CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY INTRODUCTION PRELIM #1 REVISED BY: JERLYN SUZANE MADULID, RPH. UNIT OUTCOMES: ‘At the end of this unit, the students are expected to: “+ Describe the importance of these concepts in toxicology (toxicodynamics, toxicokinetics, teratology, carcinogenesis, occupational toxicology, environmental toxicology and organ toxicology). + Familiarize the content of the course syllabus and requirements, * Describe the different types of poisoning. + Identify the different areas of toxicology. CHECKLIST: *Read unit outcomes. *Read study guide prior to class attendance. *Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies for jargons. + Definition and History of Toxicology * Areas of Toxicology + Specialized areas of Toxicology + Definition of Important Terms in Toxicology + Types of PoisoningTOXICOLOGY rpm | Study of adverse effects cause by Biological, Physical and Chemical poisons. | TOXICOLOGY © Branch of pharmacology Deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to complex ecosystems. ey eo = tm 2 TOXICOLOGY *ltis the study of —mechanisms —symptoms —detection of poisoning —treatmentsHISTORY Socrates Cleopatra Hemlock Asp (Conium maculatum) - PARACELSUS ‘All things are poison and nothing is without a poison. Solely the dose determines that a thing is not a poison” MAIMONIDES (MOSES BEN MAIMON) [+ Poisons and Antidotes (1198) , - treatise on the treatment of . | poisonings from insects, | Cop snakes, and mad dogs ‘ '* Wrote on the subject of bioavailability, noting that milk, butter, and cream could delay _ncestna absorption, MATHIEU ORFILA * Considered to be the modern father of toxicology. + Traité des poisonsIMPORTANCE AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF TOXICOLOGY 1. In biomedical area, IMPORTANCE AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF TOXICOLOGY 2. In the recognition, @ contribute markedly to Identification, and physiology and ‘quantization of hazards pharmacology by using resulting from the toxic agents to occupational Understand physiologic exposure to chemicals Poem and the public aspects + Ridn of chemicals in ai, — £ + Strychnine water, food, drugs, and + Muscarine other parts of the i environment. Lead IMPORTANCE AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF > lead-containing paint or gasoline fume inhalation > slow distribution, with haf life of approximately two. months. Silver > ser mining BS > Hal ie of SW) ester name ca aon TOXICOLOGY "3. participate in the ) -~ | discovery and | | develonment of new drugs and pesticides. | Toxicokinetic studies are performed in animals during pre-clinical drug development to aid in the prediction of human drug toxicityIMPORTANCE AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF TOXICOLOGY 4. Participate in the development of standard regulations designed to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of chemicals. AREAS IN TOXICOLOGY [Mechanistic To: ology 1 |. concerned with elucidating | the mechanisms by which | chemicals exert their toxic effects on living organisms. | I [ It aims to identify the | molecular events that leads to the manifestation of | toxic effects. WHAT ARE THE AREAS IN TOXICOLOGY? Three Main Professional Activities: Descriptive Toxicology © This provides necessary information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements, AREAS IN TOXICOLOGY Regulatory Toxicoloay “concerned with the responsibility of deciding on the basis of data provided by the descriptive toxicologist if a drug or other chemical possess a sufficiently /ow risk to be marketed for a stated purpose.SPECIALIZED AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY ' Forensic Toxicology 1 ie hybrid of analytic chemistry and , fundamental toxicological principles. SPECIALIZED AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY Clinical Toxicology + Deals within the realm of medical science concerned with disease caused by, or uniquely associated with toxic substances. SPECIALIZED AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY: Forensic Toxicology Tt is concerned with the medico-legal aspects of the harmful effects of ‘chemicals on humans. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY @Clinical toxicologists develop antidotes and =} treatment regimens for \ ameliorating poisoning : 2 and xenobiotic injury. anti.do% Most clinical toxicologist: s work in hospitals and links with university elinieal pharma cology departments. have closéSPECIALIZED AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Studies chemicals that are contaminants of food, water, soil or the air. © Study effect of xenobiotics in the environment, which may include the animals. Toxicology + hetpsi//youtu,be/ AONNyiVvnYo Toxicology 101: What they test for and why? + hetpsi//youtu,be/BTAFKzmvjal SPECIALIZED AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY © Study of adverse effects that Is due to chemicals encountered at work. © The major emphasis of ‘occupational toxicology is to Identify the agents of concern, define the conditions leading to their safe use, and prevent absorption of harmful amounts, + Poisoning and Drug Overdose —by che facuky and sal of the San Francisco Bay Area Regional Poison Control Center edited by Olsen. + Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, 2Ist Edition by Genaro Alfonso * Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, | Ith Edition by Bertram G. Katzung