells
together forms the stomatal apparatus.
3. ALVEOLI: air sacs made up of very small, thin walled structures are called
alveoli.
4. DIAPHRAGM: A muscular sheet forming the floor of the chest cavity.
5. FERMENTATION: process during which glucose present in lower organisms is
broken down into ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and a little energy.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

Q1. What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
Ans:
Q2. How do insects breathe?
Ans: Insects breathe through the very fine holes present in their body which are also
called spiracles. Air enters through the spiracles and is distributed all over the body by
tracheal tubes which open on the surface of the body. Oxygen rich air enters the
trachea through these openings and reaches the internal body parts. Here oxygen is
used up and carbon dioxide rich air is released from the spiracles.
Q3. How do most unicellular organisms absorb oxygen?
Ans: Most of the unicellular organisms absorb oxygen by the process called diffusion
which is a process in which the gases moves through a semi permeable membrane
from a region of high concentration of lower concentration.
Q4. What is the function of hair follicles inside the nose?
Ans: Nasal hair or nose hair is the hair follicles located within the nasal membrane.
Nasal hair functions by effectively filtering foreign particles such as pollen and other
allergens from entering the nasal opening.
Q5. What is external respiration?

Ans: exchange of gases between the external environment and a distributing

system of the animal body (such as the lungs of higher vertebrates or the
tracheal tubes of insects).
Q6. Draw a well labelled diagram to show inhalation and exhalation in
lungs.
Ans:
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:
Q1. Describe the role of stomatal apparatus in respiration in plants.

Ans: Role of Stomatal Apparatus in Respiration:

Massive amounts of gaseous exchange is taking place in the leaves through these
pores for the purpose of photosynthesis. ... Since large amount of water can also be lost
through these stomata, the plant closes theses pores, when it does not need carbon
dioxide for photosynthesis.

Q2. Describe in detail the human respiratory system with a diagram.

Ans:

The primary organs of the respiratory system are the lungs, which function to take in
oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breathe.
The gas exchange process is performed by the lungs and respiratory system. Air, a mix
of oxygen and other gases, is inhaled.

In the throat, the trachea, or windpipe, filters the air. The trachea branches into two
bronchi, tubes that lead to the lungs.

Once in the lungs, oxygen is moved into the bloodstream. Blood carries the oxygen
through the body to where it is needed.

Red blood cells collect carbon dioxide from the body’s cells and transports it back to the
lungs.

An exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the alveoli, small structures
within the lungs. The carbon dioxide, a waste gas, is exhaled and the cycle begins
again with the next breath.

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle below the lungs that controls breathing. The
diaphragm flattens out and pulls forward, drawing air into the lungs for inhalation. During
exhalation the diaphragm expands to force air out of the lungs.

Adults normally take 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Strenuous exercise drives the breath
rate up to an average of 45 breaths per minute.

Q3. What are the two types of cellular respiration? Explain.

Ans: cellular respiration occurs in all living cells in their mitochondria. Depending on the
presence and absence of oxygen, cellular respiration may be:

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION: when respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen it is

called aerobic respiration. The end products formed during aerobic respiration are
water, carbon dioxide and energy. It can be summarized in the following chemical
equation:

Glucose + oxygen -------- Carbon dioxide + water + energy

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: When respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen,

it is called anaerobic respiration. During anaerobic respiration, lesser energy is released
as compared to aerobic respiration, and different end products are formed:

Glucose (in the absence of O2 ) --------- Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy

This happens in the lower organisms like yeast, in the absence of oxygen glucose
breaks sown to form ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy.
During strenuous exercise like long distance running our body is not able to get enough
oxygen. Hence anaerobic respiration takes place in our muscle cells resulting in the
production of lactic acid which causes muscular cramps. We get relief from these
muscular cramps by hot water massages or bath.

Lactic acid (hot water massage or bath) ------ carbon dioxide + water